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Smoking has negative reproductive consequences. This study investigated the effect of smoking cessation on the main semen parameters. We included 90 participants who applied to our infertility clinic and smoked at least 20 cigarettes a day for at least 1 year. Of the 90 participants, 48 were in the study group and 42 were in the control group. Semen analysis was performed before and at least 3 months after quitting smoking in the study group. Semen analysis was repeated at baseline and at least 3 months later in the control group. Semen parameters such as volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, morphology, and motility were evaluated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Patient characteristics as well as the duration of the smoking period, the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the time elapsed since smoking cessation were recorded. The mean age of the participants was 34.69 ± 5.3 years, and the duration of infertility was 34.12 ± 12.1 months (n = 90). The number of cigarettes smoked per day was 30.14 ± 6.69, and the smoking time was 8.31 ± 3.53 years. The average time to quit smoking was 104.2 ± 11.51 days (n = 48). A significant increase in semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count was observed 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002; 18.45 × 10

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters in ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Methods: The study group consisted of 41 renal units (38 consecutive patients; 13 female and 25 male) surgically treated for UPJO. UPJ specimens from patients were immuno-stained with CD117 (c-kit) antibody for interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs). The relation between Cajal cell density and preoperative and postoperative radiological and scintigraphic parameters was evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.52 ± 8.86 (0–35) years. The density of Cajal cells was defined in 2 groups for convenient analysis as 0–5 cells (low) in 19 (46.3%) patients and >5 cells (moderate-high) in 22 (53.6%). There was significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior diameters of the related kidneys in both Cajal groups (p = 0.001-low, p = 0.000-moderate-high) independent of Cajal cell density. Regression in hydronephrosis postoperatively was determined in both Cajal groups (77.8%-low, 64.7%-moderate-high); however, there was no difference between them (p = 0.39). Preoperative T1/2 was significantly longer in the low Cajal group (p = 0.02). Postoperative T1/2 decreased in both low (p = 0.000) and moderate-high (p = 0.001) Cajal groups, but no difference was found between them (p = 0.24). There was significant improvement in the kidney differential function after surgery in the low Cajal density group (p = 0.015) while there was no correlation between the scintigraphic success or improvement and Cajal cell density (p = 0.51). Discussion/Conclusion: ICC deficiency/density could not be shown as a predictive factor for the determination of success rate of pyeloplasty. Despite the lack of any evidence for the degree of deficiency as an indicator for the severity of obstruction and prediction of surgical success, further studies are needed for confirmation.

Background Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly which is determined as an abnormal urethral opening on the ventral face of penis. The purpose of this rat model study was to research the effect of topically applied Aloe vera after a tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU). Methods The TIPU model was applied to male Wistar albino rats. A total of 30 rats were randomly grouped into 3 groups of 10. Group I was assigned as the control group, treated with 0.9% saline only twice a day for 15 days. Group II received topical Aloe vera gel once a day and Group III received Aloe vera gel twice a day. Spongiofibrosis was graded as 0: none, 1+:≤10% tissues involved, 2+:10%-49% tissues involved, 3+: ≥ 50% tissues involved. Results A higher degree of fibrosis and inflammation was determined in the Group I subjects than in Groups II and III. Fibrosis of grade 3+ was observed in 33% of the control group and not in any of the two Aloe groups (p = 0.043). Inflammation of grade 3+ was seen in 66.7% of the control group, in 10% of Group II, and in 33% of Group III (p = 0.02). Conclusions The topical application of Aloe vera to a surgically created tubularized incised plate urethroplasty model decreased inflammation and fibrosis that may affect the success rates of this operation.

Aims To evaluate the outcomes of a new surgical technique for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods This randomized study included 132 index patients from January 2017 to May 2021, 60 applied with autologous facia and 60 with transobturator tension-free vaginal tape (TVT-O). The primary endpoint was dryness (negative stress test and 0 pad use per day) and this was assessed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The secondary endpoints were the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire short form (ICIQ-SF) and the urinary incontinence quality of life (QoL) at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Results The dryness rate at 24 months was 92.4% (49/53) for patients with transobturator autologous rectus fascial sling (TO-AFS) and 94.6% (53/56) for those with TVT-O (p = 0.47). No difference was determined between the TO-AFS and TVT-O groups in respect of the ICIQ-SF and QoL scores at 2 years postoperatively (p = 0.87). There were five postoperative complications in the TO-AFS group (one urinary retention, one hematoma at suprapubic incision line, and three intermittent groin pains) and four in the TVT-O group (four persistent groin pain) (p = 0.98). Conclusions The objective cure rates of the 24-month outcomes of TO-AFS indicate that this novel surgical technique seems to be a highly effective, safe, and feasible procedure for the treatment of SUI, but further studies including long-term follow-up are mandatory to confirm these preliminary data.

To analyze effects of intraurethral EPO application on urethral wound healing by defining hystopathologic changes in a rat model of hypospadias. A hypospadias model was created in 30 rats and randomized into 3 groups of 10. For 14 days, the first group was administered 25 iu EPO instillation intraurethrally once a day, while group 2 was administered with 50 iu EPO in the same manner. The third group was assigned as control group. On the day 15, rats were sacrificed and penectomies were performed. One independent pathologist who is blinded to groups and treatments evaluated the penis samples. Histopathologic examinations yielded the mean fibrosis scores (± SD) as 1.9 ± 0.568, 1.1 ± 0.786 and 2.5 ± 0.535 in groups I, II and III, respectively. There was significant difference between the EPO groups and the control group (p = 0.04-I, p = 0.003-II). The mean inflammation scar scores (± SD) were determined as 1 ± 1.054, 2 ± 1.247, 2.63 ± 0.744 in groups I, II and III, respectively. There was a significant difference in terms of inflammation between control group and group I (p = 0.005). Mean congestion scores (± SD) were found 1.2 ± 0.789 in groups I–II and 0.75 ± 0.463 in group III (p = 0.310). Hyperemia was seen in 60% 70% and 37.5% in groups I, II and III, respectively (p = 0.387). Intraurethral EPO therapy effected urethral wound healing in a good way. Thus it could be feasible to treat the patients with after hypospadias surgeries and to improve success rates.

© 2021 Elsevier LtdPurpose: Pathogenesis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) which concerns improper embryonal ureteric bud development still remains controversial, despite current studies have revealed several candidate genes. In this study, we aimed to determine the protein expression of certain genes which might play role in the pathogenesis of VUR, in the resected ureterovesical junction segments. Methods: The study group consisted of 19 children; 12(63%) girls, 7(37%) boys who had ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) operation; 3(15.7%) right sided, 7(36.8%) left sided, 9(47.3%) bilateral due to VUR. As a total, 28 ureterovesical junction segments were available for analysis of protein expressions of GDNF/RET, PAX2 and FGFR2 genes by their Western Blot analysis. Results: Protein based expressions of FGFR2, PAX2 and RET were significantly lower than β-Actin (p = 0.001, for all proteins). Correlation analyses between grade of reflux and protein expressions revealed no significant relations (p>0.05, for all proteins). When we grouped the patients into 2 groups as high grade (grade 4–5) and low grade reflux (grade 1–3) for convenient analyses, no statistically significant difference was found between groups (p>0.05, for all proteins). Renal units were also grouped according to differential functions (≥40% and 0.05, for all proteins). Conclusion: Our study revealed decreased protein expressions of GDNF/RET, PAX2 and FGFR2 genes in the patients with VUR. Relation between clinical parameters and expression levels were statistically uncorrelated. Prospective studies of larger sample size are necessary in order to delineate the impact of certain proteins in the etiopathogenesis of VUR.

Purpose: We designed a multicenter, retrospective study to investigate the current trends in initial management of reflux with respect to EAU guidelines in Urology clinics of our country. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 1988 renal units (RU) of 1345 patients treated surgically due to VUR between years 2003-2017 in 9 different institutions. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to time of initial treatment and also grouped according to risk factors by “EAU guidelines on VUR”. Results: 1426 RUs were treated initially conservatively and 562 RUs were initially treated with surgery. In initially surgically treated group, success rates of surgery decreased significantly in low and moderate risk groups after 2013 (p=0.046, p=0.0001, respectively), while success rates were not significantly different in high risk group (p=0.46). While 26.6% of patients in low risk group were initially surgically treated before 2013, this rate has increased to 34.6% after 2013, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.096). However, performing surgery as the initial treatment approach increased significantly in both moderate and high risk groups (p=0.000 and p=0.0001, respectively) after 2013. Overall success rates of endoscopic and UNC operations were 65% and 92.9% before 2013, 60% and 78.5% after 2013, respectively. Thus the overall success rate for surgery was 72.6%. There was significant difference between success rates of UNC operations before and after 2013(p=0.000), while the difference was not significant in the STING group (p=0.076). Conclusion: Current trends in management of reflux in our country do not yet follow the EAU guidelines on VUR in low and moderate risk groups.

PURPOSE We designed a multicenter, retrospective study to investigate the current trends in initial management of reflux with respect to European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines in Urology clinics of our country. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 1988 renal units (RU) of 1345 patients treated surgically due to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (between years 2003 and 2017) in nine different institutions. Patients were divided into two groups according to time of initial treatment and also grouped according to risk factors by "EAU guidelines on VUR." RESULTS In this series, 1426 RUs were treated initially conservatively and 562 RUs were initially treated with surgery. In initially surgically treated group, success rates of surgery decreased significantly in low and moderate risk groups after 2013 (P = .046, P = .0001, respectively), while success rates were not significantly different in high risk group (P = .46). While 26.6% of patients in low risk group were initially surgically treated before 2013, this rate has increased to 34.6% after 2013, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .096). However, performing surgery as the initial treatment approach increased significantly in both moderate and high risk groups (P = .000 and P = .0001, respectively) after 2013. Overall success rates of endoscopic treatments and ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) operations were 65% and 92.9% before 2013 and 60% and 78.5% after 2013, respectively. Thus, the overall success rate for surgery was 72.6%. There was significant difference between success rates of UNC operations before and after 2013 (P = .000), while the difference was not significant in the injection group (P = .076). CONCLUSION Current trends in management of reflux in our country do not yet follow the EAU guidelines on VUR in low and moderate risk groups despite these reliable and accepted guidelines were expected to influence our daily approach.

Summary Introduction The internet is a popular area for collecting medical information and YouTube is one of the largest platforms used worldwide in this regard. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of nocturnal enuresis videos on YouTube. Study design In this cross-sectional study, a YouTube search was made by using the keyword “nocturnal enuresis” and the first 200 videos were examined according to their relevance. Video features (like, dislike, number of views, video length, upload source, etc.) were evaluated by 2 independent urologists. Individual correlations and inter-observer agreement of data for each video were statistically analyzed. The education quality of the mentioned videos was evaluated according to the JAMA, Global Quality Scale and DISCERN scoring system. Results A total number of 93 videos were analyzed after they were sorted according to the exclusion criteria. Videos were uploaded by the physicians (49.5%) most commonly and the majority of their content was about etiology, symptoms and treatment (33.3%). Good agreement between the 2 urologists in terms of JAMA, GQS and DISCERN scores (0.84, 0.86 and 0.85, respectively) was determined. There was a positive correlation between the duration of the video and GQS/DISCERN scores. Of the 93 videos evaluated, 74 (80%) contained real images (video of the presenter) while 19 (20%) contained animation. There was no statistically significant correlation between the GQS, JAMA and DISCERN scores in terms of VPI values, view rate, number of comments, views, likes and dislikes (Summary Table). Of the 93 videos evaluated, 58% (n = 54) were of low quality, 16.2% (n = 15) were of intermediate quality, and 25.8% (n = 24) were of high quality according to GQS scale. There was a positive correlation between GQS, JAMA and DISCERN scores. Conclusion Unfortunately, most of the YouTube contents about nocturnal enuresis were determined to have poor quality. Therefore, the healthcare professionals must be aware of the importance of health-related information on YouTube and ensure the flow of correct medical information to patients. Summary Table . Correlations between quality scales and video features. VPI values (r, p) Video lengths (r, p) View rate (r, p) Comment per day (r, p) Likes (r, p) Dislikes (r, p) Number of Comments (r, p) Number of view (r, p) GQS 0.125, 0.276 0.533, 0.000∗ −0.70, 0.507 −0.21, 0.839 0.034, 0.747 −0.086, 0.412 −0.36, 0.73 −0.148, 0.15 DISCERN 0.046, 0.69 0.514, 0.000∗ 0.140, 0.182 0.093, 0.377 0.172, 0.099 0.024, 0.818 0.060, 0.57 0.015, 0.88 JAMA −0.2, 0.86 0.094, 0.37 −0.38, 0.71 0.073, 0.48 0.03, 0.97 0.028, 0.79 0.083, 0.428 −0.009, 0.93

Objective: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) does not occur in all patients with surgical margin (SM) positivity after radical prostatectomy (RP). The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of additional features such as length, extent and Gleason grade on BCR in the positive SM determined in patients undergoing RP in our clinic. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathologic data and SM characteristics of 56 patients with pathologic stages of pT2-3aN0M0 and surgical border positivity were recorded from patients admitted to our RP database with retropublic RP between August 2001 and January 2015 and their relationship with BCR was evaluated statistically. Results: The median follow-up time of the patients was 39.4 (13-208) months. BCR was detected in 17 (30.3%) of the patients. Prostate specific antigen levels, tumor volumes and tumor percentages were found significantly higher in the patients with BCR (p0.05). According to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the relationship between SMGG and the time of BCR was statistically significant (p=0.04). In SMGG 5 patients, the duration of BCR development was found significantly shorter. According to multivariable Cox regression analysis none of the factors were found to be effective on BCR (p>0.05). Conclusion: SM positivity is one of the important factors for BCR. However, patients with positive SMs are quite heterogeneous and it is obvious that not all patients should be treated in the same way. It is wise to assess adjunctive SM features such as SM, length, Gleason score and grade, and decide according to the patients’ risk groups to decide on adjuvant treatment.

It was known that in animals, anogenital distance (AGD), an indicator of prenatal androgen environment, was a stabile phenotype that persists throughout life. However, it is not known whether this applies to humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether anogenital distance is stable or not in males. We evaluated a total of 130 men targeted for group 1 (fathers) and group 2 (sons) in each 65 participants. AGD, the distance from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum, was measured with digital calipers. Anthropometric characteristics and testosterone levels of groups were recorded. We studied anogenital index (AGI), by dividing AGD by BMI to control bias of the weight and height, which could influence the measurement of AGD. The mean age of fathers was 61.5 ± 10.2 and that of children was 32.1 ± 5.48 (p = .00). The mean AGD scores were 55.46 ± 10.36 vs. 60.21 ± 10.04 (p = .09) and the mean total testosterone levels were 3.6 ± 1.47 vs. 5.45 ± 2.3 (p = .00) in group 1 and 2 respectively. There was no significant difference in height and weight between the two groups. AGD decreases with age, but further longitudinal studies are needed.

The "European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children (September 2012)" established risk classification by analyzing and defining risk factors for each patient. In this study we aimed to investigate how our initial treatment procedures were affected by EAU/ESPU guideline vesicoureteral reflux risk grouping and to compare the early clinical results of treatments performed before and after the risk classification in our patients with VUR.334 renal units with regular clinical follow-up who were treated owing to VUR (vesicoureteral reflux) between years 2009 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative clinical parameters such as grade and laterality of reflux, presence of renal scar, initial and follow-up treatments, findings of medical treatment and surgical procedures were analyzed. The initial medical and surgical methods were compared by categorizing patients according to risk groups before and after 2013.Mean age and follow-up duration were 71.4(6-216) months and 47(4-141) months, respectively. Among the preoperative parameters, only high EAU risk group (p = 0.01) and treating lower urinary tract symptoms (p 0.001) were determining the postoperative success rates significantly, while age, sex, and presence of renal scar at DMSA were not affecting the success of treatment significantly. While no significant difference in medical and surgical treatment rates is observed after risk grouping system in low risk group, the percentages of patients who are treated with surgical methods initially were significantly decreased in moderate and high risk groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively). We determined that VUR risk grouping did not change clinical success significantly in all risk groups.Despite the fact that EAU/ESPU VUR risk classification changed our current practice in terms of initial treatment method, this different approach did not seem to affect early clinical success positively. There is still an absolute need for studies with larger sample size and long-term follow-up to reach more reliable results.Therapeutic.Level 4.