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Abstract Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of brivaracetam (BRV) in neonates with repeated electroencephalographic seizures not controlled with previous antiseizure medications (ASMs). Methods Phase 2/3, multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm study (N01349/NCT03325439) in neonates with repeated electroencephalographic seizures (lasting ≥10 s) confirmed by video‐electroencephalography, and inadequate seizure control with at least one ASM. A screening period (up to 36 h) was followed by a 48‐h evaluation period during which patients received 0.5 mg/kg BRV twice daily (b.i.d) intravenously (IV). Patients who benefitted from BRV (investigator's opinion) could continue 0.5 mg/kg b.i.d (IV or oral solution) in an extension period. Outcomes included plasma concentrations of BRV following the first dose (primary), and incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Results Six patients (median [range] postnatal age: 1.5 [1.0, 6.0] days) received ≥1 dose of BRV. All six patients completed the evaluation period; two entered and completed the extension period. Overall (evaluation and extension periods), three patients received one dose of 0.5 mg/kg BRV and three received more than one dose. The median (range) duration of exposure to BRV (IV and oral solution) was 1.5 (1.0, 29.0) days (n = 6). At 0.5–1, 2–4, and 8–12 h following IV BRV administration, the GeoMean (GeoCV) plasma concentrations of BRV were 0.53 mg/L (15.40% [n = 5]), 0.50 mg/L (28.20% [n = 6]), and 0.34 mg/L (13.20% [n = 5]), respectively. Individual and population BRV PK profiles were estimated, and individual PK parameters were calculated using Bayesian feedback. The observed concentrations were consistent with the predicted PK. Three patients experienced four TEAEs, none of which were considered related to BRV. Significance BRV plasma concentrations in neonates were consistent with data in older children receiving BRV oral solution, and with data from adults receiving a nominal IV dose of 25 mg b.i.d. BRV was well tolerated, with no drug‐related TEAEs reported. Plain Language Summary Few drugs are available to treat seizures in newborn babies. Brivaracetam is approved to treat focal‐onset seizures in children and adults in Europe (patients 2 years of age and older) and the United States (patients 1 month of age or older). In this study, six newborns with repeated seizures were treated with intravenous brivaracetam. The study doctors took samples of blood from the newborns and measured the levels of brivaracetam. The concentrations of brivaracetam in the newborns’ blood plasma were consistent with data from studies in older children and in adults. No brivaracetam‐related medical problems were reported.

Silent reading frequently entails engaging the “inner voice,” a phenomenon in which individuals sub-vocally articulate words in their minds. This inner voice is understood to stem from the internalization process, wherein external verbal speech transitions into internal dialogue. However, the mechanisms through which foreign language learners internalize written content, particularly in a speed-reading framework, remain under-explored due to the inherent difficulties in observing such a process. To shed light on this, a qualitative study was carried out; it employed journals and the recall technique to examine the initial stages of internalization of written text by foreign language learners within a speed-reading program. This program aims to enhance the pace and comprehension of reading English texts. The study reveals that learners start to internalize the written language through a series of inner speech uses such as subvocalization, literal translation, repetition, fluent reading, and the formation of mental imagery associations with the language. The findings further indicate that, as learners advance in the speed-reading course, their mental translation efforts become more subconscious, facilitating the transition to using inner speech as a cognitive tool through associations with mental images. This shift may play a crucial role in the efficiency and efficacy of acquiring reading skills in a foreign language.

Lasers are widely used for structuring metallic surfaces by ablating material. An alternative approach for laser structuring is surface structuring by laser remelting (WaveShape), which is based onthe continuous remelting of a thin surface layer using laser radiation while simultaneously modulating the laser power. The structures are generated by redistribution of the molten material. The structure height and the structure wavelength of periodic structures created using WaveShape can be precisely adjusted by the adaption of various process parameters. However, the structures produced are mostly asymmetrical. An asymmetric structure refers to a structure that is not symmetrical and is inclined in or against the scanning direction. In the context of this work, the asymmetry of the structures was significantly reduced through two different process adaptations. As a first adaption, a compensation term is added to the laser power modulation, which is calculated from the difference profile between a target profile and a structured profile. With this adaption, the shape deviation of an asymmetrical structure could be decreased by 66 %. Asymmetry can be reduced efficiently, although the difference profile required must be determined from a preliminary process step. As a second adaption, a modulation of the scanning speed is investigated with which shape deviation can be decreased by 40 %. Asymmetry is not as effectively prevented as when using the first adaption, but the adaption can be performed without the difference profile. Another aim was to investigate the destructuring, i.e. the removal and therefore smoothing, of asymmetric structures. Using the inverse laser power modulation for destructuring, the structure height of a symmetrical structure can be reduced by 91 % while the structure height of an asymmetric structure can be reduced by 68 %. To increase the efficiency of destructuring of an asymmetrical structure, iterative destructuring was investigated. With two iterations of destructuring, the structure height was reduced by 90 %. As a second approach for more efficient destructuring of asymmetric structures an adaption of the laser power modulation via a compensation term was investigated. The structure height could be reduced by 86 %. In summary, results show that asymmetry can be prevented when structuring with WaveShape and that asymmetric structures can be destructured efficiently.

Laser remelting is being explored as a viable technique for obtaining a graphite-free, defect-free surface layer on cast iron EN GJS 400-15. The goal is to obtain a large remelted layer along with a low surface roughness to enable a subsequent manual high-gloss surface finish. The impact of the laser remelting process parameters is evaluated by using samples with three different cooling rates, resulting in different graphite microstructures. By utilizing four passes and a laser power of 300 W, the smallest roughness and largest remelting depth are achieved. The remelted layer is mostly devoid of graphite particles. Subsequent manual polishing is performed to evaluate the potential for achieving a high-gloss finish with a roughness of Sa < 0.05 µm. Laser remelting alone does not improve visual appearance or reduce roughness. However, after manual polishing, the roughness of the laser-remelted surfaces with Sa = 0.018 µm is one order of magnitude smaller than the manually polished initial state. Graphite removal during laser remelting therefore makes it possible to achieve a conventional and high-gloss polish, overcoming the previous limitations of GJS materials.

This paper describes the design of a website for the teaching and learning of English at Universidad del Cauca, Colombia, according to the ADDIE instructional design model to provide academic alternatives with the support of web-based technologies. The prototype of a website capable of hosting English courses managed through virtual or blended modality is the concrete result of this study. Although the low number of courses hosted and oriented on the website may be a limitation, the information collected allowed the tool sophistication throughout the process. This study contributed to apply the ADDIE model for designing a web tool to manage English courses at Universidad del Cauca.

La democracia es el gobierno del pueblo, por cuanto éste es el titular de la soberanía, que puede ser ejercida directamente o por medio de sus representantes. Según el mayor o menor protagonismo y actuación del pueblo en el proceso de decisión política, sea porque actúa por sí mismo, se habla de democracia directa o participativa, o por medio de representantes que él elige, se habla de democracia indirecta o representativa. Y entre éstas dos, se ubica una intermedia, ya que toma elementos de la directa y la indirecta, que se denomina democracia plebiscitaria y aquella que utiliza dispositivos informáticos para gestionar la política con instrumentos propios de la tecnología digital, se denomina democracia electrónica. En este sentido, el artículo buscar aproximar al lector sobre los diferentes tipos de democracia que se han dado en la historia: la participativa, la representativa, la plebiscitaria y la electrónica, describiendo sus ventajas y los peligros que representa.

La tesis que se defiende es que la guerra de luchas y batalla entre fuertes y débiles descrita por Nietzsche e interpretada por Foucault mediante la genealogía, posibilita otra manera de pensar la política contemporánea, más allá de la lucha de clases y el acuerdo entre súbditos y el soberano. Además, se presenta a la filosofía no como legitimadora del poder, sino como una ontología de lo que pasa “hoy”, es decir, por indagar por lo que somos, pensamos y actuamos.

The aim was investigate the time-course of cardiac autonomic response in men with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) practitioners or not of physical exercise. Twenty men were separated into three groups: control group without SCI (CON; 28.3 ± 4.5 yrs; 178.4 ± 6.5 cm; 82.1 ± 6.8 kg; n=8), regularly engaged in strength training and low aerobic training; exercise group with cervical SCI (EG, 32.3 ± 4.5 yrs, 175.1 ± 5.3 cm, 73.6 ± 9.6 Kg; n=8) that practiced wheelchair rugby and sedentary group with cervical SCI (SG, 30.8 ± 5.3 yrs, 173.4 ± 10.1 cm, 69.7 ± 7.1 Kg; n=4) who did not practice physical exercise. Heart rate variability variables were calculated from ECG, in rest. CON showed high values compared to EG and SG of: standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN), proportion of adjacent R-R intervals differing by more than 50 ms, number of interval differences of successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms, root mean square of successive differences and the high-frequency spectral power. SDNN was significantly lower in EG compared to CON. changes in cardiac autonomic function could be noted in subjects with cervical SCI regularly engaged in an exercise program.

The aim of the study was to compare rest QT interval and QTcorrected intervals of electrocardiogram in trained men with and without cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and investigate cardiac electrocardiogram parameters in trained men with CSCI submitted to maximal effort test. Thirty men were separated into three groups: Control without CSCI (CON, 25.3 ± 4.1 yrs, strength training: 3 days week-1; aerobic training 1day week-1; n = 10), high volume exercise (30.5 ± 4.3 yrs, 3 day week-1 rugby specific exercises, 60min. day-1; n = 12) and moderate volume of exercise (33.7 ± 5.9 yrs, 2 days week-1 specific rugby exercises, 60 min. day-1; n = 8) with incomplete CSCI (C5-C7 cervical vertrebae) more than 12 months. Electrocardiogram was recorded in rest, during and after effort test. QT interval was significantly reduced (p = 0.001) in the high volume exercise group compared to control. Corrected QT interval showed no difference between moderate vs. high volume exercise group (p > 0.05). No changes were observed in QT, corrected QT, PR and QRS intervals of electrocardiogram between rest and post effort (p > 0.05). Thus, effort test does not change electrocardiogram parameters in CSCI subjects. High volume of week exercise promotes abnormalities in cardiac repolarization compared to a moderate training program.