Search

This article aims to discuss about the topic of discrimination and elaborate it through the form of a creative novel. Three topics are explored: the reasons for discrimination, how discrimination can continue to perpetuate, and how indirect discrimination can also hurt victims. These questions are answered in the narrative story in a novel with the help of the Social Dominance theory and Becker’s theory of Economic Discrimination. Sapphire is a fire-wielding mermaid who is discriminated against because of her power over fire. She finds out that discrimination can exist because the dominant group does not want to lose their privileges, and how discrimination still runs rampant because of the propaganda spread by the king, which is supported using the legalizing myths in Social Dominance theory. Sapphire also witnesses and suffers some indirect forms of discrimination, especially about lack of interaction and wage differences.Keywords: discrimination, indirect discrimination, social dominance, economic discrimination, fantasy, merfolk

The UK has experienced substantial income and wealth inequalities at the individual and regional levels. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reveals how inherited domestic economic and cultural disparities lead to greater vulnerability, even in front of the 'Great Leveller'. We argue that the geography of the pandemic in the UK follows the geography of deprivation and cultural and economic discrimination that existed before the pandemic. We demonstrate this through analysis of multiple deprivation and cultural (ethnic) concentration data, unemployment claims, and small business statistics, as well as lung cancer deaths in non-pandemic times and weekly death statistics during the early part of the pandemic (3/1/2020 until 27/03/2020) across England and Wales. We apply data decomposition analysis to detect this discrimination and map it against the geography of the pandemic. Our study not only illustrates the geography of the pandemic disease but also demonstrates how past cultural and economic discrimination creates vulnerable groups and places among the general public in times of exogenous shocks. Finally, we discuss our findings in light of the emerging impact of Brexit.

A growing body of research has documented that perceived discrimination is associated with problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents. However, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been thoroughly addressed. This study examined whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between perceived economic discrimination and PIU among adolescents. The study also sought to determine whether this mediating process was moderated by school connectedness. A total of 1010 adolescents (Mage = 14.95, SD = 1.70) were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires regarding perceived economic discrimination, PIU, self-esteem, and school connectedness. The results showed that there was an indirect effect of perceived economic discrimination on PIU via self-esteem. Furthermore, the moderating effect of school connectedness in the mediating process was marginally significant. These findings elucidate that self-esteem and school connectedness could be potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived economic discrimination and PIU and provide important implications for the prevention and intervention of PIU among adolescents.

The production of parts for high‐technology final products can play an important role in advancing economic development. This appears a particularly attractive outcome for least developed countries (LDCs). But due to data constraints, analysis has been based largely on middle‐income economies. We seek to address this gap by using proxy data to explore the position of Asian LDCs in electronics and automotive production. Our analysis shows that there has been a surprising amount of LDC trade activity in these sectors over the past decade. In addition, a group of LDCs has succeeded in what appears to be successful engagement with these production networks. We discuss the forms of participation we observe and ask whether they might enable countries to attain development outcomes that might otherwise be out of reach.

Female domestic workers (FDW) are one of the most vulnerable segments of a society facing adverse social domination and economic discrimination. The present article aims at investigating to what extent the participation of poor women in economic activities empowers them. The study amalgamates data collected from 334 female domestic workers living in different areas of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal through a semi-structured questionnaire during a period of 6 months from January 2016 to June 2016. This district was chosen on the basis of existing inter-linkage between the growth and expansion of the city of Kolkata in her southern part, existence of a large number of Bangladeshi migrants in South 24 Parganas ( Kumar, 2010 ), evidences of large scale commuting of unorganized workers ( Roy, 2003 ) and the expanding informal market where the supply of manual labour comes from the fringes of the district. The article tries to explore the different dimensions of empowerment from the study of female domestic workers. This includes workers’ involvement in taking household decision, free movement, possession of assets and restricting domestic violence. By adding the obtained scores and weights of the indicators, a cumulative empowerment index is constructed. Restrictions in mobility and lack of ownership of permanent assets amongst workers indicate their subordination in the household hierarchy and highlight that women are excluded from asserting influence over household properties. Severe domestic violence against women is common and visible even when husbands are unemployed. About 69 per cent of female domestic workers report incidences of physical assault at home. The index, thus, establishes that the majority of the domestic workers level of empowerment is between low to moderate.

In the concept of the internal conflict, Michael Brown explained there are political factors, economic, social, cultural and structural contribute to conflict within a country. The fourth order assist researchers in analyzing the causes of the coup against Moammar Gaddafi in Libya. During the 42-year reign of Moammar Gaddaf, the Libyan people have political issues such as curbs on political activity, political institutional discrimination, exclusive state ideology, significant internal political groups and the role of the political elite that interfere with the freedom of the people. Then economic issues such as economic discrimination, unemployment, and corruption in the Gaddafi’s family that give rise to high social inequalities. Coupled with the structural and socio-cultural factors such as discrimination against minorities, gender, and state institutions are not effective as inhibitors of the country's development. Gaddafi uses his own thoughts in undergoing government, by creating the Green Book rules as guidelines for political, economic, and social. Began when the Arab Spring swept Tunisian and Egyptian people who successfully staged a coup against their leader, there arises a sense of longing for the same freedom. Then triggered by the arrest of human rights campaigner who conducted the country's security forces in February 2011 and the blocking of internet sites in the emergence of large demonstrations - demanding the release of their scale and the overthrow of Moammar Gaddafi in the Libyan leadership.Â

Orphan medicines are medicinal products intended for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or debilitating rare diseases. They are ‘orphans’ because the pharmaceutical industry has little interest under normal market conditions in developing and marketing drugs intended for only a small number of patients suffering from very rare conditions. Successful development of new treatments for rare diseases and their sustainable patient access require overcoming a series of challenges related to research and health technology assessment. The orphan drugs legislation provides a set of incentives and conditions to the pharmaceutical industry to develop medicines for the treatment of rare diseases. In fact, the number of orphan products approved (centralized level) is far exceeding anything seen before the orphan drug legislation. However, the final stage relates to whether a patient is able to receive treatment in a timely and reimbursed manner occurs at the payers’ level (decentralized process), which, leads to inconsistency in patient access between European countries. The challenge of regulatory authorities, patient groups, pharmaceutical companies, legislators and payers is to provide access to new therapies, without geographic or economic discrimination. Despite the progress in the field of rare diseases there is still a need of investment. So, the main objective of this paper is to describe the regulatory framework of orphan medicines in the USA and the EU, including specific legislation and guidelines, orphan medicine designation process, economic encouragements and impact of these in market approval, to improve the consistency, effectiveness and sustainability of orphan medicines value assessment.

Rates of diseases and disabilities that are otherwise preventable are higher in low-income communities and communities of color. These disparities are attributed, in large part, to a power imbalance between residents and decision makers, and restoring resident power is necessary to improve health outcomes. A key strategy in many health promotion programs, resident power building is a process by which residents gain necessary skills to improve social conditions through their involvement in community change work. This study is part of a larger evaluation of Building Healthy Communities, a ground-breaking 10-year, $1 billion place-based initiative funded by The California Endowment designed to reverse the historical impact of racial and economic discrimination by advancing statewide policy, changing the narrative around health, and transforming underserved communities to achieve health equity. This article presents the resident power framework and identifies five domains that contributed to resident power building: continuity, culture, context, concrete action, and capacity. Continuity and culture mattered most to residents’ ability to organize and to their ability to exercise their voice, respectively. While this study examined resident power building within the context of a large-scale place-based initiative, the domains that the authors identified are salient across health promotion programs that use power building as a key strategy to achieve program outcomes. The domains serve as opportunities to modify power-building strategies and allow program staff to allocate resources to specific activities to achieve program outcomes.

The authors stated that the main objective of the current research is to analyze the relationship between the gender of injured teachers and independent variables, such as age, place of the accident, absence days, and severity of the injury, to improve women's occupational health and safety. Teachers' accidents recorded in Spain (N = 136,702) from 2003 through 2018 were analyzed by calculating their incidence rates, using statistical tools for independent samples. Gender differences were found in some of the variables studied. Women were more likely to suffer an occupational accident. Compensation per lost working day was found to be statistically lower for women, but no differences based on gender were found in the absence days due to occupational accidents suffered by teachers. The salary gap should be addressed to avoid gender economic discrimination among injured teachers. Preventive strategies should be developed to mitigate the negative difference caused by gender variables.

This paper applies information-theoretic measures to consider the systemic effects on individual incomes of complex patterns of social and economic discrimination by race, ethnicity, and gender in ...

In The Color of Money, Baradaran argues that the defining feature of America’s racial divide is the wealth gap which is where the seeds of historic anti-Black injustice and the present economic sufferings of African Americans were sown. While exploring the philosophical thoughts of W. E. B. Du Bois and Martin Luther King Jr., this essay grapples with such roots of anti-Black economic injustice by highlighting how the American capitalist economy was designed to, ultimately, destroy Black families through the exclusion of Black males from the system of wealth creation. I argue that insights from the structural, socio-political and economic critiques of W. E. B Du Bois and Martin Luther King Jr. reveal how America operated a “political economy of niggerdom”—a system that utilizes various modes of anti-Black misandry, and the stereotype of criminalization as the basis for racial and economic discrimination against Black males.

This paper examines how contextual and institutional factors are associated with individual subjective well-being, which is measured by individuals’ happiness, during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data collected in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea, Japan, Italy, the United Kingdom (UK), and the four biggest states of the United States (US) in April 2020, we find that the financial effects (represented by employment and income change) and nonfinancial effects (represented by experiencing negative nonfinancial effects including mental health issues and enjoying positive benefits) caused by nonpharmaceutical measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 are associated with individual subjective well-being. Moreover, positive benefits could reduce the likelihood of becoming unhappy for those who have experienced negative nonfinancial effects or those who have lost their jobs. The results also suggest that the degree to which people agree with their government’s approach to dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic is positively correlated with their happiness. The risks associated with the pandemic, however, are only slightly associated with people’s happiness. We also find that the correlation between the above factors and individual well-being varies from country to country.

The study surveyed 227 returned labor migrants in four districts of western Odisha to comprehensively analyze the socio-economic vulnerabilities faced by internal returnee labor migrants caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The results show that the partial and complete lockdown caused factory and workplace closures in the entire country. Consequently, millions of migrants suffered a loss of income and faced an uncertain future which motivated migrant workers to return to their home villages. Upon arrival, they met socio-economic vulnerabilities, encountered social and economic discrimination, and were excluded by their family members and fellow villagers, which impacted their behavioral health.

Over the past several decades, the six member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have implemented economic policies for industrial diversification to lessen severe dependence on the oil industry. Such policy efforts have been driven by their awareness of macro-economic and structural risks from heavy volatilities in international oil markets in terms of fiscal and trade sectors. For instance, the drop in international oil prices reduces export performance in the oil and natural gas sectors, which in turn results in a decline in the stability of fiscal revenue. The recent trends of low oil prices since 2014, as well as high unemployment rates, have strengthened the policy regime for industrial diversification and job creation supported by mid- to long-term economic plans of the GCC countries. This report reviews what has been emphasized in the areas of industrial, employment, trade and investment policies. We then derive implications for Korean companies and policymakers for sustainable cooperation between Korea and the Middle East.

This chapter discusses why the three key whistleblowers of the financial crisis were all women. The chapter introduces insights from feminist economics on gender differences in financial behaviour, referred to as the Lehman Sisters Hypothesis. It discusses the empirical literature on gender differences in risk attitude, moral compass and leadership. Moreover, it argues that gender differences are not natural but behavioural, based on stereotypes of masculine and feminine behaviour. Barbara Bergmann was among the first feminist economists who developed new theories of economic discrimination. Her crowding theory explains segmentation of markets along gender lines. The chapter argues that such segmentation is inefficient and results in more volatility of financial markets than with gender equality in financial behaviour and gender diversity in leadership.

Pedro Lemebel, el escritor-performer chileno queer y comunista, falleció en 2015 dejando tras de sí no solamente un gran número de obras literarias y performances sino toda una poética de la discriminación sureña, racial, sexo-genérica y económica. Cinco años más tarde, Fernando Blanco, como editor, rescata en La vida imitada: narrativa, performance y visualidad en Pedro Lemebel esa poética. Su recopilación de ensayos nos acerca –con una prosa íntima y honesta, a la vez que rigurosamente crítica y humanística– a la figura del escritor chileno, su literatura y su obra performática.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the demographic discriminators with regard to financial inclusion dimensions like awareness, accessibility, affordability, and usage of various banking services. The concept of financial inclusion is defined as a delivery of various banking and financial services like savings, credit, remittances, and insurance at an affordable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged groups in the society. Banking services are envisioned for public good and hence it is essential to provide banking and payments services to the vast segment of population. This holds more significance particularly for the underprivileged sections of the society without any social and economic discrimination. The present research is primarily concerned with various dimensions of financial inclusion that discriminate the demographic characteristics in relation to financial inclusion dimensions of Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Telangana State in India. The study explores four important dimensions of financial inclusion (awareness, accessibility, affordability, and usage of various banking services). It was found that age, gender, level of education, employment status, and level of income show significant discrimination against the various dimensions of financial inclusion.

This chapter discusses the role of economic interdependence and economic statecraft in promoting peaceful change. The rise of China and other emerging powers has rekindled interest among policy makers and scholars alike in the role foreign economic policies can play as strategic instruments. Trade wars, the emerging discipline of geoeconomics, and the new interdependence approach are examples of the increased attention being paid to asymmetric interdependence and economic discrimination. The use of such instruments, however, takes place in a globalized economy that is still characterized by high levels of economic interdependence. Several aspects of the modern globalized economy tend to promote an open world economy, higher trade, and peaceful relations such as intra-industry trade and globalized value chains. Preferential trade agreements and particularly regional trade agreements have more ambiguous effects, as they tend to be discriminatory and as such have the potential to increase international tension.

This panel was organized by ASIL’s “Transitional Justice and Rule of Law” Interest Group. In an Annual Meeting focused upon “the promise of international law,” the Interest Group proposed for discussion the topic of “Transitional Justice in a Hostile Climate.” To be completely frank, transitional justice always faces a hostile climate. The calls for justice for innocent people injured by war, lawless governmental authorities, and political and legal structures supporting gender, racial, ethnic, and economic discrimination must be addressed. And the climate is, if anything, increasingly hostile.

The dearth of minority entrepreneurs has received increasing media attention but few academic analyses. In particular, the funding process creates challenges for either audit or correspondence methods, making it difficult to assess the role, or type, of discrimination influencing resource providers. We use a novel approach that combines analyses of 7,617 crowdfunding projects with an experimental design to identify whether African American men are discriminated against and whether this reflects statistical, taste-based, or unconscious bias on the part of prospective supporters. We find that African American men are significantly less likely than similar white founders to receive funding and that prospective supporters rate identical projects as lower in quality when they believe the founder is an African American male. We conclude that the reduction in perceived quality does not reflect conscious assumptions of differences in founder ability or disamenity but rather an unconscious assumption that black founders are lower quality. In two additional experiments, we identify three means of reducing this bias: through additional evidence of quality via third-party endorsements (i.e., awards, evidence of prior support), through evidence that African American founders have succeeded previously, and by removing indicators of the founder’s race. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2774 . This paper was accepted by Toby Stuart, entrepreneurship and innovation.

Graded caste inequality is the most stubborn feature of the ancient caste system which continues with some of its worst features even today. In view of this context, this paper looks at the persistence of graded caste inequality and the role of economic discrimination, drawing mainly from the recent empirical and theoretical research. It examines the following three interrelated aspects of the graded caste inequality (a) Nature of (graded) inequality in income and poverty, and other indicators of human development like malnutrition and education, particularly among three castes: former untouchables (SCs), OBC and higher castes (HCs); (b) Empirical evidence from recent studies on market and non-market discrimination faced by the SC; and (c) Impact of discrimination on income and poverty of SCs, OBCs and HCs in a graded manner. We find that much of the inequality in per capita consumption expenditure is due to inequality in asset ownership (agricultural land and enterprise) and higher education. Most of the explained difference is due to higher education/regular salaried jobs and asset ownership in the form of land and enterprises. In the urban salaried labour market, the contribution of discrimination to wage differential between SCs and HCs is 28.5 per cent in the regular labour market, 19.4 and 31.7 per cent for public and private sectors, respectively. We also find that in the regular labour market, the extent of caste-based wage gap as well as discrimination varies significantly across the quintiles of the wage distribution. The wage gap between SCs and HCs that is attributable to discrimination is higher in top quintiles than at bottom quintiles of wage distribution. We also find that discrimination against SCs and OBCs partially operates through occupational segregation.

After critically reviewing the literature on the institutional approaches for the shared growth, this paper briefly presents a General Theory of Economic Development (GTED) as basis for the discussion of shared growth. The GTED argues that Economic Discrimination (ED) by Markets, Corporations and Government is a necessary condition for shared economic development while Egalitarianism by any of them is a sufficient condition for economic stagnation. ED means treating the different differently while Egalitarianism is antithesis to ED. This paper also presents a new empirical framework for analysing growth and productivity implied by the GTED, and provides the empirical results that a 1 percent increase of per capita corporate asset brings about a 0.4 percent increase in per capita income and a decrease of income GIN1 coefficient by 0.015, supporting "the corporate-led shared growth hypothesis" of the GTED. Finally, the paper discusses the dramatic experiences of the rise. and fall of Korea's economic development and the stagnated Pakistani experience over the last 60 years, implying that the growth stagnation has been due to the anti-corporate policy led by the egalitarianism. JEL Classification: B, B5, D21, D23, 01, 043, P14 Keywords: General Theory of Economic Development, Shared Growth, Economic Discrimination (ED), Egalitarianism, Corporate-led Shared Growth, ED Policy Paradigm

In this article, I argue that contemporary manifestations of social, political and economic discrimination – antihaitianismo – in the Dominican Republic towards their Haitian neighbours have become...

Crime inequality in neighborhoods by race is blamed on social inequalities borne out of segregation and economic discrimination. South Africa is a country synonymous with racial-spatial segregation...