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Een op Texel gevonden dode roodsnavelkeerkringvogel was de reden de twee Nederlandse vondsten te bespreken. De aandacht voor de soort leverde bovendien een zichtwaarneming van een langsvliegend exemplaar in Nederland op die nog niet eerder algemeen bekend was. De Nederlandse keerkringvogels zijn ook in het licht van andere Noordwest-Europese gevallen beschouwd. Dit betreft vier dode en tien levende exemplaren. De dode komen uit het winterhalfjaar, de levende uit het zomerhalfjaar. Mogelijk zijn de dode vogels met schepen aangevoerd.

Innovative techniques are needed to assess oyster performance in flat oyster reef restoration projects. A valve gape monitor, a device that continuously measures opening and closing of live bivalves, can potentially be used as an effective method to determine survival and behaviour of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. The method has been successfully used in combination with a number of bivalve species to investigate valve gape activity in response to environmental factors. In this study, eight O. edulis were equipped with valve gape sensors in order to relate gape to environmental conditions such as food availability. Valve gape activity was monitored under controlled laboratory conditions, with and without food, in a concrete basin in the Oosterschelde and in the field (Voordelta, Dutch North Sea). Under controlled laboratory conditions, oysters clearly responded to changes in food availability. Starved oysters closed their valves significantly longer than oysters that received food, and the relative gape width in fed oysters was larger. In the concrete basin (Oosterschelde), a positive correlation between valve opening and Chlorophyll-a was found. Additionally, valve gape activity and tidal movement appeared to be linked. When exposed to a full tidal cycle (Voordelta), a negative correlation between valve opening and Chlorophyll-a was found. However, there was no correlation between valve gape and current velocity. In autumn, longer periods of inactivity were seen, but when valves opened, the valve gape was larger. These data indicate that valve gape can provide valuable information on behaviour (gape frequency and gape width), but also show that it is not necessarily a good proxy for feeding rate. Nevertheless, these results show that the gape monitor can be used to determine the natural behaviour of flat oysters under field conditions, and that gape opening provides information on behaviour and the stress response of bivalves to environmental conditions.

Een op Texel gevonden dode roodsnavelkeerkringvogel was de reden de twee Nederlandse vondsten te bespreken. De aandacht voor de soort leverde bovendien een zichtwaarneming van een langsvliegend exemplaar in Nederland op die nog niet eerder algemeen bekend was. De Nederlandse keerkringvogels zijn ook in het licht van andere Noordwest-Europese gevallen beschouwd. Dit betreft vier dode en tien levende exemplaren. De dode komen uit het winterhalfjaar, de levende uit het zomerhalfjaar. Mogelijk zijn de dode vogels met schepen aangevoerd.

Special issue The Weddell Sea and the ocean off Dronning Maud Land: unique oceanographic conditions shape circumpolar and global processes – a multi-disciplinary study (OS/BG/TC inter-journal SI).-- 30 pages, 5 figures.-- Data availability: The data (sets) used for the illustrations in some figures are referenced in the figure captions: bathymetry (water depth) in Fig. 1 (Dorschel et al., 2022); bathymetry in Figs. 2a and 3 (Arndt et al., 2013); and sea ice, chlorophyll, and temperature in Fig. 4 (Lavergne et al., 2019, and http://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/, last access: 23 August 2022). No addition data sets were used in this publication, Systematic long-term studies on ecosystem dynamics are largely lacking from the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, although it is well recognized that they are indispensable to identify the ecological impacts and risks of environmental change. Here, we present a framework for establishing a long-term cross-disciplinary study on decadal timescales. We argue that the eastern Weddell Sea and the adjacent sea to the east, off Dronning Maud Land, is a particularly well suited area for such a study, since it is based on findings from previous expeditions to this region. Moreover, since climate and environmental change have so far been comparatively muted in this area, as in the eastern Antarctic in general, a systematic long-term study of its environmental and ecological state can provide a baseline of the current situation, which will be important for an assessment of future changes from their very onset, with consistent and comparable time series data underpinning and testing models and their projections. By establishing an Integrated East Antarctic Marine Research (IEAMaR) observatory, long-term changes in ocean dynamics, geochemistry, biodiversity, and ecosystem functions and services will be systematically explored and mapped through regular autonomous and ship-based synoptic surveys. An associated long-term ecological research (LTER) programme, including experimental and modelling work, will allow for studying climate-driven ecosystem changes and interactions with impacts arising from other anthropogenic activities. This integrative approach will provide a level of long-term data availability and ecosystem understanding that are imperative to determine, understand, and project the consequences of climate change and support a sound science-informed management of future conservation efforts in the Southern Ocean, Stefanie Arndt, Heike Link and Christoph Held have received financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority programme 1158 “Antarctic Research with Comparative Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas”. The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Floating urbanization is a promising solution to reduce the vulnerability of cities against climate change, population growth or land scarcity. Although this type of construction introduces changes to aquatic systems, there is a lack of research studies addressing potential impacts. Water quality data collected under/near floating structures were compared with the corresponding parameters measured at the same depth at open water locations by (i) performing scans with underwater drones equipped with in situ sensors and video cameras and (ii) fixing two sets of continuous measuring in situ sensors for a period of several days/months at both positions. A total of 18 locations with different types of floating structures were considered in this study. Results show small differences in the measured parameters, such as lower dissolved oxygen concentrations or higher temperature measured underneath the floating structures. The magnitudes of these differences seem to be linked with the characteristics and type of water system. Given the wide variety and types of water bodies considered in this study, results suggest that water quality is not critically affected by the presence of the floating houses. Underwater images of biofouling and filter feeders illustrate the lively ecosystems that can emerge shortly after the construction of floating buildings.

Innovative techniques are needed to assess oyster performance in flat oyster reef restoration projects. A valve gape monitor, a device that continuously measures opening and closing of live bivalves, can potentially be used as an effective method to determine survival and behaviour of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. The method has been successfully used in combination with a number of bivalve species to investigate valve gape activity in response to environmental factors. In this study, eight O. edulis were equipped with valve gape sensors in order to relate gape to environmental conditions such as food availability. Valve gape activity was monitored under controlled laboratory conditions, with and without food, in a concrete basin in the Oosterschelde and in the field (Voordelta, Dutch North Sea). Under controlled laboratory conditions, oysters clearly responded to changes in food availability. Starved oysters closed their valves significantly longer than oysters that received food, and the relative gape width in fed oysters were larger. In the concrete basin (Oosterschelde), a positive correlation between valve opening and Chlorophyll-a was found. Additionally, valve gape activity and tidal movement appeared to be linked. When exposed to a full tidal cycle (Voordelta), a negative correlation between valve opening and Chlorophyll-a was found. However, there was no correlation between valve gape and current velocity. In autumn, longer periods of inactivity were seen, but when valves opened, the valve gape was larger. These data indicate that valve gape can provide valuable information on behaviour (gape frequency and gape width), but also show that it is not necessarily a good proxy for feeding rate. Nevertheless, these results show that the gape monitor can be used to determine the natural behaviour of flat oysters under field conditions, and that gape opening provides information on behaviour and the stress response of bivalves to environmental conditions.

This contribution will describe how the Hanzehogeschool in Groningen, the Netherlands has implemented its entrepreneurship education throughout the entire institution resulting in entrepreneurial awareness among many students and great impact in the regional innovation ecosystem

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux Centre for International Forestry Research Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) David and Lucile Packard Foundation European Space Agency Leverhulme Trust Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás European Research Council Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) National Science Foundation Natural Environment Research Council Royal Society National Geographic Society Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. Résume: Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia. Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Jujuy James Cook University (JCU) CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) School of Land & Food University of Tasmania CSIRO Tropical Forest Research Centre Independent Researcher Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and Engineering James Cook University University of the Sunshine Coast University of York Flamingo Land Ltd. Sommersbergseestrasse Ghent University CAVElab Ghent University Royal Museum for Central Africa - Service of Wood Biology Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS Ghent University Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Université de Liege Landscape Ecology and Vegetal Production Systems Unit CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology Ghent University Tropical Forestry Forest Resources Management Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liege Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Royal Museum for Central Africa Royal Museum for Central Africa Ghent University Department of Environment Ghent University Service Evolution Biologique et Ecologie Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education IBIF Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno PROMAB Museo Noel Kempff Consultor Independiente Jardin Botanico Municipal de Santa Cruz Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Forest Management in Bolivia Universidad Autónoma del Beni Riberalta Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Herbario del Sur de Bolivia Universidad Autónoma del Beni Conservation International Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) Projeto TEAM – Manaus Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Universidade Estadual de Campinas Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades e Funcionamento de Ecossistemas-ECoFERP Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras USP National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) UNESP - São Paulo State University Carbonozero Consultoria Ambiental Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade de São Paulo UERR - Campus Rorainópolis Universidade Federal do Acre Instituto Agronômico de Campinas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Embrapa Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) Botany and Plant Ecology Laboratory Federal University of Acre INPA- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia UERR - Campus Boa Vista Universidade Federal do Ceará Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Universidade Federal do Para Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Acre Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará UEFS Depto. de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco (UFAPE) Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros FFCLRP-USP/Br UNEMAT Universidade Federal de Jataí Universidade Federal do Pará Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Campinas Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Museu Goeldi Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Fundação Universidade Fedral de Rondônia - UNIR INPA- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Coordenação de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro National Institute for Research in Amazonia Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR/PRONAT) Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/CPBO Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) INCAPER- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural INPE- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Semiarid National Institute (INSA) Universidade de Brasília Departamento de Engenharia Florestal IBAM - Instituto Bem Ambiental Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Campus de Nova Xavantina University in Campinas Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF) LMF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco USP - University of São Paulo Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES) INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Grupo MAUA Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Instituto de Ciências Naturais Humanas e Sociais Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica RAINFOR-PPBIO Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA/CAPES Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) INPA/Max-Planck Project EMBRAPA- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Amazônia Oriental) Serviço Florestal Brasileiro Museu Universitário Universidade Federal do Acre Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco PUCPR - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Universiti Brunei Darussalam Environmental and Life Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory Department of Biology Higher Teachers’ Training College University of Yaounde I Faculty of Science Department of Botany and Plant Physiology University of Buea Faculty of Science Department of Plant Science University of Buea National Herbarium Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory Higher Teachers’ Training College University of Yaoundé I Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Yaounde 1 Bioversity International Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto Ministère des Eaux Forêts Chasse et Pêche (MEFCP) Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción Universidad de La Serena Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Forestry University Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia Red COL-TREE Corporación COL-TREE Nuevo Estándar Biotropical NEBIOT SAS Universidad del Tolima Asociación GAICA Universidad de Nariño – Red BST-Col Parques Nacionales Naturales Territorial Caribe – Red BST-Col Universidad del Atlantico – Red BST-Col Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín Socioecosistemas y Clima Sostenible Fundacion con Vida Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia – Red BST-Col Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt – Red BST-Col UNAL Instituto de Investigación Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt – Red BST-Col Fundación Jardín Botánico de Medellín Herbario “Joaquín Antonio Uribe” (JAUM) – Red BST-Col Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia Coltree Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas – Red BST-Col Universidad de Tolima Fundación Orinoquia Biodiversa – Red BST-Col Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Icesi – Red BST-Col Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad de los Llanos Servicios Ecoysistemicos y Cambio Climatico (SECC) Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE Universidad del Rosario Fundacion Ecosistemas Secos de Colombia – Red BST-Col Universidad de los Andes - ANDES herbarium Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Palacky University Czech University of Life Sciences Mendel University World Wide Fund for Nature Wildlife Conservation Society-DR Congo Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation Université de Kisangani Faculté des Sciences Laboratoire d'écologie et aménagement forestier Université de Kisangani Université de Kisangani Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques République Démocratique du Congo Ministère de l'Environnement et Développement Durable Aarhus University University of Copenhagen Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP) Universidad Central del Ecuador Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri Keller Science Action Center The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Dr. Universidad Estatal Amazónica Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental Universidad Tecnica del Norte Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Grupo de Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global Universidad Regional Amazónica ikiam Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA & Extensión Galápagos Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Herbario de Botánica Económica del Ecuador QUSF Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Galapagos Science Center USFQ UNC Chapel Hill University of North Carolina-UNC Chapel Hill University of Florida FindingSpecies Mekelle University Environment Climate Change and Coffee Forest Forum (ECCCFF) University of Turku Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) CNRS ONF INRAE Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique AMAP Univ Montpellier IRD CNRS CIRAD INRA Forêts et Sociétés (F&S) Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Departement Hommes Natures Societes Museum national d'histoire naturelle INRA Cirad UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (AgroparisTech CNRS INRAE Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane) Ministry of Forests Seas Environment and Climate Rougier-Gabon Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux Gabon Commission of Central African Forests (COMIFAC) Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux Ministère des Forêts des Eaux de la Mer de l'Environnement Chargé du Plan Climat des Objectifs de Développement Durable et du Plan d'Affectation des Terres Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (CENAREST) Gabon/Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux Georg-August-University Göttingen University of Freiburg Institute of Botany University of Hohenheim Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) Mensuration Unit Forestry Commission of Ghana Center for International Forestry Research Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development Guyana Forestry Commission Utrecht University Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Herbarium Borgoriense Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Indonesian Institute of Science Forest Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Balitek-KSDA Samboja University of Florence and MUSE - Museo delle Scienze Cirad Hokkaido University Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA) University of Liberia Sungai Wain Protection Forest South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership Danum Valley Field Centre Malaysian Palm Oil Board Sabah Forestry Department Forest Research Centre Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sabah Forestry Department Sarawak Forestry Corporation Eduardo Mondlane University Herbarium UNAN-Leon Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua University of Abeokuta Natural History Museum of Norway University of Oslo Norwegian University of Life Sciences Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP) Universidad Nacional de Jaén Jardin Botanico de Missouri Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana Kené - Instituto de Estudios Forestales y Ambientales Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP) Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre de Grohmann (UNJBG) Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Centro de Conservación Investigación y Manejo CIMA Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Asociacion Bosques Perú Université Officielle de Bukavu Université Marien N'Gouabi Wildlife Conservation Society Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et de Foresterie Université Marien Ngouabi Univeriste Marien Ngouabi The Gola Rainforest National Park Department of Geography National University of Singapore Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química inorgánica Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Real Jardín Botánico – CSIC Departamento de Biología Área de Botánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC) Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS) Stockholm Environment Institute Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution Uppsala University Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre InfoFlora Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique Geneve National Chung Hsing University Sokoine University of Agriculture Naturalis Biodiversity Center Wageningen University Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Tropenbos International Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Bureau Waardenburg BV Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences Van der Hout Forestry Consulting Utrecht University, Domplein 29 Wageningen University Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Data for Sustainability Department of Zoology Entomology & Fisheries Sciences Makerere University The Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) George Washington University Makerere University Department of Forestry Biodiversity and Tourism Makerere University University of Stirling University of Kent School of Geography University of Leeds UK Centre of Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster University University of Oxford The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group (TLLG) Overseas Development Institute Manchester Metropolitan University University of Aberdeen University of Exeter School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh University of Cambridge Department of Environment and Geography University of York Department of Geography University College London Imperial College School of Geography Earth & Environmental Sciences Birmingham Institute of Forest Research University of Birmingham University of Plymouth Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University University of Edinburgh School of Biology University of Leeds Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh CENAREST & ANPN & Stirling University University of Bristol School of Biological Sciences Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Living with Lake Centre Laurentian University Royal Botanic Gardens Kew The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds centre for Conservation Science Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford The Royal Botanic Gardens Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Dundee School of Biological Sciences University of Southampton University of East Anglia Stirling University School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Department of Plant & Soil Science School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds UK Research & Innovation University of Nottingham University of Bangor Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Center for Tropical Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Saint Louis Zoo Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science Arizona State University Wildlife Conservation Society – Programme Congo Woods Hole Research Center The University of Michigan Herbarium Nicholas School of the Environment National Park Service University of California ForestGEO Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute University of Texas at Austin Smithsonian Institute Washington University in Saint Louis Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development at the Missouri Botanical Garden Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute George Mason University Missouri Botanical Garden Broward County Parks and Recreation Nova Southeastern University Science and Education The Field Museum Department of Biology Boston University Wake Forest University Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Biology Department Washington State University Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Columbia University Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Northern Arizona University Department of Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin UNELLEZ-Guanare Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) Ci Progress GreenLife Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) Universidad de los Andes Viet Nature Conservation Centre CIRAD School of Life Sciences University of Lincoln UNESP - São Paulo State University Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: 1656 FAPESP: 2012/51509-8 FAPESP: 2012/51872-5 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás: 2017/10267000329 European Research Council: 291585 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: 5349 European Research Council: 758873 Belgian Federal Science Policy Office: BR/132/A1/AFRIFORD Belgian Federal Science Policy Office: BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad: CD2018TEA459A103 CNPq: CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0 National Science Foundation: DEB 1754647 Natural Environment Research Council: E/M0022021/1 Royal Society: ICA/R1/180100 Natural Environment Research Council: NE/D005590/1 European Research Council: NE/F005806/1 Natural Environment Research Council: NE/F005806/1 FAPESP: NE/K016431/1 Natural Environment Research Council: NE/N004655/1 FAPESP: NE/N012542/1 Royal Society: NE/P008755/1 FAPESP: NE/S011811/1 National Geographic Society: NE/T01279X/1 CNPq: PELD/441244/2016-5 Belgian Federal Science Policy Office: SD/AR/01A/COBIMFO

In the Ems-Dollart-region in the North of the Netherlands and North-West Germany, startups are contributing to the region’s economy. In principal, well-developed startup and entrepreneurship ecosystems are an important factor for prosperity. Such ecosystems consist of companies, regional policy institutions, universities and other private or public organisations. In a functioning entrepreneurship ecosystem, these players optimally interact with each other. In January 2019, the project “Startup Perspectives” (Bakker et al., 2019) explored the opportunities and possibilities that a cross-border startup scene would bring to the Ems-Dollart-region. Based on this research, the Startup Ems-Dollart-region project emerged. Within the Interreg V A scheme, the project is funded by Interreg/EDR and runs from June 1st 2019-June 30th 2022. The aim of the Startup Ems-Dollart-region project is to facilitate a cross-border startup ecosystem between the three provinces of Drenthe, Friesland and Groningen on the Dutch side and the WeserEms region in Germany. This will entail the formation of a (digital) network for the startup scene, tailored mentoring programs for young entrepreneurs and the development of entrepreneurship education programs with a cross-border focus. Overall, a sustainable and long-lasting entrepreneurship ecosystem shall facilitate cross-border activities among young entrepreneurs and startups.To gain an understanding of the current entrepreneurship environment in all the regions, a mapping of the relevant stakeholders took place at the beginning of the project. This report will summarize the key findings of this mapping exercise.

This contribution will describe how the Hanzehogeschool in Groningen, the Netherlands has implemented its entrepreneurship education throughout the entire institution resulting in entrepreneurial awareness among many students and great impact in the regional innovation ecosystem

In the Ems-Dollart-region in the North of the Netherlands and North-West Germany, startups are contributing to the region’s economy. In principal, well-developed startup and entrepreneurship ecosystems are an important factor for prosperity. Such ecosystems consist of companies, regional policy institutions, universities and other private or public organisations. In a functioning entrepreneurship ecosystem, these players optimally interact with each other. In January 2019, the project “Startup Perspectives” (Bakker et al., 2019) explored the opportunities and possibilities that a cross-border startup scene would bring to the Ems-Dollart-region. Based on this research, the Startup Ems-Dollart-region project emerged. Within the Interreg V A scheme, the project is funded by Interreg/EDR and runs from June 1st 2019-June 30th 2022. The aim of the Startup Ems-Dollart-region project is to facilitate a cross-border startup ecosystem between the three provinces of Drenthe, Friesland and Groningen on the Dutch side and the WeserEms region in Germany. This will entail the formation of a (digital) network for the startup scene, tailored mentoring programs for young entrepreneurs and the development of entrepreneurship education programs with a cross-border focus. Overall, a sustainable and long-lasting entrepreneurship ecosystem shall facilitate cross-border activities among young entrepreneurs and startups.To gain an understanding of the current entrepreneurship environment in all the regions, a mapping of the relevant stakeholders took place at the beginning of the project. This report will summarize the key findings of this mapping exercise.

Korte impressie van mijn werk aan de productie van aardbevingsvrij aardgas

In light of the projected climate change for the coming decades, there is an urgent need for multifunctional landscapes that are capable to provide a diversity of ecosystem services. This requires a better understanding of social and ecological factors that influence how these landscapes are managed and how this, in turn, influences the provision of ecosystem services. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes are one of the main factors that lead to spatiotemporal changes of ecosystems services. As such, the identification of the main socioeconomic drivers of LULC can give important insights about the drivers of ecosystem services. However, the analysis of ecosystem services in a context of socio-ecological systems is still underdeveloped. Brazil has witnessed intense changes in LULC in the last five centuries, which may have influenced the provision of ecosystem services at local, regional and global scales. In the southeast mountain area of the Atlantic Forest biome, the Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais is characterized by a heterogeneous landscape mosaic composed of pasture and coffee fields intermingled with forest fragments, which are predominantly inhabited and managed by family farmers. The Zona da Mata is considered a complex socio-ecological system and is an interesting case to study the spatio-temporal provision of ecosystem services. In Chapter 2, I assessed the LULC changes from 1986 to 2015 and their main socioeconomic drivers. By combining data obtained from satellite images, workshops and secondary data, I showed that forest and coffee areas increased, and pasture decreased. These changes were associated with government measures to protect the environment, financial support of family farmers, migration to cities and the agroecological movement. A scenarios analysis of contrasting socio-economic narratives indicated that sustainable measures taken by the government to protect the environment and support family farmers with financial credit will lead to increase forest and coffee areas in the Green Road scenario. In contrast, the socioeconomic development in the Fossil Fuel scenario, which projects a decline in environmental protection and focuses on rapid economic development, there will be a decline in forest areas. In Chapter 3, I explored the spatial variation of ecosystem services from 1986 to 2015 and the impacts of LULC changes on ecosystem services provision levels and their interactions. To map the spatio variation of ecosystem services, I used the LULC maps from 1986 and 2015 (Chapter 2) and the InVEST model. This analysis indicated that the conversion of forest to pasture has strong negative impacts on soil erosion control and water flow regulation, manifesting mostly as trade-offs and dis-synergies between ecosystem services. In Chapter 4, I investigated the separate effects of LULC changes and climate on water dynamics from 1990 to 2015, and explored scenarios of LULC change and climate change for 2045. For this purpose, I used the SWAT model and climate data combined with historical and future LULC maps developed in Chapter 2. I found that the variation in climate variables was the main factor for the observed increase in the river streamflow in the study period and that forest can buffer extreme precipitation events. The exploration of future scenarios indicated that the increase in forest cover under the Green Road scenario is expected to decrease the surface runoff water and increase evapotranspiration as compared to the Fossil Fuel scenario, mitigating the impacts of soil erosion and climatic extremes in the region. Projected changes in precipitation and temperature are expected to have negative impacts for agriculture in the future. In Chapter 5, I assessed the impact of climate change on the suitability of Coffea arabica production in the study region and the potential of agroforestry systems to mitigate these impacts. For this, I combined the species distribution model MaxEnt with current and future climate projections. Agroforestry system have the potential to reduce air temperatures under the canopy of trees. I explored the effect of the altered the microclimate in agroforestry systems on the suitability for coffee production by adjusting future climate data to reflect conditions in agroforestry systems. I found that the area suitability for coffee production from the current monoculture coffee systems will decline by 60% under the projected climatic changes. However, the implementation of coffee agroforestry systems can mitigate these negative impacts of climatic change and maintain 75% of the area suitable for coffee production in 2050. Combining social and ecological systems in an interdisciplinary framework, generated insights in the relationships between climate and LULC change, and how this influences several ecosystem services. This framework connects different research fields and allows different stakeholders to work together to find effective ways to work towards multifunctional landscapes that promote the sustainable use of ecosystem services.

Met dit rapport sluit Nederland zijn rol als trekker van de taken van het Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE) af. Het CCE heeft tot eind 2017 de taak om het Europese luchtbeleid te ondersteunen met informatie over risico's van effecten van te veel zwavel en stikstof op Europese natuurgebieden. Het CCE helpt deze vraag te beantwoorden door modellen te ontwikkelen en een Europese database te beheren waarmee risicogrenzen ('kritische belastingsgrenzen') van deze stoffen per type natuurgebied worden bepaald. Twaalf EU-landen, plus Zwitserland en Noorwegen, rapporteren over het gebruik van deze methoden en leverden hiervoor informatie. Voor de overige Europese landen heeft het CCE met Alterra een database ontwikkeld zodat de limieten voor het gehele continent berekend kunnen worden. De database is ook gebruikt om wetenschappelijke instellingen uit het CCE-netwerk van de landen die deze taak hebben, te trainen (National Focal Centre). Over de CCE-resultaten bestaat consensus binnen de VN-conventie over luchtkwaliteit (die jaarlijks de CCE-resultaten evalueert) en de EU, zodat over de wetenschappelijke basis voor het Europese luchtbeleid, tot eind 2017, geen misverstand bestaat. CCE-data worden onder andere gebruikt om alternatieven voor luchtbeleid door rekenen. Recentelijk zijn ze ingezet om de Europese Richtlijn voor nationale emissieplafonds te herzien. Met de berekeningen worden de oorzaken, kosten en gevolgen van luchtverontreiniging voor de biodiversiteit en de bodem doorgerekend. Hieruit blijkt dat circa 79 procent van de natuurgebieden (Natura 2000-gebieden) in de 28 Europese landen in 2020 aan te veel stikstof blootstaat. Dit jaar is voor het eerst voor heel Europa in kaart gebracht of specifieke plantensoorten het risico lopen om door te veel stikstof of verzuring te verdwijnen. De methoden en data die hiervoor zijn gebruikt, worden vooralsnog voor wetenschappelijke doelstellingen ingezet; voor beleidsondersteuning moeten ze nog worden aangevuld en verbeterd. Het RIVM heeft namens Nederland de CCE-rol sinds 1990 uitgevoerd voor de Conventie voor Grootschalige Grensoverschrijdende Luchtverontreiniging van de Verenigde Naties (LRTAP-Conventie). Een ander Europees land zal de rol vanaf 2019 overnemen.

Met dit rapport sluit Nederland zijn rol als trekker van de taken van het Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE) af. Het CCE heeft tot eind 2017 de taak om het Europese luchtbeleid te ondersteunen met informatie over risico's van effecten van te veel zwavel en stikstof op Europese natuurgebieden. Het CCE helpt deze vraag te beantwoorden door modellen te ontwikkelen en een Europese database te beheren waarmee risicogrenzen ('kritische belastingsgrenzen') van deze stoffen per type natuurgebied worden bepaald. Twaalf EU-landen, plus Zwitserland en Noorwegen, rapporteren over het gebruik van deze methoden en leverden hiervoor informatie. Voor de overige Europese landen heeft het CCE met Alterra een database ontwikkeld zodat de limieten voor het gehele continent berekend kunnen worden. De database is ook gebruikt om wetenschappelijke instellingen uit het CCE-netwerk van de landen die deze taak hebben, te trainen (National Focal Centre). Over de CCE-resultaten bestaat consensus binnen de VN-conventie over luchtkwaliteit (die jaarlijks de CCE-resultaten evalueert) en de EU, zodat over de wetenschappelijke basis voor het Europese luchtbeleid, tot eind 2017, geen misverstand bestaat. CCE-data worden onder andere gebruikt om alternatieven voor luchtbeleid door rekenen. Recentelijk zijn ze ingezet om de Europese Richtlijn voor nationale emissieplafonds te herzien. Met de berekeningen worden de oorzaken, kosten en gevolgen van luchtverontreiniging voor de biodiversiteit en de bodem doorgerekend. Hieruit blijkt dat circa 79 procent van de natuurgebieden (Natura 2000-gebieden) in de 28 Europese landen in 2020 aan te veel stikstof blootstaat. Dit jaar is voor het eerst voor heel Europa in kaart gebracht of specifieke plantensoorten het risico lopen om door te veel stikstof of verzuring te verdwijnen. De methoden en data die hiervoor zijn gebruikt, worden vooralsnog voor wetenschappelijke doelstellingen ingezet; voor beleidsondersteuning moeten ze nog worden aangevuld en verbeterd. Het RIVM heeft namens Nederland de CCE-rol sinds 1990 uitgevoerd voor de Conventie voor Grootschalige Grensoverschrijdende Luchtverontreiniging van de Verenigde Naties (LRTAP-Conventie). Een ander Europees land zal de rol vanaf 2019 overnemen.

To support the implementation of the Ecosystem Based approach to Management (EBM), ICES strives to provide evidence-based scientific advice and relevant management options that also assess potential trade-offs among sectors or between environmental status and human uses. To help achieve this, the Workshop on Challenges, Opportunities, Needs and Successes in including human dimensions in Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) (WKCONSERVE) focused on economic, social, and interdisciplinary research and data needed to inform on the societal drivers and objectives of marine resource use as context for advice. More specifically, the workshop goals were to a) summarize social and economic data, indicators and relevant research done across ICES IEA regions and other IEA regions, b) Identify goals for including social and economic data and analyses in different IEAs, and c) to develop a roadmap for including social and economic data and analyses in IEAs, identifying common needs across groups and unique priorities of each region. Discussion across IEA groups made clear that while great strides have been made in ICES IEA groups to identify and provide important ecological measures relevant to EBM, far less attention has been given to providing comparable economic and social information. WKCONSERVE identified a number of practical steps to take to include more societal measures relevant to EBM. These differ among regions, depending on data availability and ecosystem context, and are detailed in IEA roadmaps developed during the workshop. However, in general, the first step involves including social scientists in the IEA groups. Key topics and data for each IEA region were identified. It was, however, repeatedly noted that more interaction with stakeholders will help both IEA and human dimensions Expert Groups to better develop research and data collection efforts to address stakeholder needs. A lack of funding is a key obstacle to the development of IEAs, both regarding science and advisory products. It is now up to each IEA group to use the developed roadmaps to include the human dimension in IEAs. Furthermore, to support the development of methods for integration, follow-up workshops should be organized on a regular basis (e.g. every other year).

To support the implementation of the Ecosystem Based approach to Management (EBM), ICES strives to provide evidence-based scientific advice and relevant management options that also assess potential trade-offs among sectors or between environmental status and human uses. To help achieve this, the Workshop on Challenges, Opportunities, Needs and Successes in including human dimensions in Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) (WKCONSERVE) focused on economic, social, and interdisciplinary research and data needed to inform on the societal drivers and objectives of marine resource use as context for advice. More specifically, the workshop goals were to a) summarize social and economic data, indicators and relevant research done across ICES IEA regions and other IEA regions, b) Identify goals for including social and economic data and analyses in different IEAs, and c) to develop a roadmap for including social and economic data and analyses in IEAs, identifying common needs across groups and unique priorities of each region. Discussion across IEA groups made clear that while great strides have been made in ICES IEA groups to identify and provide important ecological measures relevant to EBM, far less attention has been given to providing comparable economic and social information. WKCONSERVE identified a number of practical steps to take to include more societal measures relevant to EBM. These differ among regions, depending on data availability and ecosystem context, and are detailed in IEA roadmaps developed during the workshop. However, in general, the first step involves including social scientists in the IEA groups. Key topics and data for each IEA region were identified. It was, however, repeatedly noted that more interaction with stakeholders will help both IEA and human dimensions Expert Groups to better develop research and data collection efforts to address stakeholder needs. A lack of funding is a key obstacle to the development of IEAs, both regarding science and advisory products. It is now up to each IEA group to use the developed roadmaps to include the human dimension in IEAs. Furthermore, to support the development of methods for integration, follow-up workshops should be organized on a regular basis (e.g. every other year).

The Dutch conservation area Oostvaardersplassen was initiated as a rewilding project within the Netherlands’ protected area network. It came under the spotlight when management strategies and practices were criticized by scientists, conservation practitioners, and the public, from a number of perspectives – not all of which were compatible. This article reviews the origin, evolution, and application of the rewilding concept and examines the Oostvaardersplassen project as a case study. Our assessment demonstrates that the area was never an appropriate site for rewilding, beset by rudderless management, and led to a situation that was ecologically and ethically untenable. The case study is used to illustrate humanity’s evolving role in environmental protection where advances in the understanding of ecological complexity, animal behavior, and sentience, cannot be ignored when addressing environmental protection, problem solving, and management. Finally, it lays out options for the future in the absence of the three Cs of rewilding, the Cores, Corridors, Carnivores, and introduces the concept of the fourth C, Compassion. https://ijw.org/learning-to-rewild/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

The Dutch conservation area Oostvaardersplassen was initiated as a rewilding project within the Netherlands’ protected area network. It came under the spotlight when management strategies and practices were criticized by scientists, conservation practitioners, and the public, from a number of perspectives – not all of which were compatible. This article reviews the origin, evolution, and application of the rewilding concept and examines the Oostvaardersplassen project as a case study. Our assessment demonstrates that the area was never an appropriate site for rewilding, beset by rudderless management, and led to a situation that was ecologically and ethically untenable. The case study is used to illustrate humanity’s evolving role in environmental protection where advances in the understanding of ecological complexity, animal behavior, and sentience, cannot be ignored when addressing environmental protection, problem solving, and management. Finally, it lays out options for the future in the absence of the three Cs of rewilding, the Cores, Corridors, Carnivores, and introduces the concept of the fourth C, Compassion. https://ijw.org/learning-to-rewild/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

There is increasing evidence that humans are not living sustainably. There are three major drivers of the unsustainable approach: population, consumption and the growth economy. There is widespread denial about these issues, but they clearly need to be addressed if we are to achieve any of the possible sustainable futures. The first and second versions of the ‘World Scientists Warning to Humanity’ both highlight the problem of increasing human population, as do the IPCC and IPBES reports. However, all have been largely ignored. The size of an ecologically sustainable global population is considered, taking into account the implications of increasing per capita consumption. The paper then discusses the reasons why society and academia largely ignore overpopulation. The claim that discussing overpopulation is ‘anti-human’ is refuted. Causal Layered Analysis is used to examine why society ignores data that do not fit with its myths and metaphors, and how such denial is leading society towards collapse. Non-coercive solutions are then considered to reach an ecologically-sustainable human population. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

There is increasing evidence that humans are not living sustainably. There are three major drivers of the unsustainable approach: population, consumption and the growth economy. There is widespread denial about these issues, but they clearly need to be addressed if we are to achieve any of the possible sustainable futures. The first and second versions of the ‘World Scientists Warning to Humanity’ both highlight the problem of increasing human population, as do the IPCC and IPBES reports. However, all have been largely ignored. The size of an ecologically sustainable global population is considered, taking into account the implications of increasing per capita consumption. The paper then discusses the reasons why society and academia largely ignore overpopulation. The claim that discussing overpopulation is ‘anti-human’ is refuted. Causal Layered Analysis is used to examine why society ignores data that do not fit with its myths and metaphors, and how such denial is leading society towards collapse. Non-coercive solutions are then considered to reach an ecologically-sustainable human population. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

Spatial planning has to deal with trade-offs between various stakeholders’ wishes and needs as part of planning and management of landscapes, natural resources and/or biodiversity. To make ecosystem services (ES) trade-off research more relevant for spatial planning, we propose an analytical framework, which puts stakeholders, their land-use/management choices, their impact on ES and responses at the centre. Based on 24 cases from around the world, we used this framing to analyse the appearance and diversity of real-world ES trade-offs. They cover a wide range of trade-offs related to ecosystem use, including: land-use change, management regimes, technical versus nature-based solutions, natural resource use, and management of species. The ES trade-offs studied featured a complexity that was far greater than what is often described in the ES literature. Influential users and context setters are at the core of the trade-off decision-making, but most of the impact is felt by non-influential users. Provisioning and cultural ES were the most targeted in the studied trade-offs, but regulating ES were the most impacted. Stakeholders’ characteristics, such as influence, impact faced, and concerns can partially explain their position and response in relation to trade-offs. Based on the research findings, we formulate recommendations for spatial planning. Fil: Turkelboom, Francis. Research Institute For Nature And Forest; Bélgica Fil: Leone, Michael. Research Institute For Nature And Forest, Brussels; Fil: Jacobs, Sander. Research Institute For Nature And Forest, Brussels; Fil: Kelemen, Eszter. Environmental Social Science Research Group; Hungría. Corvinus University of Budapest; Hungría Fil: García Llorente, Marina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: Baró, Francesc. Hospital del Mar; España. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; España Fil: Termansen, Mette. University Aarhus; Dinamarca Fil: Barton, David N.. Norwegian Institute For Nature Research; Noruega Fil: Berry, Pam. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Stange, Erik. Norwegian Institute For Nature Research; Noruega Fil: Thoonen, Marijke. Research Institute For Nature And Forest; Bélgica Fil: Kalóczkai, Ágnes. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences. Institute Of Ecology And Botany; Hungría Fil: Vadineanu, Angheluta. Universitatea Din Bucuresti; Rumania Fil: Castro, Antonio J.. Idaho State University; Estados Unidos. Universidad de Almeria; España Fil: Czúcz, Bálint. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences. Institute Of Ecology And Botany; Hungría Fil: Röckmann, Christine. Wageningen University And Research Centre; Países Bajos Fil: Wurbs, Daniel. Geoflux; Alemania Fil: Odee, David. Kenya Forestry Research Institute; Kenia Fil: Preda, Elena. Universitatea Din Bucuresti; Rumania Fil: Gómez Baggethun, Erik. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Rusch, Graciela M.. Norwegian Institute For Nature Research; Noruega Fil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Palomo, Ignacio. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: Dick, Jan. Center for Ecology and Hydrology; Reino Unido Fil: Casaer, Jim. Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Bélgica Fil: van Dijk, Jiska. Norwegian Institute For Nature Research; Noruega Fil: Priess, Joerg A.. Helmholtz Zentrum Für Umweltforschung; Alemania Fil: Langemeyer, Johannes. Hospital del Mar; España. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; España Fil: Mustajoki, Jyri. Finnish Environment Institute; Finlandia Fil: Kopperoinen, Leena. Finnish Environment Institute; Finlandia Fil: Baptist, Martin J.. Wageningen University And Research Centre; Países Bajos Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Mukhopadhyay, Raktima. Indian Institute Of Bio Social Research And Development; India Fil: Aszalós, Réka. Hungarian Academy Of Sciences. Institute of Ecology and Botany; Argentina Fil: Roy, S. B.. Indian Institute Of Bio Social Research And Development; India Fil: Luque, Sandra. Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection Et Information Spatiale; Francia Fil: Rusch, Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina

In 2009 werd het eerste voedselbos van Nederland gerealiseerd nabij Groesbeek. Twee particulieren kochten een 2,4 ha grote maïsakker om deze volledig om te vormen naar een alternatief landbouwsysteem: een voedselbos. Het uitgangspunt is samenwerken met de natuur, in plaats van natuur tegenwerken. Maar kan dit landbouwsysteem ook een plaats bieden aan inheemse flora en fauna: is het volledig natuurinclusief?

In the United Kingdom (UK), several harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) populations have been declining over the past decade. In order to understand the effect of these changes in abundance, this study seeks to determine the population structure of harbour seals in the UK, and in Scotland in particular, on a wider and finer spatial scale than has previously been reported. Harbour seals were genotyped from 18 different localities throughout the UK and neighbouring localities in mainland Europe, at 12 microsatellite loci. Results from Bayesian and frequency based tests of population structure suggested an initial structural division into two main groups consisting of localities in northern UK and southern UK-mainland Europe, respectively. These two clusters were further divided into four geographically distinct genetic clusters. An overall agreement between the genetic results and the existing management areas for UK harbour seals was observed, but it is also clear that an adaptive management approach should be adopted, in which the delineation of the current management areas is maintained until further genetic and ecological information has been accumulated and analysed

De winterverspreiding van Zwarte Zee-eenden in Nederland concentreerde zich in de afgelopen jaren ten noorden van de oostelijke Waddeneilanden en in mindere mate in de Voordelta. In sommige jaren verblijven echter grote groepen op andere plaatsen. In de voorjaren van 2013 en 2014 doken ineens grote aantallen Zwarte Zee-eenden op voor de kust van Texel en in de winter van 2015/16 meldden zeetrektellers ongekend grote aantallen voor de kust van Camperduin, een locatie waar in de tweede helft van de vorige eeuw ook wel eens grote aantallen werden gezien. In deze studie is gekeken in hoeverre het plotseling verschijnen van grote aantallen Zwarte Zee-eenden bij Camperduin in 2015/16 kan worden verklaard door het aanwezige voedsel in de zeebodem aldaar.

Herinneringen, referenties en een lijst van publicaties.

The data were collected through inspection of ROV videos. The data are formatted in a single csv file. It contains 30 columns with 5587 rows, including title row. Each row represents a separate observation of species abundance according to the Braun-Blanquet scale. The dataset contains null values which are indicated with NA. The first 21 columns contain sample information. Columns 22-29 contain information about taxonomic grouping and Column 30 contains the Braun-Blanquet abundance values.

Offshore oil and gas platforms, shipwrecks and wind farms are known to act as artificial reefs, attracting a broad range of marine species such as algae, invertebrate species and fish. Using Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) videos made for technical inspection of eight Dutch and nine Danish oil and gas platforms, we characterize the abundance and diversity of invertebrates and fish species found on or around these artificial hard substrates. Dutch platforms located in the southern part of the North Sea were at depths ranging from 26 to 46 meters, whereas Danish platforms located about 400 km further north were deeper (40 – 66 m). A total of 38 taxa were identified. The most common species were Mytilus edulis (Mollusca), Metridium senile (Cnidaria) and Asterias rubens (Echinodermata). One non-indigenous species was identified: Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). A significant clustering of species communities was found based on geographical location: a southern cluster close to the Dutch shoreline and a northern cluster near Denmark (p=0.01). Species diversity was not significantly different between geographical clusters; however, average Braun-Blanquet abundance was significantly higher on in the northern cluster (p

This research for Rijkswaterstaat-WVL used the case study Noordwaard to work on the development of an instrument to map the delivery of ecosystem services in several RWS areas and to propose action perspectives and to give insight in synergies and trade-offs of measures. In dit onderzoek is voor Rijkswaterstaat-WVL aan de hand van de casestudie Noordwaard-poldergewerkt aan de ontwikkeling van een instrumentarium waarmee voor verschillende RWS-gebieden de levering van ecosysteemdiensten in kaart kan worden gebracht, handelingsperspectieven kunnen worden gegeven en synergieën en trade-offs van maatregelen inzichtelijk kunnen worden gemaakt.

This entry begins by reviewing the definitions of “human”, “environment” and “dichotomy”, consequently turning to the debates concerning the human–environment relationship. Synthesizing various studies, the capability of advanced tool use; language, hyper-sociality, advanced cognition, morality, civilization, technology, and free will are supposed to be distinctly human. However, other studies describe how nonhuman organisms share these same abilities. The biophysical or natural environment is often associated with all living and non-living things that occur naturally. The environment also refers to ecosystems or habitats, including all living organisms or species. The concepts of the biophysical or natural environment are often opposed to the concepts of built or modified environment, which is artificial - constructed or influenced by humans. The built or modified environment typically refers to structures or spaces from gardens to car parks. Today, one of the central questions in regard to human-environment dichotomies centres around the concept of sustainability. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118924396 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

This entry begins by reviewing the definitions of “human”, “environment” and “dichotomy”, consequently turning to the debates concerning the human–environment relationship. Synthesizing various studies, the capability of advanced tool use; language, hyper-sociality, advanced cognition, morality, civilization, technology, and free will are supposed to be distinctly human. However, other studies describe how nonhuman organisms share these same abilities. The biophysical or natural environment is often associated with all living and non-living things that occur naturally. The environment also refers to ecosystems or habitats, including all living organisms or species. The concepts of the biophysical or natural environment are often opposed to the concepts of built or modified environment, which is artificial - constructed or influenced by humans. The built or modified environment typically refers to structures or spaces from gardens to car parks. Today, one of the central questions in regard to human-environment dichotomies centres around the concept of sustainability. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118924396 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/

Het Nederlandse bos is een populair park met jaarlijks honderden miljoenen bezoeken. Het bos is een belangrijke pijler van de Nederlandse natuur met bijvoorbeeld veel Natura 2000-habitats, nieuwe wildernissen en een bron van hernieuwbare grondstoffen. Welke kennis en beheer zijn nodig om aan al deze functies tegemoet te blijven komen? Wij zijn ons als bosbeheerders, beleidsmakers, onderzoekers en opleiders onvoldoende bewust van de forse uitdagingen waar het Nederlandse bosbeheer voor staat!

Hoe ziet een duurzaam en biodivers nat zandlandschap van de 21e eeuw eruit en hoe ontwikkelen we dat? Dat landschap zal ongetwijfeld een ander zijn dan dat van de 19e en de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw, maar de uitdaging is de totale soortenrijkdom hierin weer voldoende plaats te bieden. Dit artikel biedt een overzicht van de kennis die daartoe ontwikkeld moet worden.

An immature female killer whale (Orcinus orca) stranded in the Wadden Sea in 2010 and was later transferred to Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain, for rehabilitation. The killer whale, named “Morgan,” was suspected to have a hearing impairment. To test whether Morgan has a hearing deficit, auditory brainstem responses to short-duration, broadband click stimuli were recorded. The same procedure was conducted with five other killer whales at Loro Parque for comparative purposes. Stereotypical click-evoked responses were recorded in all of the killer whales except Morgan, even at the highest click level that could be projected. Reductions in the amplitude of the click-evoked response paralleled reductions in the stimulus amplitude of the clicks presented to all of the other whales. The lack of a click-evoked response in Morgan indicates that she suffers from a hearing deficit. The magnitude and frequency range over which the hearing deficit occurs cannot be specified with the techniques used here. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that Morgan’s hearing sensitivity to broadband signals is at least 20 to 30 dB worse than the hearing sensitivity of the other killer whales tested. Morgan potentially suffers from a profound hearing deficit or even a complete loss of hearing, but this cannot be determined through the electrophysiological tests used in this experiment.

In 2010 is het Onderzoeksprogramma Biodiversiteit werkt gestart. Zoals uit de titel al spreekt, moet de vergaarde kennis een doorwerking krijgen in beleid en praktijk. Toepasbaarheid is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. In dit nummer van LANDSCHAP worden de (voorlopige) onderzoeksresultaten gepresenteerd. Tevens komen enkele stakeholders aan het woord over die toepasbaarheid en geeft NWO haar visie daarop. In deze inleiding beschrijven we de context en opzet van Biodiversiteit werkt.

The growth and decline of salt marshes may be the result of various interacting biogeomorphic processes and external factors. We present a case study of the Mokbaai on the Wadden island of Texel, where we assess the relative importance and the interaction between the biogeomorphic processes and various disturbances. We analysed changes in vegetation composition in the salt marsh and sedimentation–erosion patterns of the adjoining intertidal flat over a 30-year period. Vegetation underwent regression in the lower parts of the marsh, i.e. the low marsh zone changed into pioneer zone. Comparing elevation measurements from 2013 and 1983 showed that the adjoining intertidal flats eroded 15–25 cm. Maintenance dredging of a nearby harbour might negatively impact the sediment balance indicating that the regression of the lower parts of the salt marsh is caused by a lack of sediment. Simultaneously, a change in the local hydrology led to vegetation succession into high and brackish salt marsh, increased organic sediment production and consequently cliff formation. The results from this case study show that, even in a relatively small salt marsh, changes in external factors may set in motion a series of biogeomorphic processes and feedbacks, leading to locally contrasting trends in spatiotemporal development