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Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the main pest of shallot causing significant economic losses. The continuous use of insecticides has resulted S. exigua to develop resistant against them. This study aims to determine the level of S. exigua resistance of Nganjuk and Bantul populations against methomyl, chlorfenapyr, and emamectin benzoate and temporal resistance of S. exigua of Nganjuk population to methomyl. Nganjuk population were sampled in June, September, and December. First instar larvae from the first generation were used tested using the leaf-dipping method. Temporal resistance test was carried out using the same concentrations. The resistance ratios of Nganjuk population to the insecticides methomyl, chlorfenapyr, and emamectin benzoate were 58.8; 8.8; and 2.5 fold respectively. The LC50 values of S. exigua of Nganjuk population collected in June, September, and December were 1127.44; 50.62; and 366.76 mg [AI] liter-1, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the S. exigua of Nganjuk population was highly resistant to methomyl and its level has changed over time. Resistance management by rotating the type of insecticide is not sufficient but should also consider its change of resistance pattern over time.

Sitophilus oryzae is a cereal product pest found in warehouses. The presence of this pest negatively impacts the quality and quantity of stored rice. The common method used to control warehouse pests is fumigation. However, frequent use of insecticides will trigger resistance within target pest populations. This study aimed to develop a bioassay method based on the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) protocols and modify bioassay protocols to determine S. oryzae susceptibility of populations collected from traditional markets across Yogyakarta. Field populations were collected from eight traditional markets in Yogyakarta (Lempuyangan Market [Kapanewon Danurejan], Kranggan Market [Kapanewon Jetis], Caturtunggal Market [Kapanewon Depok], Godean Market [Kapanewon Godean], Imogiri Market [Kapanewon Imogiri], Pleret Market [Kapanewon Pleret], Kasihan Market [Kapanewon Lendah], and Brosot Market [Kapanewon Galur]). The reference population was obtained from the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology(SEAMEO BIOTROP). The bioassay was carried out following FAO protocols by using a glass jar fumigation chamber (volume 2 L) which was a modification of the desiccator of FAO recommended method number 16. This test used the lowest testable dose for this method: 0.01 × 10-2 mg/2L or 0.5 × 10-2 µg/L tested on 100 imagoes which were divided into five replications and obtained 100% mortality on the second day (48 hours). Results showed that the FAO fumigation chamber method could not be used in the test, so modifications were carried out to determine tested doses by changing the volume of the fumigation container. The test used three container volumes, including 20, 60, and 80 L. Result from 20 L container showed 82-100% mortality, 60 L containers showed 69-100% mortality, and 80 L containers showed 24-79% mortality. Results from 80 L container was suitable for the bioassay because it was able to test the lowest dose on reference insects. Eight doses ranging from 0.125 to 1.625 × 10-2 µg/L, and an untreated control were used to determine the LD50 of phosphine on each population. Insects were fumigated for 48 hours and then removed to observe mortality. The LD50 of the reference population was 0.27 × 10-2 µg/L while 0.29-0.54 × 10-2 µg/L for field populations. These findings indicate that S. oryzae populations collected from traditional markets in Yogyakarta were still susceptible to phosphine.

Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett is one of the most detrimental pests that mostly attack family Cucurbitaceae. Control over this pest often uses insecticides, and one of the plants with the potentiality to be used as source of insecticide is Polyscias guilfoylei. This research aimed to study the influence of P. guilfoylei leaf extract application upon Z. cucurbitae mortality and to determine the LC50 value. The research was conducted at Pest Invertebrate Plant Pest Science Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The toxicity test was done using contact, oral and residue methods upon ethanol and n-hexane extracts with 0; 1.25; 2.50; 5.00; 10.00; and 20.00% concentrations. The research used randomized group design with six replications. The parameters observed were the number of dead melon fly at 72 hours after the treatment and LC50 value of each extract. The data were analyzed using Probit analysis via 1.02 version of Lenora software Polo Plus. The result shows that ethanol and n-hexane extracts of P. guilfoylei leaf using oral and residue methods affected Z. cucurbitae mortality. However, in contact method, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of P. guilfoylei leaf did not affect Z. cucurbitae mortality. LC50 values of ethanol extract using oral and residual methods were 6.168% and 3.658%, respectively. LC50 values of n-hexane extract using oral and residual method reached 5.311% and 6.607%, respectively. This research shows that ethanol and n-hexane extracts of P. guilfoylei leaf contain secondary metabolites that are toxic for melon fly Z. cucurbitae.

Since introduced from West Africa at 40 years ago, Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is still the main pollinator agent of oil palm plantation in Indonesia until now. Unfortunately, the success rate of pollination in various regions in Indonesia is relatively different, for example in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The oil palm fruit set formed in Kalimantan tends to be lower than in Sumatra. Preliminary studies show that weevils from Kalimantan visit female flowers less than from Sumatra. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating insect behavior, especially in their role as pollinating agents, are not yet clearly understood. Therefore, a transcriptomic study was carried out to obtain raw data to determine gene expression differences in studying the behavior of the same weevil from two different regions. Here, we present two data sets of RNA seq reads which are available in GenBank Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database with accession number of SRR21521626 and SRR21521625 for weevil from North Sumatra and Central Kalimantan respectively.

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new pest on maize that has successfully spread to various regions in Indonesia. This pest can cause severe damage to the affected plants. Most farmers have relied on synthetic insecticides for control. This research was conducted to determine susceptibility level of S. frugiperda larvae to emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, and spinetoram insecticides by using the diet-dipping method. There is no registered insecticide to control S. frugiperda, so the three types of insecticides used were based on the recommendation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. Five field-collected population from Central Java and a laboratory populations of S. frugiperda were used to develop a baseline susceptibility for each insecticide. First instar larvae of S. frugiperda were placed in vials containing artificial diet treated with insecticides and an untreated control (treated with water only), observed for mortality on the seventh day and data was analyzed using probit. S. frugiperda from Tegowanu was the most susceptible to emamectin benzoate (LC50 = 0.11 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Wedi (LC50 = 0.39 mg/L) with the resistance ratio (RR) values of 0.45-folds and 1.60-folds compared to the laboratory population, respectively. S. frugiperda from Ngombol was the most susceptible population to chlorantraniliprole (LC50 = 12.63 mg/L), while the least susceptible population was from Tegowanu (LC50 = 30.29 mg/L) with RR values of 0.90- and 2.15-fold compared to the laboratory population, respectively. Meanwhile, S. frugiperda from Jogonalan was the most susceptible to spinetoram (LC50 = 2.75 mg/L), while the population from Wedi was the least susceptible (LC50 = 5.94 mg/L) with the RR values of 0.52- and 1.12-fold compared to the laboratory population. Field-collected S. frugiperda populations were still susceptible to the three tested insecticides tested and emamectin benzoate being the most toxic compared to spinetoram and chlorantraniliprole.

Calotropis gigantea produces secondary metabolites. Some toxicity tests on several pest species had been conducted, yet the most susceptible pest species towards C. gigantea extract is still unknown. This study aims to determine the susceptible insect species and study the behavior of susceptible insects to C. gigantea extract. The test methods used in this research were leaf dipping and spraying upon four insect pest species of different orders (Bactrocera carambolae [Diptera: Tephritidae], Nilapavata lugens [Hemiptera: Delphacidae], Sitophilus zeamais [Coleoptera: Curculionidae], and Plutella xylostella [Lepidoptera: Plutellidae]). The concentration used to determine susceptible insects was 25 g.L-1 and control. Deterrence test of susceptible insects using a choice test and no-choice for 1.5 hours observed every five minutes. Five replication were used for each concentration. Behavioral test of susceptible insects using dietary toxicity test. Five bok choy leaf disc was immersed into solutions for 1 minute and air-dried on a petri dish. Observations were carried out for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours. A leaf dipping test for 12 hours with an observation period of every 1.5 hours using the feed method. The concentrations used were 12.5 µgL-1and control. The concentration used was the toxicity test of C. gigantea leaf extract 25, 12.50, 6.25. 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39, 0.19, 0.09, 0.04 µgL-1. P. xylostella was considered a more susceptible test insect towards C. gigantea leaf extract than B. carambolae, N. lugens, and S. zeamais. C. gigantea leaf extract showed a toxic and feeding deterrent to P. xylostella larvae. The LC50 value of C. gigantea extract against P. xylostella by dipping was 16.9 µg.l-1 and 18.5 µg.l-1 by spray. The components of C. gigantea leaf extract consist of alkaloid, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and terpenoid. The result of the research showed that C. gigantea leaf extract has a toxic and deterrent substance against P. xylostella and potential to control P. xylostella.

Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most frequently used insect pathogen fungi in controlling Oryctes rhinoceros. This research aims to learn the potency of fungus M. anisopliae against O. rhinoceros larvae growth and development at the laboratory. The research methods used are T-tests comprising seven treatments and three replications. Fungi were applied in all larvae instar stages starting from the pre-molting of the first larvae instar, post-molting of the second larvae instar, active second larvae instar, pre-molting of the second larvae instar, post-molting of the third larvae instar, active third larvae instar, and pre-pupae stage which were then compared with each instar’s own control. The result indicates that fungus M. anisopliae is capable of suppressing O. rhinoceros growth and development. The fungus induced highest mortality rate of 87% to the third instar larvae and lowest mortality rate of 27% to the pre-molting of the first instar larvae. The fungus also affected the duration of larval stage. At pre-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae, the larval duration was 40 days compared to that of control that took 135 days. At the post-molting of the third larvae instar, the larval duration was 25 days compared to that of control that took 120 days. At the third larvae instar, the larval duration was no more than 15 days compared to that of control that reached 110 days. At pre-pupal stage, the larvae only lasted for 6 days while at control, they were able to last for 15 days. The fungus also affected the success of larva development in becoming pupae in all O. rhinoceros larval stage. The lowest success rate was found in the post-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae with 7% compared to its control with 100% while the highest success rate was found in the pre-molting of the first larval instar with 47% compared to its control with 93%.

Since the onset of green revolution in Indonesia, insecticides have become an indispensable tool to manage insect pests. However, the increasing concern over human and environmental health, coupled with the establishment of insecticide-resistance insect populations, has urged the reduction of chemical insecticide use. But as safer novel technologies suffer in their availability, result reliability, practicality, and cost-results efficiency that farmers seek; chemical insecticides remain the option for many farmers. Understanding insecticides availability to Indonesian farmers and their current uses and situation. The pin point was made to maximize their effectiveness and later reduce risk caused by their use. Pyrethroid was the most registered insecticide group followed by other broad-spectrum insecticide groups, such as organophosphates and carbamates. Insect insecticide resistances have been evaluated for many major insect pests in high-value commodities and staple crops, unfortunately it misses several important species. This review used initial data to demonstrate knowledge gaps that still require further research and suggested research themes which may counter these opportunities. Besides, it suggests a working framework to enhance technology adoption by farmers. Reducing chemical insecticide should be a common goal and a collaborative effort, and in order to divert the adverse effects while maximizing their effectivity in the field.

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) were utilized as the source of organic fertilizer, but become a medium of Oryctes rhinoceros proliferation in oil palm plantations. O. rhinoceros uses cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the OPEFB as energy sources for larvae growth and development. In the process of breaking and combining complex compounds into simple molecules, they are establishing symbiotic relationship with bacteria residing in the digestive tract of O. rhinoceros larvae. Isolation of the symbiotic bacteria of the O. rhinoceros larvae was carried out with the aim of identifying bacteria in the digestive tract of the third instar found in the OPEFB. This research was done by using a descriptive method. Exploration of symbiotic bacteria of O. rhinoceros larvae was conducted through two stages. The first step was attained by isolating, growing and multiplying the bacteria and conducting biochemical testing. The second phase was accomplished by molecular testing for bacterial identification. The results showed that bacterial isolates were found and and after molecularly sequenced based on 6S rDNA, the species were identified as Bacillus stratosphericus, B. siamensis, B. cereus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Alcaligenes faecalis. The research also found several species of bacteria originating from the hindgut larvae O. rhinoceros.

The research was carried out to determine the appropriate number of sex pheromone traps for monitoring the Spodoptera exigua moths in shallot crop which was grown in Yogyakarta Special Territory, Bantul Regency (Samas). This research was conducted in August until September 2016. Sex pheromone trap was arranged on shallot aged 3 weeks after planting. Sex pheromone trap with hexadecenat tetra asetat ingredients was placed on sticky yellow trap. This research used RCBD experimental design with single factor experiment namely the number of trap i.e. 3, 5, 6, 8 units/2.000 m2 with sex pheromone, and three traps without sex pheromone as control. Each treatment was repeated 5 times so 125 samples of experiments were obtained. Observation was made by counting the number of moths caught in sex pheromone trap. The result of observation was analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and DMRT α 5.0%. The results show that the appropriate number of trap to monitor the pest infestation was 3 units/2.000 m2.

High-yielding varieties are used as one of the technologies to increase rice productivity in Indonesia. Varieties, however, invite the arrival of arthropod during their growing phase. One of the method to manage arthropods during the growing stage is the use of high-yielding varieties. In this trial, IR-64, Ciherang, Situ Bagendit, Mekongga and Mixed Varieties were used. The mixed variety is a combination of IR-64, Ciherang, Situ Bagendit and Mekongga. These rice varieties are the most common varieties used by farmers in Bantul Regency. To collect arthropods, the traps used were sweep net, yellow sticky and pitfall traps. The purpose of this study was to determine arthropod’s diversity, evenness and dominance in different rice plant varieties in one planting season. The study was conducted in the village of Wijirejo, Pandak, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The observations were conducted in the evening between 16.00–18.00 p.m., with the interval of twice a week for 5 observations. Arthropods were identified up to the family level. This research resulted in the diversity index (Shannon-Winner) of 1.97–2.82 which is categorized as medium, the evenness index of 0.61–0.71, categorized as medium and the dominance index of 0.10–0.22, categorized as lower level. The ecosystem of the research area was unstable in diversity, evenness, and dominance due to the transition process, and it took quite some times to stabilize the rice fields. Therefore, a more thorough research is still necessary, especially for the ricegrowing season to follow.

Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide compound commonly used to control grasses and broadleaf weeds. Its use is presently under scrutiny as there is a report that this herbicide is very harmful and hazardous to the environment, especially to wild fauna surrounding farming sites. An irrigated rice farming locale experiment was conducted to observe the effect of paraquat treatment on rice plant biotic environment, particularly its arthropods and earthworm population, two of the most prominent fauna easily affected by paraquat. The study was carried out in Seyegan District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, on irrigated rice land from October 2018 to February 2019. Four treatments of paraquat, i.e. control (0 kg/ha paraquat), lower dose (0.8 kg/ha), medium dose (1.6 kg/ha), and higher dose (3.2 kg/ha) were arranged. Carbendazim 5 kg/ha was also applied as comparing pesticides, especially for paraquat’s effect on the earthworm. The treatments were replicated five times in a plot of 5 x 5 m2. The number of arthropods and earthworms was observed in about two weeks intervals or more. The observation was done for the number of arthropods and their families, while for earthworms, only for their numbers. The arthropods population data were subjected to diversity indices and statistical analysis, while the earthworms data were statistically analyzed. The result showed that the arthropod numbers in treated plots were statistically significantly different, but biologically their number was still abundant. Their diversity did not differ from the control treatment at all. The arthropod numbers were 2007, 1483, 1095, 1746, and 1204 in control, lower, medium, higher, and carbendazim plots. The earthworms' numbers were still plenty; those in the higher dosage did not differ significantly from those in control. Their numbers from control, lower, medium, higher dose, and carbendazim plots were 811, 658, 567, 882, and 445 individual earthworms.

The rice yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas) is one of main pests on rice which may attack at all growth stages. The weather was considered one of influencing factors against its infestation. Therefore, this research was conducted to recognize microclimate factors affecting the infestation of S. incertulas. The experiment was carried out in Institute for Pest Forecasting, Jatisari Karawang from January-April 2017. The investigation was arranged in Factorial of Blocked Randomized Design with four repetitions and combinations of treatment factors, i.e. planting distance (conventional and jajar legowo 2 : 1) and depth of puddle (5 cm, 0 cm, and intermittent). The observation was performed from one to 12 weeks after planting. At the same time, three weather factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) were observed in four West Java regencies i.e. in Bekasi, Karawang, Subang and Indramayu. The results showed that the conventional and the jajar legowo schemes are influenced by the micro air temperature. Both planting distance and depth of water puddle treatment were influenced by the micro air temperature. Microclimate factors which influenced the intensity of infestation were air temperature, humidity, water temperature, and light intensity. The weather factor showing effects in Bekasi, Karawang, and Indramayu was rainfall. However, the three weather factors did not affect on the acreage of pest infestation in Subang.

The presence of flowering plants is essential to the conservation of natural enemies in some particular ecosystems, such as agroecosystem. The objectives of this research were to determine the natural enemies associated with refugial flowering plants Zinnia elegans, Cosmos sulphureus, and Tagetes erecta planted in the rice bunts. The research took place in the rice farms in the villages of Jatisarono, Wijimulyo, and Tanjungharjo, Nanggulan Regency, Kulon Progo, District. The natural enemies were observed using three different methods: insect nets, pitfall, and direct observation. The observations were conducted in the morning, between 07.00-10.00 a.m., with an interval twice a week for 8-weeks. The natural enemies were identified to the family level. Diversity index (Shannon-Wienner), evenness index, and dominance were calculated for each plant. The diversity index for Z. elegans, C. sulphureus, and T. erecta fell in the category of medium ranging from 1.328-1.581 with medium evenness (0.365-0.574) and high dominance of 0.314-0.453. Natural enemies associated with C. sulphureus and Z. elegans were more compared to those associated with T. erecta.

Fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) is a global major pest species of the fruit export and import activities. The controlling and monitoring strategies based on the ecology of fruit flies were expected to overcome the problem of fruit flies. The study on the attractant compound of fruit flies from mango extract may provide an alternative to control and to monitor fruit flies, both male or female. This research was aimed to determine the strength of attractiveness (number and type of species) and durability (day) on mango extract which could attract fruit flies. The experiment was conducted in mango plantation in Sragen Regency using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five different locations for setting up the trap, each location consisted of nine treatments. The parameter observations were the number of trapped-fruit flies, the sex of fruit flies, the type of species fruit flies, and the durability of mango extract. The results revealed that mango extract could attract the male and female fruit flies with mechanism through the presence of nutrition and oviposition site. Extract of raw Pakel mango had a good ability to attract fruit flies, either male or female of B. carambolae and B. papaya, and male of B. albistrigata with a total of 15 flies per trap in one week.

One of the problems that occur in agricultural sector is farmer regeneration. Farmer regeneration problem does not only occur in food crop sub-sector, but also in horticulture sub-sector. One of the commodities in horticultural sub-sector which also have this problem is salak. This study aims to determine the attitude of the young generation (village youth) toward salak organic farming along with its influencing factors, and to analyze the influence of village youth attitudes towards interest of village youth to continue salak organic farming. The study was conducted in Turi District, which is the center for salak production in Sleman Regency, with a total sample of 164 village youth taken by census technique. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and simple regression analysis. The results showed that role of new media and the role of agricultural extensionist had negative and significant effect on the attitudes of village youth, while the perceptions of village youth on organic salak farming and the role of parents had a positive effect on village youth attitudes towards labor factors in farming. In addition, the attitude of village youth significantly affected the interest of village youth to continue organic salak farming.

The field schools in Indonesia employ an extension alternative model that is considered appropriate to change the habits and behavior of farmers to make them IPM experts in their field. This study was conducted to understand the behavior (knowledge and attitude) of farmers who have joined field schools, i.e. Integrated Pest Management Farmers Field School (IPM-FFS) and Landscape Integrated Pest Management (Landscape IPM), toward the use of pesticides in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia. The research used a survey method with purposively selected respondents comprising 55 farmers of the IPM alumni and 25 farmers of the Landscape IPM alumni. A descriptive analysis was conducted to analyze the farmers’ knowledge and attitude toward the use of pesticides. Mann-Whitney U-test analysis was performed using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 23, to compare the knowledge and attitude of farmers regarding the use of pesticides. The results showed that the knowledge of farmers of the Landscape IPM alumni regarding the use of pesticides was higher than that of farmers of the IPM-FFS alumni. There was no difference in the behavior of farmers between the IPM-FFS alumni and the Landscape IPM alumni regarding their attitude toward the use of pesticides.

Outbreaks of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal., tend to increase in 2017. There has been significant interest to reduce reliance on pesticides by manipulating habitat plant species and communities to benefit natural enemies of insect. Flowering plants as refuge can contribute in enhancing the ecosystem services. This study aimed to assess the benefit of flowering plants as refuge to improve the role of egg parasitoids of brown planthopper. We sampled three rice fields: rice field adjacent to refuge, far from refuge, and rice field with no refuge using trapping procedure. We found two genera of parasitoid in Banyumas: Oligosita and Anagrus. The parasitism in the three rice fields was 46.14, 43.05 and 42.32%, respectively, showing no differences. However, the number of parasitoids emerged from the traps placed in the rice field with refuge was higher (31.08 adults/trap) than the other two rice fields (25.67 and 20.71 adults/trap). In addition, the number of unhatched parasitoids was lower in the rice with refuge (5.9%) compared to no refuge (14.54%). These findings show that the refuge provides better environments for the parasitoid by improving the number of progeny produced which eventually could increase their role in managing N. lugens population.

Ethics in experimental research equals scientific integrity, a notion principle particularly stressing honesty while implementing discipline concepts on what is excellent and terrible. Some moral responsibility is defined through specifically agreed standards in doing experimental research. Ethics of experimental research in agriculture involves all activities done before, during, and after the study, consisting of personal, research, and social ethics. Ethical code and policy include, but are not limited to, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, intellectual right recognition, confidentiality, responsible publication, social responsibility, competency, legality, and protecting research object/subject (plant, animal, human) from possible unfair manipulation. One development triggering the controversy of agriculture’s experimental ethics is the progress of agricultural biotechnology which resulted in genetic engineering products. Rules, regulations, and laws concerning the use and development of genetic engineering in agriculture to avoid adverse effects of these products, such as rising environmental hazards, increasing human health degradation, and unfair economic competition, should be considered and implemented.

Shallots have been widely planted as the primary commodity crop in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Information on the distribution of heavy metals in the shallot fields of Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, is not yet available. Hence, the present study was conducted to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of several heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni) and their possible sources in the shallot fields through a field survey and a series of laboratory and statistical tests. The total concentration of heavy metals was analyzed from 184 sampling points of the shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, during the dry season from August to October 2019. The heavy metals concentration was as follows: Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd. The values of total Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni concentrations in the soils were 7.84–18.94, 0.99–2.31, 3.02–9.98, 10.40–49.55, and 10.17–26.62 mg kg−1, respectively. All these concentration values of heavy metals are still lower than the critical values for agricultural soils and lower than the topsoil background values except Cd. Based on the concentration of heavy metals, the shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java, are classified as uncontaminated soils. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses were employed to determine and describe the metals’ origin. Pb, Cr, and Ni mainly originate from a natural source, while Cd and Co are from anthropogenic sources (agricultural practices and industry).

Ahasverus advena and Cryptolestes ferrugineus were the most frequent pests found on cocoa beans in consignment. Their high infestation could contaminate cocoa beans and put the impact on its quality and economic value. Phosphine is one of the most commonly used fumigant in fumigation treatment to control the pest. The resistance status of A. advena and C. ferrugineus carried by cocoa beans from abroad to Indonesia against phosphine has not been reported. The purpose of this research was to determine the resistance of A. advena and C. ferrugineus to phosphine in the imported cocoa beans. The insects were collected from cocoa beans in consignment from Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Dominican Republic, and storing warehouse in Bandung, Indonesia. C. ferrugineus from Bogor (SEAMEO BIOTROP) and A. advena from Cianjur (PT IGE), Indonesia were utilized as the reference populations. Resistance assay was conducted based on Food Agriculture Organization’s standard method. The resistance testing consisted of six phosphine concentrations: 0 (control), 0.005, 0.014, 0.023, 0.031, and 0.040 mg/l for 20 and 48 hours. The resistance classification testing was carried out with concentration 0.25 mg/l for 48 hours. A. advena originating from Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Dominican Republic and Bandung were susceptible to phosphine. C. ferrugineus coming from Cameroon, Ivory Coast (San Pedro and Abidjan) and Bandung were resistant to phosphine, while Dominican Republic’s population remained susceptible to phosphine. C. ferrugineus from Cameroon, Ivory Coast (San Pedro and Abidjan) categorized into strong resistance, while the Bandung population was weakly resistant. Intisari Ahasverus advena dan Cryptolestes ferrugineus adalah hama yang sering ditemukan pada biji kakao di dalam petikemas. Infestasi hama ini dalam jumlah yang tinggi bisa mencemari biji kakao dan berdampak pada kualitas dan nilai ekonominya. Fosfin merupakan salah satu fumigan yang sering digunakan dalam perlakuan fumigasi untuk mengendalikan hama tersebut. Status resistensi A. advena dan C. ferrugineus yang terbawa biji kakao dari luar negeri ke Indonesia terhadap fosfin belum dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan resistensi A. advena dan C. ferrugineus yang terbawa biji kakao impor terhadap fosfin. Serangga uji diambil dari biji kakao di dalam kontainer yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading, Republik Dominica, dan gudang penyimpanan di Bandung, Indonesia. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Bogor (SEAMEO BIOTROP) dan A. advena dari Cianjur (PT IGE), Indonesia dipergunakan sebagai populasi referensi. Pengujian resistensi berdasarkan metode standar Food Agriculture Organization. Pengujian resistensi terdiri dari 6 (enam) konsentrasi fosfin yaitu 0 (kontrol); 0,005; 0,014; 0,023; 0,031; dan 0,040 mg/l selama 20 dan 48 jam. Pengujian klasifikasi resistensi dengan konsentrasi 0,25 mg/l selama 48 jam. A. advena yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading, Republik Dominica dan Bandung rentan terhadap fosfin. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading (San Pedro dan Abidjan) dan Bandung resisten terhadap fosfin, sedangkan populasi asal Republik Dominica tetap rentan terhadap fosfin. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading (San Pedro dan Abidjan) tergolong resisten yang kuat (strong resistant), sedangkan populasi dari Bandung resisten yang lemah (weak resistant).

Anagrus nilaparvatae is a potential egg parasitoid to control the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) The parasitoid needs to consume suitable food to maximize its biotic potential and parasitizing ability. This study was aimed to determine the benefits provided by the presence of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus flowers on the life of A. nilaparvatae. This study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment was designed to determine the effects of the tested flowers on the parasitism and hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae on N. lugens eggs. The flowers were set inside the rearing cage of parasitoid in the presence of N. lugens eggs in Ciherang rice seedlings. In addition, honey and the control (no feed added) were included into the treatments, totalling of four treatments. The parasitism rate of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flowers or honey was similar to those unfed. However, the hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae was much higher on those fed with flower or honey than those unfed. The number of A. nilaparvatae unable to eclose from eggs of N. lugens for the unfed parasitoid was 37.4% in comparison with 8.19 to 15.67% for those fed with flower or honey. The second experiment was a follow-up to address the question on the fitness of progeny of A. nilaparvatae fed with the tested flowers. The flowers and honey did not increase the longevity of A. nilaparvatae progeny. However, A. nilaparvatae fed with flowers or honey produced progeny that resulted in higher number of offspring compared to those unfed. C. sulphureus flower significantly increased the number of offspring produced by A. nilaparvatae. This suggest that the diet of the parental parasitoid determines the fitness of the progeny. Improving the hatching rate and the fecundity of progeny produced by the adults of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flower of T. subulata and C. sulphureus would contribute to the increasing population of this parasitoid which could lead to a better control of N. lugens in the rice field. Intisari Anagrus nilaparvatae merupakan parasitoid telur yang potensial untuk mengendalikan serangan wereng batang cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.). Parasitoid perlu mendapatkan sumber pakan yang sesuai untuk memaksimalkan potensi biologis dan kemampuan memarasit inang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji manfaat pemberian bunga Turnera subulata dan Cosmos sulphureus pada kehidupan A. nilaparvatae. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh bunga yang diuji terhadap tingkat parasitasi dan penetasan telur A. nilaparvatae pada telur N. lugens. Bunga diletakkan di dalam tabung rearing parasitoid yang di dalamnya terdapat bibit padi varietas Ciherang yang mengandung telur N. lugens. Selain itu, terdapat pula perlakuan madu dan kontrol (tanpa bunga dan tanpa madu), dengan total empat perlakuan. A. nilaparvate yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu memiliki tingkat parasitasi yang sama dengan yang tidak diberi pakan. Namun, tingkat penetasan telur A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang tidak diberi pakan. Jumlah A. nilaparvatae yang tidak menetas dari telur N. lugens pada parasitoid yang tidak diberi pakan adalah 37,4% dibandingkan dengan parasitoid yang diberi pakan bunga atau madu yang berkisar 8,19 - 15,67%. Percobaan kedua adalah tindak lanjut untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang kebugaran keturunan A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan dengan bunga yang diuji. Bunga dan madu tidak meningkatkan lama hidup keturunan A. nilaparvatae. Namun, A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan dengan bunga atau madu menghasilkan keturunan yang memiliki fekunditas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan keturunan dari A. nilaparvatae yang tidak diberi pakan. Bunga C. sulphureus secara signifikan mampu meningkatkan jumlah keturunan yang dihasilkan oleh A. nilaparvatae. Ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis pakan induk parasitoid menentukan kebugaran keturunannya. Peningkatan penetasan dan fekunditas dari keturunan yang dihasilkan oleh induk A. nilaparvatae yang diberi pakan bunga T. subulata dan C. sulphureus akan berkontribusi pada peningkatan populasi parasitoid sehingga dapat mengendalikan serangan N. lugens di pertanaman padi dengan lebih baik.

Characteristics and Toxicity of Nanoemulsion Formulations of Piper retrofractum and Tagetes erecta Extract Mixtures. Nanotechnology has been used in the developing of botanical insecticide formulation for improving its stability and effectiveness. The research was aimed to make nanoemulsion formulations of Piper retrofractum fruits and Tagetes erecta flowers extracts and to evaluate their toxicity against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens [Stål]) nymphs. The development of nanoemulsion formulaions was carried out by using the low energy method with inversion phase emulsification. The toxicity of the four formulations was tested against brown planthopper nymphs using a contact method. Four nanoemulsion formulations were obtained. The study showed that in the developing of the formulations, the type and level of emulsifier materials affected the physical characteristics of formulas, such as stability, surface tension, viscosity, particle size, and particle morphology. The nanoemulsion formulation containing 1% of the mixture of P. retrofractum fruits and T. erecta flowers extracts, 1.75% Triton X-100 emulsifier showed the highest toxic on the brown planthopper nymph, with the LC95 value was 0.15%. The study indicates that nanoemulsion formulation of P. retrofractum and T. erecta extracts are potential to be developed as botanical insecticide to control brown planthopper of rice.

Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis has noted to be a devastated pest on potato in Indonesia. It is listed as the A2 pest by Plant Quarantine of Republik Indonesia, and it was also being a highly concerned plant parasitic nematode species worlwide. Therefore, both intensive and extensive surveys should be done to monitor the spread of PCN, especially in East Java as one of the centre of potato plantations in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to study the distribution of PCN in four potato plantations in East Java, i.e. Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan which were located between 1,205 to 2,063 m above the sea level. Extraction and isolation of cysts from soil samples was done using Baunacke method, and it was followed by identification of the nematodes using morphological and molecular approaches according to Baldwin and Mundo-Ocampo. The results showed that PCN was found on all sampling sites, i.e. Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan and Pasuruan were noted as new infested areas in East Java. Both morphological and molecular methods showed that the species found on all sites was Globodera rostochiensis. Intisari Nematoda Sista Kentang (NSK), Globodera rostochiensis telah tercatat sebagai hama yang menghancurkan tanaman kentang di Indonesia. NSK terdaftar sebagai Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina golongan A2 oleh Badan Karantina Pertanian Republik Indonesia, dan juga merupakan spesies nematoda parasit tanaman yang sangat merugikan di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, baik survei intensif maupun ekstensif harus dilakukan untuk memantau penyebaran NSK, terutama di Jawa Timur sebagai salah satu sentra tanaman kentang di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari distribusi NSK pada empat daerah sentra penanaman kentang di Jawa Timur, yaitu Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, dan Pasuruan yang terletak antara 1.205 sampai 2.063 m di atas permukaan laut. Ekstraksi dan isolasi sista NSK dari sampel tanah dilakukan dengan metode Baunacke, dan dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menurut Baldwin dan Mundo-Ocampo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NSK ditemukan di semua lokasi pengambilan sampel, yaitu Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan dan Pasuruan tercatat sebagai daerah sebaran baru di Jawa Timur. Hasil identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan bahwa spesies yang ditemukan di semua lokasi adalah Globodera rostochiensis.

Red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), has emerged as a new threat to coconut plantation in Indonesia. To control this mite, understanding on its biology is essential. The effects of three coconut varieties (Salak Dwarf, Local Sumenep Tall, and Hybrid coconuts) on the development and fecundity of R. indica were determined under laboratory conditions at 26−28oC, 80% RH, and photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D). The life cycle of R. indica consisted of the egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages. Total development time of immature females was significantly influenced by coconut varieties. The shortest immature developmental time occurred at Salak Dwarf variety (26.07 days), whereas no significant difference of development time of immature female on Hybrid and Local Sumenep Tall varieties was found. Moreover, there was also no significant difference on the development time of immature male and on the fecundity of the mite among different coconut varieties. Intisari Tungau merah kelapa, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), merupakan ancaman baru bagi perkebunan kelapa di Indonesia. Pemahaman mengenai biologi diperlukan untuk strategi pengendalian tungau tersebut di masa datang. Pengaruh tiga varietas kelapa yang berbeda (Genjah Salak, Lokal Sumenep, dan Hibrida) terhadap perkembangan dan keperidian R. indica diamati pada kondisi laboratorium dengan suhu 26−28oC, kelembapan nisbi 75−85%, serta pencahayaan 12 jam terang dan 12 jam gelap (L:D=12:12). Siklus hidup tungau terdiri dari telur, larva, protonimfa, deutonimfa, dan dewasa. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa waktu perkembangan betina pradewasa dipengaruhi secara nyata oleh varietas kelapa. Waktu perkembangan paling pendek terdapat pada kelapa Genjah Salak (26,07 hari), sedangkan waktu perkembangan betina pradewasa tidak berbeda nyata pada kelapa Hibrida dan Dalam Lokal Sumenep. Hasil lain pengujian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata waktu perkembangan jantan pradewasa dan keperidian pada ketiga varietas.

ABSTRACT This research examined the optimization of the role of young foresters in the management of Ciremai Mountain National Park (TNGC) and its implications for regional resilience (Studies in the National Park of Mount Ciremai Kuningan, West Java). The purpose of this research aimed to analyzed the optimization of the role of the young foresters in the management of TNGC, as well as to analyzed the implications of optimization the role of a young forester resilience in the region surrounding villages and areas along TNGC itself.Descriptive qualitative had been used and the data was collected based on in-depth interviews with research participants and deeper observation in the field. And also the data relied thoroughly on published data and academic journals or papers and also documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study, namely: 1) data reduction, presentation of data, Interpretation, and withdrawal conclusion.The results showed that linked to optimization of the role of young foresters in conservation management efforts TNGC still seemed to clashed with the economic needs of society that had not been completely fulfilled by switching professions to became the organizer and environmental services since Mount Ciremai in charge as a National Park. Related to optimized the role of a young forester implications for the resilience of the region there was still an imbalance in the respective aspects such as ecological, economic, social and cultural rights of rural areas around the region and from the region TNGC itself. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang optimalisasi peran rimbawan muda dalam pengelolaan Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai (TNGC) dan implikasinya terhadap ketahanan wilayah (Studi di Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai Kuningan Jawa Barat). Adapun tujuan dalam penelitian yaitu untuk menganalisis optimalisasi peran rimbawan muda dalam pengelolaan TNGC, serta untuk menganalisis implikasi optimalisasi peran rimbawan muda terhadap ketahanan wilayah di desa sekitar TNGC dan wilayah kawasan TNGC itu sendiri. Metode yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, dengan observasi lapangan, jurnal akademik dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini, adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, interpretasi, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terkait optimalisasi peran rimbawan muda dalam upaya pengelolaan kawasan konservasi TNGC tampaknya masih berbenturan dengan kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat yang belum sepenuhnya tercukupi dengan beralih profesi menjadi pengelola wisata dan jasa lingkungan sejak Gunung Ciremai di tetapkan sebagai Taman Nasional. Terkait dengan implikasi optimalisasi peran rimbawan muda terhadap ketahanan wilayah, masih terdapat ketidakseimbangan di berbagai aspek seperti hak-hak masyarakat sekitar atas ekologi, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya di sekitar wilayah dan dari wilayah TNGC sendiri.

ABSTRACT Maritime traffic increase consequently would make the intensity of the ASL surveillance respectively. Indonesia owned several vital and important straits for maritime traffics, and one of them wass Sunda Straits, which was part of the ASL I connecting Indian Ocean and South China Sea and vice versa. The objectives of the research were (1) to created system model of Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in the ASL I Sunda Straits, (2) to studied the impact of TSS model to the territorial resilience of Sunda Straits. This research showed that the best TSS model in Sunda Straits was the solution-2 where TSS laided on western side of Sangiang Island, which was maritime channel in between Panjurit Island and Sangiang Island with still regard the ASL I, and also considered the existing danger of navigation of Koliot Reef by installing an aids to the navigation. The Eigen Value Matrix generated from the TSS Solution-2 model would guarantee Sunda Straits from the security threat, danger of navigation and risk environmental damages, and it would make ease the law enforcement through the straits due to foreign ships had to sailed over this TSS.. ABSTRAK Peningkatan lalu lintas pelayaran menjadikan semakin berat tugas pengawasan jalur laut. Indonesia mempunyai beberapa selat yang sangat vital sebagai jalur pelayaran yaitu salah satunya adalah Selat Sunda dimana selat ini merupakan bagian dari Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) I, yang menghubungkan perairan Samudera Hindia melewati Selat Karimata menuju Laut China Selatan atau sebaliknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Membuat model sistem Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) di Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) I Selat Sunda, 2) Mengkaji dampak pembangunan model TSS bagi ketahanan wilayah Selat Sunda.Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Model TSS di Selat Sunda yang terbaik adalah solusi–2 dimana TSS berada di sebelah barat Pulau Sangiang, yaitu alur pelayaran di antara Pulau Panjurit dan Pulau Sangiang dengan tetap memperhatikan ALKI-I yang sudah ada, selain itu untuk keberadaan bahaya navigasi di Terumbu Koliot maka diletakkan SBNP. Model TSS Solusi-2 hasil perhitungan Matriks Eigen Value dilihat dari segi ketahanan wilayah Selat Sunda membuat terjaminnya perairan Selat Sunda dari bahaya keamanan, bahaya navigasi pelayaran serta bahaya pencemaran lingkungan, mempermudah penegak hukum dalam melaksanakan pengawasan karena setiap kapal asing yang akan melewati Selat Sunda harus melewati TSS ini.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to understood the process of community empowerment through the development of tourism village in Penglipuran’s Tourism Village and its implications related to the village’s socio-cultural resilience. The research had led to the finding that the process of community empowerment consisted of three stages.The stages were public awareness, giving capacity and empowerment. The form of community empowerment involving public participation starting from planning, implementation and evaluation. Problems of community empowerment relating to maintained culture and customs from modernitation influence,the attitude of society, human resources, accomodation tourist availability and promotion activities.In result, empowerment of communities through the development of tourism village in Penglipuran’s village was giving implemented in socio-cultural resilience such as strengthening and some changes in the social and cultural values and environment ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami berlangsungnya proses pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pengembangan desa wisata di Desa Wisata Penglipuran dan implikasinya terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya wilayah. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa proses pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Wisata Penglipuran berlangsung dalam tiga tahap yaitu tahap penyadaran, pengkapasitasan dan pemberian daya. Bentuk-bentuk pemberdayaan masyarakat melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Adapun kendala-kendala dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat berkaitan dengan usaha mempertahankan budaya dan adat istiadat dari arus modernisasi, sikap masyarakat, terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dan ketersediaan akomodasi wisata serta kurangnya kegiatan promosi.Pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pengembangan desa wisata memberikan implikasi terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya wilayah berupa penguatan dan beberapa perubahan pada tata nilai sosial, budaya dan lingkungan

ABSTRACT This research studied the role of youngster in development of renewable energy edutourism and its implication towards the regional economy resilience (study in Poncosari Village, Srandakan Subdistrict, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta). Mean while the purpose of this research was to analyzed the role of youngster in development of renewable energy edutourism, and also to analyzed the implication of the role of youngster in development of renewable energy edutourism towards the regional economy resilience.This research used qualitative descriptive method. Data collection technique was conducted by five steps, i.e.: 1) Observation, 2) Interview, 3) Documentation, 4) Literature, 5) Internet. Whereas data validity was conducted by cross check data technique. The result of research showed the role of youngster joined in Work Group of renewable energy edutourism had conducted promotion in some educational institution or wide society, either directly or through printed media and online. The development of renewable energy edutourism had significant impact towards the regional economy resilience, because it had increased economical income of surrounding people. It could be considere as manifestation of the familial economical resilience of which was as basic of the regional economy resilience. ABSTRAK PEnelitian ini mengkaji peran pemuda dalam pengembangan eduwisata energi terbarukan dan implikasinya terhadap ketahanan ekonomi wilayah (Studi di Desa Poncosari, Kecamatan Srandakan, Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta). Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis peran pemuda dalam pengembangan eduwisata energi terbarukan, serta untuk menganalisis implikasi peran pemuda dalam pengembangan eduwisata energi terbarukan terhadap ketahanan ekonomi wilayah.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. PTeknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan lima tahap, yaitu: 1) Observasi, 2) Wawancara, 3) Dokumentasi 4) Kepustakaan, 5) Internet. Adapun validitas data dengan menggunakan teknik cross check data.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran pemuda yang tergabung dalam POKJA eduwisata energi terbarukan telah melakukan promosi di beberapa instansi pendidikan maupun masyarakat luas, baik secara langsung maupun melalui media cetak dan online. Implikasi peran pemuda dalam pengembangan eduwisata energi terbarukan dapat dilihat dari jumlah pengunjung yang berkunjung langsung berkoordinasi dengan pengelola PLTH dan BIOGAS lebih banyak jika dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan jasa POKJA. Pengembangan eduwisata energi terbarukan mempunyai dampak yang signifikan terhadap ketahanan ekonomi wilayah, karena telah meningkatkan pendapatan ekonomi warga sekitar. Hal ini dapat dikatakan sebagai wujud dari ketahanan ekonomi keluarga yang merupakan dasar dari ketahanan ekonomi wilayah

ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to understood the Optimization of the Role of the 0613 Military District Command (Kodim) Ciamis in Rapid Response of Natural Disasters and Its Implication to Regional Resilience.This research was a descriptive qualitative one. Data collection was conducted by in-depth interview technique to 10 personnel including the Commander, Staff and members of Kodim 0613/Ciamis, along with observation and reference studies to gathered data and then they were qualitatively analyzed. The result of the research provided the answer that Kodim 0613/Ciamis can offer its role in rapid response of natural disasters in Ciamis Regency, West Java. The activities conducted through rapid assessment and determining the status of damaged region and resources, rescue and evacuation of vulnerable groups, providing the basic needs and emergency recovery.A rapid assessment was conducted when a disaster information was received in Ciamis area, by quickly processing the information, rescue or evacuation conducted by Kodim 0613/Ciamis after the disaster occurred and in cooperation with BPBD Ciamis Regency, the provision of basic needs was conducted by Kodim 0613/Ciamis in order to carried out emergency response program, condition recovery conducted by cooperation between TNI, Polri, and local community and government. The success of Kodim 0613/Ciamis in emergency response resulted in positive impact to the social condition in Ciamis Regency, and bolster the resilience of Ciamis Regency that includes resilience in ideology, politics, economy, socio-culture and defense and security.To optimized the role of Kodim 0613/Ciamis in emergency response, therefore a mechanism should be formulated where Commander of Kodim (Dandim) was entrusted with greater role in decision making during emergency. The Regent (Bupati) may appoint Dandim as the Incident Commander (IC), so that Dandim was able to take swift actions in rescuing and evacuating the victims and restoring the damaged region. Kodim 0613/Ciamis could be regarded as the model of emergency response for other regions. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Optimalisasi Peran Komando Distrik Militer 0613/Ciamis Dalam Penanganan Tanggap Darurat Bencana Alam Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Ketahanan Wilayah.Penelitian ini merupakan deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, yang dilakukan terhadap 10 orang, yaitu Komandan, Staf dan anggota Kodim 0613/Ciamis, selain itu juga melalui observasi serta studi pustaka untuk diperoleh data lalu dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan jawaban bahwa Kodim 0613/Ciamis dapat berperan maksimal dalam menangani tanggap darurat bencana alam di Kabupaten Ciamis Jawa Barat. Kegiatan dilakukan melalui pengkajian secara cepat dan penentuan status terhadap lokasi kerusakan dan sumber daya, penyelamatan atau evakuasi dan perlindungan kelompok rentan, pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar, serta pemulihan kondisi darurat.Kegiatan pengkajian cepat dilakukan bila ada informasi bencana di wilayah Ciamis, dengan segera informasi tersebut diolah, penyelamatan atau evakuasi dilakukan oleh Kodim 0613/Ciamis setelah terjadi bencana dan bekerjasama dengan BPBD Kabupaten Ciamis, pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar dilakukan oleh Kodim 0613/Ciamis dalam rangka melaksanakan program tanggap darurat bencana, pemulihan kondisi darurat dilakukan kerjasama antara aparat TNI, Polri, dan masyarakat serta pemerintah daerah. Keberhasilan Kodim 0613/Ciamis dalam menangani tanggap darurat memberikan dampak yang positif terhadap situasi kondisi sosial di Kabupaten Ciamis, dan berimplikasi terhadap ketahanan wilayah Kabupaten Ciamis yang meliputi ketahanan idiologi, ketahanan politik, ketahanan ekonomi, ketahanan sosial budaya dan ketahanan pertahanan keamanan.Untuk lebih mengoptimalkan peran dari Kodim 0613/Ciamis dalam menangani tanggap darurat, maka perlu diciptakan mekanisme yaitu Dandim diberikan peran yang lebih besar dalam mengambil tindakan saat tanggap darurat. Bupati dapat menunjuk Komandan Kodim sebagai komandan posko tanggap darurat Incident Commander (IC), sehingga Dandim dapat mengambil tindakan cepat dalam menolong dan mengevakuasi korban serta mengembalikan kondisi lingkungan yang rusak akibat bencana. Kodim 0613/Ciamis dapat dijadikan sebagai model dalam penanganan bencana bagi wilayah lainnya.

ABSTRACT This research had three main goals. Firstly, to knew the condition of the biogas power plant (BPP) in Dendang district. Secondly,to knew the obstacles faced in the operating of the BPP, Thirdly, to knew the optimalization strategy in maximizing the BPPThe existence of the BPP in Dendang District, East Belitung Regency had three main benefits. First, it could power up to 2.500-3.000 households. Second, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and waste. Third, created technology transfer. Based on those, an optimalization was needed to created regional energy resilience. The method used was qualitative description, through direct observation and interviews with stakeholders in November 2015 until May 2016. According to research results, there were three main obstacles faced by the BPP. First, the difficulty raw materials which were mostly imported. Second, the price differences because power purchase agreement The BPP-PT. AANE was considered to be established before the new law was issued. Third, the lack of goverment support. Based on those three obstacles, the optimalization strategy that could be done were: First, easing import regulations to eased raw materials supply. Second, the government must regulated and fixed the price differences issue. Third, the central and local government must actively supported the building of BPP and the field of new and renewable energy. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Pertama, untuk mengetahui kondisi pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas (PLTBg) di Kecamatan Dendang. Kedua, untuk mengetahui kendala yang dihadapi dalam operasional PLTBg. Ketiga, untuk mengetahui strategi optimalisasi dalam melakukan optimalisasi PLTBg.Keberadaan PLTBg di Kecamatan Dendang memiliki tiga manfaat. Pertama, dapat mengaliri listrik hingga 2500-3000 rumah tangga. Kedua, membantu mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan limbah, Ketiga, alih teknologi. Berdasarkan ketiga keuntungan tersebut, maka optimalisasi PLTBg perlu dilakukan dalam rangka mewujudkan ketahanan energy wilayah. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskripsi kualitatif, melalui obervasi langsung ke Kecamatan Dendang dan wawancara pihak-pihak terkait pada bulan November 2015 hingga Mei 2016.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat tiga kendala yang dihadapi oleh PLTBg di Kecamatan Dendang. Pertama, sulitnya bahan baku karena sebagian besar impor, Kedua, adanya perbedaan harga karena power purchase agreement PLTBg - PT AANE dihitung berdiri sebelum undang-undang baru keluar. Ketiga, kurangnya dukungan pemerintah. Berdasarkan ketiga kendala tersebut, maka strategi optimaliasi yang dilakukan adalah; Pertama, memudahkan regulasi untuk kemudahan bahan baku. Kedua, pemerintah mengatur dan meluruskan regulasi terkait perbedaan harga. Ketiga, pemerintah pusat dan daerah harus aktif memberikan dukungan terhadap pembangunan PLTBg dengan memperbesar pelatihan, pendidikan serta pengembangan kemampuan untuk pembuatan kebijakan dan analisis di bidang energi baru dan terbarukan.

ABSTRACT This research was to investigated PT PAL Indonesia (Persero) readiness, obstacles and strategy to built the PKR, the Indonesian Navy War Ship (KRI) for enhancing the resilience of its main weapon system. The research was a descriptive-qualitative research and utilising observation and face-to-face in-depth interviews methods for data collection of primary data. The results indicated that PT PAL Indonesia (Persero) had acquired conditional capability dan capacity readiness to undertaken the navy vessels building projects independently (as production doer). Accordingly, this research formulated some recommendations which included (i) education and training in required field; (ii) enhancing credit portfolio; (iii) extensify budgeting resource alternatives; (iv) ensuring government budgeting commitment; (v) nourishing discipline and productive work culture, and (vi) fostering integrity, discipline, honesty and efectif cooperation as the corporate culture. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui kesiapan, kendala dan strategi PT PAL Indonesia (Persero) dalam membangun Kapal Perang Republik Indonesia (KRI) jenis PKR dalam rangka mendukung ketahanan alat utama sistem senjata (alutsista) TNI AL. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi dan wawancara mendalam (face-to-face in-depth interview). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PT PAL Indonesia (Persero) memiliki kesiapan terbatas (sebagai pelaksana produksi proyek) untuk membangun kapal PKR secara mandiri. Penelitian ini merumuskan beberapa rekomendasi yaitu: (i) melaksanakan pendidikan dan pelatihan di bidang yang belum dikuasai, (ii) meningkatkan portofolio kredit, (iii) mengembangkan alternatif sumber pendanaan, (iv) memastikan dukungan anggaran pemerintah, (v) mengembangkan budaya kerja yang disiplin dan produktif, dan (vi) menumbuhkan budaya kerja integritas, disiplin, jujur dan proses hubungan kerja yang efektif.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis manajemen KWLM dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan rakyat dan untuk menganalisis pengaruh manajemen koperasi dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan rakyat terhadap ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat anggota KWLM. Penelitian ini mengambil studi pada Koperasi Wana Lestari Menoreh di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kombinasi dengan variabel bebas "manajemen KWLM" dan "manajemen hutan lestari dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan rakyat" serta variabel terikat "ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat anggota KWLM". Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Informan mewakili pengurus dan anggota koperasi, dan responden sebanyak 40 orang anggota koperasi yang sudah bergabung minimal 2 tahun. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa manajemen KWLM dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan rakyat dilakukan dengan manajemen usaha koperasi yang baik dilandasi prinsip-prinsip koperasi sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan anggotanya dan manajemen hutan lestari sehingga dapat memproduksi hasil hutan secara berkelanjutan. Manajemen koperasi dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan rakyat berpengaruh positif terhadap ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat anggota KWLM.

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is recommended for controlling Nilaparvata lugens. In Asian countries, such as, China, Vietnam, India, and Thailand, imidacloprid has caused resistance to N. lugens. Imidacloprid has also caused resistance to N. lugens based on some previous studies in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the fitness and feeding capacity of imidacloprid-resistant N. lugens. The population of N. lugens used in this study had a resistance level of 50.64 times compared to the susceptible population. When the resistant and susceptible population of N. lugens did not receive any exposure to imidacloprid, the susceptible population had better fitness than the resistance one. However, the fitness of the resistant population increased when this population was resistance which sublethal cencentration (LC50 & LC20) of imidacloprid. The increase fitness of this resistant population most likely related to the increase in feeding capacity of the resistant population when they were treated which sublethal imidacloprid. These findings suggest that the field population of N. lugens that have developed resistance would increase the probability of outbreak if they were sprayed with imidacloprid. INTISARI Imidakloprid adalah insektisida neonicotinoid yang direkomendasikan untuk mengendalikan Nilaparvata lugens. Di negara Asia, seperti, China, Vietnam, India, dan Thailand, imidakloprid telah menyebabkan resistensi terhadap N. lugens. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya dilaporkan imidakloprid juga menyebabkan resistensi terhadap N. lugens. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kebugaran relatif dan kemampuan makan N. lugens resisten terhadap imidakloprid. Populasi N. lugens yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mempunyai tingkat resistensi 50,64 kali dibandingkan dengan populasi peka. N. lugens populasi resisten dan peka apabila tidak dipapar dengan imidakloprid, populasi peka mempunyai kebugaran lebih baik dari pada resisten, namun kebugaran dari N. lugens populasi resisten meningkat ketika populasi tersebut dipapar dengan imidakloprid konsentrasi subletaal (LC50 & LC20). Peningkatan kebugaran populasi N. lugens resisten diduga terkait dengan peningkatan kemampuan makan akibat dipapar lagi dengan imidakloprid subletal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ledakan N. lugens akan terjadi, apabila populasi N. lugens yang telah resisten terhadap imidakloprid dipapar lagi dengan imidakloprid.

The use of chemical insecticide in crop protection around the world has resulted in disturbances of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop for environmentally friendly insect pest management techniques such as the activity of liquid smoke made from tobacco stem waste as an insecticide to Spodoptera litura. Activity of liquid smoke of tobacco stem waste was carried out at the laboratory condition. The results showed that the application of liquid smoke by using the spraying method (direct method) showed better results compared to the results of feeding method (indirect method). Lethal concentration (LC) at 5 days after treatment, LC50 and LC75 values the direct method of 2.9% and 8.87%, while the indirect method of 6,99% and 21.03%. The sub lethal concentration did not cause mortality of S. litura larvae, but inhibited the growth such as indicated by lower weight of larval and pupal in treated larvae than in control. Liquid smoke of tobacco stem waste has activity as an insecticide to S. litura. INTISARI Penggunaan pestisida kimia dalam pengendalian hama di dunia telah menimbulkan gangguan terhadap lingkungan. Maka teknik pengendalian hama yang ramah lingkungan perlu dikembangkan, misalnya aktivitas asap cair limbah batang tembakau sebagai insektisida pada Spodoptera litura. Aktivitas asap cair limbah batang tembakau dilakukan pada kondisi laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi asap cair secara langsung (metode semprot) lebih efektif daripada tidak langsung (metode celup pakan). Lethal concentration (LC) pada 5 hari setelah perlakuan, LC50 dan LC75 pada aplikasi langsung sebesar 2,9% dan 8,87%, sedangkan pada aplikasi tidak langsung 6,99% dan 21,03%. Konsentrasi subletal tidak menyebabkan kematian S. litura tetapi mampu menghambat pertumbuhan yang diindikasikan dengan rendahnya bobot larva dan pupa S. litura. Asap cair limbah batang tembakau bersifat insektisida terhadap larva S. litura.

Spodoptera litura is one of the important insect pest of maize besides the notoriously damaging corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. S. litura has been the target of various controls including the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. This study was conducted to evaluate the acute effect of Bt toxin Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 on the growth and development of S. litura from larval to adult stages. Two sublethal concentrations were used; 0.1875 and 0.0469 ppm for Cry1A.105, and 0.0008 and 0.0003 ppm for Cry2Ab2. The bioassay using diet dipping was carried out on a CRD with three experiments and five repetitions. The observation was carried out on the mortality and survival rates of S. litura. The mortality reached 28% when the larvae were treated with 0.1875 ppm and 20% with 0.0469 ppm of Cry 1A.105. The exposed larvae and pupae were smaller than control. Larval and pupal weight were 117.0 and 165.6 g with 0.1875 ppm, while control were 212.9 and 211.2 g. Cry1A.105 also longer the larval stage, larval stage with higher and lower concentration were 24.5 and 22.3 day, while control was 20.5 day. The resulted pupae from larve which exposed by Cry1A.105 were less than control; there were 40% at concentration 0.1875 ppm and control 61%. The two concentration of Cry2Ab2 produced similar mortality of 20%. Similarly, Cry2Ab2 affected pupal to adult stages development. The longevity of pupal stage with concentration 0.0003 ppm was 9.5 days, followed by 0.0008 ppm (9.1 days) and control (10.1 days). The adult emerge on the highest concentration was 47.4% while control only 34.6%. There results showed that both Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 were detrimental to the survival of S. litura which is the non-target insect of transgenic Bt maize. INTISARI Spodoptera litura merupakan salah satu hama penting yang menyerang tanaman jagung, selain Ostrinia furnacalis. Belakangan ini O. furnacalis diketahui telah menjadi target dari berbagai macam cara pengendalian termasuk penggunaan toksin Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A.105 dan Cry2Ab2. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek akut toksin Bt Cry1A.105 dan Cry2Ab2 terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan S. litura dari larva sampai imago. Dua konsentrasi subletal yang akan digunakan adalah; 0,1875 dan 0,0469 ppm untuk Cry1A.105, dan 0,0008 dan 0,0003 ppm untuk Cry2Ab2. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode celup pakan dan Rancangan Acak Legkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap mortalitas dan kelangsungan hidup S. litura. Mortalitas mencapai 28% pada larva yang dipaparkan dengan 0,1875 ppm dan 20% dengan 0,0469 ppm Cry 1A.105. Larva dan pupa yang terkena toksin berukuran lebih kecil. Berat larva dan pupa yang terpapar toksin dengan konsentrasi 0,1875 ppm, masing – masing 117,0 dan 165,6 g, sedangkan kontrol masing – masing 212,9 dan 211,2 g. Cry1A.105 juga dapat memperpanjang stadia larva. Lama stadia larva dengan konsentrasi tertinggi dan terendah adalah 24,5 dan 22,3 hari, sedangkan kontrol 20,5 hari. Jumlah pupa yang berhasil terbentuk dari larva yang terpapar toxin Cry1A.105 lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kontrol; pada konsentrasi 0,1875 ppm sebesar 40%, sedangkan kontrol sebesar 61%. Kedua konsentrasi dari toksin Bt Cry2Ab2 menyebabkan mortalitas yang sama yaitu 20%. Cry2Ab2 juga berpengaruh terhadap lama stadia pupa dan tingkat keberhasilan pembentukan imago. Lama stadia pupa dengan konsentrasi 0,0003 ppm adalah 9,5 hari, diikuti dengan konsentrasi 0,0008 ppm (9,1 hari) dan kontrol (10,1 hari). Jumlah imago terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan dengan konsentrasi 0,0008 ppm sebesar 47,4% sedangkan pada kontrol hanya 34,6%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa toksin Bt Cry1A. 105 dan Cry2Ab2 juga berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup S. litura yang merupakan serangga bukan sasaran dari tanaman jagung transgenik Bt.

Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang perencanaan kebijakan Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan, kendala yang dihadapi serta strategi pemecahannya guna mewujudkan ketahanan pangan wilayah di Kabupaten Bantul. Dengan menggunakan data kualitatif, ditemukan bahwa Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul belum serius dalam mempersiapkan regulasi kebijakan Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan. Sejauh ini telah dilakukan beberapa studi sebagai dasar penyusunan regulasi. Kendala utama terletak pada kebijakan penataan ruang yang telah disusun sebelumnya, pelanggaran hukum regulasi penataan ruang wilayah, alokasi anggaran perencanaan regulasi, kelompok kepentingan, kesediaan petani dan ketersediaan lahan pertanian. Untuk memperkokoh ketahanan pangan wilayah, Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul melakukan peninjauan kembali terhadap kebijakan penataan ruang, penegakkan hukum regulasi penataan ruang, pengalokasian anggaran, penetapan regulasi Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan, pemberian insentif, serta melakukan kegiatan optimasi lahan, sertipikat tanah petani dan sinkronisasi data lahan pertanian. Meski secara umum kondisi ketahanan pangan wilayah di Kabupaten Bantul dikategorikan sedang, regulasi Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan mendesak untuk segera ditetapkan.

Flowering plants are plants with the ability to attract a lot of insects and other plant-loving organisms, as they possess various functions for these organisms, for instance as feed sources, ovipositions’ sites, or hiding places out of danger (refugia). Their varied functions make flowering plants to play important roles as special habitats for insects and other organisms. Their presence needs to be considered especially in agricultural land where the dominant planting pattern is monoculture, such as rice fields. The presence of flowering plants themselves will invite many different organisms playing their parts not only as herbivores, but also as natural enemies, pollinators and other ecologically important organisms. The faunal diversity stimulated by flowering plants will create more stable ecosystem, which in turn will keep the ecosystem components’ balance in check. The presence of flowering plants are therefore essential to the conservation of natural enemies in some particular ecosystem, such as agroecosystem. INTISARI Tumbuhan berbunga merupakan tumbuhan yang berkemampuan memikat banyak serangga dan jasad pemanfaat tumbuhan lainnya, dan memiliki banyak manfaat bagi jasad-jasad ini, misalnya sebagai sumber pakan maupun tempat perhentian (untuk meletakkan telur atau menyembunyikan diri dari bahaya). Fungsi yang beragam ini menyebabkan pentingnya memperhatikan tumbuhan berbunga sebagai habitat khusus bagi serangga dan jasad lainnya, terutama di pertanaman yang selama ini dominan sebagai ekosistem monokultur, misalnya pertanaman padi. Adanya tumbuhan berbunga akan mengundang berbagai jenis jasad yang dalam ekosistem tersebut memiliki bermacam-macam peran selain sebagai herbivora, misalnya sebagai musuh alami, polinator atau fungsi ekologis lainnya. Keberagaman fauna karena adanya tanaman berbunga akan menyebabkan terbentuknya ekosistem yang lebih stabil, yang pada gilirannya akan menjaga terjadinya keseimbangan komponen ekosistem. Kehadiran tumbuhan berbunga dengan demikian sangat penting untuk melestarikan populasi musuh alami di suatu ekosistem seperti agroekosistem.

ABSTRAK Gas metana (CH4) adalah salah satu gas rumah kaca yang cukup berperan setelah CO2. Peningkatan metana di atmosfer pada belakangan ini perlu diantisipasi mengingat daya pemanasan global yang ditimbulkannya per satu molekul gas metana di troposfer 21 kali lebih tinggi daripada daya pemanasan satu molekul CO2. Tanah sawah adalah salah satu kontributor gas metana sekitar 10-15%. Metana diproduksi sebagai hasil akhir dari proses dekomposisi mikrobial bahan organik secara anaerobik oleh bakteri metanogen. Emisi gas metana ditentukan oleh pengelolaan air, pengolahan tanah, varietas, dan iklim. Seiring dengan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap produk pangan yang sehat, serta ramah lingkungan, maka permintaan akan beras organik meningkat, sehingga perlu diupayakan dengan giat intensifikasi maupun ekstensifikasi budidaya padi organik. Namun, budidaya padi organik menghadapi dilema yaitu peningkatan produksi gas metana lebih tinggi daripada budidaya padi konvensional. ABSTRACT Methane (CH4) is the second main type of gas after CO2 in contributing global warning. The increasing of methane in our atmosphere should be anticipated because its effect of single molecule of methane to the warning up our trophosphere is 21 times higher than single molecule of CO2 . Paddy field soils as one of contributors produce 10-15 % of methane in our atmosphere. The methane is produced as results of microbial processes on aerobic organic matters decomposition by metanogene bacteria. The amount of methane production is determined by soil water management, crop species, and climate. In line with the community awarness in healthy and environmental friendly product of food, the demand of organic rice has increased. However, the organic farming has trade off situation due to its methane production higher than the conventional farming.

This study aims to determine the diversity of ants in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) ecosystems in six hamlets in the village of Banjaroya, District Kalibawang Yogyakarta. The sampling was carried out by the method of feeding ants using tuna and sugar solution, which is placed on the cacao tree and the ground surface; pit-fall traps; and direct picking by hand. Six sub-family of ants, namely Cerapachynae, Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, and Pseudomyrmicinae were found. Six of the most abundant genera found in each catchment were Dolichoderus sp., Anoplolepis sp., Paratrechina sp., Crematogaster sp., Pheidole sp., and Pheidologeton sp., which is known to be aggressive and invasive. The analysis showed that the diversity of ant communities in the Village Banjaroya categorized as medium (H ‘> 1-3), meaning that the overall state of the ecosystem of the cocoa crop was classified as stable or steady. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the dominance index (C) shows that the community of ants in each village tends was tended to be dominated by a single species (C close to 0). The relationship between habitat condition and the diversity of ant was discussed in this article. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman semut pada ekosistem kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) di 6 dusun di Desa Banjaroya, Kecamatan Kalibawang Yogyakarta. Pengambilan sampel semut dilakukan dengan metode pengumpanan menggunakan ikan tuna dan larutan gula yang diletakkan pada pohon kakao dan permukaan tanah; lubang perangkap; dan pemungutan dengan tangan. Enam subfamili semut, yaitu Cerapachynae, Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, dan Pseudomyrmicinae telah ditemukan di lokasi pengambilan sampel. Enam genus yaitu Dolichoderus sp., Anoplolepis sp., Paratrechina sp., Crematogaster sp., Pheidole sp. dan Pheidologeton sp. yang dikenal agresif dan invasif, ditemukan paling melimpah di setiap dusun. Hasil analisis keragaman komunitas semut di Desa Banjaroya menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan keadaan ekosistem pada tanaman kakao masih tergolong stabil atau mantap dikategorikan sebagai medium (H’>1-3). Sementara itu, hasil analisis indeks dominasi (C) menunjukkan bahwa komunias semut pada setiap dusun cenderung didominasi oleh satu spesies (C mendekati 0). Hubungan antara kondisi habitat dengan keragaman semut didiskusikan dalam tulisan ini.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepekaan populasi lapangan Plutella xylostella terhadap residu dari insektisida emamektin benzoat, menetapkan konsentrasi diagnostik untuk memonitor perkembangan resistensi populasi P. xylostella terhadap insektisida emamektin benzoat, dan untuk menentukan mekanisme resistensi P. xylostella terhadap insektisida tersebut. P. xylostella dikoleksi dari sepuluh Kecamatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah sejak Agustus 2010 sampai September 2012. Data dari uji bioassay dianalisis dengan probit analisis untuk mendapatkan nilai LC50. Hasil uji kepekaan menunjukkan, bahwapopulasi Puasan (Ngablak) nilai Faktor resistensi (FR) 3,97 kali merupakan populasi dengan nilai FR paling tinggi, dan nilai FR yang paling rendah adalah populasi Selo (Boyolali) dan merupakan populasi yang paling peka. Hasil pengujian validasi konsentrasi diagnostik menunjukkan, bahwa nilai c2 hitung semua populasi yang diuji lebih kecil dari nilai c2 tabel, maka konsentrasi diagnostik yang ditetapkan (2443,99 ppb) sesuai untuk monitoring kepekaan populasi P. xylostella. Resistensi P. xylostella terhadap insektisida emamektin benzoat disebabkan oleh laju peningkatan detoksifikasi di dalam tubuh serangga oleh enzim MFO, tetapi aktivitas enzim esterase non spesifik tidak mencerminkan aktitas esterase. ABSTRACT The objectives of this research to know the susceptible of P. xylostella population against emamectin benzoate insecticide, to monitor the resistance development of P. xylostella against insecticides by determine of a diagnostic concentration, to determine the resistance mechanism of P. xylostella population. P. xylostella was collected from central of Java areas from August 2011 up to September 2012. The data from bioassay test was analized using Probit analysis to obtain LC50 value. The suseptibility test of the insect resulted show that Puasan population (Ngablak) FR value was 3.97 and it was higher than the Selo population (Cepogo). The concentration of 2443.99 ppb as selected diagnostic consentration. The test result of diagnostic concentration validation indicated that the value of calculated c2 of all the tested population was lower than the value of c2table. Therefore the diagnostic concentration of 2443.99 ppb can be used monitoring device of susceptible P, xylostella population. The resistance mechanism of the P. xylostella to the insecticide resulted from the increase in the detoxification rate in the insect body by MFO enzyme, but non-specific esterase enzyme activity did not reflect the esterase activity.

A field study was conducted to determine the distribution of egg masses of Ostrinia furnacalis on corn leaves and within corn field. The corn field was divided into three regions: the inner edge closed to other crops and outer edge closed to main road and the middle region. The numbers of egg masses laid were recorded entirely in all corn plants existed (census method). Egg laying period lasted for 34 days, with 11 days from initiation of egg laying to the peak of oviposition and 23 days from the peak to termination of egg laying. The egg masses laid on corn leaves were distributed in aggregation pattern. During eight-opened-leaf to twelve-opened-leaf stages, there were 847 egg masses found, and 80.9% was laid on the sixth-to-ninth leaves. From tasseling to blister stages there were 491 egg masses found of which approximately 80.7% was laid on the seventh-to-11 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. leaves. Egg masses laid within corn field varied, in which 37.4, 32.8, and 29.8% of those were found in the inner edge, middle, and outer edge of corn field, respectively. Kajian lapang dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran peletakan kelompok telur ngengat Ostrinia furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung dan penyebarannya pada lahan pertanaman jagung. Lahan penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu lahan pinggir dalam berdekatan dengan pertanaman lain, bagian tengah lahan, dan lahan pinggir luar berdekatan dengan jalan raya. Pengamatan kelompok telur dilakukan pada seluruh tanaman jagung (sensus). Periode peletakan telur berlangsung selama 34 hari, dengan periode inisiasi hingga puncak 11 hari dan periode setelah puncak hingga akhir peletakan telur 23 hari. Peletakan telur O. furnacalis pada daun tanaman jagung menyebar secara berkelompok. Pada fase 8 hingga 10 daun telah terbuka sempurna ditemukan sebanyak 847 kelompok telur, 80,9% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun ke 6–9. Pada fase VT (bunga jantan) hingga fase R2 (bunga betina telah kering) ditemukan sebanyak 491 kelompok telur, 80,7% diantaranya ditemukan pada daun 7–11. Penyebaran kelompok telur pada bagian lahan terjadi secara berkelompok. Jumlah kelompok telur tertinggi berturut-turut dari bagian lahan pinggir dalam, bagian tengah lahan, dan bagian lahan pinggir luar masing-masing 37,4; 32,8; dan 29,8%.

Helopeltis antonii Signort (Heteroptera: Miridae) has long been reported to attack cacao and other host plants in Java. A recently published literature review refuted this idea and offered morphological evidence suggesting that this attacker is actually H. bradyi Waterhouse. However, through the present, local reports still identify attacks as coming from H. antonii. To confirm which of these two species is implicated in cacao damage, we conducted an examination of the external morphology, genitalia and the biology of Helopeltis sampled from infested cacao plants in Yogyakarta. 42 females and 9 males, sampled from 3 different locations, were observed to be morphologically similar to H. bradyi, especially with regard to the pale band on the base of all femora, the knife-shaped male lobal sclerite, and the presence of a ‘Y’ shaped junction on the posteriorly fused female genital chamber. The duration of the life stages (in days) of the laboratory-reared insects were: 7−11 (eggs), 12−19 (nymphs), 9−44 (female) and 16−54 (male) d, measurements which fall within the ranges of the parameters usually reported locally for H. antonii, with the exception of male adult life stages which are longer than the aforementioned reports. Morphological changes were observed during all stages of development, including within adult stages. In female adults specifically, external morphology and genital development proceeded continuously until the insects reached the full-grown condition, characterized by stable color, and fully sclerotized genital chamber. Our preliminary study of the morphology and development of lab-reared insects descended from individuals infesting cacao fields, indicated the presence of H. bradyi instead of H. antonii in Yogyakarta, and therefore stipulated a need to review the existence of the latter in Indonesia.

Host searching behaviour by a parasitoid includes orientation to the volatile compounds (odor) relesead by host or host plant. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the orientation behaviour of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et Wang), the egg parasitoid of rice brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)), after being exposed to sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin. The impact of residue on plants to the behaviour of parasitoid was also studied. The sublethal concentrations (LC10 and LC40) used were 0.023 ppm and 2.235 ppm, respectively. Deltamethrin applied to the rice plants were 12.5 ppm and 6.25 ppm, and its effect was observed at 3 hours, 1, 3 and 7 days after application. Orientation behavior was studied using Y-tube olfactometer. Application of deltamethrin at subletal concentration reduced the ability of surviving A. nilaparvatae to detect odors (volatile ompounds) released by the host, N. lugens. The higher the concentration of deltamethrin applied to the parasitoid or to the rice plants, the more prominent effect observed in the changing in the parasitoid behavious, in particular disruption to the parasitoid’s orientation to find their host. As consequences, effects of deltamethrin may lead to reduce the effectiveness of A. nilaparvatae as biological control agents in the field as a result of declining their searching capacity.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur food web dalam pola interaksi serangga-gulma pada ekosistem sawah surjan dan lembaran yang dikelola secara organik dan konvensional. Penelitian dilakukan pada enam petak sawah surjan dan enam petak sawah lembaran di daerah Kulon Progo dalam dua musim tanam pada bulan Desember 2009 sampai Juli 2010. Baik sawah surjan maupun sawah lembaran, masing-masing dibedakan dalam dua pengelolaan, yaitu pengelolaan organik dan konvensional, dengan ulangan masing-masing tiga petak. Lima plot ukuran 1x1 m ditempatkan pada masing-masing petak yang tidak diubah posisinya sampai berakhir satu musim tanam. Inti dari penelitian lapangan ini adalah menghitung jenis dan kelimpahan gulma setiap tiga minggu sekali untuk setiap petak, demikian juga untuk jenis dan kelimpahan dari serangga herbivora untuk setiap jenis tanaman/gulma pada setiap plot. Analisis data dilakukan dengan program Bipartite in R statistics 2.12.0, dan dilakukan uji pengaruh tipe sawah dan cara pengelolaan lahan terhadap struktur dan network level (jumlah jenis trofik atas, jumlah jenis trofik bawah, keterhubungan, diversitas Shannon, dan kemerataan interaksi) dengan menggunakan General Linear Model (GLM) dalam program SPSS 17.0. Hasil penelitian sawah surjan yang dikelola secara organik mempunyai pola interaksi serangga-gulma yang lebih kompleks dengan lebih banyak link interaksi, jumlah jenis trofik atas dan bawah, indeks diversitas Shannon, dan kemerataan interaksi yang lebih tinggi, serta keterhubungan (connectance) yang lebih rendah. ABSRACT The aims of this research was to analyse food web structure of insect-weed interaction in surjan and lembaran rice field ecosystems under organic and conventional managements. We observed six rice fields of local farms called “surjan” rice fields, and six rice fields of “lembaran” farms in Kulon Progo District, central Java, in two planting seasons in December 2009 until July 2010. They were divided into two types of managements, i.e. organic and conventional farming. Five 1x1 m plots per field were taken as sampling units and were not changed until the end of the planting season. The type and abundance of each type of weeds were recorded every three weeks, and counted for accordingly. In the similar way, type and abundance of herbivore insects were observed for each weed in each plot. Data analyses were conducted in Bipartite program of R Statistics 2.12.0, and the effect of farm type and management on network level of food web structure (number of higher trophic species, number of lower trophic species, connectane, Shannon diversity index and interaction evenness) was tested per field using General Linear Model (GLM) with SPSS Statistics 17.0. The result of this research is that organic surjan rice farm had more much links in food web structure, more number of higher and lower trophic species, Shannon diversity and interaction evenness, and less connectance.

The activities of Scirpophaga incertulas adult from Klaten Regency were studied from April to November 2010. The purposes of this study were to observe the activity of moth after adult emergence, their flying activity, and eggs oviposition. Two hundred pupae were collected from the field, then incubated in the laboratory and observed every hour for 72 hours. Flying activity was observed every hour by counting the number of moths that were found in the light traps. This observation was replicated three times during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Oviposition activity of moths was observed by infesting twenty females of insect on the rice plants planted in the polybag and covered with plastic sheet. This oviposition activity was also observed every hour during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. in order to get the number of egg-laying moths. The results showed that the emergence of S. incertulas moth was mainly from 2:00 to 4:00 a.m., the flying activity was detected mostly from 6:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m., and the moths ovipositing activity was mainly occured from 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. In addition, we found that the intensity of light affected the number of moths coming into the light trap. The light exposed from the 23 Watt lamp (1,500 lumen) was twice more effective in attracting the moths than the 11 Watt lamp (700 lumen). Penelitian aktivitas ngengat Scirpophaga incertulas telah dilakukan di Kabupaten Klaten dari April s.d. November 2010. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang aktivitas kemunculan ngengat, aktivitas terbang dan peletakan telur. Dua ratus pupa yang diperoleh dari lapang diinkubasikan di laboratorium dan diamati sampai muncul ngengat. Jumlah ngengat yang muncul diamati setiap jam selama 72 jam. Aktivitas terbang diamati setiap jam dengan menghitung jumlah ngengat yang terperangkap pada lampu perangkap selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00 dengan tiga kali ulangan. Aktivitas peletakan telur diamati dengan menginfestasikan dua puluh ngengat betina pada tanaman padi di polibag yang disungkup plastik. Pengamatan aktivitas peletakan telur dilakukan setiap jam dengan mencatat jumlah ngengat yang bertelur selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan ngengat S. incertulas paling banyak dijumpai dari pukul 02.00 s.d. 04.00, aktivitas terbang ngengat berlangsung dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 01.00 dan peletakan telur umumnya berlangsung dari pukul 19.00 s.d. 23.00. Kekuatan cahaya lampu perangkap berpengaruh terhadap kedatangan ngengat, cahaya lampu 23 watt (1.500 lumen) lebih banyak menarik kedatangan ngengat dibanding cahaya lampu 11 watt (700 lumen) dengan rasio 2:1.

Recent reviews on Dorsalis and Dacine fruit flies had implication on host-insect inventory, including in Indonesia. Update is needed because of these changes and due to the rising of fruit and vegetable trade within islands, as well as with neighboring countries. Fruits were collected over a 3-year period from 24 provinces of Indonesia, covering areas from Aceh to Papua. This work was done specifically to obtain detailed information regarding the host range of the important species of Bactrocera spp., Atherigona orientalis, and Dacus longicornis, as well as Adrama determinata. Male lure Steiner traps to attract fruit flies were used in this study as an additional method to support species variation.Atotal of 1125 fruit samples were collected from many locations. Thirty five plant species from 18 families were recorded as fruit fly hosts and 27 plant species were new report as specific host for certain species of fruit fly. A larger array of host plants for fruit flies in Indonesia than reported before suggests the importance of effective quarantine measures to limit the spread of harmful fruit fly and to prevent the accidental introduction of invasive alien fruit fly species from other countries. Guna mendapatkan informasi terkini mengenai peran lalat buah (Diptera: Tephritidae dan Muscidae) dalam bidang pertanian, diperlukan inventarisasi kisaran inangnya termasuk yang ada di Indonesia melalui metode surveilansi. Pembaruan informasi mengenai inang lalat buah ini sangat penting untuk dilakukan mengingat semakin maraknya perdagangan buah dan sayur antar pulau di Indoensia dan juga dengan luar negeri. Surveilansi dilakukan dengan cara buah dikoleksi dalam kurun waktu lebih dari tiga tahun dari 24 provinsi di Indonesia, mulai dari Aceh hingga Papua. Zat pemikat lalat buah jantan dalam perangkap Steiner juga digunakan sebagai metode tambahan untuk mendapatkan variasi spesies yang lebih banyak. Sejumlah 1125 sampel buah dikoleksi dari berbagai lokasi. Penelitian ini berhasil mendapatkan informasi secara detail mengenai kisaran inang lalat buah penting dalam bidang pertanian yaitu Adrama determinata, Atherigona orientalis, Bactrocera spp., dan Dacus longicornis. Tiga puluh lima jenis dari 18 famili tumbuhan tercatat sebagai inang lalat buah dan 27 jenis diantaranya merupakan laporan baru sebagai inang lalat buah. Kisaran inang yang lebih luas ditemukan pada penelitian ini dibandingkan dengan data laporan-laporan sebelumnya menunjukkan betapa pentingnya perlakuan karantina yang efektif di dalam mencegah penyebaran dan pemasukan spesies lalat buah berbahaya antar pulau di Indonesia dan dari luar negeri.

The study aims to identify of white grub attacking lawn in the park of campus of University of Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta. Observations were conducted since July 2008 until January 2010. The results showed that Lepidiota stigma is a pest cause damage to the grass in the UGM park. The presence of beetles occurred in October of the same beginning of the rainy season. Flight and lay eggs period lasted from October 2009 until January 2010. First instar larvae of L. stigma began there in November and the third instar in the month of January 2010. Factors supporting the attack of L. stigma in the college environment is the availability of grass throughout the year, as the lights and the presence of trees as shelter for adult beetles. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis uret perusak akar rumput halaman di lingkungan taman kampus Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta. Pengamatan dilakukan di halaman Kantor Pusat Tata Usaha (KPTU) UGM sejak bulan Juli 2008 sampai Januari 2010. Hasil menunjukan bahwa Lepidiota stigma merupakan hama penyebab kerusakan akar rumput di lingkungan taman kampus UGM. Kehadiran kumbang L. stigma di halaman taman terjadi pada bulan Oktober bersamaan awal musim hujan. Periode penerbangan dan peneluran berlangsung sejak bulan Oktober 2009 sampai dengan Januari 2010. Uret L. stigma instar pertama mulai ada bulan November dan berkembang sampai instar ketiga di bulan Januari 2010. Faktor pendukung serangan uret L. stigma di lingkungan kampus adalah ketersediaan rumput sepanjang tahun, lampu penerangan sebagai penarik kehadiran dan pepohonan sebagai tempat berlindung kumbang dewasa.

Heptachlor (C10H5Cl7) was an organochlorine insecticide compound, which was considered POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) that is highly toxic to human. Since 2007 heptachlor insecticide was banned in Indonesia because of its chronic toxicity, persistency, bioaccumulative, and carcinogenic natures. But its illegal use is still rampant because its dark market availability, cheap price, and is effective in eradicating the pest. Furthermore, there is also lack of assertiveness of regulations and applicable laws. The objectives of the research were to identify pollution, pollution level, spatial distribution, and its correlation with soil chemicals properties, as well as the risks to health caused by heptachlor use. Research was conducted in 2010 by a survey on agricultural land in the regency of Bantul, Province of Yogyakarta Special Region on a 144 point grids. The tool used to determine heptachlor residue was GC-MS chromatography using Shimadzu GC-2014. The analysis showed that heptachlor was detected in soil, water and in agricultural products. Heptachlor residues were detected in 137 locations (95%) of 144 agricultural land sites, and the water residues on 11 sites exceeded the levels set according to levels of Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. Heptachlor residue levels in agricultural products (rice, corn, soybeans, green beans, peanuts, and shallot) exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by the ISO (7313:2008). Soil acidity (pH) has very significant effect on the process of dissipation (loss) of heptachlor (p 1. Heptaklor (C10H5Cl7) adalah jenis insektisida organoklorin anggota senyawa POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutant) yang sejak tahun 2007 sudah dilarang penggunaannya di Indonesia karena sifatnya yang toksik kronis, persisten, bioakumulatif, dan pemicu kanker (karsinogenik). Namun karena harganya yang murah dan efektif membasmi hama, maka masih banyak digunakan selain karena kurang tegasnya peraturan dan hukum yang berlaku. Tujuan penelitian adalah identifikasi, tingkat cemaran, bentuk sebaran ruang, korelasinya dengan sifat kimia tanah, serta risikonya terhadap kesehatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2010 secara survei di lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Bantul, Provinsi DIY pada 144 titik grid. Alat yang digunakan analisis residu adalah GC-2014 Shimadzu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan heptaklor terdeteksi dalam tanah, air dan dalam produk pertanian. Residu heptaklor terdeteksi di 137 lokasi (95%) dari 144 lokasi lahan sawah yang di survei, dan 11 lokasi kadarnya dalam air melampui kadar yang ditetapkan menurut PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001. Kadar residu heptaklor pada produk pertanian (beras, jagung, kedelai, kacang hijau, kacang tanah, dan bawang merah telah melebihi batas maksimum (BMR) yang ditetapkan oleh oleh SNI (7313:2008). Reaksi tanah (pH) berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap proses disipasi (hilangnya) heptaklor (p1.