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The article is about economic problems, economic growth, and development in Georgia in conditions of universal globalization in the world. In the modern conditions it’s hard to find national economy, which isn’t included in the system of the world economy. Globalization-integration is an irreversible tendency in the world economic development, which is characterized by high growth quality of relationships between national economics. Economic development is a necessary condition for solving many challenges facing Georgia.

This article aims to analyze the principles of sustainable income according to Islam based on the writings of Imam al-Syaibani in Al-Kasb. He highlighted the principles of responsibility and trust in seeking income, the appreciation of the concept of tawakkal and the priority of earning a living. This study is qualitative, using content analysis methods to extract some of the themes mentioned above. The study found book Al-Kasb is an injection of Islamic economic thought that encourages the practice of sustainable wealth management by al-Shaybani to respond to economic problems involving Muslims. Keywords: Al-Kasb, Al-Shaybani, Sustainable wealth management. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI6.3034

Introduction. At the present development stage of the high achievement sport, global transformations are taking place all over the world, which have influenced the intensification of competitive practices and the introduction of innovative technologies in the process of training elite athletes. Unfortunately, both external factors and internal political and economic problems in Ukraine become a serious obstacle to the effective competitive activity of national teams at major international sports competitions, namely: the socio-economic situation in the country calls into question the ability to prepare quality reserve, children's and youth sports suffer as a result of the financial and economic crisis; Insufficient level of logistics and the possibility of migration of the best players and coaches abroad, negatively affects the level of performance of the national team in the international arena. The planning of preparation of highly qualified athletes for the main international competitions should take into account the peculiarities of tournament loads in team and individual sports. Why is it necessary to determine the main factors influencing the quality and effectiveness of the performances of the best athletes and teams in sports games. Aim of our research is to analyze the effectiveness of competitive activities of highly qualified athletes in sports games. Material and methods: analysis of planning and competition documents and generalization of special literature, method of expert assessments, pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment, psychophysiological methods, methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusions: the implementation of effective performance of athletes of Ukrainian national teams in sports on the international arena requires optimization of the process of sports training based on individualization with the parallel use of technical-tactical, psychophysiological models of training of leading players in the world combined with modern capabilities.

Problem setting. It is important to assess the compliance of the results of the decentralization reform in Ukraine with the population expectations regarding the changes caused by the reform, in particular, the formation of amalgamated territorial communities (ATCs). Attention should be paid to identifying social and economic problems that require further measures to solve them.Recent research and publications analysis. Administrative reforms are continuous in each country and provide for identifying shortcomings and upgrading public administration. Ukrainian scientists proposed a method for assessing the impact of administrative and financial decentralization mechanisms on the social and economic development of regions, districts, cities, and territorial communities. Experts and scientists analyzed the implementation of projects in decentralization, compared Ukrainian and foreign decentralization models.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. An important task in terms of the future social and economic development of Ukraine is identifying problems that are still unresolved or are due to the process of decentralization of power in Ukraine. The article is to reveal such problems based on the assessment analysis of this process.Paper main body. Decentralization of power is considered one of the most successful reforms in Ukraine implemented after 2014. The success was based on the clarity of intentions announced by the authorities, the interest of communities in obtaining greater resources and powers, as well as their ability to implement their local development initiatives. A network of Administrative Service Centers (ASCs) has been developed in Ukraine, which can be considered an important achievement of the administrative reform. However, 46–63% of respondents noted a deterioration in the following areas: combating corruption in government; care for vulnerable groups (pensioners, disabled persons); medical care; providing jobs, and combating unemployment. The problems of newly created ATCs included: lack of qualified personnel; strengthening political monopolies that control resources in communities; phenomena when some ATC leaders felt permissive in their new status. Although the number of full-time employees in ATC self-government bodies has generally decreased compared to the total number of employees in the bodies of non-integrated settlements, “inflating” of the salaries of officials takes place.The survey in 2020 reflected the people’s opinion that decentralization of power has led to a deterioration in environmental protection management. The analysis showed that the opinions of respondents on the priority of environmental protection tasks differ significantly depending on their level of education. In particular, when people were asked about the powers that should be primarily exercised by local governments, the distribution of answers on “Environmental Protection” was as follows among the educational social groups: incomplete secondary and lower – 9,9%, full secondary – 19,8%, secondary vocational – 18,4%, and higher – 26,7%. This might be influenced by the amount of environmental knowledge gained. The coronavirus pandemic has apparently led to the creation of conditions for improving the health situation which, according to the new local governments, is one of their key priorities.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Based on the research results by reputable organizations, the following general social and economic problems have been identified that need to be solved: corruption in government; social vulnerability of pensioners and disabled persons; insufficiently effective medical care; unemployment; armed conflict in eastern Ukraine; and improper environmental management. Problems of some newly created ATCs included: lack of qualified personnel; “inflating” the salaries of officials; strengthening political monopolies that control resources in communities; a sense of permissiveness of “local princes”; lack of a clear list of measures in case of epidemics, natural or man-made disasters; and lack of projects designed to stimulate long-term community development.

Money laundering is a pervasive legal and economic problem that hides criminal activity. Identifying money laundering is a priority for both banks and governments, thus, machine learning algorithms have emerged as a possible strategy to detect suspicious financial activity within financial institutions. We used traditional regression and supervised machine learning techniques to identify bank customers at an increased risk of committing money laundering. Specifically, we assessed whether model performance differed across varying operationalizations of the outcome (e.g., multinomial vs. binary classification) and determined whether the inclusion of investigator-derived novel features (e.g., averages across existing features) could improve model performance. We received two proprietary datasets from Scotiabank, a large bank headquartered in Canada. The datasets included customer account information (N = 4,469) and customers’ monthly transaction histories (N = 2,827) from April 15, 2019 to April 15, 2020. We implemented traditional logistic regression, logistic regression with LASSO regularization (LASSO), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), and extreme gradient boosted models (XGBoost). Results indicated that traditional logistic regression with a binary outcome, conducted with investigator-derived novel features, performed the best with an F1 score of 0.79 and accuracy of 0.72. Models with a binary outcome had higher accuracy than the multinomial models, but the F1 scores yielded mixed results. For KNN and XGBoost, we observed little change or worsening performance after the introduction of the investigator-derived novel features. However, the investigator-derived novel features improved model performance for LASSO and traditional logistic regression. Our findings demonstrate that investigators should consider different operationalizations of the outcome, where possible, and include novel features derived from existing features to potentially improve the detection of customers at risk of committing money laundering.

Mental health is an important component of public health, especially in times of crisis. However, monitoring public mental health is difficult because data are often patchy and low-frequency1–3. Here we complement established approaches by using data from helplines, which offer a real-time measure of ‘revealed’ distress and mental health concerns across a range of topics4–9. We collected data on 8 million calls from 19 countries, focusing on the COVID-19 crisis. Call volumes peaked six weeks after the initial outbreak, at 35% above pre-pandemic levels. The increase was driven mainly by fear (including fear of infection), loneliness and, later in the pandemic, concerns about physical health. Relationship issues, economic problems, violence and suicidal ideation, however, were less prevalent than before the pandemic. This pattern was apparent both during the first wave and during subsequent COVID-19 waves. Issues linked directly to the pandemic therefore seem to have replaced rather than exacerbated underlying anxieties. Conditional on infection rates, suicide-related calls increased when containment policies became more stringent and decreased when income support was extended. This implies that financial relief can allay the distress triggered by lockdown measures and illustrates the insights that can be gleaned from the statistical analysis of helpline data. Data collected from crisis helplines during the COVID-19 pandemic show that pandemic-related issues replaced rather than exacerbated underlying anxieties, and demonstrate that helpline data are useful indicators of public mental health.

As the global pandemic accelerates economic problems, divisions over global capitalism have sharpened. This includes those who want to delink the US/China relationship, those who wish to recalibrate but maintain the transnational system, and China’s own more assertive strategy as its economic power increases. These debates affect national and world politics as antagonism grows, even as capital continues to pour into China.

Iraq is characterized by the capacity of its economic resource base, whether natural or human. whether natural or human, and despite the abundance of these resources, the Iraqi economy has suffered from real economic problems such as unemployment, inflation, imbalance in productive structures due to long-term dependence on crude oil imports. This imbalance is evident through the imbalance in the gross domestic product, in which the oil sector constitutes the largest proportion. And that this imbalance was reflected in one way or another on the imbalance of the structure of exports, and then the transmission of this imbalance to the structure of the general budget. As Iraq still, despite the huge size of its budgets, lacks a fiscal policy in the real sense and in a way in which it is able to deal with shocks and imbalances, not to mention the financial pressures that Iraq endured during the period (2014-2017) due to the terrorist attack of ISIS and the huge military spending and the subsequent endurance. Additional spending pressure to rebuild the provinces that were affected by that attack. Based on the above, this study will address in its three axes the reality of the Iraqi public budget structure by analyzing the most prominent components of that structure, and then researching the real causes of the public budget imbalance, leading to scenarios that explain the paths of the public budget deficit, especially in light of the global Corona (Covid-19) pandemic.

The 20ties of the 21st century are characterized by the pandemic period of COVID-19. The fall of national economies, the fears of inhabitants regarding their health, and the unfavorable economic situation of big groups of inhabitants require functional measures. Implementing social economy principles in national economies is a tool to improve the economic situation of the marginalized groups of inhabitants without using social networks. The knowledge on the social economy system and legal regulation of support tools in social economy in Slovak Republic enable the dissemination of this knowledge and potentially implement in the current pandemic COVID-19 period even in the international environment. The legal regulation of the social economy offers more support tools to solve current economic problems during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Here we present a structured overview and generalization of the knowledge of legal regulations on the social economy as well as a detailed description of the content of the support tools of the social economy during the COVID-19 period.

The purpose of this scientific article is to identify modern trends in the formation of the economic and organizational foundations for the development of the digital economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to identify the main problems in these areas and ways to solve them. The main initial data for writing a scientific article were official statistical information in the field of development of communications and information and telecommunication technologies, scientific periodicals, including the near and far abroad, practical data of entrepreneurial structures directly leading production and economic activities in the digital and computer technology. The hypothesis of scientific research is the need to form the institutional foundations for building a digital economy, focused on the implementation of infrastructural development of digitalization processes at the macro and micro levels. The institutional framework affects both the public sector and the business entrepreneurship sector. In the strategic period for the development of the digital economy, indicative programs for business structures, as well as organizational scenarios for the state, should be developed. The main methods of scientific research were analytical and synthetic, statistical, computational, and analytical research methods, the method of hypotheses. As the results of the study, attention was focused on the dynamics of the contribution of digitalization processes to the economic growth of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the main economic problems that hinder the intensification of the development of the digital economy were identified. The main scientific contribution of the study is focused on the priorities for solving the problems of digitalization of the economy within the strategic and long-term periods, including micro- and macroeconomic levels.

The essence of the concepts “economic education” and “economic training” is investigated in the article. It is established that scientists generally characterize economic education as a process and result of mastering systematized economic knowledge, mastering economic concepts, which involves the formation of economic thinking, development of interest in economic problems, their own attitude to the distribution and consumption of material, and spiritual goods. The article indicates the essence of economic education as a process and intellectual property of man to comprehend economic phenomena, to know their meaning, to master its concepts, requirements of observance of economic laws, and to form the economic culture of the person.It is proved that economic education is the basis for economic training of the individual and the basis for the formation of economic culture.The essence of the concept of “economic training” from a standpoint of personal activity, cognitive and activity approaches is revealed.It is determined that the concept of economic training in a broad sense is understood by scientists as an organized pedagogical activity aimed at forming economic consciousness through the transfer of economic knowledge, economic skills and abilities related to economically viable activities, the formation of economically significant personality traits and economic thinking. The author defines economic training as a systematic influence on a person, on the basis of which the formation of his needs, the ability to compare them with the possibilities of their satisfaction and the development of economic qualities of the individual occur.It is proved that the unity of economic education and economic training lies primarily in the commonality of their goals – the formation of economic culture.Keywords: economic education; economic training; economic culture; economic knowledge; views; beliefs; motives; values; economic concepts; economic qualities.

Background : The problem of adolescence becoming sex workers in Indonesia is still high. Tanpa Batas Foundation in Kupang City on May-October 2017 shows adolescence as women who have sex workers that identified almost all aged 13-24 years of 190 cases. Meanwhile, there are many unidentified practices of prostitution like an iceberg phenomenon. This study aimed to identified the level of education, income, knowledge, perception, the reason, experience, the effect of social media and expectations that affects adolescence becoming sex workers. Method : Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Determination of respondents conducted with non-probability sampling techniques used purposive sampling and obtained respondents as much as 10 adolescence of sex workers. The collected data used indepth interview guidelines with semi structured questions. Instruments of this study were transcripts, notebooks, questionnaire and cameras for documentation. Data analysis was starting with the transcript of data, by analyzing the words from the respondent, finding the keyword, making the category followed by identifying the theme and interpretation into a descriptive. Result : This study showed the level of education respondents started from : not went to school, junior high school, senior high school with monthly average income of 1-2 million. Most of the respondents have a bad preception of their self, economic problems were still the main reason and facebook was the most effect from social media to women’s sex worker, in addition to the results of knowledge level showed that all respondents have a good knowledge, they also hope could find another job better and decent. Conclusion : Economic insistence, the adverse effect of social media and peers became the main cause of adolescence become sex workers despite having a good knowledge and they also had the hope that could stop and exit of the employment as a sex workers by finding a better job and feasible of the norm and culture of society.

Problem setting. Providing sustainable development of rural areas is one of the priority tasks of socio-economic transformations in our country at the stage of improvement of the existing system of management. For the current socio-economic situation, which has developed in the countryside of Ukraine, the presence of accumulated problems is characteristic. This is a serious obstacle to the sustainable development of rural areas. With the onset of ongoing reforms in the agrarian sector, there has been an aggravation of crisis phenomena: the level of production has fallen, the resource potential of agriculture has decreased, the demographic situation has deteriorated, the processes of formation of economic entities have stopped, the quality of life of the population has decreased. The presence of imbalances, in turn, has led to the emergence of depressive zones in the countryside, the situation of which is characterized by instability and the presence of very serious problems of economic, social and environmental character.Recent research and publications analysis. The phenomenon of sustainable development of rural areas was investigated is at the center of the research of both domestic and foreign scientists.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The article aims at developing theoretical foundations and deepening methodological, conceptual and applied bases of approach to managing the development of rural areas.The article reveals the theoretical aspects of sustainable development of rural areas. The object of the research is rural areas as a socio-economic and environmental subsystem of society, the subject of research is the process of ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas. During research the author received the following main results: made the analysis of the concept “rural territories”; value and a role of rural territories locates in a national economy; estimated capacity of rural territories in the Ukraine; analyzed the key problem aspects of development of rural territories.The approaches to the definition of the notion “sustainable development” and “sustainable development of rural territories” are analyzed; it is determined that there is no generally accepted comprehensive definition of the notion “sustainable development of rural territories”; the main goal of sustainable development of rural areas and the main components of sustainable development of rural areas (economic, social, environmental, institutional); the necessity of transition of rural areas in Ukraine to the concept of sustainable development with the aim of resolving acute social and economic problems of rural areas is substantiated. The approaches to the definition of the notion “sustainable development” and “sustainable development of rural territories” are analyzed; it is determined that there is no generally accepted comprehensive definition of the notion “sustainable development of rural territories” and the main components of sustainable development of rural areas (economic, social, environmental, institutional); justified need of transition of rural territories in Ukraine to the concept of a sustainable development for the purpose of permission of acute social and economic issues of rural areas.Встановлено, що the rural areas as object of studying demand the complex assessment considering both territorial aspect, and set of the public relations including economic, social, cultural, demographic, ecological and other indicators. In this article the main problems of social and economic development of the village are considered.In article author stated main methodological prerequisites to the solution of problems of providing a sustainable development of rural territories and managements. Author made the conclusion that the sustainable development of rural territories promotes performance of economic functions by them, including providing with the food, agricultural raw materials, public benefits, production of goods and services, preservation of rural tenor of life and the rural culture, expanded reproduction of the population, growth of level and improvement of quality of his life, maintenance of ecological equilibrium in the biosphere.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. It is established that Rural territories possess great potential for development of Ukraine which yet remains unrealized, the sustainable development of rural territories promotes performance of economic functions by them, including providing with the food, agricultural raw materials, public benefits, production of goods and services, preservation of rural tenor of life and the rural culture, expanded reproduction of the population, growth of level and improvement of quality of his life, maintenance of ecological equilibrium in the biosphere.Key words: rural area; sustainable development; economy; system analysis; ecological and economic system.

Problem setting. Innovative activity is the basis of socio-economic development of modern society both at the national and local levels. In the conditions of decentralization and the growth of the role and importance of regional development, the localization of innovations and the implementation of local innovative processes are becoming more and more topical, as it is exactly at the regional level that the transformational shifts are taking place, and they ensure the growth of the national economy and the welfare of the population. And it is precisely local economic development that is most fully realized due to innovative instruments that can ensure the competitiveness of individual regions and their progress in the long run.Recent research and publications analysis. Innovative development of regions is the subject of scientific research by many scholars that is stipulated by the deepening of decentralization processes both in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the development of innovative processes in society. In particular, in this context, it is worth mentioning the following scholars – S. Bila, A. Bruver, V. Holovatiuk, S. Hryshchenko, I. Dehtiariova, J. Zhalilo, V. Zhuk, H. Koreniako, N. Rudenko, V. Solovyov, O. Shevchenko and many others. However, the issue of local economic development through the use of innovative tools is not integral and requires a comprehensive scientific approach.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The article aims at assessing the main kinds of innovative instruments of local economic development and peculiarities of realization in modern conditions in order to ensure the effective functioning of territorial communities. Paper main body. Innovative instruments through which local economic development is being pursued should aim at: motivating a particular locality for economic growth; forming in this locality of economic entities, which, using the available resource potential, can effectively operate and increase the competitiveness of the region; meeting local needs through the rational use of own and attracted resources.Innovative instruments of local economic development can be divided into the following areas: business support instruments (business support centers, microlending, business grants, local economic development agencies, business incubators, technology transfer centers, industrial parks, technology parks / science and technology parks); instruments aimed at improving the quality of business infrastructure and public spaces (clusters, interregional projects, public-private partnerships, investment attraction centers, revitalization of industrial sites and the locality) and human capital modernization instruments in the process of economic development of the locality (business cooperation programs and education, creative and cultural industries, creative spaces, international cooperation programs, project offices). Study of the main innovative instruments of local economic development gives grounds to confirm that their use gives a serious push to progressive transformational changes at the regional level and to simplify the solution of typical economic problems of the territories. Therefore, it is necessary to understand that at the present stage, sustainable and constant local economic development requires the realization of the following tasks: the formation of a regulatory and legal framework that is adequate to the current local requests and needs and to ensure its implementation; dissemination of information on communities’ development in the media and Internet in order to acquaint the widest possible audience with their achievements; to attract the interest of investors in the available resource base and potential of the territory by presenting their uniqueness; use of e-governance in order to improve inter-community interaction and involve people in the management at the local level; search and attraction of specialists capable of working with the challenges of local economic development (establishing cooperation with business and the public, developing and supporting investment projects, strategic planning of local development, human capital development).Along with the considered tasks, it is worth emphasizing on the importance of developing local infrastructure, promotion of territories, the search for grant programs and the implementation of interregional projects, the use of non-formal education. These and other areas should, in combination with the considered instruments, ensure the economic growth of the territories.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. There is summarized that innovative instruments of local economic development are those instruments that help increase the number of entrepreneurs and companies, improve the quality of working places, and increase the innovation of the region’s economy. These tools are aimed at developing the economy of the territory and raising its competitiveness, as well as creating a favourable business climate in one or another locality, as well as modernizing human capital, which increases the number of jobs and reduces unemployment. The use of innovative instruments makes it possible to solve the problems of regional development in modern conditions and to improve the socio-economic state of the country as a whole.

We are going through hard times that remind us that good health is the most important thing in life. The COVID-19 pandemic has immensely affected everybody. Measures taken by all countries, including Turkey, to prevent the spread of the coronavirus have deprived students (from preschool to university) of face-to-face education. While the pandemic has had a profound impact on parents and educators, children's lives have been stuck between the “new normal” and the pandemic. This paper investigated how children and their parents experienced the pandemic, how they interacted, and managed educational activities at home. This was a case study, which is a qualitative research method. The sample consisted of 15 families with different sociocultural and socioeconomic status (SES) living in five cities in four regions of Turkey. Data were collected through video-audio recordings, observation notes, and e-interviews. Data were analyzed using second-cycle coding and inductive content analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic problems, especially in low- and middle-SES families. Economic problems and mental stress impeded the marital interaction patterns of couples, negatively affecting children the most. Upper-SES parents received support from teachers for homeschooling, but other parents faced numerous setbacks and made numerous errors during home-based education, causing parents despair and concern for their children's future. Of all participants, the children of the parents with COVID-19 related health problems were affected by outbreak measures the most. These results can help raise all stakeholders' awareness of the current situation. Given that the COVID-19 pandemic may continue for the foreseeable future, it is believed that the suggestions made to parents and educators for homeschooling can help mitigate the future impacts of the pandemic, especially on preschoolers.

This chapter explores the economic meaning of video games and virtual worlds. Section 2 outlines the scope of video game economics and several different types of research included under this umbrella term. Section 3 then explores one of these types in more detail by examining the relationships between action, choice, and economics on the one hand and games and play on the other. Section 4 builds on this insight by exploring the economics of gameplay, especially how the structure of video games implies a series of economic problems that players solve: scarcity, choice and tradeoffs, opportunity cost, specialization and division of labor, trade, and entrepreneurship. Section 5 then discusses virtual worlds and their relation to real-world economies. Section 6 concludes with some thoughts on the purpose, value, and limitations of video game economics.

The Smart Entrepreneur Program is an innovation program from PT. TASPEN (Civil Servant Insurance Savings) is a solution to declining mental and physical health problems and economic problems experienced by retirees when entering retirement. It is because retired State Civil Apparatus (ASN) do not have proper preparation before retiring. Therefore, this program focuses on empowering retired (ASN) so that retirees are more empowered and prosperous and can reduce the possibility of problems when entering retirement. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. In data analysis, researchers used data analysis techniques, according to Creswell. The theory used in this study is the Empowerment theory of Ginanjar Kartasasmita. The research results indicate that the empowerment of ASN through the smart entrepreneurship program conducted by PT. TASPEN Malang is compatible with the concept of empowerment. In its implementation, three indicators of empowerment are applied: enabling creating conditions that allow for the development of potential retirees, empowering to strengthen the potential of retirees by conducting socialization and training, and finally protecting provided by PT. TASPEN Malang to participants in the smart entrepreneurial program as a form of guarantee given to retirees.

The study aims to examine the problem of forced displacement and its social and economic problems in light of the Syrian crisis. Such an aim helps to know the difficulties and challenges facing the children of displaced families in learning, and the reasons for their lack of enrolment. It also clarifies whether there are significant statistical differences at among the attitudes of the children of the displaced families towards education regarding the following variables: (the work of the head of the family, the economic level of the family, and the work of the children). The study has adopted the descriptive-analytical approach; a questionnaire was adopted as a tool to collect information. The study was applied to a sample of displaced families in Jaramana City in the governorate of Damascus countryside. The sample consisted of sixty items that represent 40% of the displaced families. Results have shown that the largest percentage of the social and economic problems that the displaced families suffer from is due to the high rents of houses and apartments, and to the high prices and the inability to purchase the basic needs. There are statistically significant differences between the attitudes of the children of the displaced families towards education due to the variable of work of the head of the family, and to the variable of the economic level. For the family, the study has recommended, in light of its findings, several recommendations, including: Enacting temporary laws for the displaced families that include: educating their children, giving priority to employing the members of these families, providing them with houses, and granting them easy and interest-free loans that enable them to buy a house or repair their homes when they return to their liberated from terror areas.

PurposeThis research aims to study the economic conditions of fishermen living in the coastal area of Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan.Design/methodology/approachThe method used is a descriptive analysis method supported by a participatory planning method. The importance of primary data is to understand deeply the real problems of fishermen in the field, collected by using a survey method such as field observations, in-depth interviews by gathering fishermen and related stakeholders in the area, undertaking forum group discussion, workshop and seminar. Secondary data are necessary to support the primary data analysis.FindingsThe results showed that there is an abundance of marine resources, but the economic condition of fishermen is far from expected. The income from fishing is not enough to feed their family's daily needs due to low catching productivity and raw fish selling price. The regency government and province do not have clear and concrete policies to resolve firmly and thoroughly the economic problems of fishermen living in the coastal areas.Research limitations/implicationsThis study succeeds in providing two breakthrough strategic policies to improve the economic conditions of fishermen, i.e. institutional and entrepreneurial innovations.Practical implicationsBoth strategic policies have a mutual relationship. Therefore, the implementations have to integrate with one another and be executed simultaneously in a single coastal area management system.Social implicationsBupati as a top policymaker in this region must take full responsibility for the successful implementation of these two strategic policies.Originality/valueProviding new ideas to solve the main problem of fishermen living in the coastal area in Indonesia.

This research article examines the state and prospects of economic cooperation among the countries of Central Asia (CA). As history would have it, economic cooperation within the CA region was previously limited, and investments in Central Asia were mainly concentrated in the mining sector of the economy. Demographic and economic trends in the region have led to an expansion of the internal market; most Central Asian states have implemented wide-ranging reforms, which have improved the overall investment climate; and the CA states have stepped up the development of multilateral trade and economic relations, laying the groundwork for broader cooperation. The article also covers recent problems related to the economic situation in the region. For example, the current situation associated with COVID-19 has had an impact on economic relations between the CA countries. In the view of international experts, this crisis has not provided any new reasons for integration in the region. The quarantine measures taken in various Central Asian countries have had a negative effect on their foreign trade and thus on intra-regional trade and economic cooperation in general. The authors also examine other problems, such as those caused by the CA countries’ economic dependence on other countries, namely their dependence on imports from outside the region. These problems also affect the prospects of economic cooperation in Central Asia. All countries, including those rich in natural resources, want to produce and export finished goods with high value added. The production of high value added products and services enables a country to earn more revenue and reduce its dependence on primary commodity exports. The Central Asian countries are no exception. But for many reasons their finished products are often insufficiently competitive in countries outside the region. Despite the existence of economic problems connected with the need to improve the economic aspects of cooperation, there is a clear trend towards diversification of the economy of the CA countries caused by a desire to develop various specializations. These include agricultural processing, production of consumer goods for the population, development of the service sector, and other areas. Thus, the choice of a new model for the development of multilateral relations and the emerging trend towards economic growth in the region have made it possible to lay the foundation for long-term cooperation among the Central Asian states. Keywords: regional cooperation, Central Asia region, diversification of the economy, trade regimes, external economic policy, region, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan.

To ensure the survival and quality of life of our species, we seek sustainable development to balance the economic, social and environmental spheres in an ethical and equitable manner. The United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs) have become the guiding principles aimed at guaranteeing a safe space for everyone through awareness and clarity of the responsibilities of each individual. This article addresses different views on the topic “sustainable development,” relating them to ethical issues and then associating the discussions with the SDGs. However, in relation to the subject of ethics and concern for planet Earth, several other documents, such as Laudato Si', Gaia and Gaia 2.0, are of great importance to complement and enrich the discussion. A global perspective is proposed, based on the encyclical Laudato Si', the Gaia theory of James Lovelock, religious concepts and idea of the good of humanity, along with the vision of Timothy Lenton who talks about Gaia 2.0. It is highlighted that understanding the role of the Church, the government and academic research in combating environmental, social and economic problems is of great relevance. Finally, based on the discussions provided herein it can be observed that although the statements and documents examined present similarities in pointing to an ethical agenda, they need further debate and research.

The goal of the work. The article is devoted to covering economic topics as a significant part of O. Lototsky's journalistic research, which complements the intellectual biography of the figure. The historiography of the issue is represented by works devoted specifically to the development of an intellectual biography of Ukrainian figures. This article analyzes the materials of O. Lototsky, which were published in periodicals in the late XIX – early XX centuries. they characterize the issues of peasant and noble land use, problems of lending in the Russian Empire, and so on. Special attention is paid to Lototsky's historical research "the history of state control", dedicated to the 100th anniversary of State control in the Russian Empire.This theme originated in the creative heritage of O. Lototsky as a result of a new field of professional activity. In 1897, he served in the Kiev control chamber, and in 1900 he was transferred from Kiev to the state chamber in St. Petersburg. Scientific novelty and research results. O. Lototsky is better known as a church historian, an active supporter of the idea of proclaiming the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, a participant in political events in Ukraine during 1917-1920. In recent years, attention has been paid to XIX – to the early 20's of the twentieth century. However, they are somewhat deprived of the attention of modern researchers of O. Lototsky's intelligence on economic issues. Therefore, the scientific novelty consists in highlighting the facts of the creative biography of the scientist, which received only a cursory mention in the works of modern historians, and determining its significance for the reproduction of the intellectual biography of O. Lototsky. Of course, economic topics are not leading in the creative heritage of a scientist. However, given the thorough economic self-education conducted by the scientist, we can emphasize the importance of this aspect of OlexanderIgnatievich's activity. The study of economic topics had a significant impact on the formation of the worldview of the figure, his political positions.Key words: O. Lototsky, intellectual biography, journalistic essays, state control, land ownership, lending. Мета роботи. Стаття присвячена висвітленню економічної тематики як вагомої частини публіцистичних розвідок О. Лотоцького, які доповнюють інтелектуальну біографію діяча. Історіографія питання представлена роботами, що присвячені саме розробці інтелектуальної біографії українських діячів. У поданій статті аналізуються матеріали О. Лотоцького, що поба-чили світ у періодичних виданнях наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Вони характеризують питання селянського та дворян-ського землекористування, проблеми кредитування у Російській імперії тощо. Окрема увага звертається на історичну розвідку О. Лотоцького «История государственного контроля», присвячену 100-річчю Державного контролю в Російській імперії. Ця тематика виникла у творчому доробку О. Лотоцького у результаті нової сфери професійної діяльності. 1897 р. він опинився на службі у Київській контрольній палаті, а 1900 р. перевівся з Києва до Державної палати у Петербурзі. Нова сфера діяльності визначила й один з напрямів публіцистичних розвідок О. Лотоцького. Наукова новизна та результати дослідження. О. Лотоцький більш знаний як історик церкви, активний прихильник ідеї проголошення автокефалії Української православної церкви, учасник політичних подій на українських теренах про-тягом 1917–1920 рр. Останнім роками зросла увага до мемуарів діяча, що презентують палітру подій, учасниками яких був науковець, з кінця ХІХ – до початку 20-х рр. ХХ ст. Проте, дещо обділені увагою сучасних дослідників розвідки О. Лотоцького на економічну тематику. Тож, наукова новизна полягає у висвітленні фактів творчої біографії науковця, що отримували лише побіжне згадування у роботах сучасних істориків, і визначенні її значення для відтворення інтелек-туальної біографії О. Лотоцького. Звичайно, економічна тематика не є провідною у творчому доробку науковця. Однак, зважаючи на ґрунтовну економічну самоосвіту, проведену науковцем, можна наголошувати на важливості цього аспекту діяльності Олександра Гнатовича. Опрацювання економічної тематики мало суттєвий вплив на формування світогляду діяча, його політичних позицій. Ключові слова: О. Лотоцький, інтелектуальна біографія, публіцистичні нариси, Державний контроль, землеволодіння, кредитування.

En la administración financiera de toda organización el cálculo del riesgo de insolvencia se ha convertido en un parámetro importante, buscando anticiparse a la eventualidad de llegar a tener un problema económico y generar insolvencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si en el cálculo del riesgo de insolvencia, el uso de redes neuronales artificiales genera mejores resultados que las metodologías tradicionales, buscando las principales características dentro de las aplicaciones realizadas por distintos autores a través del tiempo. De esta manera se observan las principales variables que pueden evidenciar que la aplicación de la metodología de redes neuronales facilita el cálculo del riesgo de insolvencia. A través de la revisión bibliográfica, en el período 1992-2021, con el uso del método analítico-sintético se puede evidenciar que el modelo expuesto es considerado como eficiente según sus resultados, con ajustes que, en la mayoría de los casos expuestos, superan el 80% de eficacia. Los resultados encontrados permitieron concluir que la estructura básica de una red neuronal viene dada por tres capas: una de entrada, una de salida y una oculta. Sin embargo, el número de nodos es el que varía en cada una de las aplicaciones realizadas por los distintos autores, dado que los mismos representan a las variables, en este caso indicadores financieros más relevantes según la aplicación planteada. Finalmente se logró evidenciar cuáles son los indicadores financieros más usados en las distintas aplicaciones de redes neuronales. Todo indica que las redes neuronales generan resultados más efectivos que los métodos tradicionales.

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all sectors, especially the health sector, worldwide. In terms of economy, sectors have experienced problems, and the pandemic has brought many economic problems. The pandemic has significantly affected the consumption trend, businesses with reduced cash flow have had to use foreign financial resources. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the global Covid-19 pandemic on the amount of cash loans used from banks andnon-performing loans in agriculture, manufacturing industry, hotels and restaurants, transportation, storage and communication, and education sectors. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that the amount of cash loans and non-performing loans used from the deposit banks and the entire banking system increased sectorally after the Covid-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic.

Child maltreatment rates remain unacceptably high and rates are likely to escalate as COVID-related economic problems continue. A comprehensive and evidence-building approach is needed to prevent, detect and intervene where child maltreatment occurs. This review identifies key challenges in definitions, overviews the latest data on prevalence rates, reviews risk and protective factors, and examines common long-term mental health outcomes for children who experience maltreatment. The review takes a systems approach to child maltreatment outcomes through its focus on the overall burden of disease, gene-environment interactions, neurobiological mechanisms and social ecologies linking maltreatment to mental ill-health. Five recommendations relating to the accurate measurement of trends, research on brain structures and processes, improving the reach and impact of teleservices for detecting, preventing and treating child maladjustment, community-based approaches, and building population-focused multidisciplinary alliances and think tanks are presented.

The average life expectancy of the world’s population is increasing and the healthcare systems sooner than later will be compromised by its reduced capacity and its highly economic cost; in addition, the age distribution of the population is leading towards the older spectrum. This trend will lead to immeasurable and unexpected economic problems and social changes. In order to face up this challenge and complex economic and social problem, it is necessary to rely on the appropriate digital tools and technological infrastructures for ensuring that the elderly are properly cared in their everyday living environments and they can live independently for longer. This article presents ACTIVAGE IoT Ecosystem Suite (AIoTES), a concrete reference architecture and its implementation process that addresses these issues and that was designed within the first European Large Scale Pilot, ACTIVAGE, a H2020 funded project by the European Commission with the objective of creating sustainable ecosystems for Active and Healthy Ageing (AHA) based on Internet of Things and big data technologies. AIoTES offers platform level semantic interoperability, with security and privacy, as well as Big Data and Ecosystem tools. AIoTES enables and promotes the creation, exchange and adoption of cross-platform services and applications for AHA. The number of existing AHA services and solutions are quite large, especially when state-of-the-art technology is introduced, however a concrete architecture such as AIoTES gains more importance and relevance by providing a vision for establishing a complete ecosystem, that looks for supporting a larger variety of AHA services, rather than claiming to be a unique solution for all the AHA domain problems. AIoTES has been successfully validated by testing all of its components, individually, integrated, and in real-world environments with 4345 direct users. Each validation is contextualized in 11 Deployment Sites (DS) with 13 Validation Scenarios covering the heterogeneity of the AHA-IoT needs. These results also show a clear path for improvement, as well as the importance for standardization efforts in the ever-evolving AHA-IoT domain.

La política económica en los años de la postdictadura (1983-1989), constituye un tema escasamente abordado por la historiografía económica reciente en comparación con otras etapas de la historia argentina. Especialmente, esto se acentúa con el Plan antiinflacionario Austral, lanzado en 1985 por el entonces ministro de Economía Juan V. Sorrouille (1985-1989), a pesar de haber contado con una profusa producción económica contemporánea. Teniendo en cuenta esto, proponemos indagar en los antecedentes y formulaciones iniciales del Plan Austral sosteniendo la hipótesis de que este, a pesar de haber sido un plan estrictamente antiinflacionario, contó con una proyección económica importante para la Argentina. Para ello, hemos realizado un rastreo de diversas fuentes que van desde la bibliografía económica contemporánea, testimonios y prensa periódica, hasta los últimos aportes de la historia económica reciente. Mediante un método histórico interpretativo de análisis y contrastación de fuentes de la época, apuntamos a rescatar la faceta de largo plazo del Austral, aunque los problemas económicos de la Argentina postautoritaria la hayan sepultado para siempre.

This research was conducted to examine the true benefit of energy consumption within the scope of energy cost, as well as model a forecasting tool for energy cost in food manufacturing industry. It was limited to the analysis of true benefit of the consumption, energy cost, forward-and-backward relationship, and prediction of future energy cost during the next 10 years ranging from 2021 to 2030, and 20 years ranging from 2021 to 2040. The analysis was made possible via an application of ARIMAX model optimizing the input-output table of Thailand. As for the result, it reveals that the product of tobacco is found with the highest true value of benefit. While candy and sweets, sugar, breweries, corn, distilled spirit, slaughtering, milled rice, coffee and tea, and canned meat are respectively detected. In taking forward-and-backward relationship into account, a close monitoring is required for the sector of canned meat and milled rice, respectively. Since the developed model is confirmed for its validity, an optimization of RMSE, MAE, and MAPE measurement for 10 years (2021-2030) and 20 years (2021-2040) prediction of energy cost would result in the following outcomes; 1) a gradual increase of 41.86 percent is estimated for the energy cost by 2030 compared to 2021 per illustration in Model 1, and 2) energy cost is calculated at a steadily increased 70.79% by 2040 in comparison with 2021 per presentation in Model 2.Keywords: economic problem, environmental law, sustainability, Food Manufacturing sector, energy costJEL Classifications: P28, Q42, Q43, Q47, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11515

National development seeks to achieve fairly high economic growth, the ultimate goal of which will be to improve the quality of life and welfare for the entire community. Economic growth is interrelated with the process of increasing the production of goods and services in people's economic activities. In other words, growth is a single-dimensional development and is assessed by increasing production output and increasing income. This shows an increase in national income which is reflected by the total number of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Indonesia, as a developing country, is in the midst of carrying out planned and gradual development, without neglecting the efforts of equity and stability in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has made a number of sources of funds used to maintain public health so that for development and equitable distribution of the people's economy, the government is expected to recover immediately. People's economy slumped. Economic growth is a long-term economic problem and is a fundamental phenomenon in every country today. The process of economic growth has parameters with measurements through GNP, foreign exchange reserves, the balance of payments balance, and others. However, Islam commands humans to uphold justice in all issues related to muamalah, including economic justice. Zakat is one of the pillars in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. QS At Taubah 60 explains that humans are entitled to receive zakat, the first 4 parties are high priority and the second 4 parties are low priority. Through the Amil Zakat Agency as an official government institution, the portrait of economic inequality can be reduced from year to year. This agency has become a reference for the international community as an innovative and massive agency or institution in helping the people.

This article attempts to review the analysis of migration processes in relation to interethnic relations. After gaining independence, the new Uzbekistan faced not only economic problems but also social, including ethno-social nature. It is acknowledged that during the time of the Soviet republic, when carrying out the national-territorial delimitation, attention was paid to such factors as economic gravity, approximate national borders, administrative convenience of management, ethnographic-territorial areas, the geographic location of the republic, etc. As a result, many representatives of the Central Asian nations found themselves not on "their" territory. Uzbekistan has become one of the republics with the most variegated ethnic composition of the population. And therefore, research in this direction is relevant.

PurposeThis article outlines the challenges faced by the next Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) in 2022 – the need to address economic problems resulting from Hong Kong’s slow growth; its inability to restructure its economy to broaden job opportunities and improve upward mobility for young people; and the government’s belated attempt to deploy innovation and technology.Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on the author’s in-depth analysis of the current situation and insights on the challenges faced by the next Chief Executive.FindingsTensions are inherent in the concept of “One Country, Two Systems”. Back in November 2012, Deputy Director of the Hong Kong and Macao Office Zhang Xiaoming already reminded Hong Kong of the need to manage well three sets of relationships: (1) maintaining the “One Country” principle while preserving the SARs’ “separate systems”; (2) upholding Central Authority while preserving the SARs’ “high degree of autonomy”; and (3) unleashing the economic potential of mainland China while raising the competitiveness of the SARs. These three sets of relationships represent three fundamental difficulties in implementing “One Country, Two Systems”. However, Hong Kong kept ignoring Beijing’s advice and failed to resolve the tension between the mainland and Hong Kong SAR, culminating in the riotous events of 2019, which morphed into a dangerous, anti-China insurgency.Originality/valueThe next Chief Executive needs to mediate between the constitutional requirements of the Central Authority while preserving Hong Kong SAR’s “high degree of autonomy”, its unique character and lifestyle. He or she also needs to deal with continuity and change. Hong Kong cannot stand still, and should not allow itself to be lulled by the “50 years no change” mantra into overlooking the need to move with the times. Much reform needs to be implemented by the next Chief Executive to give people hope, faith in “One Country, Two Systems” and true love of the country.

Today, the problem of increasing the efficiency of large Russian industrial enterprises is one of the most important national economic problems of the domestic economy. Purpose of the study. In this regard, the purpose of the study of this work is to improve the processes of prepa¬ring and mak-ing managerial decisions on the strategic and operational management of industrial enterprises of our country in the current conditions of global instability and increasing international competition. Materials and methods. The scientific provisions presented in the article are an integral set of measures that ensure the implementation of both strategic and operational management algorithms for industrial enterprises. At the same time, the methods of mathematical modeling and financial and economic analytics were used. Results. The results of the study are: a well-founded set of scien-tific provisions on the strategic management of industrial enterprises, as well as a predictive and adaptive approach to the operational management of production companies in the conditions of both stable development of the world economy and international financial and economic crises. On the basis of the developed sets of scientific provisions, sets of mathematical models for the stra-tegic management of industrial enterprises and their operational management are formed. Conclu-sion. The scientific provisions and materials presented in this article enable the heads of industrial enterprises to form holistic and comprehensively justified strategies for their long-term development, as well as algorithms for operational management of industrial divisions of enterprises during peri-ods of global instability.

Purpose This paper aims to provide a commentary on how well the New Zealand (NZ) Government has used the budget as a tool to tackle the social and economic problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of public budgeting as a political instrument is also critiqued. Design/methodology/approach An analysis was carried out of relevant documents that included government policy statements, budgets, news articles and website information on the pandemic. Meaningful interpretation of information and reflections helped provide the basis of the commentary. Findings Public budgeting has a prominent role in addressing a major global crisis. Budgets need to quickly respond to the needs of the moment in saving lives and sustaining people’s well-being, businesses and the economy. In a crisis situation, the social, political and economic factors become crucial determinants of budgetary policy measures. Although strong political leadership is required to deliver budgets under unimaginable circumstances, the ideology of the political party in government can be a powerful predictor of fiscal policies. Crisis budgeting will result in mounting budget deficits and public debts that will take many years for future generations to pay back. Practical implications This paper provides a significant learning for other nations. These lessons will guide budget policymakers to prepare better for potential crisis in the future. Originality/value This paper is original and based on the NZ Government’s budgetary response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It will be valuable in formulating budget policies and public funding decisions in a major crisis.

Social entrepreneurship has become a phenomenal discussion in the last few decades. It claims could be the out entry of citizen economic problem solver in many countries. Therefore, the determinant exploration needed in many countries to richen the study. This study aimed to present the overview of novelty finding in the social entrepreneurship intention research. The focus of this study is SEI’s measurement methods, development, and theory used, developed model, and the development of variables SEI’s. Many models and theories could be applied and examined in many ways. This paper is built upon a systematic literature review method. Moreover, the researcher could explore more to find the variable effects to social entrepreneurship intention. Keywords: Social entrepreneurship intention; systematic literature review; methods of SEI; theories of SEI, models of SEI; variables of SEI.

The organization of labor activities of disabled people in the territory of the Kuznetsk District in the second half of the 1920s - 1930s is being considered in the article. The dynamics of the development of the system of disability cooperation is shown. The study examined working conditions, the pay system, its advantages compared to the receipt of a tiny pension. Opportunities to train persons with disabilities in professions within the technical training plant have been identified. The main types of production activities in which disabled artels specialized were established, these are: artisanal production of food, basic necessities, trade and household services. The conclusion is drawn that economic problems of artels arose in connection with weak financial support from social securities, supply with raw materials and materials by the residual principle, domination of manual work, formal work of local councils with chairmen of the artels allowing cases of mismanagement and abuse of official position. In general, the level of organization of work of persons with disabilities in the Kuznetsk District was in line with the State’s policy of pragmatising their productive potential during the period of intensive industrial construction in the region.

Currently, sanctions are considered an important tool of international policy for maintaining security and collective response to violations of international order. At the same time, they are a factor of negative impact on the economic situation of the country, growth and production in the target country. Russia and Iran have been under sanctions from Western countries and their allies for many years and are experiencing economic problems in this regard. The article provides a characteristics and comparative analysis of economic sanctions against Russia and Iran, reveals their differences, assesses the impact of sanctions on their economic structure and financial sector. The paper shows that sanctions directly or indirectly affect the country's macroeconomic indicators and cause their decline. The authors give the substantiations for the negative impact of sanctions on the financial markets of Iran and Russia, including the banking and stock markets.

Environmental regulation is a mechanism that restores the balance on the path of sustainable socioeconomic development of Russia.The paper examines the problems of regulatory pressure from the EU and the US on the implementation of the environmental and energy policy in Russia. It is shown that the national environmental legislation, the national environmental regulation of Russia is increasingly dependent on environmental regulations and standards of the EU and the United States. Foreign environmental rule-making as an element of expansion is manifested not only in the example of the carbon tax, but also in many other cases. The EU directives are built on the principle of preserving the quality of the environment and individual components, but at the same time, they are the instruments that allow the EU member states to enjoy a certain kind of advantages over other countries that are not included in the EU environmental control zone.The authors conclude that gradually, in foreign practice, environmental regulation is becoming not only and not so much a tool for protecting the environment as a convenient mechanism for solving economic problems.The authors conclude that the only way to resist the obvious expansion of environmental rule-making is to have a proven and obvious “environmental” alternative. Leadership in the field of environmental management, environmental safety will give the economic policy of the Russian Federation meaning and support from the whole world in the event that national environmental standards have their own content that is different from others (the EU and the USA).

One of the objectives of macroeconomics is to stabilise purchasing power for the masses, which remains a leading economic problem in Pakistan for years. Economists are convinced about the existence of some degree of inflation in the economy to mobilize economic resources, with the condition to keep it to a minimum. Currently, Islamic finance is setting its firm footing in Pakistan and competing with the conventional financial system. Both of these financial systems provide their services to consumers and producers, which implicates inflation differently. Under this scenario, this study sets to compare the Shari’ah compliant financing provided by Islamic financial institutes and human made standards of conventional financial institutions. This study explores the effect of consumer financing and producer financing of Islamic and conventional banks on the inflation of Pakistan. Quarterly secondary data extracted from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) reports and International Financial Statistic (IFS). Empirical results displayed that Islamic consumer financing, as expected in theory, helps to control inflation. The preaching of moderation in Islamic finance makes Islamic consumer financing less inflationary and asset-based Islamic producer financing will perform better in reducing inflation. Islamic consumer financing is well participating in the management of inflation. However, Islamic producer financing lacks inflation curtailing ability. The small share in the financial market, and lack of long term investment plans, are the few reasons why Islamic producer financing is not managing inflation.