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Going to sea is a must for fishermen to survive. On the one hand, going to sea guarantees economic survival and income sustainability. But on the other hand, fishermen are also faced with uncertainty at sea, because at sea many unexpected things can happen that can be life threatening. This uncertainty in the sea brings fishermen to a basic human instinct, which is trying to survive by minimizing and anticipating bad things that might happen while at sea. Fishermen are aware of their weaknesses and have high hopes for the protection of the ruler of nature, the Almighty. From this awareness, the ritual begins, namely the ritual or worship of the Almighty so that in addition to avoiding reinforcements, fishermen also hope to get sufficient results or even more as a gift from the Almighty. Sea-related rituals are very common in coastal areas and small islands in Southeast Sulawesi. As time goes by, technological developments and the spread of religious understanding, some people consider the rituals carried out by fishermen to be shirk behavior that doubles God so that it must be eliminated and return to the purity of religious teachings. Interviews and field observations are methods used in obtaining data. The findings of this study indicate that with the increase in religious understandings that tend to be "tough" on the ritual traditions of the sea, there is a conflict between the understanding of the ingrained traditional practice and religious understanding which tends to reject the cultural practices of the local community. In the end, the fishermen slowly left the tradition. In practice, the tradition of going to sea is considered AS a form of shirk. Some people and also religious groups reject the existence of the ritual tradition of fishing.

The chapter provides a comparison of immigrant businesses in different cities in the United States and Europe. The chapter draws from several projects conducted by the author. It compares small ethnic businesses in various neighborhoods in order to discuss general patterns and specific arrangements between immigrants and the rate and type of ventures that they start. This chapter shows how the way that different city governments and civil society receive and treat immigrants impacts their entrepreneurial behavior. One should be careful when generalizing about the innate business ability or the propensity of a particular race or ethnicity to engage in commerce or entrepreneurship. It also shows how often storefronts do not necessarily map with the majority of people living in a street or neighborhood.

COVID-19 has severely impacted the society not only in terms of health but also in terms of economic survival of individuals. Unless adequate support is provided, the pandemic will have long-lasting effects, especially on the lives of the most vulnerable, often working in the informal sector. In this article, we present a case study drawing on systems thinking and complexity theory, outlining how the city of Mumbai has responded to COVID-19. We find a multifaceted scenario where non-profit organizations, businesses and citizen volunteers operate alongside government bodies to support Mumbai’s population to overcome this pandemic. We provide broader policy lessons, as well as more specific lessons in relation to particular actors, from the first wave of the pandemic stressing the importance of becoming ‘systems thinkers’ and highlighting the importance of forming new partnerships and exploring new modes of knowledge sharing to effectively respond to crises.

Resumo – Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco na infecção urinária em mulheres; Descrever a assistência de enfermagem frente a infecção urinária. Metodologia: estudo do tipo exploratório, bibligráfico com análise integrativa, qualitativa da literatura disponível em bibliotecas convencionais e virtuais. Resultados: identificou-se a Infecção urinária pode ser definida como colonização bacteriana da urina, que resulta em infecção das estruturas do aparelho urinário – do rim ao meato uretral. Pode-se aparecer clinicamente de várias formas, dependendo do setor afetado do aparelho urinário e a intensidade dessas manifestações também será variável, de acordo com fatores associados. A partir da identificação dos fatores de risco, é possível analisa-los e identificar quais são os mais predisponentes ao aumento de ITUs em mulheres e como poderão ser pensadas ações de promoção à saúde por meio de práticas educativas. A qualidade da assistência de Enfermagem vem sendo discutida e compartilhada há algum tempo, especialmente, em decorrência da crescente conscientização de que ela é um requisito fundamental à sobrevivência econômica das instituições de saúde, além de ser uma responsabilidade ética, profissional e social. Uma maneira de precaução é por meio da avaliação da qualidade das práticas assistenciais pela formulação de indicadores clínicos. Considerações finais: É necessário desenvolver pesquisas clínicas sobre o tratamento de infecção urinária feito por enfermeiros, apontando o provimento de evidências científicas para o embasamento dessa prática, uma vez que essa é uma promissora área de atuação do enfermeiro. Palavras-chave: Enfermagem, Assistência, Infecção Urinária, Fatores de risco e Mulheres.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the influence of labour brokering on employment practices, particularly those related to the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. The research reported on in this paper is based on a larger research project that investigated the barriers to and enablers of gender equity within two higher education institutions. Utilising a qualitative case study at the two South African universities, the findings demonstrate the contradictions between the intentions of employment equity policies and practices and the adoption of a labour brokering employment strategy. Employment equity policies and practices did not include employees in the cleaning and gardening job categories recruited through labour brokers. Most importantly, the practice has serious implications for the economic survival and development of the lowest level of employees at the universities. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the Labour Relations Amendment Act 6 of 2014.

At the end of the 20th century, tourism was positioned as an activity capable of diversifying and reactivating the economies of European rural areas, which were experiencing problems of aging and population loss. One of the public initiatives that most promoted the development of tourism was the Leader Method, implemented in 1991 by the European Union, which is still active 25 years later. Within this initiative, the financing of tourist infrastructures adapted to the different rural areas was promoted. However, after 25 years, the economic sustainability has been very different and internal and external factors have determined their success. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the survival of the tourism offer financed by Leader in order to identify the factors that have determined its success in one of the European regions that has been managing Leader since 1991: Extremadura. For this purpose, a methodology based on a multivariate technique (Cluster Analysis) has been designed, which has allowed to establish a pattern of behavior based on context variables. The results obtained have shown that factors such as the concentration of investment, accessibility to urban spaces or the presence of natural resources in mountain areas have favored the sustainability of the tourist offer. This article shows what have been the keys to success in a given area for the survival of tourism companies by Leader, serving as a reference both for future public initiatives and for the scientific field, since there are hardly any studies focused on this area.

In this chapter, several plays from post-revolutionary Cuban theatre are examined, focusing on the strategies of representation of black women characters. Through the analysis of four plays—two from the 1960s and two from the twenty-first century—Lugo Herrera compares the strategies of representation in each period and demonstrates the persistence of racism in contemporary Cuban society. One finding is the need to create new forms of affiliation, opportunity, and recognition for black women. Plays by Maite Vera, Jose Milian, Eugenio Hernandez Espinosa, Rogelio Orizondo, Georgina Herrera, and Fatima Patterson offer us new ways to consider the sexualization of black female bodies, and the ways in which racism affects family, economic survival, and the professionalization of black women in the Cuban Revolution.

The issue of female economic potential in commerce and trade of the Greek Orthodox communities in the Balkans remains an under-researched field as the area being a melting pot of different ethnicities made it difficult to form a comprehensive image of women’s financial agency. Economic survival was the reason for trading endeavors being the common characteristic they shared. Viewing it from a feminist standpoint, women were not aware of their abilities in entrepreneurship because gendered ideology was not embedded in their upbringing. Driven by economic necessity, they excelled at cottage industry and other business activities while their financial input in the economy of their family was significant.

This study to determine the role of women business in seaweed cultivication activities to improve the family economic and how Islamic economics persp[ective in role of women business in seaweed cultivication activities. The concept of thinking so far is that women only responsible for domestic matters, but more than that women has proved to give the contribute greatly to economic survival and prosperty of household and society. The method in this research is qualitative descriptive. Date sources used were primary and secondary . data collection used observation, interview, and documentation. To analyze the data researchers used qualitative descriptive method. The results obtained from this study were that women play an very important role in seaweed cultivication activities, in fact almost all vocation is carried out by women such as binding,releasing, and drying. From some of income obtained by informants, the lowest is Rp. 1.000,000 / month and the highest is Rp. 3,500,000 / month. Women may worked inside or outside of house, autonomous or with others, provided that work had done is halal and does not infringe in Islamic terms, then in Islamic Ekonomic perspective is permitted.Keywords: Women, Cultivication Seaweed, Islamic Economic Perspective.

Legal aid reductions have caused a crisis in the criminal justice system impacting the quality of representation and advice provided by lawyers. This paper is particularly concerned with the impact of these cuts on young people in the youth criminal justice system. The paper will examine how changes to the way in which defence lawyers are funded is having a damaging impact upon the experience of young people involved in the criminal justice system. The particular vulnerability of young people, coupled with the complexity of laws and procedures surrounding youth justice make it particularly concerning that the system is financially incentivising the provision of inadequate representation in the youth justice system. These issues will be considered in light of the standards set by the Council of Europe Guidelines on Child-Friendly Justice.

The world is facing a new challenge to overcome the pandemic disease of Coronavirus (COVID-19). An outbreak of COVID-19 to more than 213 countries and territories caused damage to the economy of every country. The proper vaccine to combat this pandemic disease is not invented yet. Due to the lockdown situation, there is a shortage of daily used products globally. To overcome the issue of food shortage and economic survival, the world has to ease the lockdown rules and become operational with the precautionary measures. COVID-19 has a fast transmission rate, therefore, while living with COVID-19, breaking the fast transmission chain of COVID-19 is the only vital solution. Furthermore, there is a dire need to disinfect every individual and his luggage at the entrance of every shopping mall, hospital, public and private institutions, bus stops, metro stations, and railway stations. Hence, the proposed walk-through gate (WTG) with different sensors, i.e., infrared thermal camera, UV disinfectant sensor, disinfectant spraying system, touch-less hand sanitizer, and box having a face mask with a dustbin to discard the previous mask can provide an effective and efficient relief. The world cannot stop working and cannot survive for more than 3–6 months in a lockdown, hence the proposed idea is to install the disinfectant automated spraying WTG with a security walk-through gate at every possible entrance to conform living with the COVID-19 disease such as many other diseases. Breaking the transmission chain is the only solution to win the battle against COVID-19 until an effective vaccine invention.

The discourse on the structure of the economy and the drivers of growth in different African societies is underlined by patriarchy. The dominant view is often that men are at the heart of the productive and profitable sectors of the society, hence the skewed power relations and visibility of men in all organs of the society. While this framework seems to typify patriarchal societies in different African nations, it overshadows the tenacity of women in conflict-ridden societies where men focus mainly on the execution of war and combat roles rather than on the economic survival of their families and society. In the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria, years of grassroots struggle against the state and mining companies over oil wealth and the environment have shifted economic relations hitherto dominated by men, and created a platform where women have become visible participants in the economy. This paper looks at the role of women in the economy of local communities of the Niger Delta. Analyses of the decades-old conflict have often been limited to male-led military, political and environmental struggles between major actors in the conflict, with little attention paid to the role of women in the economic survival of the region. The paper uses both ethnographic and secondary data collected from Egbema community and its neighbours in the northern Niger Delta region.

This article utilizes a qualitative ethnographic approach to examine the economic survival strategies pursued by Indonesian souvenir artisans and handicraft microvendors in touristically turbulent times. Resilience-oriented approaches have offered promising frameworks for understanding regions', destinations', and communities' capacities to adjust and adapt to challenges: this article complements these broader approaches by offering a fine-grained analysis of individual strategies for finding creative solutions to the economic challenges thrust upon them. My approach melds a constructivist approach accentuating local peoples' creative responses with gender-aware and practice-oriented approaches. These findings draw from data collected over three decades of ethnographic research in the Toraja highlands of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Africa is moving towards more economic integration, leading to the conclusion of the Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (TFTA). The trade remedies annex, essential to ensure economic survival of industries in member states, must still be developed. This article proposes a gradual approach to achieve integration and a regional trade defence system.

The use of vaginal products may increase the risk of HIV infection by affecting the vaginal biome. Understanding what vaginal products young women are using, and why, is key to assessing the complexity of sexual health and risk. This study reports on findings from research with adolescent and young women in rural KwaZulu-Natal about the vaginal products they use and motivations for using them. The study identified over 26 products that young women used to enhance their sexual experience and found some young women spent time preparing and sourcing vaginal products in order to pleasure and retain partners. Opinions differed about vaginal product use. While some women perceived that vaginal products could provide a means of out-performing other women, retaining a partner and providing sexual autonomy, there was a stigma attached to using them. Study findings highlight the social value for using vaginal products, especially in settings where partner retention is often linked to economic survival. Expanding our understanding of what products are used and the reasons young women use them warrants continued investigation.

The policy of sustainable production has encouraged small batik businesses to shift to natural dyes as these are considered eco-friendly. However, the motivation behind juragan batiks’ embracing natural dyes still has some question marks attached. This qualitative study explains the motivation of the juragan batiks in using natural colourants in their production of batik warna alam and explores the significance of batik warna alam to juragan batik. We found the production of batik warna alam tended to be triggered by economic reasons not environmental consciousness. This related to the meaning of batik warna alam to maintaining the economic survival of the juragans. Juragans are convinced that batik warna alam is eco-friendly according to the indicators to which they subscribe: (1) the materials are found in their immediate surroundings; (2) the process causes no pollution or environmental destruction; and (3) the production does not pose a health threat to people, including workers. This study provides the insight that an eco-friendly-labelled production might not necessarily be motivated by a high level of environmental consciousness.

This paper problematizes the binary division between substantivist vs formalist approaches, and suggests instead that in the case at Bedouin women living in unrecognized villages, within a settler context, deprived from the equal rights for developing an appropriate “rational” economic systems, people turn to their limited local economic systems aiming to produce economic safety net for their economic survival. However, lacking the conditions for their maintenance, these sociocultural institutions do not provide a sufficient base to maintain their economic systems, thus they recreate their “economy of survival” systems.