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El objetivo de la ponencia es analizar la brecha salarial –diferencia retributiva entre mujeres y hombres- en el periodo (2004-2011) en España. Se pretende comprobar si la brecha salarial persiste, cual ha sido su evolución y conocer su magnitud. Asimismo, se contrasta y determina si con motivo de la crisis económica y financiera han aumentado o disminuido las diferencias retributivas; es decir, si la crisis ha ayudado o ha obstaculizado la igualdad real. Para el análisis se han obtenido los datos de la "Encuesta de Estructura Salarial" elaborada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), resultados nacionales referidos a la ganancia media anual por trabajador, que se encuentran desagregados en seis categorías que estudiamos: Sexo y Secciones de actividad, Sexo y Grupos principales de ocupación, Sexo y Tipo de jornada, Sexo y Tipo de contrato, Sexo y Edad y Sexo y Nacionalidad., The main objective of this paper is to analyse the pay gap – the wage difference between women and men – during 2004-2011 in Spain. The reason is to check if the pay gap persists, which is its evolution and magnitude. Thus, we check if the economic crisis has had any influence in the pay gap.Data extracted from the Wage Structure Survey, developed by the Statistical National Institute (INE), have been used. We have focused in the average earnings according to the next categories: Sex and Activities Sections, Sex and Main group of occupation, Sex and Type of schedule, Sex and Type of contract, Sex and Age, and Sex and Nationality

Se realizará un estudio de las causas y los efectos que la actual recesión económica está teniendo sobre la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en el Reino Unido. El estudio se centra en los sectores público y privado durante los periodos anteriores a la recesión y durante la misma. Investigaciones anteriores en Europa, por ejemplo, Lucifora y Meurs (2006) han indicado que la brecha salarial es generalmente menor en el sector público aunque esto no se ha comprobado en una recesión tan profunda como la que se está viviendo en Europa en la actualidad. Mientras que muchos estudios del periodo antes de 2008 (por ejemplo, Bernard (2008) y Leaker (2008)) atribuyen la brecha salarial a diversos factores inobservables (por ejemplo, posible discriminación por razón de género) y observables (por ejemplo, edad, región geográfica, sector de empleo y tamaño de empresa), en este estudio se pretende identificar si ha habido una reducción en la brecha salarial durante la recesión en comparación con los tres años anteriores al comienzo de la crisis. También se identifican las causas de los posibles cambios., A study of the causes as well as the effects of the current economic recession on the GPG in the UK will be undertaken. The paper focuses on the public and private sectors during the periods prior to, and during the recession. Previous research in Europe, e.g. Lucifora and Meurs (2006) has indicated that the GPG is usually lower in the public sector although this is untested in a recession as deep as the current one in Europe. Whilst extensive studies of the pre-2008 period (see Bernard (2008), Leaker (2008)) attribute the GPG to various unobservable (e.g. potential discrimination) and observable factors (e.g. age, geographical region, employment sector and company size), in the present study the authors seek to identify whether there has been a reduction in the GPG during the recession when compared with the three years prior to the onset of the crisis. The causes of any change will also be identified.

This program pursued new sources (and amplifiers) of coherent and incoherent radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum, as well as their applications in photochemistry and medical therapeutics. Research highlights include: (1) Demonstration of lasing in the visible and near-infrared from Na and Rb, respectively, by photoassociating alkali-rare gas atomic pairs, (2) Observation of the collapse of a 3-level laser system by tuning the energy defect between the pumped and lasing states- this resolves a fundamental question in quantum electronics, and (3) Demonstrating a new micro/nano optical amplifier well-suited for routing optical power in a scattering medium such as human tissue., The original document contains color images.

A novel method and system for depositing films of selected metallic or semiconductor materials, and particularly of the group III, IV, and V elements is described which comprises heating a halide compound of the material to produce vapor within a substantially closed chamber, irradiating the vapor with light of preselected wavelength to dissociatively photoionize the vapor into the constituent positive ions of the material and negative halogen ions, and subjecting the photoionized vapor to an electric field to selectively remove the positive ions of the material for plating as a film., Supersedes PAT-APPL-738 817-85, AD-D011 760.

The present invention provides visible and ultraviolet lasers based on excimer transitions in the diatomic homonuclear halogen molecules. Electron beam pumping of argon and hydrogen iodide gas mixtures produces a strong green emission in diatomic ioding centered at 505 mnm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the gain spectrum of approximately 15 nm. The transition for the green I2 band is bound-to-free, so a laser on this transition is continuously tunable. The result is a room temperature excimer laser that is potentially tunable over a region of 150 A in the blue-green. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a visible and ultraviolet lasers based on excimer transitions in the diatomic homonuclear halogen molecules which are continuously tunable and operate at room temperature., Supersedes PAT-APPL-656 814-84.