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This article attempts to estimate trends in the levels of public and private investment, and national government surpluses and deficits from accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents estimated by different economic historians for England and the UK by utilizing the concept of Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy's economic surplus. The data support historical accounts that income per capita growth begins to increase around the 1600s in Britain, perhaps due to the level of capital, tax, and land income achieving an adequate threshold amount. According to some historians, this would also be about the time of capitalism's ascent as the dominant economic system in Britain. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late eighteenth century when investment and deficits reach even higher levels. The new estimates developed in this article are offered as additional macroeconomic data supplements to works created by other authors and researchers and submitted as a demonstration of the concept of economic surplus and the power of threshold levels of private and public investment. Most of all they also give some support to Baran and Sweezy's notion of a society's economic surplus coming from labor exploitation and being used to further investment and government expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Households are among the greatest contributors to food waste generation, particularly in fresh fruit and vegetables. From a policy perspective, reductions in household food waste are generally perceived to generate positive outcomes; however, the economic impacts are transmitted throughout the food value chain. In this paper, an Equilibrium Displacement Model (EDM) of the Australian apple industry is used to demonstrate the potential changes in economic welfare among apple industry participants from a reduction in household demand for food waste. Overall, there is an industry loss of economic surplus with apple growers, wholesalers, processors, and retailers who are adversely impacted. Domestic consumers potentially gain from increased food security at lower prices; however, the direction and magnitude of the change in consumer welfare are ambiguous and dependent on the treatment of consumer surplus on food waste in economic surplus calculations. This ambiguity likely has implications for current policies to combat food waste. The distributional impacts of changes in economic welfare among industry stakeholders emphasise the need for a collaborative approach to the food waste problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper is set out to examine the place of Geoff Harcourt’s 1965 ‘Two-sector model of the distribution of income and the level of employment in the short run’ in his research agenda, as well as its original historical context and fate. That pioneer model articulated how the production of the potential economic surplus in the consumption goods sector, and its realization as actual surplus through aggregate demand coming from investment in the capital goods sector decided, together with the mark-up in the consumption sector, the level of employment and the distribution of income. The connections between Harcourt’s model and M. Kalecki’s similar approach are also tackled in the paper, together with the reasons for the relatively small impact of that model in the literature despite its initial success at a Cambridge seminar at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural pest management faces mounting challenges with increasing pressure to reduce chemical pesticide use while ensuring food security, and environmental sustainability. Ecologically centered approaches, such as integrated pest management (IPM), offer promising sustainable agroecological crop protection alternative solutions to pesticides. This study assesses the investment viability and environmental sustainability of two IPM interventions-mango fruit fly IPM (FF-IPM) and push-pull technology (PPT) in Kenya and Uganda, using project investment and adoption data from 2007 to 2021. The study also evaluates these technologies contribution to food security and poverty reduction. FF-IPM integrates biological control, cultural practices, and targeted bait traps to manage fruit flies in mango production, while PPT employs Desmodium and Brachiaria grass to control stemborers and striga weed. The findings highlight that these IPM interventions achieved a combined net present value of $500 million, with a benefit-cost ratio of about 8:1, and an internal rate of return of 21%, comparable to returns from improved crop varieties. These technologies also improved food security for 641,000 people, lifted 445,349 people above the poverty line, representing 2% of the poor population in both countries, and generated an average income increase of $5 per capita in Kenya and Uganda annually. Environmentally, they sequestered 2.7 million tons of CO2 equivalent, valued at $12.2 million, and are reducing pesticide use by 86,000 to 204,000 L per year. These results demonstrate the potential of IPM approaches to simultaneously enhance livelihoods, local economies, and generate global environmental public goods, suggesting that addressing adoption barriers could further amplify these positive outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This paper applies the Bennet total factor productivity (TFP) indicator and the economic surplus methodology to identify the stakeholders who generate or consume the gains from the productivity growth. The case of Lithuania is considered. The period covered is 2001–2020. The annual TFP growth of 2.3% is observed. The results confirm price advantages for consumers, whereas the price disadvantages were faced by the suppliers of the intermediate inputs to Lithuanian agricultural sector. The dynamics in the price advantages remained rather stable following year 2006 that relates to full-fledged integration into the European market. The asymmetry in price advantage dynamics exists with regards to the direction of the TFP growth. The effectiveness of the public policy measures could be further improved from the viewpoint of the consumer price advantages amounting to 49% of the economic surplus generated in the Lithuanian agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has estimated returns accrued from a potato variety called Kufri Pukhraj developed by ICAR-CPRI in 1998. This variety is most popular in North Indian Plains and covers about 33 % of total potato area in India. Timeseries data collated from published records have been used to assess benefits during the period 1978-2021. The economic surplus model is employed to measure benefits in a closed economy framework at all-India level. Results have shown that adoption of Kufri Pukhraj provided gross returns of Rs 1,03,585 crore during the period 1978-2021, and large benefits have gone to consumers (73 %) and remaining to producers. The average annual return was assessed as Rs 2,354 crore. The NPV from spending in potato research was observed Rs 20,073 crore, and Rs 7,975 crore at 5 % and 8 %, respectively, during the study period. The IRR from monetary benefits was 49 %, a good rate of returns. Sensitivity analyses have provided substantial returns, and IRR between 46-51 %. The study infers that spending on R&D on potato has proved financially beneficial and suggests that other major technologies (varieties/ production practices/ others) having special traits may be studied for justifying past funding and make the strong case for future funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Measure the effects of the price support policy on the production, consumption and trade balance of beans in the Central Valleys region of Oaxaca. Methodology: An endogenous price programming model was used that maximizes economic surpluses in the bean market in the Central Valleys, using average information for the period 2017-2019. Results: With the price support policy, production would increase by 13.0 % and consumption would decrease by 3.5 %, compared to the levels observed in the base year. These changes would reduce the trade balance from 6.3 to 5.5 thousand tons. The above changes would determine an increase of 27.6 % in the producer surplus and a contraction in the consumer surplus of 6.9 % with respect to the level observed in the base year. Limitations: The elasticities used correspond to the national bean market. Conclusions: The price support policy has a positive effect on the production and producer welfare and a negative effect on the consumption and consumer welfare. The increase in bean production would not be enough to eliminate the trade deficit; therefore, the implementation of other policies to increase legume production is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As capitalism unfolds, continual technological advance in combination with the relentless accumulation imperative serves to amplify material progress. The institutionalization of the market fundamentally changes the structure of society and the institutional structure through which individuals are socialized; the socialization process becomes increasingly accommodating to the intensifying marketplace. The social dislocation generated by the intensification of the market, prompts Polanyi’s protective response. Despite this intensification of the market setting, the existence of the economic surplus fund undermines the syllogistics of market determined pricing. Evidence of the economic surplus and that the competitive law of value is not operable within monopoly capitalism is found in the thriving lobby industry and generous campaign contributions. This research seeks to connect explicitly the concepts of Polanyi’s protective response with Veblenian waste and the economic surplus in order to better understand how the irrational system of neoliberalism continues to evolve.

Objectives: To evaluate alternative methods to calculate and/or attribute economic surplus in the cost-effectiveness analysis of single or short-term therapies.Methods: We performed a systematic literature review of articles describing alternative methods for cost-effectiveness analysis of potentially curative therapies whose assessment using traditional methods may suggest unaffordable valuations owing to the magnitude of estimated long-term quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gains or cost offsets. Through internal deliberation and discussion with staff at the Health Technology Assessment bodies in England and Canada, we developed the following 3 alternative methods for further evaluation: (1) capping annual costs in the comparator arm at $150 000 per year; (2) "sharing" the economic surplus with the health sector by apportioning only 50% of cost offsets or 50% of cost offsets and QALY gains to the value of the therapy; and (3) crediting the therapy with only 12 years of the average annual cost offsets or cost offsets and QALY gains over the lifetime horizon. The impact of each alternative method was evaluated by applying it in an economic model of 3 hypothetical condition-treatment scenarios meant to reflect a diversity of chronicity and background healthcare costs.Results: The alternative with greatest impact on threshold price for the fatal pediatric condition spinal muscular atrophy type 1 was the 12-year cutoff scenario. For a hypothetical one-time treatment for hemophilia A, capping cost offsets at $150 000 per year had the greatest impact. For chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, capping cost offsets or using 12-year threshold had little impact, whereas 50% sharing of surplus including QALY gains and cost offsets greatly reduced threshold pricing.Conclusions: Health Technology Assessment bodies and policy makers will wrestle with how to evaluate single or short-term potentially curative therapies and establish pricing and payment mechanisms to ensure sustainability. Scenario analyses using alternative methods for calculating and apportioning economic surplus can provide starkly different assessment results. These methods may stimulate important societal dialogue on fair pricing for these novel treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of tax on firm value of closely held businesses. Using sales transactions of closely held business organizations as a proxy for firm value, the double tax system applicable to C corporations versus the single level of tax on passthrough businesses is expected to result in lower firm value for passthrough entities than comparable C corporations. This theoretical assumption is based on increased pricing flexibility available for firms facing a single level of tax over that of entities subject to double taxation. A dataset of nearly 30,000 closely held business sales was evaluated to find that passthrough entities are associated with lower firm value than comparable C corporations. This finding is important since prior research has produced conflicting results. This study contributes to the literature by examining a more comprehensive dataset, including all forms of passthrough entities, and improving the methodology used in earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the public and household sectors of the economy as sites of surplus production within contemporary capitalist societies. It also shows how the coexistence of structurally distinct spheres of surplus production creates divisions among workers in the private, public, and household sectors of the economy, thus amplifying the racial, gender, and other divisions that have often in the past kept working people divided. Fueling these cross-sector divisions is the appearance that private-sector workers are paid for their labor rather than for their labor power. Thus, this article also explores an implication of this appearance, which Karl Marx, the thinker who did the most to expose it, did not himself explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has quantified the economic impact of control of goat pox disease in India using a vaccine developed against the disease at ICAR-IVRI, applying an economic surplus model. The findings of the study have revealed significant benefits of Goat pox control programme using the vaccine. The potential change in total surplus, as a result of Goat pox control programme was ₹ 2.42 crore/annum. The change in total economic surplus and research and delivery cost were projected from 1999 (year of the start of the project) to 2030 after adjusting for the above adoption pattern. Using a long run discount rate of 7.50%, the benefits were compared to research and delivery cost and the NPV, IRR and BCR were calculated. The NPV, IRR and BCR of Goat pox control programme were ₹ 9.25 billion, 38% and 19: 1, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the benefits are most sensitive to assumptions regarding lower degree of immunity offered by the vaccine and higher discount rate.

The study captures the economic benefits of AVIKASIL-S, an estrus synchronization technology in sheep using an economic surplus approach in the Rajasthan state of India. The adoption of technology at the field level was at a nascent stage. Study simulated scenarios at different adoption rates of technology and discerned that technology has the economic power to enhance the income of shepherds in the state. To reap the more benefits of technology, the adoption rate needs to increase. The support of government, private sector, and public-private partnership models besides entrepreneurs are the channels for wider adoption of technology amongst shepherds.

Abstract Horticultural production is a source of livelihood for many smallholder farmers in Kenya. However, the potential is hampered by high postharvest losses estimated at 40%–50% in fruit and vegetables. The losses are attributed to various factors including postharvest handling, lack of storage technologies, lack of processing facilities, and poor market access. Consequently, some farmer groups have resorted to aggregation of their mangoes and engagement in small scale processing of mangoes into shelf stable products that cannot be marketed widely. In order to bridge the lack of capacity of smallholder farmers, the University of Nairobi's postharvest project with support from the Rockefeller Foundation's YieldWise Initiative seeks to upgrade two fruit aggregation centers by creating awareness and providing existing, applicable, and proven postharvest loss reduction technologies such as tunnel solar driers, brick coolers, charcoal, and CoolbotTM cold storage technologies. However, the potential economic impact of the proposed investment is not known. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the potential economic returns to investment in postharvest loss reduction technologies among smallholder mango farmers in Embu County of Kenya. A critical overview on methods employed in analyzing returns to investment in agricultural technologies has been provided. The economic surplus model was used to estimate the potential benefits of the investment. Using the cost–benefit analysis (CBA) approach, a maximum adoption rate of 10% over 10 years, and a 10% discount rate, it was found that the investment was worthwhile. The NPV was US $ 1.3 billion. The IRR and BCR were 28% and 4.29, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that the investment is viable at higher adoption and lower discount rates indicating the need to promote the technologies even under more difficult macroeconomic conditions.

The mixed-strategy equilibrium of the production-in-advance type capacity-constrained Bertrand–Edgeworth duopoly game has not been derived analytically for the case of intermediate capacities in the literature. As in the case of the production-to-order version of the same game, the case of intermediate capacities turned out to be the most difficult one compared with the cases of small and large capacities. In this paper we derive analytically a symmetric mixed-strategy equilibrium of the production-in-advance version of this game for a large region of intermediate capacities. Nevertheless we show that in general the economic surplus within the production-to-order type environment is higher than in the respective production-in-advance type one, and, therefore, production-to-order should be preferred to production-in-advance if the mode of production can be influenced by the government. • This paper investigates the capacity constrained production in advance duopoly game. • It derives a mixed-strategy equilibrium for a large range of intermediate capacities. • Production in advance results in lower economic surplus than production to order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos de Economia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) white maize was field tested in El Salvador in 2009. Results showed sufficient pest abatement, eliminating the need for insecticide applications, and an average yield increase of 18% above that of the most widely cultivated conventional hybrid. This article presents an ex ante economic impact assessment of Bt maize adoption in El Salvador. Ten-year economic surplus projections show a considerable welfare gain for the overall economy, with consumers being the principal beneficiaries. Trade implications of adopting Bt maize are analyzed and appropriate alternatives to possible market shutdowns are explored. Results obtained in this study could compliment the agronomic evaluation of Bt maize and become part of the Salvadoran government decision process on Bt maize adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horticultural production is a source of livelihood for many smallholder farmers in Kenya. However, the potential is hampered by high postharvest losses estimated at 40%–50% in fruit and vegetables. The losses are attributed to various factors including postharvest handling, lack of storage technologies, lack of processing facilities, and poor market access. Consequently, some farmer groups have resorted to aggregation of their mangoes and engagement in small scale processing of mangoes into shelf stable products that cannot be marketed widely. In order to bridge the lack of capacity of smallholder farmers, the University of Nairobi's postharvest project with support from the Rockefeller Foundation's YieldWise Initiative seeks to upgrade two fruit aggregation centers by creating awareness and providing existing, applicable, and proven postharvest loss reduction technologies such as tunnel solar driers, brick coolers, charcoal, and CoolbotTM cold storage technologies. However, the potential economic impact of the proposed investment is not known. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the potential economic returns to investment in postharvest loss reduction technologies among smallholder mango farmers in Embu County of Kenya. A critical overview on methods employed in analyzing returns to investment in agricultural technologies has been provided. The economic surplus model was used to estimate the potential benefits of the investment. Using the cost–benefit analysis (CBA) approach, a maximum adoption rate of 10% over 10 years, and a 10% discount rate, it was found that the investment was worthwhile. The NPV was US $ 1.3 billion. The IRR and BCR were 28% and 4.29, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that the investment is viable at higher adoption and lower discount rates indicating the need to promote the technologies even under more difficult macroeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CienciaUAT is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the concept of socioeconomic exploitation often appears in heterodox economics, its use varies considerably and it is seldom given a well-developed conceptual foundation. The project of this article is to propose a foundation by drawing upon our species' history to uncover exploitation's causes and dynamics. Socioeconomic exploitation exists where political or economic power is used by some to gain advantage at others' expense. Its root force is found in human biology, the fact that as a socially-reproducing species, humans compete for mates, and exploitation of others can generate a competitive advantage. Social institutions direct and channel this competitiveness. Accordingly, during 97–98 percent of our species' existence, competitiveness was not expressed by accumulating material wealth and political power, but by being good warriors and foragers, being cooperative, and being generous. Socioeconomic exploitation accompanied the rise of civilization and the state, when metal-based weaponry enabled a few to gain control over society and ownership and control over the means of production, subjugating all others and appropriating their surplus. Although violence stood behind this exploitation, ideology served as the principal political tool for its maintenance. It is the force of ideology that clarifies why, even with free speech, free press, free assembly, and the franchise, exploitation continues to exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how co-operative principles, particularly democratic management, affect the co-op’s economic objective. The theoretical model specifies the characteristics presented by the production function so democracy generates positive net income. Costs derived from maintaining the one person one vote criterion are explicitly incorporated into this function upon new membership. The results show that democracy contributes to the economic success when the decision-making strategy followed by the partners considers all cooperative principles, especially when a retained earnings policy is regularly applied. This study can be extended to all of Social Economy firms concerned about reinforcing democratic institutions through the business sector. This study can be extended to all of Social Economy firms concerned about reinforcing democratic institutions through the business sector.

This article assesses the economic benefits of mobile app that provides real time information as well as forecasting about weather, pest and diseases of the grape crop in Maharashtra, India. Results of Economic Surplus Method (SME) showed that over the period of 16 years (2007–2022), 20% adoption of mobile app would generate total surplus of ` 9140.85 million and Net Present worth of ` 9111.94 million. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) would be 316%, Mindicating higher economic return from the technology of mobile app. At 50% level of adoption, it would generate total surplus of ` 13271.42 million with IRR of 317 per cent. The size of these returns implies that mobile based app for the grapes has high potential of economic return; returns on investments in extension services are quite attractive and there is scope for increasing outreach of information to realize the potential of technology in agriculture sector.

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)