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It has been noted that in the legislative acts of the United States and the European Union, clauses have appeared indicating an intensification of the process of assessing qualifying assets, which has never happened in history. Naturally, this extraordinary step raises the need to identify the reasons motivating this phenomenon. A logical assumption has been made about the existence of a connection between this event and an attempt to create countermeasures on the part of the US leadership to the threat of the fall of the dollar as an international currency.Aim. Such a large-scale assessment exercise is considered from the point of view of its enormous potential economic effect and is proposed for use, but in the direction of a completely different goal — the development of proposals not only and not so much for the assessment of qualifying assets, but for the use of this assessment as a stimulus for economic growth and growth in the well-being of workers within the EAEU member countries.Tasks. Investigation of the proposed qualifying asset valuation exercise. Conducting an analysis of problems associated with the widespread practice of taking into account valuations in the authorized capital of enterprises of the EAEU member countries.Methods. A systematic approach to studying the problem of valuation and accounting of qualifying assets. Study and analysis of many years of world experience in the problems of practical assessment of human capital and capitalization of intellectual property in Russia and abroad.Results. The way to use the assessment of qualifying assets and accounting in the authorized capital of enterprises is shown in the interests of accelerating their joint innovative development of the EAEU member countries, as well as stimulating and increasing the importance of education and living standards in general.Conclusions. The process of assessing and accounting for qualifying assets in the authorized capital of an enterprise, in principle, as a progressive phenomenon, is inevitable, it is only a matter of time. For the EAEU member countries, the introduction of this process into practice will accelerate their innovative development and increase the social significance of higher education. Similar conclusions should be extended to the BRICS and SCO member countries.

The increasing intensity of the sanctions pressure of Western countries on the Russian Federation as a locomotive ensuring the economic growth of the EAEU, as well as on the Republic of Belarus, the prospects of falling under secondary sanctions of other member countries of the Union, are inevitably reflected in the physical and economic availability of food both in each of the EAEU member countries and in the Union as a whole. The new situation requires an objective analysis of the potential for ensuring food security.Aim and tasks. To characterize the state and dynamics of agricultural production in the context of achieving food security of the EAEU member states for the period from 2014 to 2023.Methods. Based on official statistics from the Department of Statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS and the national statistical committees of the EAEU member states, comparative analytics and descriptive statistics were used to assess the current state and analyze trends in agricultural production in the EAEU.Results. It has been revealed that the risks of food security in each of the EAEU member states are significantly reduced in the integration space, which is primarily facilitated by mutual provision of certain food products. At the same time, the determinant of food security of the EAEU is undoubtedly the sustainable development of agriculture, which has ensured the growth of physical availability of food products in the Union countries. Self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products at the Union level is assessed as high. However, a number of Union member countries have recorded risks for self-sufficiency in certain products of their own production, associated with possible interruptions in imports in the event of unforeseen situations.Conclusions. The risks associated with global food security are growing significantly in the world. The value of food resources, which some experts recognize as the “new oil”, is increasing [2]. Productive and stable growing agriculture in the EAEU is not only the basis for ensuring food security, but also the driver of sustainable macroeconomic development of both the Union as a whole and the EAEU member states.

The research is aimed at studying the Union State foreign policy in the Latin-Caribbean direction in new geopolitical conditions and its role in the emerging architecture of world economy and geopolitics. The mechanism for implementing the Union State foreign policy has been determined. It is shown that the external contour of the Russia-Belarus integration is not the sum of foreign policies, but is being implemented within the framework of their legal framework: pursuing a coordinated foreign policy, the parties maintain a flexible approach and are not limited by the framework of the foreign policy institutions of the Union. The author presents basic areas of project cooperation between Russia, Belarus and the states of the Latin-Caribbean region establishing priorities of cooperation.Aim. To appraise the significance and potential of Latin-Caribbean direction in the Union State foreign policy in the current conditions of economic turbulence and geopolitical escalation.Tasks. To identify the main areas of cooperation, to analyze current trends and influencing factors, and to determine the prospects for interaction.Methods. A combination of general scientific theoretical and special methods is used. The method of comparative analysis and the logical method are of prime importance. When working with regulatory and legislative sources, the normative method is used.Results. The potential of cooperation between the Union State and the countries of Latin-Caribbean America has not been fully realized, however, an accelerated diversification of partnership between the countries is being practiced as well as an expansion of areas of interaction based on economic feasibility and political motivation.Conclusions. Under current conditions of global political and economic turbulence, the Latin-Caribbean direction of the Union’s foreign policy is an important part in building effective international cooperation and developing new trans-regional logistics routes.

Aim. The article aims to formulate the problem of formation of such type of investment institutions as investment platform in BRICS.Tasks. The objectives of the article are defined by the fact that the executive director of the Russian Direct Investment Fund proposed to create a joint investment platform of BRICS countries, allowing BRICS members to invest more actively in the economies of their partners. And as is known, BRICS countries currently play a significant and constantly growing role in world politics and international relations. Methods. In the process of research the set tasks were solved by the author usin g general scientific (historical, dialectical, systemic, logical, method of analysis) and legal (comparative legal, sociological, axiological) research methods.Results. The result of the research is the proposal based on the Russian experience of regulation of platform services (financial platforms, investment platforms and information systems) on the formation on the basis of the Russian regulation model of the concept of building the corresponding institution within BRICS. At the same time, the article also draws attention to possible problems that may arise during the preparation of the relevant international act. In particular, the implementation of this initiative raises a wide range of technical, economic and legal issues that require detailed consideration.Conclusions. When choosing specific investment methods that can be used on such a platform, it is necessary to take into account the needs of businesses and the population, both in the long-term and short-term attraction and placement of resources. In particular, legal regulation of the choice of the legal regime for investment should influence the choice of the legal status of entities that will be admitted to such a platform, highlighting, for example, qualified investors or retail investors.

Aim. Objective is to formulate the position of the EAEU in the negotiations on the free trade area with China.Tasks. We determine the potential results of the creation of the China-EAEU free trade area for each country.Methods. The indices of complementarity and trade intensity were calculated, and the benefits to society from the abolition of customs tariffs were calculated using a partial equilibrium trade-policy simulation.Results. The study of supply and demand for excavators showed that the total benefit of consumers (the construction industry) from the abolition of customs duties only slightly exceeds the losses of producers and the government. Based on the complementarity assessment, it was found that the free trade agreement is more beneficial for China than for the EAEU countries — the structure of China’s exports better corresponds to the structure of imports of the EAEU countries. It was revealed that the exports of the EAEU countries to China are not diversified, and the main export goods face minimal tariffs — 0% for crude oil from Russia and Kazakhstan, 3% for potash fertilizers from Belarus, 0% for ores and concentrates of precious metals from Kyrgyzstan, 0% for copper ores and concentrates from Armenia. The EAEU countries may be interested in further liberalization of trade with China due to the intention to export frozen fish, corn, wheat and rice (Russia), tobacco (Kyrgyzstan and Armenia), meat and dairy products (Belarus), and cognac (Armenia).Conclusions. Reduction of duties on the specified goods may be the subject of a preliminary temporary agreement. A free trade zone may be created by finalizing the existing Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and its Member States and the PRC. It is recommended that, in addition to including provisions on the abolition of customs duties, sections on trade in services, investments, and movement of individuals be included.

This study is focused at studying decisions of courts of the Russian Federation, containing references to model legislative acts and other documents of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter referred to as the IPA CIS).Aim. Determine the types of appeals by courts of the Russian Federation to the texts of the recommendatory acts of the IPA CIS, adopted for the purpose of forming and implementing coordinated legislative activity on issues of common interest to the member states of the organization.Tasks. Collect and study acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the system of federal courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts headed by it.Methods. The disclosure of the main trends in the courts’ resort to model laws and other documents of the CIS IPA occurred according to the following criteria: level and type of court that adopted the decision; the entity on whose initiative the appeal to the model act of the CIS IPA took place, as well as the consequences of the initiative on the part of the applicant or other participant in the process; the meaning (variant of manifestation) of the model document in the court ruling.Results. The study showed that courts at all levels of the judicial system of the Russian adopted decrees, rulings and decisions adopted in constitutional, civil, criminal and administrative proceedings, the content of which included references to model legal provisions. The initiative to use model legal norms came both from the court and from other participants in the process.Conclusion. The court decisions collected for the study presented different options for the use of model laws and other documents of the CIS IPA by courts, which provides grounds for redetermination of the nature of model legislative acts of the CIS IPA.

Nowadays transformational changes are going together with the need to address global environmental and climatic challenges. The BRICS member countries realize the need for a fair energy transition to lowcarbon development both within the association and globally.Aim. The objective of the research is to highlight the priority areas that BRICS member countries need to focus on to ensure an equitable and cost-effective transition to low-carbon development at the global level.Tasks. In order to achieve the objective of the study, it is necessary to analyze the components of the BRICS equitable low-carbon development agenda as well as its applicability at the global level.Methods. The research was conducted using the method of systematic analysis of a wide range of academic and empirical sources. The author adheres to a systematic scientific approach.Results. Through the analysis of key initiatives of the BRICS member countries, including legislative ones, five priority areas on which the BRICS needs to focus on to ensure a fair energy transition at the global scale are identified: removing discriminatory measures in multilateral trade, achieving food security and economic growth, facilitating non-discriminatory access to technology, promoting environment and climate cooperation, and enhancing the human resource potential of the energy sector.Conclusions. The author concludes by noting that such a BRICS sustainable development agenda is capable of initiating energy transition processes on a global scale.

The article deals with the current trends in the formation of the array of international legal regulation of the transport and logistics industry, particularly in the field of railway transportation, within the EAEU at the current stage of development. In 2022–2023, tectonic changes in world politics, manifested in the erosion of international security, led to changes in the nature of international cooperation at the global level. The main trend was the regionalization of economic and political cooperation, aggravation of the struggle for multipolarity of the world, which led to the formation of new economic blocs that require the creation of new paradigms of convergence of their transport and logistics ecosystems for fruitful trade and economic cooperation. Intensification of interaction both within the EAEU and the EAEU with other states entails the development of international legislation at the level of regional blocs, creating the basis for effective integration and cooperation processes.Aim. The purpose of the article is to study the current trends of the new paradigm of transport and logistics cooperation in the context of the current geopolitical agenda and the development of Industry 4.0 technologies to identify new vectors of interstate cooperation in the industry.Tasks. It is proposed to consider trends in the development of international legal regulation of EAEU cooperation in the field of convergence of transport and logistics ecosystems, both within the Union, as well as in the format of interaction with countries — strategic partners, such as Iran, China and others to create efficient chains of rail transportation in the Eurasian region.Methods. When conducting the research the author used comparative-legal, formal-legal methods, as well as deduction, system method and abstraction.Results. The idea of the necessity of further expansion of integration processes of transport and logistics ecosystems of EAEU of such partner states as Iran, China and India is substantiated.Conclusions. The complex geopolitical situation in 2022–2023 has given rise to a trend towards national-oriented development of the economies of individual states. Globalization trends in logistics have been replaced by the understanding of the priority of developing regional cooperation of developing countries in order to form a multipolar world. The formation of an array of international legal regulation of transport and logistics industry within the EAEU is aimed at ensuring its effectiveness, based on the idea of adding a block of leaders of the new world — developing countries of the Eurasian region, ensuring their economic sovereignty through the development of new logistics routes, including the possibility of using technologies and services of the new technological mode and providing digital connectivity of subjects of the transport sector.

Aim. The article shows the increased productivity of heterodox approaches in the part of economics that studies the problems of the world economy, including regional integration.Methods. Illustrations of the apparent paradoxicity (for representatives of the economic mainstream) of geopolitical and world economic dynamics after 2022 are used to explain the importance of analyzing economic processes in the world economy, taking into account approaches of related social disciplines. The connection of some important scientific results of Russian scholars in the field of economics with the achievements of historians, orientalists and cultural scientists, representatives of economic and political geography and studies of international relations is shown.Results. The article describes the boundaries of the mathematization of the considered segment of heterodox analysis related to the unreliability of world economic statistics, with examples of the successful application of approximate (in a broad sense relative to mathematical terminology) calculations to assess shifts in foreign trade and foreign direct investment in contemporary Russia. The author demonstrates that the heterodox approach reveals the absence of contradiction between Russia’s intensification of Eurasian economic integration (including within the narrow limits of the EAEU) and our country’s efforts to build a more equitable polycentric world order, including strengthening the BRICS format. Greater interdisciplinary transparency for heterodox economists against the background of representatives of the mainstream, among other things, makes it possible to intensify fruitful cooperation between scientists and practical analysts representing analytical centers — think tanks of the post-Soviet space and neighboring countries in the interests of developing integration projects.Conclusions. The proposed methodological framework can enhance the effectiveness of the work of the analytical community of Russia and its friendly countries in obtaining new applied conclusions in the economic sphere, especially in terms of enhancing the effectiveness of integration efforts in Greater Eurasia. At the same time, heterodox economists are more receptive to cooperation with historians, political scientists and other analysts who have focused on Eurasian economic integration.

The role of political parties in multi-ethnic states is quite complex, as they should be focused not only on political governance at the level of the state as a whole, but also on promoting national unity in interethnic relations, forming tolerant cooperation and interaction between different ethnic groups. Aim. This article aims to take the operation and development of political parties in multi-ethnic countries such as Kazakhstan and China as examples to study the role of political parties and to study cases from the practice of their activities in maintaining national stability, promoting social harmony, and protecting the interests of small ethnic groups.Tasks. One of the tasks of political parties in multi-ethnic states is to integrate different social interests and ensure that all ethnic groups have a voice and are represented in the decision-making process at the national level.Methods. Comparative analysis is used to compare models of multi-ethnic governance in different countries or regions, and to analyze the role and effectiveness of different political parties in these models. This will help to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different governance models and identify best practices. It also analyzes the reasons for the successes and failures of different countries and political parties by analyzing their historical practices of multi-ethnic governance. This will help to understand how political parties have responded to ethnic conflicts and governance challenges throughout history.Results. The research paper pointed out that the policies developed and implemented by political parties in multicultural countries in support of the cultures of different ethnic groups, the protection and promotion of the languages, religions, traditions and cultural identities of different ethnic groups, comply with the UN standards and principles on these issues. However, as shown by the political and SWOT analysis of the statutory and program documents of the political parties in the countries studied, there are problems.Conclusion. Certainly, political parties are making efforts to ensure equal opportunities and access for all ethnic groups to the economy, education, employment and so on, in order to promote the creation of a fair and inclusive society, while ensuring the civil rights of minority ethnic groups, or as it is called in international legal literature “national minorities”.

The relevance lies in the institutionalization of education in the new subjects of the Russian Federation (DPR, LPR, Zaporizhia, Kherson regions, the Republic of Crimea, the federal city of Sevastopol), as well as the processes of re-socialization, adaptation to the socio-cultural, political, value-ideological realities of Russian society, which affects the construction of the civic identity of school youth. Understanding the processes of formation of civic identity in the educational policy system in the context of the transformation of the political space allows identifying the mechanisms of actualization and transformation of identity. Тhe experience of the post-Soviet states, as well as the processes taking place in Russia today, enables making interesting theoretical generalizations and practical recommendations.Aim and Tasks. Identification and systematization of practices, mechanisms and technologies for the formation of civil identity of schoolchildren in new subjects in the educational policy system of the Russian Federation, determination of existing problems and barriers, identification of models of civil identity formation in the context of comparing the experience of Russia and the EAEU countries.Methods. The study uses a focus group interview with senior and middle school students living in the new territories of the Russian Federation, an expert interview with representatives of institutional structures involved in the processes of political socialization and implementation of identity policy, as well as the analysis of secondary data reflecting the processes of formation of civil identity in the EAEU countries.Results. As a result, the key practices of forming the civil identity of schoolchildren in the new subjects of the Russian Federation are revealed and systematized, barriers and problems of implementing educational policy in the system of forming civil identity are identified. The authors propose recommendations for improving the model of formation of the identity of schoolchildren in the new subjects of the Russian Federation. The article shows the difference between the model of formation of Russian civil identity in the new regions and the models of formation of civil identity used in the EAEU countries.Conclusions. The study revealed the existing contradictions that arise in the process of adaptation to a new educational and value-ideological model, manifested in the assimilation of new social norms and educational standards; the difference in the level of political education and the degree of involvement in civic activity of young people was noted. It is necessary to search for effective practices and technologies that contribute to building a consistent model of civic identity formation in the basic education system of new subjects of the Russian Federation. The EAEU member states can use the practical experience of civil identity formation in the education system of new subjects of the Russian Federation to improve their own models of civil identity formation.

Aim. The article reveals the conceptual foundations of parliamentary diplomacy.Methods. In order to fulfill the purpose, the author drew upon theoretical methodology namely modelling, chronological, comparative, complementary and parallel approaches.Results. The phases of development of parliamentary diplomacy are outlined. The theoretical model (institutional design) of parliamentary diplomacy is designed. The features of the international activities of representative authorities are outlined.Conclusions. First, the geopolitical processes of the second half of the 20th century have caused parliamentary diplomacy to transform into double legitimate diplomacy, a new form of soft power tool and independent holistic concept. Second, parliamentary diplomacy has acquired a complex body (model), including various dimensions, levels of institutionalization, tools, forms and formats of cooperation. Third, although parliamentary diplomacy has a number of advantages over cabinet diplomacy (greater flexibility, informality and less bias), the other side of its institutional features (reduced powers, limited resources and ideological colouring) may have a negative impact on applied outcomes.

Digital media has become an integral part of the political life of citizens, as an increasing number of people around the world use digital media technologies for communication. Digital media contribute to the formation of socio-political factors that raise concerns about the spread of disinformation, information disagreements and political polarization.Aim. To analyze the tools, problems and opportunities of political PR in the context of digitalization of the media space in foreign countries and the EAEU countries.Tasks. To give significant ideas about the concepts of “political public relations” and “political communication”; to identify factors influencing political communication processes; to present international experience in the application of political PR in the context of digitalization of media; to formulate the possibilities for the development of Eurasian integration in the context of digitalization of the media space.Methods. The methodological basis of the scientific research was such modern general scientific research methods as: comparative analysis, statistical and structural-logical methods, content analysis of open sources of information.Results. The paper defines the role and importance of digital media in political PR activities, identifies traditional and modern factors of influence on political activity, as well as problems in the new digital reality. To build political communications with the audience, its impact and increase engagement, political organizations use new media technologies using multimodality. In practice, the digital inequality of the world population deprives a number of people of digital communication, and as a result, the necessary conditions for participation in the political and economic life of the country. The digital divide of the EAEU countries reduces the political communicative impact on citizens’ beliefs in the need to strengthen integration processes. It seems appropriate to introduce consistency in the formation of the Eurasian integration agenda and a single digital information field to increase the political culture of civic engagement in all EAEU member states.Conclusions. With the help of variation of resources, the necessary content is formed to create the necessary audience effect. Indeed, digital media has a number of advantages that have been proven in practice, however, political PR is influenced by the negative side of the development of digital communications — the spread of fake news, most of which cannot be traced to the source. Therefore, the transformation of digital opportunities, the distribution of political resources, the dissemination of political discourse and the structure of political opportunities in the digital age is the most relevant in the modern world. Using the example of the EAEU countries, it is proved that digitalization in the international media space causes the involvement of citizens of different countries in integration, generalization and formation of public support for the state.

The article presents an analysis of cybersecurity legislation in the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), focusing on Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus. In four parts of the article, the main aspects of the legal regulation of cybercrime in each of these countries are considered, as well as problems and shortcomings in legislation are identified. Outdated norms and ambiguities in legislation that are unable to adequately respond to modern challenges of cybercrime are discussed. The importance of an integrated approach to cybersecurity is emphasized, which includes not only legal regulation, but also technical, organizational and educational measures. It is proposed to conduct a more in-depth analysis and comparison of legislation to identify common trends, differences and the effectiveness of measures taken in the fight against cybercrime.Aim. Analysis of the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states in the field of cybersecurity and cybercrime prevention, identification of common trends and differences, evaluation of the effectiveness of measures taken, and determination of directions for further improvement of cybersecurity in the region.Tasks. Analysis of the legislation of the EAEU member states in the field of cybersecurity, evaluation of measures taken to counter cyber threats, identification of common trends and differences in regulatory approaches, determination of directions for improving the legal framework and practical measures in combating cybercrime.Methods. Analysis of the legal acts of the EAEU member states on cybersecurity and cybercrime, comparative analysis to identify common trends and differences, evaluation of the effectiveness of legislation in countering cyber threats, identification of problems, and proposal of directions for improving the legal framework considering modern challenges in cybersecurity.Results. Expected improvement in information exchange and experience sharing, development of common strategies and standards in cybersecurity, reduction in the number of successful cyberattacks through joint efforts, and enhancement of the security level of information systems and data through joint technical and organizational measures.Conclusions. Cooperation among the EAEU member states in cybersecurity can lead to a reduction in the number of cybercrimes, enhancement of the security level of information systems and data, stimulation of innovative development in the digital sphere, and strengthening trust in electronic services and the development of the digital economy in the region, which are key aspects in the modern information society.

The global political system is undergoing a transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world. Scientific discussions are underway regarding the emergence or formation of new poles in the world, including the potential development of a pole through the integration structure of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Attention is focused on the changing conditions of the global economy and their influence on the development strategies of regional integration associations. The necessity to adapt the development strategies of the EAEU to new trends, including the shift in the economic paradigm and the reassessment of the role of integration process participants, is argued.Aim. To justify strategies and approaches to building an economic pole based on the EAEU.Tasks. Examining various theoretical approaches to the concept of multipolarity, poles, and centers of power. Investigating interpretations of global and regional leadership. Analyzing the concept of regional leadership considering the role of the EAEU as an important element of the new world political and global economic system.Methods. Comparative analysis of vectors and development strategies of regional integration associations. The civilizational approach illuminates not only the key economic and political aspects of regional leadership but also the cultural and civilizational factors of regional integration. The deductive method and synthesis allowed for the formulation of new approaches to understanding the economic component of the EAEU pole.Results. It has been established that one of the possible and most effective ways to form the economic component of the EAEU pole is to consider the formation of a new technological paradigm in the Union’s development strategy amidst the transformation and transition to a new economic paradigm.Conclusions. Framing the EAEU as an independent pole, based on the concept of changing economic paradigms, implies a rethinking or establishment of institutions based on principles of non-discrimination, mutual respect for sovereignty and national interests, as well as the establishment of mutually beneficial relations with other states. Such an approach to pole-building is a key step in transitioning to the sixth technological paradigm.

Aim. To identify the mechanism of state regulation of private enterprise initiative operating in the “developmental states” of East and Southeast Asia, which ensures consistently high rates of economic growth and an increase in public welfare.Tasks. Based on a comparative analysis, to determine the characteristic features of the model of relations between the state and business in the “developmental states”, to reveal its strengths and weaknesses, the role of the ruling elite in its functioning.Methods. The central concept is the “developmental state”, the elements of which are revealed by Zia Onish, the concepts of “planned-rational state” (C. Johnson), “built-in autonomy” (P. Evans), “neopatrimonial state”, “cohesive capitalist state” and “fragmented multi-class state” (A. Koli). The model of the relationship between the state and business is based on works related to Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.Results. It has been established that in “developmental states” the relations between the state and business are built into the political structure of society, in which centralized governance allows states to ensure political stability, reduce transaction costs for private entities, motivate entrepreneurship and create additional opportunities for economic development, and as a result - increasing the welfare of society.Conclusions. The example of the countries of East and Southeast Asia shows that the success of a “developmental state” is possible only when the political settlement enables the ruling elites to have the law enforcement capabilities to conduct an effective, nationally-oriented industrial policy necessary for the further improvement of the country’s technological capabilities. The rapid economic development of “developmental states”, which has led to talk of a “miracle”, raises the question of the possibility of using this experience in other regions of the world, including the EAEU countries.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the Chinese tourism services market and the prospects for its development in the context of the public policy of the PRC.Tasks. Research objectives: perform a cluster analysis of entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism, construct a diagram of the distribution of travel agencies by clusters; comply with the current state of the tourism services market in terms of key metrics; study government support measures for the industry; determine the prospects for the development of the tourism services market of the PRC and Russian-Chinese cooperation in the context of the implementation of the new “double circulation” strategy.Methods. Methodological basis and research methods: systematic approach, logical analysis, synthesis, cluster and regression analysis, content analysis of open sources.Results. The results obtained: the supply-side model of China’s modern tourism landscape includes three clusters; The specificity of China’s domestic tourism market is the holiday tourism segment; a new driver of economic growth is domestic tourism, the preferences of domestic tourists reflect a wide range of interests; the system of state support for tourism includes direct and indirect methods that adapt to changes in the external and internal environment.Conclusions. With a high probability, the prospects for cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation are assessed quite highly; favorable factors in the development of Russian-Chinese cooperation are the opening of new “windows of opportunity” after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the restriction of outbound tourist flows to unfriendly countries and changes in the vector towards the BRICS countries, SCO, and EAEU.

Repurchase Intention is part of consumer behaviour that aspires for repeat purchases on the products or services of an organization. Consumers begin with a consideration on the necessities to purchase. Continuing this, consumers then decided on how many products will be purchases. The aim of this paper is to investigate and examine the role of functional and emotional value creation in the relationship between customer ethical perceptions and social support sharing economy platform with repurchase intention. This paper selects 402 consumers using sharing economy platforms in Indonesia and tests the regression relationships of the five constructs using Structural Equation Model with the AMOS 24.00 tool. This finding indicates that social support and consumer ethical perception showed an important antecedent towards Functional Value Co-Creation and Emotional Value Co-Creation and that the two has a positive impact of Repurchase Intention. This suggests that Functional Value Co-Creation and Emotional Value Co-Creation possess an important role as a mediator between social support and consumer ethics perception with Repurchase Intention. With a literature review related to consumer behaviour, consumer ethics, value co-creation, and sharing economy platforms, this paper proposes a unique analysis on the relationship roadmap for customer participation and consumer ethics with Repurchase Intention

Since its establishment in 1969, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has served as a platform for Islamic countries worldwide to cooperate in various sectors, including economic, social, and cultural. One longstanding form of economic cooperation among OIC countries is in the field of trade. Indonesia, as one of the major producers and exporters of coffee, has engaged in coffee trade with OIC countries, and this cooperation has continued to the present day. This research aims to assess the competitiveness and export performance of Indonesian coffee to OIC using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant Market Share (CMS) methods. The results show that Indonesian coffee exports to OIC are competitive but have a declining growth rate. Meanwhile, the export performance of Indonesian coffee to OIC demonstrates good performance in following market distribution trends but shows shortcomings in meeting market preferences. Therefore, enhancing internal trade cooperation within OIC, partnering strategies with competing countries, and measures such as improving technology accessibility and evaluating responsive export policies are necessary.

This research aims to determine how much influence sharia financial inclusion, financial experience and financial management have on the welfare of MSMEs through sharia financial literacy at PT. Pegadaian Syariah Langsa. This research uses a quantitative approach using 88 MSME actors who are registered in Ultra Micro financing. Based on cross section data using analysis techniques in the form of SEM-PLS. The results of the research analysis conducted with 5% alpha show that sharia financial literacy moderates by strengthening the relationship between sharia financial inclusion and sharia financial experience on the welfare of MSMEs, while sharia financial literacy neither strengthens nor weakens the relationship between financial management and the welfare of MSMEs. The welfare of MSMEs is based on a good and increasing condition of productive businesses owned by individuals and / or individual business entities that have micro business criteria must be based on an understanding of sharia financial literacy, because sharia financial literacy is a fundamental factor for economic growth and financial stability in sharia

The disclosure of human capital (HC) information in corporate reports continues to be at the centre of discussions in the executive boardroom. Currently, standard setters grapple with implementing uniform disclosure requirements for human capital disclosure (HCD) and as a result this information is scant, erratic, and inconsistently reported. Hence the ISO 30414 was introduced to breach this gap. The aim of the study is to critically examine how corporate governance attributes affect HCD. A quantitative based cross-sectional design was followed using a sample of top 100 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The ISO 30414 HR reporting framework containing 48 metrics was utilised to construct an assessment instrument with a 7-point scale to assess the extent of HCD. Overall, board meeting attendance yielded positive statistically significant association with HC information disclosed on recruitment, retention rate, turnover rate, internal mobility rate, competency rate, employee value-added, absenteeism rate. The board of directors play a critical role in improving the disclosure of HC information in the integrated reports. The study provides first empirical evidence on the impact corporate governance attributes have on HCD using the ISO 30414 HR reporting framework.

This research helps explain the factors that influence a person's intention to do whistleblowing. This study examines the effect of retaliation (the treatment of revenge) and ethical leadership on the whistleblowing decisions of postgraduate students with masters of accounting at universities in Central Java. The novelty of our study is First, we fill in gaps in previous studies using students as the population; most studies use employees (such as auditors) as the main population. This study is considered to be the first micro-level analytical research in the area. Second, answering whether the ethical principles possessed by superiors influence employees to do whistleblowing. Questionnaires were administered privately, and respondents were convinced of retaliation, value orientation and whistleblowing intentions for data confidentiality and the anonymity of the respondent's identity. Testing the data in the study used the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis tool. The primary research data used in the research were obtained through questionnaires. The results of the study show that: (1) Ethical Leadership has a positive and significant effect on the intention to do whistleblowing; (2) Retaliation or the threat of retaliation has a negative and significant effect on a person's intention to carry out a whistleblowing.

This study discusses how financial technology and financial literacy play a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Java. The utilization of financial technology, which includes various digital services such as online payments and access to financing, along with financial literacy, which refers to the understanding and ability to manage finances wisely, has been proven to be essential in maintaining the competitiveness and growth of businesses, especially among female entrepreneurs.The research was conducted using a survey involving 390 female entrepreneurs in East Java, selected through purposive sampling. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the findings indicate that both financial technology and financial literacy significantly impact the sustainability of women’s businesses in the region. However, this study is limited by its focus solely on female entrepreneurs in East Java, which may restrict the generalizability of the results to other cities. Therefore, a larger sample size across various regions would provide more comprehensive insights. This study suggests that the East Java government should pay closer attention to this sector, given its significant contribution to the regional and national economy.

In recent decades, the state has been tasked with the effective management of natural resources, among which land resources hold particular importance due to the necessity of their rational use and sustainable development. The value of land resources and their indispensable role in ensuring the socio-economic development of the country is most clearly reflected in the state’s tax policy, specifically in land taxation. The amount of land tax depends on the cadastral value, which is often subject to methodological shortcomings and challenges. This study, using the Belgorod Region as a case study, proposes an algorithm for determining the cadastral value of land plots within gardening and horticultural non-profit partnerships, taking local factors into account. To determine the specific indicator of cadastral value (SICV) of land plots, a linear regression model was developed. The results, tested for homoscedasticity, confirmed the model’s adequacy and reliability. The findings showed that the cadastral value decreased by an average of 12.2% compared to the current results of the state cadastral assessment in the Belgorod Region, highlighting the influence of local factors and the importance of considering them in the cadastral evaluation of the land plots in question.

Climate change remains a critical issue worldwide, and balancing economic growth with sustainable development is of paramount importance. Our study explores the complex relationship between globalization, environmental sustainability, and urbanization in selected developing countries. By utilizing a simple panel regression technique and data from 40 developing countries from 1994 to 2018, the study examines how these factors influence environmental stability. We find that with a strong focus on environmental sustainability, economic growth can be enhanced. Additionally, we find that globalization, along with GDP per capita and access to electricity, significantly impacts environmental sustainability. Conversely, the effect of urbanization on environmental stability appears to be minimal.

The study examined the factors influencing the teaching of comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) among secondary school teachers in Mpongwe District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia. It utilized a cross-sectional survey method involving 185 participants from secondary schools in the district, selected through convenience sampling. Structured questionnaires were administered to gather data on various factors impacting the teaching of CSE. Results indicated that management factors, including training in CSE, access to resources, and support from school management, significantly influenced participants’ comfort and competence in teaching CSE. Cultural factors were identified as barriers to teachers’ comfort in delivering CSE content. Interestingly, demographic factors such as gender, professional qualifications, and length of service did not affect participants’ comfort in teaching CSE, although age emerged as a significant factor, with younger teachers feeling more at ease with teaching CSE compared to their older counterparts.

The main purpose of the current study was to explore the work-life balance experiences of white-collar employees who shifted to remote work in a Technopark in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic, using a phenomenological approach. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 49 white-collar workers participated by completing online questionnaires to assess their work-life balance. In the second phase, two focus group discussions were held, involving 11 participants. The data gathered from the questionnaires and focus groups were analyzed using interpretive content analysis method with MAXQDA 20 software. The content analysis revealed that personal factors, such as personality traits and adaptability, influenced the work-life balance of the white-collar employees. Among organizational factors, workplace culture and the home environment emerged as significant determinants. Most remote workers were found to be unable to set a work-life balance, consequently experiencing conflicts. However, some participants managed to maintain a harmonious balance between their professional and personal lives, though it tended to be skewed towards a work-centered equilibrium. The observed imbalances resulted in several negative outcomes for the participants, including the need for psychological support, role conflicts in different aspects of life, and diminished motivation. In contrast, those who achieved balance reported higher levels of life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and subjective well-being.

Sanctions have become an established feature of the economic landscape in Russia and Iran and may lead to economic insecurity and distrust of political bodies among citizens. However, few studies have investigated the way individuals adapt to these sanctions and whether their coping strategies are linked to their trust in institutions. To address this gap, we conducted a comparative study between Russians and Iranians, examining their economic coping strategies (ECS), including traditional ways of storing value, modern investments, cost-cutting measures, extra work, and resorting to social and material resources in response to sanctions and their relationship with institutional trust. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, we administered surveys and obtained sample sizes of 364 and 311 in Russia and Iran, respectively. Our findings revealed that Russians exhibit higher institutional trust and lower levels of employing ECS compared to Iranians. Furthermore, we observed that lower institutional trust is associated with a greater overall use of ECS among Russians but not Iranians. When analyzing each coping strategy individually, we found that Russians with lower institutional trust tend to rely more on extra work, cost-cutting measures, and social and material resources, while in Iran, we observed this relationship for cost-cutting measures and modern investments. We concluded that in Russia, the financial insecurity induced by sanctions may have impacted institutional trust of those low-income individuals that were pressed to use certain strategies, while in Iran, the link between cutting expenses, modern investments, and institutional trust may be better explained by reduced life satisfaction and cultural factors. Given the role of institutional trust in well-being, it is crucial to protect at-risk segments of society from the adverse effects of financial challenges on their institutional trust.

Employing newly available data on Chinese Covid-19 vaccine deliveries for a cross-section of 157 countries, we examine if China's vaccine diplomacy is driven by altruistic, enlightened self-interested motives or by purely strategic motives. According to the enlightened self-interested logic, China's vaccine supply would coincide with helping countries dependent on China for trade, i.e. its trading friends, while the strategic logic would entail providing vaccines to countries important commercially to China. In other words, the gravity of the Covid situation would be leveraged by China for strategic gain. Utilizing the logit estimator on probability of receiving vaccines from China and Tobit estimator on vaccine purchases and donations, we find that developing countries that are important to China's trade, and thereby, China's own commercial interests were less likely to get vaccines compared with countries that are more dependent on China. Furthermore, we find that countries more dependent on China are also likely to receive vaccine donations rather than purchases, suggesting that vaccine diplomacy was unlikely to be for commercial and strategic gain. Our results taken together signify that vaccine deliveries by China were not manipulated by trade interests in Beijing. The results suggest instead that China supplied vaccines to countries needing them and with whom Chinese goodwill reflects a more normal course of diplomacy—to service friends in need.

This study estimates union wage premiums and analyzes the influence of trade unions on the wage gap between rural migrants and local urban workers in China by employing the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method based on national longitudinal survey data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2018). The results indicate that the union wage premium among rural migrant workers is greater than that among local urban workers. The disparity in union density widens the wage gap, whereas the difference in union wage premiums narrows the wage gap between the two groups. Moreover, the contribution rate of the former is greater than that of the latter. These results suggest that expanding union coverage among rural migrant workers could effectively contribute to reducing the wage gap.

Over the past six years, the Sino-US trade war has not only reshaped the relationship between the world's two largest economies but also profoundly influenced the global economic and trade patterns. This paper reviews the background, process, and implications of the Sino-US trade war, examining its impact on China, the United States, and the broader global trade landscape across various socioeconomic dimensions. We begin by reviewing the development of Sino-US trade relations in the past 20 years. Next we detail the background and evolution of the trade war. We then discuss the economic consequences of the conflict, including the effect of tariff increases on product prices, employment, investment, consumption, and welfare. Finally, we explore the reshaping of supply chains in the aftermath of the trade conflict, and the interaction between trade policies and industrial policies within the context of the Sino-US trade war.Existing literature indicates that the Sino-US trade war has resulted in significant welfare losses for both countries, with surprisingly little impact on employment. The tariffs have not achieved the intended outcome set by policymakers. Specifically, the additional tariffs imposed by the United States on China have neither effectively addressed trade imbalances nor brought manufacturing jobs back onshore. Our paper offers a new perspective on the complexity of the current international trade conflict.

It has been widely believed that bond spreads are positively correlated with related market risks. However, some studies in China's urban investment bond (UIB) market indicate that an increase in real estate market risks usually narrows UIB spreads. This article focused on such puzzle and introduced a quadratic form regression to detect a U-shaped relationship between housing price volatility and UIB spreads, which confirms that UIB pricing is actually in consistence with the traditional bond theory. We further indicated that spreads of guaranteed UIBs were barely affected by housing price volatility, and fiscal transparency seemed to mitigate such volatility's impact on the issuance costs of UIBs. Those findings not only illuminate ways of mitigating risks in the UIB market in China using market instruments but also have important implications for how local governments around the world can mitigate their debt-related problems.

A major objective of economic development or growth is poverty reduction, and it is especially a high priority in developing, low-income economies such as Vietnam. Vietnam is an important transition open high-growth economy since Doi Moi in 1987 and with increasing global geopolitical influence in South East Asia but with concerning high poverty incidence. While poverty is recognised internationally as a multidimensional incidence with interdependent relationships among the country's many activities in the sense of Marshall or Haavelmo, rigorous studies with focus on these multidirectional causality issues for Vietnam are currently very limited. The paper addresses these issues by introducing an endogeneity or simultaneous multi-equation modelling approach with World Bank and other international data and system estimation to studying the growth-poverty relationship with Vietnam as a case study. The objective is to explore empirical evidence for this causal relationship with an economy-wide transmission mechanism and with common causality postulates for the improvement of sustainable growth and poverty reduction strategic policy analysis. The main findings show growth-poverty circular causality and the strong impact of growth on poverty reduction and of trade openness on growth. The approach advances the literature, and the findings are also a useful guide for aid consultants, economic researchers, policy makers, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and official development assistance (ODA) donors in Vietnam in particular and in developing countries in general.

Transparency about measurement errors in macroeconomic statistics is lacking. Inaccuracy is usually acknowledged only during extraordinary situations or under specific policy demands. Despite advances in technology and methodology, the overall accuracy has not improved due to economic changes and new complex activities. Even striking historical efforts did not change the persistence of substantial inaccuracies and biases. While the pioneers of national accounting addressed inaccuracies by using multiple accounting approaches and transparently reported error estimates, current statistical offices and other data producers rarely publish error measures, thereby creating an illusion of precision. Best practices and new measurement methods, such as satellite observation, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence, promise improvements but face significant challenges without clear standards and an awareness of measurement error and bias. Regular and transparent reporting of measurement errors is and will be essential to improve the data reliability. Empowering data users—funding agencies, academics, and journalists—through error reporting and education can challenge the status quo.

Using the World Bank's Changing Wealth of Nations database, this paper provides novel evidence on the cross-country inequality of wealth from 1995 to 2018. Overall, judging by both the top/middle/bottom shares and coefficients of variation, the analysis found that inequality in wealth per capita decreased prior to the 2008 global financial crisis and has remained stable since then. Adopting a before-after approach, this study further showed that different components of national wealth, including human capital, produced capital, natural capital, and net foreign assets, have heterogeneous impacts on between-country wealth inequality. In addition, we introduced a rank-based correlation analysis to explore wealth mobility across nations, revealing extremely low and decreasing mobility over time. Unlike most existing studies that exclude some major components of wealth, this study relied on a more comprehensive accounting of wealth and thus offers new insights into the dynamics of global per capita wealth inequality, the impact of the 2008 financial crisis, and the component-level contributions to wealth disparities. These findings have significant implications for understanding global challenges, including the North-South divide, climate change, and the distributive consequences of globalization.

We present a quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic and sociopolitical outlook of the South-East Mediterranean transitional economies (MEDA), aiming to understand their development challenges and growth potential. We used various analytical techniques integrated in this study, including macroeconomic indicators, SWOT analysis, clustering, Markovian chains, investment development-path, and sociocultural factors. MEDA countries differ principally due to varying levels of oil dependence, underdeveloped manufacturing systems, and high unemployment rates. Despite various efforts, institutional deficiencies and a lack of governance persist, hindering countries' growth and attractiveness. Finally, the importance of international cooperation, particularly with the European Union, to support MEDA transitional economies in addressing governance issues, enhancing human development, and fostering internal stability is highlighted.

This study examines the impact of judicial protection of intellectual property rights on firms' independent innovation. Using a staggered difference-in-differences model with panel data from Chinese manufacturing listed businesses (2014–2021) and the successive establishment of intellectual property courts in Chinese prefectural-level cities as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that establishing intellectual property courts in China encourages businesses to accumulate more technology-based intangible assets. Mechanism analysis suggests that judicial intellectual property protection enhances enterprises' independent innovation capacity by establishing a conducive institutional framework. This stimulating effect is particularly significant for industry-leading companies with technological supremacy. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that judicial intellectual property protection increases the generation of patents and trade secrets, with a more pronounced effect on firms receiving higher government research and development subsidies and better tax incentives. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers to encourage corporate independent innovation.

While artificial intelligence has successful and innovative applications in common medicine, could its application facilitate research on rare diseases? This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in orphan drug research, focusing on how AI can address three major barriers: high financial risk, development complexity, and low trialability. This paper begins with an overview of orphan drug development and AI applications, defining key concepts and providing a background on the regulatory framework of and AI’s role in medical research. Next, it examines how AI can lower financial risks by streamlining drug discovery and development processes, analyzing complex data, and predicting outcomes to improve our understanding of rare diseases. This study then explores how AI can enhance clinical trials through simulations and virtual trials, compensating for the limited patient populations available for rare disease research. Finally, it discusses the broader implications of integrating AI in orphan drug development, emphasizing the potential for AI to accelerate drug discovery and improve treatment success rates, and highlights the need for ongoing innovation and regulatory support to maximize the benefits of AI-driven research in healthcare. Based on those results, we discuss the implications for traditional and AI-powered business in the drug industry.

Organizations need high performance from their employees to achieve their goals, provide specialized services and products, and ultimately secure a competitive edge. Performance is also a source of satisfaction for employees, as it creates feelings of mastery and pride. Different leadership styles positively influence both employee performance and organizational excellence; thus, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between a novel leadership style based on attachment theory, secure base leadership, and job performance (i.e., task and conceptual performance and counterproductive work behaviors). Additionally, a passive-avoidant leadership relationship with performance dimensions is analyzed. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling with self-reported data from 422 Spanish employees, the results show that secure base leadership is positively related to task and contextual performance, while it is negatively related to counterproductive work behaviors. The opposite pattern is found for passive-avoidant leadership (except for the link between passive-avoidant leadership and contextual performance, which is not significant). The promotion of secure base leadership within organizations allows for the cultivation of a supportive environment that favors work behaviors that are aligned with organizational objectives, and since leadership can be trained, these results are relevant for practitioners in organizations.

This study examines the scope and determinants of serial entrepreneurship among employer firms of Latino-owned businesses (LOBs) in the USA. The primary data are derived from the 2023 Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative nationally representative survey of 5102 LOBs and Latino entrepreneurs. The scope of Latino serial entrepreneurship—entrepreneurs who have started more than one business—reveals approximately 30% of Latino entrepreneurs have started two or more enterprises. The determinants of serial entrepreneurship are derived from entrepreneur demographics, utilizing binomial logistic regression to predict the odds of Latino serial entrepreneurship. Findings suggest Latino serial entrepreneurs are more likely to be male, native US-born, identify less as Latino, reside in the Midwest and South, possess high levels of education, and are of Mexican descent.

As digital content increasingly moves away from free access, microtransactions may provide an alternative. There is a need for research on microtransactions as a general digital content payment mechanism. Businesses can capitalize on this technological advancement by expanding their paid digital content offerings without resorting to subscription-based services. This study examines a taxonomy for microtransactions based on consumer buying behavior, presents business models for microtransaction payment processing, and examines issues with its implementation. Data collected from 180 consumers were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analyses to assess the receptiveness and perception of microtransactions. The results indicate that consumers are receptive to the concept of microtransactions and are willing to spend on five distinct digital content categories. This study concludes with a discussion of issues that consumers foresee with digital content microtransactions and implications for interested businesses.

Green human resource management (GHRM) has become an indispensable strategy in green management. As the first step of GHRM, green recruitment and selection (GRS) has been emphasised as the important and probably the only practice to help the firm obtain green human capital directly. However, research has shown that not many firms implement GRS in practice, and there is a lack of studies exploring the barriers to GRS. This study fills this gap by examining the barriers to GRS across different industries in China. It adopted a qualitative and inductive approach, which is relatively rare in the GHRM field. Based on interviews with senior managers, a number of barriers were revealed in relation to the two components of GRS: paperless recruitment and green candidates. More specifically, two new factors that have not been reported in the existing literature were identified: the alignment between the job profile, green practices, and profit orientation. These two factors have both theoretical and practical implications.

This study investigates the relationship between financial contagion and the transition to a circular economy in Romania, analyzing the impact of economic and environmental factors on CO2 emissions. Using an ARDL model, the study examines the short-term and long-term influence of variables such as GDP, recycling rate, resource productivity, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions. The results show that, in the short term, resource productivity and foreign investments have a significant impact on emissions, while GDP has a positive influence on them. In the long term, although the analyzed variables suggest a potential for reducing emissions, the statistical significance is limited. The diagnostic tests confirm the stability and correct specification of the model, and the analysis suggests that the transition to a circular economy may be affected by Romania’s vulnerability to external financial shocks and underdeveloped infrastructure. The conclusions underline the importance of coherent policies and sustainable investment in support of sustainable development in Romania.

This study provides a bibliometric analysis of the literature on circular economy in Romania, using data from the Web of Science database. The study covers the period from 1992 to 2023 and examines 741 articles from 253 different sources. The results show an annual growth rate of 15.86% in scientific production, highlighting a growing interest in sustainability, recycling, waste management, and renewable energy. The analysis also reveals an average of 12.52 citations per document and a total of 24,773 references, indicating the relevance of these studies in the academic community. Although the percentage of international collaborations is about 20%, partnerships with countries such as Italy, the USA, and Hungary demonstrate an expanding global interest in the circular economy in Romania. The study highlights the central role of Romanian academic institutions and researchers in promoting this field and provides valuable insights for the development of future research, with an emphasis on innovation and sustainability.

This study aims to test hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Algeria using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing methodology. The objectives include examining the long-term relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, investigating the impact of structural breaks on this relationship’s stability, and offering policy recommendations informed by the findings. The research utilizes annual data related CO2 emissions and GDP per capita from 1962 to 2014 in Algeria. The data are analyzed through the ARDL bounds test to ascertain the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship. The study incorporates structural breaks to account for potential changes in the economic-environmental relationship over time. The findings confirm the presence of an EKC pattern in Algeria, showing a reverse U-shaped nexus between economic growth and CO2 emissions. The Inclusion of structural breaks in the analysis led to the stability of the model compared to the case of their absence that led to a variability in the model coefficients. Thus, it provides a more accurate and reliable understanding of this relationship. The threshold at which economic growth starts to decrease CO2 emissions, is identified at a GDP per capita of approximately $4125.58 (constant 2010 $), which Algeria reached in 2005. Furthermore, if disequilibrium between CO2 emissions and economic growth is occurred due to a possible short-term shock, the return toward the steady state requires three years approximately. While the results validate the EKC hypothesis for Algeria, the paper is limited to the period from 1962 to 2014 and may not capture more recent economic and environmental changes. Furthermore, the study aims to enrich the EKC literature in Algeria, which is characterized by scarcity, by using the recent ARDL bounds test methodology and addressing basic assumptions that were violated in previous studies. This study highlights the importance of considering structural breaks in environmental- economic analyses to avoid biased estimations and incorrect policy recommendations. Future research should explore additional determinants of CO2 emissions, such as biofuel use, advanced technologies, environmental awareness, urbanization, foreign direct investment, and employment. Policymakers should promote clean energy and sustainable economic practices to ensure continued environmental improvements alongside economic growth.

This study aims to establish a connection between Russian-Ukraine’s current state of affairs and its impact on trade in the European Union and East Asia-Pacific (EAP) regions. Russia- Ukraine conflict impacts EU and EAP trade openness due to rising military spending. Further, escalating sanctions against Russia would negatively affect trade in these regions. War media coverage may cause temporary trade decline in EU and EAP, but recovery expected in the long run. EU imports and exports flow would be significantly disrupted by conflict, irrespective of country’s financial situation. Study findings can aid policymakers in assessing trade threats and developing mitigation strategies.

Economic inequality is one of the most debated issues in economic science. It is known that politicians have to choose between efficiency and equality, and decisions, which are finally made by them, influence social stability in a state. The factors of income inequality in Great Britain are analyzed in the present article. Regression analysis shows that the main cause of growing market income inequality in the UK in the latest decades is decreasing employment in the British industrial sector. Moreover, shifts in employment in industry directly and indirectly affects other factors of income inequality. Employment in industrial sector is also, in its turn, influenced by technological development and globalization. A combination of factors, having impact on employment in the British secondary sector and, as a consequence, on market income distribution in the UK, is analyzed in the paper.

The countries with greater economic freedom are believed to have higher economic progress. Over the last two decades, researchers have focused on the impact of institutional quality on economic development of a country but not much insights are drawn about the individual components of economic freedom. The present study addresses this gap by assessing the impact of market openness on economic growth of the emerging economies, the BRICS bloc for the period 1995-2019 using Feasible Generalized Least Squares method. Our panel data analysis revealed a new evidence suggesting a negative impact of the sub-components of market openness on economic growth.