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The subject of the study is the impact of the concept of centralisation of powers among public administration bodies under martial law conditions as a prerequisite for ensuring national security in general and economic security in particular. Methodology. The research was conducted using general and specific scientific methods of cognition. The comparative method was used to identify changes in the status of the activities of public administration bodies under martial law. The quantitative and qualitative parameters characterising the peculiarities of the application of certain measures of the martial law regime were determined by means of analysis. The results of the study indicate that there is an immediate need for authorised entities in Ukraine to modify their activities in order to enhance and adapt the existing measures to the conditions of martial law. It has been determined that the powers of the President of Ukraine and military administrations in the field of economic security, which are applied during the legal regime of martial law, must be revised. Conclusion. The authors establish that under martial law, the President of Ukraine, the National Security and Defence Council and military administrations are vested with a wide range of powers, including those which directly affect economic relations at the State and municipal levels. The paper presents a proposal to amend the current legislation with a view to clarifying the powers of military administrations, which will ultimately facilitate their compliance with the fundamental principles of state regulation. The role of the National Security and Defence Council is defined as an institution that identifies national security risks (including financial and economic ones) and develops strategies to reduce their latency.

In the context of village development in Indonesia, BUM Desa is an important instrument for enhancing the economic welfare of village communities. However, many villages have not fully utilized the potential of BUM Desa due to the lack of integration between religious values and economic policies. Therefore, this study seeks to explore how the application of religious principles can influence BUM Desa policies and contribute to improving the economic rights of village communities. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews with BUM Desa administrators, village officials, and local religious figures in several villages that have implemented religious-based policies in BUM Desa management and participatory observation, while data analysis was carried out through content analysis and thematic analysis methods to identify key themes in the data. The importance of understanding the relationship between religion and economic policies at the village level, especially in the context of BUM Desa, which have the potential to be the driving force of the local economy. This study involve how religious principles can be integrated into the legal framework for managing BUM Desa to ensure that the economic rights of village communities are fulfilled fairly and sustainably. This study shows that the integration of religious values into BUM Desa policies has significant potential to improve the economic rights of village communities. By prioritizing the principles of justice, shared welfare, and social responsibility rooted in religious teachings, BUM Desa can be more effective in achieving its economic and social goals. This study provides important insights for village policymakers in formulating inclusive and sustainable strategies to advance the village economy.

Objective: The present research was conducted with the aim of examining and analyzing the role of preservation of works in Iranian libraries, and specifically, the National Library of Iran as an authority among Iranian libraries.Methodology: The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and was conducted with a qualitative research approach. The method of documentary analysis was suitable for the current research. Therefore, 36 selected national, academic, medical sciences, public and digital libraries inside and outside Iran were investigated and in some cases through e-mail and communication with libraries, the desired information received. Also, in data analysis, primary, secondary and classification coding has been used.Findings: The analysis of data from the research and open coding indicates that 116 primary codes, 188 conceptual codes, 227 categories and 5 classes were obtained. The analysis of data from the research and open coding indicates that 116 primary codes, 188 conceptual codes, 227 categories and 5 classes were obtained. The findings of the research show that the solutions and recommended policies of copyright in libraries can be classified into five classes. The moral and economic; non-profit use, license and agreement, fair use and violation of copyright are the most important in the development of copyright policy of printed and digital resources in libraries.Conclusion: The libraries can provide legal and authorized services to users by having a copyright policy and a legal framework. Also, libraries can use the solutions proposed in the current research, such as creating the "rights and access" field in library software, using permission to access certain resources, and using technical control measures. Copy and access to protect the intellectual rights of the owners of the works, use the form "copyright registration of works", create a copyright office/center and the like to provide proper services to the users and protect the rights of the creators. In addition, it is suggested to the legislators to prioritize the approval of the bill of literary and artistic property rights and related rights, which has been compiled since 2005. This bill has tried to resolve some of the ambiguities in The Iranian Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights (1970), and to resolve some ambiguities related to libraries and its exceptions. Also, the ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty, which Iran has accepted since 2014, can take a small step in providing optimal services to the target users of the treaty. Because this is the only treaty that has paid attention to the access of the mentioned groups to the resources by considering the author's right.

In thinking about the legacy of the sanctions on Iraq, some things are quite clear: the long-term impact of malnutrition; the loss of life and the suffering from lack of adequate medical care; the disappearance of the middle class; the deep corruption and growth of criminal networks and so forth. But there is a different kind of legacy as well. The sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN) Security Council for over a decade were as damaging as they were in large measure because they were deeply imbedded in bureaucracies, and bureaucratic manoeuvres, that were both arcane and opaque. These included the 'retroactive oil pricing policy', the reverse veto, the holds on contracts and the consensus rule within the 661 Committee. While the narrative that emerged in the aftermath of the sanctions holds that 'we are now in the era of smart sanctions, and the old, comprehensive measures we saw in the Iraq case are now in the past', in fact that is not at all the case. Rather, part of the legacy of the Iraq sanctions is that precisely the bureaucratic manoeuvres that made it possible to cripple Iraq's infrastructure, healthcare, education and food security are the mainstay of contemporary sanctions regimes. This article looks at how the reverse veto and the absence of a sunset clause in the Iraq sanctions can be seen at work in the current US sanctions against Cuba; how the interminable obstacles and burdens that choked the humanitarian exemption process are now being used in the Security Council measures against North Korea; and how macroeconomic shocks that were triggered by undermining Iraq's oil exports have been put in place in regard to UN and US sanctions against Iran and Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present research was conducted with the aim of examining and analyzing the role of preservation of works in Iranian libraries, and specifically, the National Library of Iran as an authority among Iranian libraries. Methodology: The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and was conducted with a qualitative research approach. The method of documentary analysis was suitable for the current research. Therefore, 36 selected national, academic, medical sciences, public and digital libraries inside and outside Iran were investigated and in some cases through e-mail and communication with libraries, the desired information received. Also, in data analysis, primary, secondary and classification coding has been used. Findings: The analysis of data from the research and open coding indicates that 116 primary codes, 188 conceptual codes, 227 categories and 5 classes were obtained. The analysis of data from the research and open coding indicates that 116 primary codes, 188 conceptual codes, 227 categories and 5 classes were obtained. The findings of the research show that the solutions and recommended policies of copyright in libraries can be classified into five classes. The moral and economic; non-profit use, license and agreement, fair use and violation of copyright are the most important in the development of copyright policy of printed and digital resources in libraries. Conclusion: The libraries can provide legal and authorized services to users by having a copyright policy and a legal framework. Also, libraries can use the solutions proposed in the current research, such as creating the "rights and access" field in library software, using permission to access certain resources, and using technical control measures. Copy and access to protect the intellectual rights of the owners of the works, use the form "copyright registration of works", create a copyright office/center and the like to provide proper services to the users and protect the rights of the creators. In addition, it is suggested to the legislators to prioritize the approval of the bill of literary and artistic property rights and related rights, which has been compiled since 2005. This bill has tried to resolve some of the ambiguities in The Iranian Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights (1970), and to resolve some ambiguities related to libraries and its exceptions. Also, the ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty, which Iran has accepted since 2014, can take a small step in providing optimal services to the target users of the treaty. Because this is the only treaty that has paid attention to the access of the mentioned groups to the resources by considering the author's right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN Agenda 2030 and the Africa Agenda 2063 strive for gender equality. Through a continental and national comparative analysis, we explored the aspiration and reality of women’s inequality under these two agendas. We assessed the degree and magnitude of the efforts (process) and performance (outcome) of AU member states in implementing SDG 5 of the UN Agenda 2030 and Aspiration 6 of Africa Agenda 2063. We employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative case studies to provide a broad understanding of the factors influencing outcomes. We found that despite the efforts to achieve gender equality, the two agendas remained unfulfilled, indicating that the path to gender equality is still distant. With less than six years remaining until the completion of UN Agenda 2030, it is evident that gender equality will not be realised with the existing trend. To achieve gender equality in Africa in the next ten years, an annual increase of 4.9% is required, with political representation at 5.4%, civil society participation at 3.2%, and access to public services at a pace of 5.1%. Collective efforts from the African Union, its member states, and civil societies are crucial for realising gender equality in Africa.

It is relevant to build a common view of the city, of those diverse cities, which actually make up the district of Medellin, the city of hillsides, the rural peasant city, the city of tenants, possessors, and owners, the city of the large informal economy family, the city of dwellers, and, even, the city of street dwellers. This shared vision should lead to a collective agenda, which will guide development plans and, even more, land-use plans, by promoting a more inclusive and equitable network-city. This concrete, real, participatory process is what we should consider, in a certain way, the path toward Urban Peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas is the property of Revista Faculdad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the road leading to the recognition of a human right to water has been rather bumpy, it has nonetheless had a significant impact on international economic law. It operates as a shaping force in international trade law and international investment law as the two main branches of international economic law by incremental change rather than radical transformation. Against this background, the present article seeks to identify where and by virtue of what mechanisms one may expect the most profound and lasting changes in and to international economic law under the impact of the human right to water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's role in the Sudanese revolution of 2019 was celebrated, and their bravery and strength were commended by political parties as well as the international community. Women were hopeful of change. Popular feminist groups rallied around a representation campaign, demanding that 40% of women's representation be guaranteed in the constitutional document and transitional government. Examining the effect of the neoliberal wave on feminist movement building, this article aims to assess the representation agenda from two angles: first, how it became the dominant agenda, and second how effective it was in articulating women's demands and prioritising their economic rights. Through interviews with women's rights activists in Khartoum and North Kordofan, we find that the strength of the representation agenda is its bare minimum quality that brings together women groups from different political, racial, and economic backgrounds. The support the agenda received from the international community, and the assumption that the representation of women in positions of power brings women's issues to the forefront, were important factors in its popularisation. However, according to the women activists, the appointment of women into positions of power did not change the direction of the transitional government agenda, nor was it successful in elevating true representatives to these positions. We conclude by arguing that the structural constraints facing the revolutionary movement played a major role in defining the limitations of resistance in economic justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to economic diversity and the exercise of economic rights and freedoms of a human through the prism of the Constitution of Ukraine. It is argued that the diversity of forms of incorporation of business can be considered as achievement of the Ukrainian legal system, and this diversity is compliant with the European Union-Ukraine Association Agreement and the requirements for the adaptation of the Ukrainian legislation to the EU legislation. Preservation of economic diversity in the conditions of war and post-war restoration of the country serves as one of the guarantees of resuming the economic activity of citizens. Attention is drawn to the fact that the unification of forms of incorporation of economic entities (in fact, the denial of specific features objectively inherent in various forms) as a legislative technique cannot compete with the constitutional imperative of economic diversity, equality of subjects of ownership and economic entities. The methodological basis for the development of scientific knowledge about economic entities, the development of normative legal acts that regulate the economic life of society, judicial knowledge and decision-making of a law enforcement nature should be an economic and legal approach. The article emphasizes that, for the theory of economic law, the division of subjects of property relations into legal person and natural person is not relevant, and the recognition of a person as economic entity is not directly related to their having the status of a legal person. Instead, a specific form of incorporation makes it possible to determine the specific features of the internal relations that develop in connection with the creation, activity, and termination of a subject, and in general, such specificity reflects the specialization and differentiation of the legal regulation of individual fragments of the economic life of society. The choice of one or another form of incorporation should be determined by: 1) the form of ownership and, in some cases, the nature of the relationship between the founders, for example, family relationship, united by the capital and/or own labour (labour participation) for the purpose of an economic activity (farm enterprises); 2) the sphere of economic activity, since in order to protect public interests, the legislator can define requirements regarding the form of incorporation complying with which is a necessary prerequisite for entering the relevant market. Distinguishing a separate form of incorporation in the legislation determines the impossibility, as a general rule, of applying by analogy of law norms to different forms. In the theory of economic law, it is possible to single out as a group non-typical subjects that do not have the status of a legal entity (for example, mutual investment funds) and should be a separate object of research, since their activities are important for the postwar recovery of the country's economy (in particular, to attract citizens' savings into the economy through joint investment institutions, e-business development, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the right to conduct collective bargaining between the employers and their organisations and the trade unions as the form of association of employees (working people). The introductory remarks review the conventional regulations of collective bargaining right with special emphasis on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions, particularly, No.98 of 1949 and No. 154 of 1981. The article analyses the European Social Charter as a core of social act regarding social rights within the Council of Europe system, with special attention given to its collective bargaining regulations, principally provisions its art. In addition, the article comments on the provisions of art. 28 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, a crucial EU regulation dealing with the process of collective bargaining. In conclusion the article argues whether the specifics of collective bargaining in the EU belong to the national regulations of EU member states. In its further parts, the article examines the principle of social dialogue in the European treaties and the practices of the Social Dialogue Committee of the European Union. Furthermore, the study presents the issue of relation between protection of economic freedoms and rights of an individual as provided by the 1997 Constitution of Poland and protection of such as established by universal and regional international regulations, including International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 and the ratified regulations of the Council of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main problem this article addresses is that women are more vulnerable than men in economic terms. The aim of this research is to identify the differences in the destination of savings according to gender and its implications related to their economic rights. Chi-Square tests were performed to test for the existence of statistically significant differences in the destination of men's and women's savings, based on the National Survey on the Destination of Savings in Mexico (ENIF). The hypothesis to be tested is that there is a gender difference in the way in which the destination of savings is allocated. As a result, it is possible to see that women focus their savings on issues related to health and education at home, in contrast to men, who tend to protect their own economic future by focusing their savings on remodeling or buying real estate or starting or expanding a business. In this sense, the hypothesis is partially verified in 4 of the 8 savings destinations. This article is motivated by the desire to identify this possible economic gap between genders, considering that it is an issue that affects the economic and personal future of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains a comparative analysis of constitutional regulation of the right to entrepreneurial activity in Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary in part of general enshrinement of this right and foundations of state protection of competition within entrepreneurial activities, determination of common trends of such regulation and its comparison with Ukrainian one. The comparative analysis indicates that in all the examined foreign countries (Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Hungary) the right to entrepreneurial activity is directly constitutionalized. Although the ways of its enshrinement differ, there is similar prevailing approach of establishing the freedom of entrepreneurial activity and regulating its exercise subject to conditions/restrictions set by law. Similar approach towards general enshrinement of the right to entrepreneurial activity is also applied in Article 42(1) of the Constitution of Ukraine. Another feature of the examined EU member states is the elevation of protection of competition within entrepreneurial activities to the constitutional level. This trend is common to all the examined countries. The level of detail inherent to provisions regarding protection of competition in the constitutions of Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Hungary varies, however, their overall direction is similar. It comprises taking responsibilities on protection of competition by the state, followed by determination of specific ways of such protection. A specific feature of the Constitution of Poland is that it contains a provision that any monopoly shall be established by means of statute. Similar provision is in place in Article 42(3) of the Constitution of Ukraine, which states that types and boundaries of monopoly shall be determined by law. Based on the research results, it is concluded that, overall, trends and tendencies in regulating entrepreneurial activity in part of general enshrinement of the right to such activity and state protection of competition during its conduct, which are inherent in the constitutions of the examined EU member states, have been implemented in the Constitution of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Fortescue's analysis of the economic impact of various forms of government, based on a comparison between the material well-being which the English enjoy by virtue of their "political kingdom" and the conditions of extreme poverty of the common people in France, an effect of their political-legal system. Fortescue's criteria for judging between different regimes are pragmatic: the main reason for his preference for the temperate monarchy of England is the fact that it gives all inhabitants full enjoyment of the fruits of their labour, and encourages the economic growth of all parts of the realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a reexamination of the historic economic rights debate in light of two major changes in American public policy. The first change considers the effect of the debate by the passing of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). The second policy change considers how the debate should include the effects of the economic bailout brought about by the TARP program. These changes are explained first, as government interventions made in response to widespread suffering and medical cost bankruptcies due to the United States' healthcare system having no guaranteed right to healthcare. The second change focuses on the necessity of a national economic bailout conducted in response to a "Great Recession," as an historic proof that government must intervene when severe economic downturns threaten to collapse the national economy. These interventions support the passage of economic rights and show how the opposition to the passage of economic rights have been based on faulty moral argumentation and reasoning. The essay concludes with a continued call for the passage of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Many scientific works are devoted to theoretical and practical aspects of the restriction of human rights and freedoms. However, issues of the admissibility and proportionality of restrictions on the economic rights of a person and a citizen are the subject of scientific controversy, which predetermines the expediency of addressing the topic of this study. Theoretical analysis. The author made an attempt to theoretically comprehend the concept of “restriction of the right”, presenting a scheme for dividing human and civil rights and freedoms, regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, into groups according to the degree of permissible restrictions, based on an analysis of the works of domestic and foreign authors. Empirical analysis. The author highlights that “obligations” and “prohibitions” remain the main methods of legal influence in regulating implementation of economic rights, often with the imposition of liability disproportionate to the committed act, which is also confirmed by the conclusions of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation and the Presidential Commissioner of the Russian Federation for the Protection of Entrepreneurs' Rights, the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Results. It is proposed to consider restrictions on constitutional economic rights and freedoms as a change in the scope of their powers by interfering with the basic economic right by establishing obligations, prohibitions, and liability within the framework of: general limits for the exercise of rights and freedoms (reservations immanent in the constitution); reservations immanent in specific fundamental rights, simple reservations qualified in the relevant articles of the Constitution; immanent limits of restrictions on specific economic rights of the individual by the state. There is a growing need for a clearer regulation of the processes of institutionalization of assessment of the regulatory impact of regulations in the field of implementation of economic rights, constitutionalization of these relations.

The subject of the article is the application of the concept of the range of permissible restrictions on rights and freedoms that not enshrined in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.The purpose of the research is to identify the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person in the sphere of business activity.The methodology. In the process of the research, both general scientific and special methods of knowing socio-legal phenomena (formal legal method, circular causality method) were used. The multivariance of achieving common standards for assessing the range of permissible restrictions on the freedom to conduct a business is determined by analyzing the balanced influence of internal and external factors, the interaction of many dichotomies and adichotomies.Results, scope of application. The provisions of the Convention define the range of rights and freedoms protected. However, the Court in its practice broadly interprets the list of rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. The Court considers the Convention as a "living instrument" in order to adapt it to changing conditions of public life. The Court’s current practice does not imply that the Court has exceeded its powers. The court implements the idea of circular causality of legal phenomena, perceived including in European space. European tradition recognizes the possibility of changing the legal space in different ways. The main way of transforming the legal system is to change quantitative parameters. It is possible to accumulate the qualities of practical implementation of the principles enshrined in the Convention by ensuring the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Investigators of the Court's practice mainly analyse the characteristics of the protection of human rights and freedoms explicitly mentioned in the Convention. The complexity of the study of the Court's practice for the protection of unrecognized human rights and freedoms stems from its heterogeneity. However, an analysis of the practice of protecting such rights and freedoms reveals the internal mechanisms of the Court to ensure the equilibrium of legal space. The article defines the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen not expressly enshrined in the Convention. The realization of economic rights and freedoms requires the greatest flexibility of the mechanism for the protection of rights and freedoms. Intensive economic development requires a rapid change in the legal space. The interpretation of human rights and freedoms has an impact on the level of protection of the economic rights and freedoms. The text of the Convention has been modified without adopting its new edition.Conclusions. Law enforcers are particularly interested in analyzing the Court's practice in cases related indirectly to the protection of freedom to conduct a business. The Court determines the main vectors of interpretation of the freedom to conduct a business. Law enforcers can use the Court's approach in interpreting the provisions of the Convention without risking being accused of human rights and freedoms violations. The generalizations make it possible to establish the ideological and substantive component of the basic axiological imperative of the Court in the protection of the economic rights and freedoms through the protection of the right to property. It was concluded that the Court's decisions justified the need to protect the freedom to conduct a business by its inherent connection with the right to property, as well as the universality of the criteria for determining the legality of restricting the rights and freedoms.

Copyright is the exclusive right of the creator that arises automatically based on declarative principles after a work is realized in a tangible form without reducing restrictions in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. The definition of Copyright is regulated in Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright Article 1 number 1. Copyright is different from other Intellectual Property Rights which must be registered. Copyright does not protect ideas, information or facts. Copyright begins with the existence of an idea which is then realized in a tangible form. The idea that has been realized in a tangible form then gets exclusive rights automatically. There are two types of exclusive rights, namely moral rights and economic rights. Moral rights are the rights of individuals or individuals to the copyrighted works they produce not to be changed by anyone, even though the copyright of the work has actually been handed over to other parties. Economic rights are the exclusive rights of the creator or copyright holder to obtain economic benefits from the work. But in fact, there are still many people who commit copyright infringement without paying attention to the moral rights and economic rights of the creator or copyright holder. At this time technology has developed rapidly and committing a copyright infringement has been easy to do with the development of technology. Especially the act of copying product photos that occur on the internet, namely Instagram social media. This raises the question of whether the act of copying product photos on social media is a violation of copyright and what are the legal remedies.

Human rights, a cornerstone of democratic states, enable and protect individual freedom, dignity and choice, making it one of the most powerful concepts of the present times. Improving individual conduct and social character facilitates human rights and, in this vein, reading and comprehending religious texts of diverse religions can assist one to glean through such universal principles that improve individual and social conduct, thereby establishing the universality of morals on which human rights are based. The presence of universality in the Bani of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and theistic philosophy of Sikhism vouches for an equal and fair society where human rights flourish. Studying Bani contained in Guru Granth in context of discourse on human rights is the objective of the paper for the values like individual and political rights, social dignity, justice, equality etc. permeates the entire Granth. The Bani profusely quoted exemplifies entire gamut of rights like civil, political, social, economic etc. and engaging in Bani is a way how individual and social character can be more rightoriented creating a just societal order in which happiness prevails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright is still on its way to legalizing a lot of homework to be done. One of these jobs is to protect the economic rights of cited sources for commercial use. So far, the copyright law has not specifically regulated this matter. The law does not even protect the economic rights of citation sources quoted for commercial purposes. This study formulates the problem (1) how is the current legal protection regarding copyright for written works? and (2) how the legal protection should be regarding copyrights for excerpts of written works. The aims of this research are (1) to find out the current legal protection regarding copyright for citations of written works; and (2) formulating the legal protection that should be on copyright for excerpts of written works. The method used in this research is using normative juridical research. The conclusion in this study is to answer the formulation of the problem.

This article is devoted to the study of the legal grounds for restrictions of human rights in the ECtHR’s case-law. The study stipulates that the concept of generations of human rights, based on the historical progress of ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms, is a set of rights that require the proper protection and will constantly shift towards large-scale expansion, taking into account changes in society and the achievements of humanity. The study notes that even though at the end of the 20th century, the idea of human rights’ division into three generations (civil and political; social, economic and cultural; collective rights) was proposed in the science of international law, nowadays, it is difficult to clearly attribute certain rights to these categories. The research states that the division of rights into generations is convenient, but it should be noted that the concept of three generations of human rights is based on the historical progress of ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms. Therefore, the set of rights that require protection will constantly change. The article highlights a few restrictions on human rights and freedoms, mainly concerning the first and second generations. The study determines that the specifics of restrictions of fundamental human rights are directly related to the difference between absolute and relative rights. The ECtHR explains that the objectives of human rights restrictions are substantially expanded and introduced in order to: maintain the state and public safety or economic well-being of the country; prevent riots or crimes; protect health or morals; ensure the rights and freedoms of others; protect the national security, territorial integrity; prevent of disclosure of confidential information; maintain the authority and impartiality of judicial authorities.

The patent system was introduced with the motto of ensuring furtherance of science and technology for the benefit of society. When compared with other Intellectual Property (IP), patent has a different dimension that is of technology transfer, and the same has been playing a vital role in domestic and international trade and commerce. Every event of commercialising patent attracts economic returns to the patentee as well as the country where it is registered, retained and commercialised. Thus, merely having inventor friendly ecosystem without foreseeing to retain the registered patents in India for commercialisation to the fullest extent will not favour the developmental goals of the nation. In this context, the paper examines the Indian Taxation regime for the taxing events of patents, both under direct and indirect taxes, and their conduciveness for the effective promotion of creation, retention and commercialisation of patents in India. This paper also compares the taxation of patents in other jurisdictions with India and recommends a favourable tax regime for patents which would incentivise innovation and consequent commercialisation leading to the advancement of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Journal for Human & Social Studies is the property of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trade marks generate recognition to businesses by providing and protecting their distinctive features, among others, in a competitive market. Trade marks, being intangible property, can be transferred to third parties by various modes like assignment/transmission/license. Since, trade marks have the potential to be commercially exploited and thereby attract tax (direct and/or indirect) on its commercial exploitation. This paper highlights the various modes through which trade marks can be commercialised and the implication under both direct and indirect taxation of such commercialisation. The paper also discusses recent issues with respect to the taxation of the income generated from the transfer of trade marks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Third Party Ownership" is one of the restraint of Trade Law in Sport, whereby a third party acquires all or part of the player's economic rights for financing the player or injecting cash into the club. Contrary to the common perception in the field, this mechanism does not grant the decision-making power of the contract to a third party, and therefore, this will not lead to a type of slavery or curtail a player’s freedom. As the result, it will not result in the third party’s interference in implementation of the contract which is in breach of Article 960 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. In practice, various countries adopted different approached to the validity of this mechanism. The present study shows that by relying on economic efficiency and justice this mechanism merely entitles a third party to the player’s incomes in his future transfers without any unfair wealth transfer to third parties. FIFA regulations do not prohibit any investment by a third party, but they have banned him from influencing over club’s decisions. The mechanism could be introduced as a business model for football.

The institute of appeal of citizens to state authorities as an effective mechanism of implementation of socio-economic human rights and freedoms is studied. Attention is drawn to the fact that human rights are the highest social value and determine the degree of political, economic, cultural and other human freedoms. The authors established that the state must be accountable to the individual for its activities, in this regard, ensuring human rights and freedoms is the main responsibility of the state, but all this is possible subject to the principle of the rule of law, which in many countries is enshrined as constitutional. It was found that the problematic issues remain related to the definition of international requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities, providing a mechanism for exercising the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities using the latest information technologies, etc. The authors have found that the institute of citizens' appeal to public authorities, as a mechanism for exercising human rights and freedoms, includes many important areas, such as the conduct of public affairs, both directly and through freely elected representatives; the functioning of public control; ensuring the right of access to public information, etc. The peculiarities of the development of the institute of citizens' recourse in the context of international experience in the realization of human rights and freedoms were investigated. It was found that the dynamism of the development of international law at the present time has also influenced the fairly rapid development of the institute of citizens' right to appeal to public authorities, which in turn has affected the increased participation of citizens of different states in the political processes in the world. The concept of the right of citizens to appeal to public authorities has been formulated. International requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the citizens' right to appeal to public authorities were analyzed and identified. The authors found that the international requirements for the mechanism of implementation of the citizens' right to appeal to public authorities are based on five basic principles. The prospect of introducing information technology in the process of citizens' applications to public authorities is considered. It was determined that the rapid development of modern information technologies and their introduction into various spheres of social life has not bypassed their introduction into the legal sphere, which in turn led to the processing of increasing volumes of information in a short period of time, and on the other hand, was a consequence of threats of violation of individual rights, through unauthorized access to personal data, their theft and use for criminal purposes. Shows the problematic aspects arising from the introduction of modern technologies in the work with the citizens' appeal, which affect the protection of personal data. The experience of many countries, such as Great Britain, Germany, Scotland, USA, etc., in the implementation of the system of electronic appeal and the use of electronic petitions as the most progressive form of communication with the government is analyzed.

Tracking Stocks are a type of shares that have found support in different comparative law corporate legislation. These shares undoubtedly respond to the new demands of the market, and are a fundamental tool in corporate matters. With a new projection of reform of the Commercial Companies Law, in particular of section 307, the tracking stocks become a legislated reality. For these reasons, this paper seeks to address the particularities of this institute, its legal nature, what practical implications it has regarding the economic and political rights of shareholders, and in particular, what have been the arguments put forward by our national doctrine to consecrate them even without express legislation. Having established these bases, the reader is introduced to the changes and solutions implied by its regulation in the projected reform, concluding with some considerations that the topic under study has deserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever-growing avenues to exploit copyrightable works, the copyright holders strive to exploit their copyright and copyrightable works through various modes to maximize the economic returns on their copyright and copyrightable works. Different methods of commercial exploitation of the copyright lead to taxable events both under direct taxes and indirect taxes. This paper attempts to broadly discuss the provisions relating to the taxation of income generated out of the exploitation of the economic rights of copyright holders/owners, including aspects of international taxation and GST, with the help of recent decisions. This paper, through its analysis, helps the readers to appreciate the balance achieved by the legislators in promoting the creation of intellectual works and revenue generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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