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Economic abuse is a common component of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study explored whether IPV victim and perpetrator financial health at relationship outset are associated with two types of economic abuse—restriction and exploitation—during the relationship. With a sample of 315 women seeking services for male-perpetrated IPV, the study showed increased use of economic restriction when perpetrators were advantaged in terms of assets or disadvantaged in terms of debt. There was increased use of economic exploitation when victims were advantaged in terms of assets or credit and when perpetrators were disadvantaged in terms of assets, debt, or credit. Implications for research and intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the initiatives undertaken by the Yogyakarta City government to legally protect street children from economic exploitation. It focused on the roles of key institutions such as the Department of Social Affairs, Labors, and Transmigration in the city of Yogyakarta along with the local Children Protection Commissioner. The research explored the challenges these bodies faced in executing their duties. Utilizing empirical methods, interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders including the head of the rehabilitation section of the Department of Social Affairs, the chairperson of the Indonesian Children Protection Commissioner in the district of Yogyakarta, and their team members. The findings revealed that despite numerous programs and regulations implemented by the Yogyakarta city government to protect the rights of street children, economic exploitation persisted primarily due to poverty. This research highlighted the gap between policy implementation and its effectiveness, suggesting a need for a review of existing measures and potentially the development of new strategies to address the economic exploitation of street children in Yogyakarta.

This article examines the social and economic adaptation mechanisms practiced by the hijra community in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on the family structure and social relations. It posits that an analysis of hijra family dynamics may be effectively conducted by including theories of social adaptation and economic exploitation, drawing upon qualitative data. As the hijra children undergo maturation and manifest their sexual and behavioural distinctiveness, the familial outlook on the children experiences a transformation as time progresses. Hijra children are ultimately subjected to parental and societal neglect, rejection and discrimination, which in turn push them to establish an independent existence under hijra community. Within the community, the establishment and nurturing of the familial bond between the guruma, who serves as the head of the family, and the chela, who assumes the role of the disciple, is facilitated through a shared sense of affinity and unwavering loyalty. Furthermore, a significant correlation exists between hijra families and their economic system. The chela hijras, who have experienced separation from their biological families, seek shelter under the care of a guruma. Consequently, they endure processes of social and economic adaptation. However, they also experience economic exploitation from the guruma. This study applies a combination of primary and secondary sources of data, and Case Studies, In-depth Interviews and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) have been used to collect firsthand data. The research findings shed light on the process through which hijras are integrated into the community, as well as the various forms and degrees of economic exploitation they encounter. Thus, this article contributes to the existing body of literature on the issues of third gender and the vulnerabilities they face and what measures should be taken for their inclusive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The name of Alexandre Biyidi Awala, the famous Camerounian dissident writer and activist, better known by his pseudonym of Mongo Beti needs no further introduction in the annals of African literature of French expression. So much has been said and written about his very first novel titled Ville Cruelle (Cruel town), the only novel he used the pseudonym of Eza Boto. The most common narrative that critics prefer to launder about the work, is the fact that the novel took the decolonisation struggle head-on, at a time when more elderly intellectuals like Camara Laye preferred to either be diplomatic, or ignored the leprous subject of the evils of colonialism in Africa. The gap in knowledge about this novel, which has often been overlooked by scholars and critics alike, and which this paper seeks to close, is the fact of the collaboration between the African traditional/cultural system and the colonial machine to monetise and commercialise Africa's socio-cultural norms and values, thereby imposing the gerontocracy of the elders for the purpose of economic exploitation. Using the socio-historical approach, this paper explores how this gerontocracy worked as a tool of economic exploitation of African youths by exploitative elders in the name of the colonial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interests of the child require full material and spiritual support from the government and parents. This research, while examining the causes and consequences of child labor and the negative dimensions of child labor, also deals with the innovative aspect of child labor in a positive aspect. The main goal of this research is to investigate the difference between the phenomenon of "child labor" and "working child "; The negative aspect of banning the phenomenon of child labor, which is prohibited in domestic and international laws, sources and jurisprudential opinions, and the positive aspect of child labor, in which it is permissible to employ the child in suitable jobs for education and earning income, if the interest of the child is respected. This research with descriptive- analytical method and by citing library resources aims to answer the question of whether Iran's legal system has accepted the absolute prohibition of child labor, or whether the jurisprudential-legal criterion of "damage" has been considered by Iran's legal system? Because according to the Child Protection Law, economic exploitation is when a child is assigned to work that is physically, psychologically, morally or socially harmful or dangerous for him. Based on existing legal and jurisprudential sources, it is permissible to employ a child or teenager in a place that is not harmful for him.

Copyright of Teorija in Praksa is the property of Teorija in Praksa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Child servitude is a form of economic exploitation of children around the world. We examine this phenomenon with local specificity, in Liberia, where it represents a perennial failure of the government to protect children, who are among its most vulnerable citizens. Despite its persistence and high prevalence, child servitude has not been the focus of academic research on Liberia. This paper explores the interplay of transmuted American chattel slavery and indigenous specific Liberian cultural practices of human subjugation against a backdrop of socio-economic inequalities, and their linkages to contemporary child servitude in postwar Liberia. We discuss the impacts of child servitude on victims and recommend policy measures to protect the rights of Liberian children. If postwar Liberia is to achieve its pro-poor developmental agenda, policies must be formulated that address child servitude and other forms of exploitation against Liberian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and suicidal ideation among women using a network analysis approach., Method: Secondary data including 440 women (mean age ± SD = 32.78 ± 8.09) who experienced IPV in the last 6 months were used. The Revised Composite Abuse Scale-Short Form, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale and Revised Scale of Economic Abuse were used to assess IPV and suicidal ideation. Network analysis, centrality measures and bridge centrality were applied to understand the interplay between IPV and suicide risk factors., Results: The strongest association in the network analysis was found between 'Wish to be Dead' (S.1) and 'Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts' (S.2) with a weight of 0.523, indicating a substantial correlation between general suicidal thoughts and particular desires to die. IPV symptoms, particularly economic exploitation and psychological abuse, showed strong links to suicidal ideation. 'Active Suicidal Ideation with Specific Plan and Intent' (S.5) was significantly related to 'Make you take out a loan or buy something on credit when you didn't want to' (EA.11) with a weight of 0.276. Additionally, centrality analysis showed that 'Wish to be Dead' (S.1) was the most central node in the network of suicidal ideation, with the highest centrality score (betweenness = 2.625)., Conclusion: These findings suggest that IPV, mainly psychological abuse, plays a pivotal role in suicidal ideation among women. Mental health interventions should focus on addressing IPV-related psychological abuse. Suicide prevention efforts must integrate IPV screening into clinical practice., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This paper discusses the establishment and crucial aspects of the Bulgarian occupation system in the Kingdom of Serbia from 1915 to 1918. It is based on primary historical sources of German and Austrian origin and existing literature. The key characteristics of the occupying authorities, represented by the two military-inspection areas: Morava and Macedonia, are analyzed through the prism of the violations of the Hague Convention of 1908 (Convention with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land).

Gaming is an important pastime for young people to relax, socialize and have fun, but also to be challenged, show creativity and work together to achieve goals. The design of games can have an impact on their behavior. With the changing revenue models of games, we see that game design is increasingly taking forms that do not always have a positive impact on children and may interfere with, or even violate, children's rights. This article examines how evolving revenue models of games impact user's behavior via game design. Behavioral design in games thus raises questions about children's rights to play and recreation, to health, to protection from economic exploitation and to data protection.

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Senegal, the frequency of news stories highlighting the conditions under which domestic work is performed contrasts with the marginal attention given to the issue of domesticity by the scientific community. It is in this context that this study is mobilized to shed scientific light on the issue of domesticity in Senegal and particularly in Dakar. Thus, thanks to an exclusively qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews and the method of life stories, the study highlights the situations of economic exploitation and abuse that domestic workers are confronted with; situations that call into question the decent character of domestic employment.

Copyright of IgualdadES is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Espacio is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An interesting phenomenon to date in Bali, there are still several cases that show a causal relationship between the anxiety and helplessness of several people in dealing with social health problems, illness, and health care and their decision to convert from Hinduism to Christianity. This study wants to provide a historical answer in the Dutch era, 1908-1942, when colonialism, zendeling [Protestant Christianity], and identity politics were in the same space and time to find the closest reasons why this incident occurred. Its tracing is traced to community thought schemes about worry and helplessness that are formed from prolonged life experiences. An element of concern was sought in the scheme of thinking about illness, health, good and bad, while helplessness in the light of economic exploitation was practiced by the Dutch colonial government. Along with the advancement of modern medical science, there should be no more worries stemming from social health problems, disease, and health care. However, in fact, relatively many people have asked for help from the Gospel Teachers to get healing for their illnesses and life burdens. This problem will be answered by studying the practice of handling socio-health problems, diseases, and treatments on the one hand and economic exploitation on the other. Both of these practices caused concern to some people, that they would not be able to deal with social health problems, illnesses, and care for their family members. On the other hand, economic exploitation and the international economic crisis of 1929-1939 made people bear a heavy life burden. Both of these phenomena are captured by zendeling, through the gospel teachers who are mostly traditional healers to provide help. Help is not only in the form of prayers but at the same time the treatment of various diseases, even including patients with acute leprosy and non-medical diseases and on the other hand in the form of material assistance. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study, the conversion of Hinduism to Christianity cannot be separated from the concern of several people in facing social health problems, disease and health care and helplessness in bearing the implications of exploitation and economic hardship due to the international economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children face significant consumer risks when surfing online, related to, inter alia , embedded advertisements and privacy-invasive practices, as well as the exploitation of their incredulity and inexperience resulting in overspending or online fraudulent transactions. Behind the fun and playful activities available for children online lie complex revenue models, creating value for companies by feeding children's data into algorithms and self-learning models to profile them and offer personalised advertising or by nudging children to buy or try to win in-app items to advance in the games they play. In this article we argue that specific measures against these forms of economic exploitation of children in the digital world are urgently needed. We focus on three types of exploitative practices that may have a significant impact on the well-being and rights of children – profiling and automated decision-making, commercialisation of play, and digital child labour. For each type, we explain what the practice entails, situate the practice within the existing legislative and children's rights framework and identify concerns in relation to those rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study written two weeks after the Peace Treaty of Bucharest by an anonymous Romanian (perhaps an intelligence officer with the possible cooperation of a bank official) was offered to the French Legation in Jassy in order to present the available data on the systematic economic exploitation introduced by the Central Powers armies, especially by the Germans, in the occupied territory of Romania. These data concern the agriculture, the industry, the raw materials, the finances. Particularly interesting are the examples of corruption which added another burden on the inhabitants of the cities and villages. The study was useful for the French diplomacy and army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Resources of Others. Dutch Exploitation of European Expansion and Empires, 1570-1800 Historiography pertaining to the study of European colonial empires can generally be defined in two different strands: on the one hand, the nationally geared scholarship that zooms in on the development of specific 'national' empires and their relationships to non-European individuals, groups and polities and, on the other hand, narratives that privilege the focus on the colony and the colony's links to the outside world. What neither of these strands does, however, is to question the role foreigners played in the capturing of resources within the logic of a foreign empire and how those resources were transferred to the places of origin of these individuals and groups. This article provides an overview of Dutch participation in the empires of others (English, French, Spanish and Portuguese) by underlining the important role that Dutch merchants, investors and labour specialists played in the exploitation of other, often competing, European empires. While some of the acquired resources remained in the host society where Dutch merchants and firms settled, some of the colonial resources and by-products were sent back to the merchants' and firms' places of origin, more often than not through complex transnational networks of contacts and divergent groups of interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have discussed the political and economic history of Malaya with an emphasis on British economic exploitation, but with little focus on the economic exploitation of Malay rulers before the colonial era. This paper is a qualitative study exploring the economic exploitation of Malay rulers before the arrival of the British using content analysis of secondary data. The study finds that the exploitation of Malays started during the time of the Malay Sultanates when Arabs, Indians and Chinese arrived as traders and middlemen. The rulers of the pre-colonial era gave preference to foreigners over locals, and this practice confined locals to low-wage activities. The economic isolation was magnified during British rule and economic policy. After independence, the Malay economy improved due to the efforts of the nationalist political parties in implementing the New Economic Policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional studies of urban poverty largely blame African Americans for their impoverished situation and the consequent social difficulties that arise there from. This paper confronts and indicts that perspective. Examining the historic dehumanization process that shaped African America, the present study argues that it served as the framework for how whites justified their racist and violent treatment of slaves and their African American descendants. It was this same racist theory and practice that led to the construction of racialized oppressive urban ghettos that became the economically impoverished domicile for urban black people. Therefore, poor African Americans have been caught in a cauldron of circumstances not of their own making, but with which they have had to cope and struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we argue that we will reach a deepened understanding of what the retirement process means for individuals if existential meaning is the centre of attention. The data consist of qualitative interviews conducted in Sweden. A selected type of employee - whose work we define as a ‘‘calling’’ is examined to analyse the existential meaning of work and how it is formed and challenged in relation to the retirement process. Before their retirement, the interviewees had developed three main strategies for handling the process of de-calling: developing a ‘‘calling on standby,’’ - exploring self-improvement activities and listening to callings from other social spheres. After their retirement, three main strategies arose for dealing with being de-called: conserving the calling, learning to become a self-oriented subject and redefining the calling. In the case of conserving the calling, we show how this may result in experiences of economic exploitation and existential frustration.