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Modeling the intrinsic alignment (IA) of galaxies poses a challenge to weak lensing analyses. The Dark Energy Survey is expected to be less impacted by IA when limited to blue, star-forming galaxies. The cosmological parameter constraints from this blue cosmic shear sample are stable to IA model choice, unlike passive galaxies in the full DES Y3 sample, the goodness-of-fit is improved and the $\Omega_{m}$ and $S_8$ better agree with the cosmic microwave background. Mitigating IA with sample selection, instead of flexible model choices, can reduce uncertainty in $S_8$ by a factor of 1.5., Comment: Data access available at https://jamiemccullough.github.io/data/blueshear/

The Cluster HEritage project with XMM-Newton - Mass Assembly and Thermodynamics at the Endpoint of structure formation (CHEX-MATE) is a programme to study a minimally biased sample of 118 galaxy clusters detected by Planck through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. Accurate and precise mass measurements are required to exploit CHEX-MATE as an astrophysical laboratory and a calibration sample for cosmological probes in the era of large surveys. We measured masses based on the galaxy dynamics, which are highly complementary to weak-lensing or X-ray estimates. We analysed the sample with a uniform pipeline that is stable both for poorly sampled or rich clusters - using spectroscopic redshifts from public (NED, SDSS, and DESI) or private archives - and dedicated observational programmes. We modelled the halo mass density and the anisotropy profile. Membership is confirmed with a cleaning procedure in phase space. We derived masses from measured velocity dispersions under the assumed model. We measured dynamical masses for 101 CHEX-MATE clusters with at least ten confirmed members within the virial radius r_200c. Estimated redshifts and velocity dispersions agree with literature values when available. Validation with weak-lensing masses shows agreement within 8+-16(stat.)+-5(sys.)%, and confirms dynamical masses as an unbiased proxy. Comparison with {\it Planck} masses shows them to be biased low by 34+-3(stat.)+-5(sys.)%. A follow-up spectroscopic campaign is underway to cover the full CHEX-MATE sample., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures. In press on A&A

We characterise the entropy profiles of 32 very high mass ($M_{500}>7.75\times10^{14}~M_{\odot}$) galaxy clusters (HIGHMz), selected from the CHEX-MATE sample, to study the intracluster medium (ICM) entropy distribution in a regime where non-gravitational effects are minimised. Using XMM-Newton measurements, we measure the entropy profiles up to ~$R_{500}$ for all objects. The scaled profiles exhibit large dispersion in the central regions, but converge rapidly to the expectation from pure gravitational collapse beyond the core. We quantify the correlation between the ICM morphological parameters and scaled entropy as a function of radius, showing that morphologically relaxed (disturbed) objects have low (high) central entropy. We compare our data to other observational samples, finding differences in normalisation which are linked to the average mass of the samples in question. We find that a weaker mass dependence than self-similar in the scaling (Am ~ -0.25) allows us to minimise the dispersion in the radial range [0.3-0.8]$R_{500}$ for clusters spanning over a decade in mass. The deviation from self-similarity is radially dependent and is more pronounced at small and intermediate radii than at $R_{500}$. We also investigate the distribution of central entropy $K_0$, finding no evidence for bimodality, and outer slopes $\alpha$, which peaks at ~1.1. Using weak lensing masses, we find indication for a small suppression of the scatter (~30%) beyond the core when using masses derived from Yx in the rescaling. Finally, we compare to recent cosmological numerical simulations from THE THREE HUNDRED and MACSIS, finding good agreement with our observational data. These results provide a robust observational benchmark in the gravity-dominated regime and will serve as a future reference for samples at lower mass, higher redshifts, and for ongoing work using cosmological numerical simulations., Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

A novel Y-shaped membraneless flow-through electrolyzer is introduced to achieve a homogeneous electrochemical reaction across the entire electrode in a cost-efficient cell design with effective product separation. Numerical simulations of the electrolyte flow and electrical current within the already known I- and T-shaped cells motivate the newly proposed Y-shape cell. Furthermore, a new design criterion is developed based on the balance between bubble removal and gas generation. As proof-of-concept experimental results using the Y-shaped electrolyzer are presented, showing homogeneous gas distributions across the electrode and efficient product separation by the electrolyte flow., Comment: 30 pages (21 pages manuscript + 9 pages supplemental material), 8 figures

Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) has been proposed by the IETF as a stateless multicast transport technology. BIER adds a BIER header containing a bitstring indicating receivers of an IP multicast (IPMC) packet within a BIER domain. BIER-TE extends BIER with tree engineering capabilities, i.e., the bitstring indicates both receivers as well as links over which the packet is transmitted. As the bitstring is of limited size, e.g., 256 bits, only that number of receivers can be addressed within a BIER packet. To scale BIER to larger networks, the receivers of a BIER domain have been assigned to subsets that can be addressed by a bitstring with a subset ID. This approach is even compliant with fast reroute (FRR) mechanisms for BIER. In this work we tackle the challenge of scaling BIER-TE to large networks as the subset mechanism of BIER is not sufficient for that purpose. A major challenge is the support of a protection mechanism in this context. We describe how existing networking concepts like tunneling, egress protection and BIER-TE-FRR can be combined to achieve the goal. Then, we implement the relevant BIER-TE components on the P4-programmable Tofino ASIC which builds upon an existing implementation for BIER. Finally, we consider the forwarding performance of the prototype and explain how weaknesses can be improved from remedies that are well-known for BIER implementations.

Air-lasing from single ionized N$_2^+$ molecules induced by laser filamentation in air has been intensively investigated and the mechanisms responsible for lasing are currently highly debated. We use ultrafast nitrogen K-edge spectroscopy to follow the strong field ionization and fragmentation dynamics of N$_2$ upon interaction with an ultrashort 800 nm laser pulse. Using probe pulses generated by extreme high-order harmonic generation, we observe transitions indicative of the formation of the electronic ground X$^2\Sigma_{g}^{+}$, first excited A$^2\Pi_u$ and second excited B$^2\Sigma^+_u$ states of N$_2^+$ on femtosecond time scales, from which we can quantitatively determine the time-dependent electronic state population distribution dynamics of N$_2^+$. Our results show a remarkably low population of the A$^2\Pi_u$ state, and nearly equal populations of the X$^2\Sigma_{g}^{+}$ and B$^2\Sigma^+_u$ states. In addition, we observe fragmentation of N$_2^+$ into N and N$^+$ on a time scale of several tens of picoseconds that we assign to significant collisional dynamics in the plasma, resulting in dissociative excitation of N$_2^+$.

Electrolytically generated gas bubbles can significantly hamper the overall electrolysis efficiency. Therefore it is crucial to understand their dynamics in order to optimise water electrolyzer systems. Here we demonstrate a distinct transport mechanism where coalescence with microbubbles drives electrolyte droplets, resulting from the fragmentation of the Worthington jet, into the gas phase during hydrogen evolution reaction, both in normal and microgravity environments. This indicates that the H$_2$ bubble is not only composed of hydrogen gas and vapor but also includes electrolyte fractions. Reminiscent of bursting bubbles on a liquid-gas interface, this behavior results in a flow inside the bubble, which is further affected by Marangoni convection at the gas-electrolyte interface, highlighting interface mobility. In the case of electrode-attached bubbles, the sprayed droplets form electrolyte puddles at the bubble-electrode contact area, affecting the dynamics near the three-phase contact line and favoring bubble detachment from the electrode. The results of this work unravel important insights into the physicochemical aspects of electrolytic gas bubbles, integral for optimizing gas-evolving electrochemical systems. Besides, our findings are essential for studying the limits of jet formation and rupture relevant to acid mist formation in electrowinning, generation of sea spray aerosols, impact of droplets on liquid surfaces, etc., Comment: manuscript: 25 pages, 6 figures; SI: 12 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

Circadian disruption contributes to adverse effects on sleep, performance, and health. One accepted method to track continuous daily changes in circadian timing is to measure core body temperature (CBT), and establish daily, circadian-related CBT minimum time (Tmin). This method typically applies cosine-model fits to measured CBT data, which may not adequately account for substantial wake metabolic activity and sleep effects on CBT that confound and mask circadian effects, and thus estimates of the circadian-related Tmin. This study introduced a novel physiology-grounded analytic approach to separate circadian from non-circadian effects on CBT, which we compared against traditional cosine-based methods. The dataset comprised 33 healthy participants attending a 39-hour in-laboratory study with an initial overnight sleep followed by an extended wake period. CBT data were collected at 30-second intervals via ingestible capsules. Our design captured CBT during both the baseline sleep period and during extended wake period (without sleep) and allowed us to model the influence of circadian and non-circadian effects of sleep, wake, and activity on CBT using physiology-guided generalized additive models. Model fits and estimated Tmin inferred from extended wake without sleep were compared with traditional cosine-based models fits. Compared to the traditional cosine model, the new model exhibited superior fits to CBT (Pearson R 0.90 [95%CI; [0.83 - 0.96] versus 0.81 [0.55-0.93]). The difference between estimated vs measured circadian Tmin, derived from the day without sleep, was better fit with our method (0.2 [-0.5,0.3] hours) versus previous methods (1.4 [1.1 to 1.7] hours). This new method provides superior demasking of non-circadian influences compared to traditional cosine methods, including the removal of a sleep-related bias towards an earlier estimate of circadian Tmin., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures

The mechanical performance and microstructures of a CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) and NCoCrNi, alloyed with 0.5at% N, after high pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing treatments in a temperature range of 150-1000 {\deg}C were investigated. The introduction of N results in a reduction of grain size by 40% and ~10-15% increased hardness and bending strength after HPT. Both materials showed strain hardening and plasticity after HPT even at these strength levels over 1500 MPa which is induced by the saturated nanocrystalline state. Annealing at intermediate temperatures of 300-500 {\deg}C resulted in an additional increase of hardness and strength by ~20-40%, compared to the HPT deformed state. This effect was ~10 % more pronounced in the nitrogen alloyed CoCrNi that also showed better thermal stability. However, the increase in strength after 500 {\deg}C annealing was accompanied by a drastic loss of ductility in both materials., Comment: This work was supported by the project from the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Grant Agreement No101062549. In review as MSEA-D-24-02972

Characterization of the redshift distribution of ensembles of galaxies is pivotal for large scale structure cosmological studies. In this work, we focus on improving the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) methodology for photometric redshift estimation (SOMPZ), specifically in anticipation of the Dark Energy Survey Year 6 (DES Y6) data. This data set, featuring deeper and fainter galaxies than DES Year 3 (DES Y3), demands adapted techniques to ensure accurate recovery of the underlying redshift distribution. We investigate three strategies for enhancing the existing SOM-based approach used in DES Y3: 1) Replacing the Y3 SOM algorithm with one tailored for redshift estimation challenges; 2) Incorporating $\textit{g}$-band flux information to refine redshift estimates (i.e. using $\textit{griz}$ fluxes as opposed to only $\textit{riz}$); 3) Augmenting redshift data for galaxies where available. These methods are applied to DES Y3 data, and results are compared to the Y3 fiducial ones. Our analysis indicates significant improvements with the first two strategies, notably reducing the overlap between redshift bins. By combining strategies 1 and 2, we have successfully managed to reduce redshift bin overlap in DES Y3 by up to 66$\%$. Conversely, the third strategy, involving the addition of redshift data for selected galaxies as an additional feature in the method, yields inferior results and is abandoned. Our findings contribute to the advancement of weak lensing redshift characterization and lay the groundwork for better redshift characterization in DES Year 6 and future stage IV surveys, like the Rubin Observatory.

We present a detailed analysis of the velocity structure of the hot intracluster medium (ICM) within the A3266 galaxy cluster, including new observations taken between June and November 2023. Firstly, morphological structures within the galaxy cluster were examined using a Gaussian Gradient Magnitude (GGM) and adaptively smoothed GGM filter applied to the EPIC-pn X-ray image. Then, we applied a novel {\it XMM-Newton} EPIC-pn energy scale calibration, which uses instrumental Cu K$\alpha$ as reference for the line emission, to measure line-of-sight velocities of the hot gas within the system. This approach enabled us to create two-dimensional projected maps for velocity, temperature, and metallicity, showing that the hot gas displays a redshifted systemic velocity relative to the cluster redshift across all fields of view. Further analysis of the velocity distribution through non-overlapping circular regions demonstrated consistent redshifted velocities extending up to 1125 kpc from the cluster core. Additionally, the velocity distribution was assessed along regions following surface brightness discontinuities, where we observed redshifted velocities in all regions, with the largest velocities reaching $768 \pm 284$ km/s. Moreover, we computed the velocity Probability Density Function (PDF) from the velocity map. We applied a normality test, finding that the PDF adheres to an unimodal normal distribution consistent with theoretical predictions. Lastly, we computed a velocity structure function (VSF) for this system using the measured line-of-sight velocities. These insights advance our understanding of the dynamic processes within the A3266 galaxy cluster and contribute to our broader knowledge of ICM behavior in merging galaxy clusters., Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, This paper is part of a series on the ICM velocity structure using XMM-Newton observations. Related series papers: arXiv:2109.06213, arXiv:2203.12635; doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1132; arXiv:2303.17556

We present galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements using a sample of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) drawn from the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (Y3) data as lenses. LSBGs are diffuse galaxies with a surface brightness dimmer than the ambient night sky. These dark-matter-dominated objects are intriguing due to potentially unusual formation channels that lead to their diffuse stellar component. Given the faintness of LSBGs, using standard observational techniques to characterize their total masses proves challenging. Weak gravitational lensing, which is less sensitive to the stellar component of galaxies, could be a promising avenue to estimate the masses of LSBGs. Our LSBG sample consists of 23,790 galaxies separated into red and blue color types at $g-i\ge 0.60$ and $g-i< 0.60$, respectively. Combined with the DES Y3 shear catalog, we measure the tangential shear around these LSBGs and find signal-to-noise ratios of 6.67 for the red sample, 2.17 for the blue sample, and 5.30 for the full sample. We use the clustering redshifts method to obtain redshift distributions for the red and blue LSBG samples. Assuming all red LSBGs are satellites, we fit a simple model to the measurements and estimate the host halo mass of these LSBGs to be $\log(M_{\rm host}/M_{\odot}) = 12.98 ^{+0.10}_{-0.11}$. We place a 95% upper bound on the subhalo mass at $\log(M_{\rm sub}/M_{\odot})<11.51$. By contrast, we assume the blue LSBGs are centrals, and place a 95% upper bound on the halo mass at $\log(M_\mathrm{host}/M_\odot) < 11.84$. We find that the stellar-to-halo mass ratio of the LSBG samples is consistent with that of the general galaxy population. This work illustrates the viability of using weak gravitational lensing to constrain the halo masses of LSBGs., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures

Achieving optimal balance in games is essential to their success, yet reliant on extensive manual work and playtesting. To facilitate this process, the Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) framework has recently been effectively used to improve the balance of existing game levels. This approach, however, only assesses balance heuristically, neglecting actual human perception. For this reason, this work presents a survey to empirically evaluate the created content paired with human playtesting. Participants in four different scenarios are asked about their perception of changes made to the level both before and after balancing, and vice versa. Based on descriptive and statistical analysis, our findings indicate that the PCGRL-based balancing positively influences players' perceived balance for most scenarios, albeit with differences in aspects of the balancing between scenarios., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. Accepted at the IEEE Conference on Games (IEEE CoG) 2024

Filaments connected to galaxy clusters are crucial environments to study the building up of cosmic structures as they funnel matter towards the clusters' deep gravitational potentials. Identifying gas in filaments is a challenge, due to their lower density contrast which produces faint signals. The best chance to detect these signals is therefore in the outskirts of galaxy clusters. We revisit the X-ray observation of the cluster Abell 2744 using statistical estimators of anisotropic matter distribution to identify filamentary patterns around it. We report for the first time the blind detection of filaments connected to a galaxy cluster from X-ray emission using a filament-finder technique and a multipole decomposition technique. We compare this result with filaments extracted from the distribution of spectroscopic galaxies, through which we demonstrate the robustness and reliability of our techniques in tracing a filamentary structure of 3 to 5 filaments connected to Abell 2744., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to A&A

Graph data structures offer a versatile and powerful means to model relationships and interconnections in various domains, promising substantial advantages in data representation, analysis, and visualization. In games, graph-based data structures are omnipresent and represent, for example, game economies, skill trees or complex, branching quest lines. With this paper, we propose G-PCGRL, a novel and controllable method for the procedural generation of graph data using reinforcement learning. Therefore, we frame this problem as manipulating a graph's adjacency matrix to fulfill a given set of constraints. Our method adapts and extends the Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) framework and introduces new representations to frame the problem of graph data generation as a Markov decision process. We compare the performance of our method with the original PCGRL, the run time with a random search and evolutionary algorithm, and evaluate G-PCGRL on two graph data domains in games: game economies and skill trees. The results show that our method is capable of generating graph-based content quickly and reliably to support and inspire designers in the game creation process. In addition, trained models are controllable in terms of the type and number of nodes to be generated., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Accepted at the IEEE Conference on Games (IEEE CoG) 2024

Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most sensitive probes for new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. One of the isotopes under investigation is $^{136}$Xe, which would double beta decay into $^{136}$Ba. Detecting the single $^{136}$Ba daughter provides a sort of ultimate tool in the discrimination against backgrounds. Previous work demonstrated the ability to perform single atom imaging of Ba atoms in a single-vacancy site of a solid xenon matrix. In this paper, the effort to identify signal from individual barium atoms is extended to Ba atoms in a hexa-vacancy site in the matrix and is achieved despite increased photobleaching in this site. Abrupt fluorescence turn-off of a single Ba atom is also observed. Significant recovery of fluorescence signal lost through photobleaching is demonstrated upon annealing of Ba deposits in the Xe ice. Following annealing, it is observed that Ba atoms in the hexa-vacancy site exhibit antibleaching while Ba atoms in the tetra-vacancy site exhibit bleaching. This may be evidence for a matrix site transfer upon laser excitation. Our findings offer a path of continued research toward tagging of Ba daughters in all significant sites in solid xenon., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures

Abell 754 is a rich galaxy cluster at $z=0.0543$ and is considered the prototype of a major cluster merger. Like many dynamically unrelaxed systems, it hosts diffuse radio emission on Mpc-scales. Extended synchrotron sources in the intra-cluster medium (ICM) are commonly interpreted as evidence that a fraction of the gravitational energy released during cluster mergers is dissipated into nonthermal components. Here, we use new MeerKAT UHF- and L-band observations to study nonthermal phenomena in Abell 754. These data are complemented with archival XMM-Newton observations to investigate the resolved spectral properties of both the radio and X-ray cluster emission.For the first time, we employed the pipeline originally developed to calibrate LOFAR data to MeerKAT observations. This allowed us to perform a direction-dependent calibration and obtain highly sensitive radio images in UHF- and L-bands which capture the extended emission with unprecedented detail. By using a large XMM-Newton mosaic, we produced thermodynamic maps of the ICM. Our analysis reveals that the radio halo in the cluster center is bounded by the well-known shock in the eastern direction. Furthermore, in the southwest periphery, we discover an extended radio source that we classify as a radio relic which is possibly tracing a shock driven by the squeezed gas compressed by the merger, outflowing in perpendicular directions. The low-luminosity of this relic appears compatible with direct acceleration of thermal pool electrons. We interpret the observed radio and X-ray features in the context of a major cluster merger with a nonzero impact parameter. Abell 754 is a remarkable galaxy cluster showcasing exceptional features associated with the ongoing merger event. The high quality of the new MeerKAT data motivates further work on this system., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables (excluding Appendix); Updated to match the accepted version in A&A

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for replacing fossil fuels, and hydrogen production via hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an environmentally friendly option if electrocatalysts with low overpotentials and long-term stability are used. In this work, the electrocatalytic performance of $\mathrm{Pt_{57.5}Cu_{14.7}Ni_{5.3}P_{22.5}}$ bulk metallic glass (BMG) with flat, micro-patterned, and nano-patterned surfaces for HER in 0.5 M H2SO4 is studied. The nano-patterned Pt-BMG demonstrates outstanding long-term stability and self-improving behavior with a final overpotential of 150 mV and a Tafel slope of 42 $\mathrm{mV dec^{-1}}$ after 1000 linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) cycles, which is respectively 42% and 37% lower than in the first LSV cycle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) indicate the formation of a layer of CuO/Cu2O foam deposited on top of the nano-patterned surface during the stability test of 1000 LSV cycles. A three-step process is proposed to explain the formation of CuxO foam via dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) electrodeposition from Cu dissolution of the Pt-BMG without using copper salt. This work provides a method to create CuxO foams that could be used for various applications. Moreover, nano-patterned BMGs with DHBT deposition offer a feasible strategy to synthesize metal or metal-oxide foams., Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures (including supplementary information)

We present a complete census of candidate nuggets, i.e., dense galaxies likely formed by compaction with intense gas influx, within the volume-limited $z \sim 0$ REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE (RESOLVE) survey. These nuggets span all evolutionary stages and 3 orders of magnitude in stellar mass ($M_{*} \sim 10^{8} M_\odot$ to $10^{11} M_\odot$) from the dwarf to the giant regime. We develop selection criteria for our $z\sim0$ nugget candidates based on structure and introduce the use of environmental criteria to eliminate nugget-like objects with suspected non-compaction origins. The resulting $z\sim0$ nuggets follow expectations with respect to structure (i.e., density, size), population frequency, and likely origins. We show that the properties of our nugget census are consistent with permanent quenching above the gas-richness threshold scale (halo mass $M_{halo} \sim 10^{11.4} M_\odot$), cyclic temporary quenching below the threshold scale, and feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) assisting in permanent quenching. As predicted in simulations, most nuggets quench within the halo mass range $M_{halo} \sim 10^{11.45} M_\odot$ to $10^{11.9} M_\odot$. We find $\sim 0.29$ dex scatter around the star-forming main sequence for candidate blue nuggets below the threshold scale, which is consistent with temporary quenching as seen in simulations. A transitional population of green nuggets appears above the threshold scale. AGN also become more common in nuggets above this scale, and we see a likely AGN excess in nuggets vs. comparably selected non-nuggets. Our results provide the first observational confirmation of the mass-dependent, AGN-mediated shift from cyclic quenching to halo quenching in nuggets., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures

Electron-neutrino charged-current interactions with xenon nuclei were modeled in the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay detector (~5-tonne, 90% ${}^{136}$Xe, 10% ${}^{134}$Xe) to evaluate its sensitivity to supernova neutrinos. Predictions for event rates and detectable signatures were modeled using the MARLEY event generator. We find good agreement between MARLEY's predictions and existing theoretical calculations of the inclusive cross sections at supernova neutrino energies. The interactions modeled by MARLEY were simulated within the nEXO simulation framework and were run through an example reconstruction algorithm to determine the detector's efficiency for reconstructing these events. The simulated data, incorporating the detector response, were used to study the ability of nEXO to reconstruct the incident electron-neutrino spectrum and these results were extended to a larger xenon detector of the same isotope enrichment. We estimate that nEXO will be able to observe electron-neutrino interactions with xenon from supernovae as far as 5 to 8 kpc from earth, while the ability to reconstruct incident electron-neutrino spectrum parameters from observed interactions in nEXO is limited to closer supernovae., Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures

The progression of X-ray technology introduces diverse image styles that need to be adapted to the preferences of radiologists. To support this task, we introduce a novel deep learning-based metric that quantifies style differences of non-matching image pairs. At the heart of our metric is an encoder capable of generating X-ray image style representations. This encoder is trained without any explicit knowledge of style distances by exploiting Simple Siamese learning. During inference, the style representations produced by the encoder are used to calculate a distance metric for non-matching image pairs. Our experiments investigate the proposed concept for a disclosed reproducible and a proprietary image processing pipeline along two dimensions: First, we use a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis to illustrate that the encoder outputs provide meaningful and discriminative style representations. Second, the proposed metric calculated from the encoder outputs is shown to quantify style distances for non-matching pairs in good alignment with the human perception. These results confirm that our proposed method is a promising technique to quantify style differences, which can be used for guided style selection as well as automatic optimization of image pipeline parameters.

We present a simulation-based cosmological analysis using a combination of Gaussian and non-Gaussian statistics of the weak lensing mass (convergence) maps from the first three years (Y3) of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We implement: 1) second and third moments; 2) wavelet phase harmonics; 3) the scattering transform. Our analysis is fully based on simulations, spans a space of seven $\nu w$CDM cosmological parameters, and forward models the most relevant sources of systematics inherent in the data: masks, noise variations, clustering of the sources, intrinsic alignments, and shear and redshift calibration. We implement a neural network compression of the summary statistics, and we estimate the parameter posteriors using a simulation-based inference approach. Including and combining different non-Gaussian statistics is a powerful tool that strongly improves constraints over Gaussian statistics (in our case, the second moments); in particular, the Figure of Merit $\textrm{FoM}(S_8, \Omega_{\textrm{m}})$ is improved by 70 percent ($\Lambda$CDM) and 90 percent ($w$CDM). When all the summary statistics are combined, we achieve a 2 percent constraint on the amplitude of fluctuations parameter $S_8 \equiv \sigma_8 (\Omega_{\textrm{m}}/0.3)^{0.5}$, obtaining $S_8 = 0.794 \pm 0.017$ ($\Lambda$CDM) and $S_8 = 0.817 \pm 0.021$ ($w$CDM). The constraints from different statistics are shown to be internally consistent (with a $p$-value>0.1 for all combinations of statistics examined). We compare our results to other weak lensing results from the DES Y3 data, finding good consistency; we also compare with results from external datasets, such as \planck{} constraints from the Cosmic Microwave Background, finding statistical agreement, with discrepancies no greater than $<2.2\sigma$., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures, to be submitted to PRD. Comments welcome!

Improved understandings of two-phase transport in electrochemical gas-evolving systems are increasingly demanded, while high-performance imaging techniques using simplified instrumentations are not readily available. This work presents volumetric scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) imaging for quantifying the dynamics of gas bubbles and electrolyte in porous Nickel electrodes with different wettability and structures during alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). We realize high-resolution 3D imaging at 10's um level using high frequency spherically focused ultrasound. The high resolution allowed us to clearly visualize the spatial distributions of produced bubbles in the porous electrodes over time. Moreover, we are able to quantify the residual gas volume in an electrode and its coverage due to bubble evolution, which dominate its transport overpotential. Taking these advantages, we elucidate the impacts of electrodes' wettability and structures on their electrolysis performance, on a regular laboratory base. The obtained knowledge provides us important optimization guidelines of AWE designs and operating schemes., Comment: Research artical on an emerging field. 33 pages, 6 figures, 61 references, 10 supplementary figures available. Journal submission in progress

Game economy design significantly shapes the player experience and progression speed. Modern game economies are becoming increasingly complex and can be very sensitive to even minor numerical adjustments, which may have an unexpected impact on the overall gaming experience. Consequently, thorough manual testing and fine-tuning during development are essential. Unlike existing works that address algorithmic balancing for specific games or genres, this work adopts a more abstract approach, focusing on game balancing through its economy, detached from a specific game. We propose GEEvo (Game Economy Evolution), a framework to generate graph-based game economies and balancing both, newly generated or existing economies. GEEvo uses a two-step approach where evolutionary algorithms are used to first generate an economy and then balance it based on specified objectives, such as generated resources or damage dealt over time. We define different objectives by differently parameterizing the fitness function using data from multiple simulation runs of the economy. To support this, we define a lightweight and flexible game economy simulation framework. Our method is tested and benchmarked with various balancing objectives on a generated dataset, and we conduct a case study evaluating damage balancing for two fictional economies of two popular game character classes., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables. Accepted at IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE CEC) 2024

In this paper, we present numerical and experimental results on helicity oscillations in a liquid-metal Rayleigh-B\'enard (RB) convection cell, with an aspect ratio of 0.5. We find that helicity oscillations occur during transitions of flow states that are characterised by significant changes in the Reynolds number. Moreover, we also observe helicity oscillations at flow conditions where the temporal gradient of the change in the Reynolds number is significantly smaller than that of the helicity. Notably, the helicity oscillations observed during the transient double-roll state exhibit characteristics remarkably similar to those associated with the Tayler Instability., Comment: 10 pages, 16 figures

Convection of liquid metals drives large natural processes and is important in technical processes. Model experiments are conducted for research purposes where simulations are expensive and the clarification of open questions requires novel flow mapping methods with an increased spatial resolution. In this work, the method of Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) is investigated for this purpose. Known from microvasculature imaging, this method provides an increased spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. Its applicability in liquid metal flows is promising, however the realization and reliability is challenging, as artificial scattering particles or microbubbles cannot be utilized. To solve this issue an approach using nonlinear adaptive beamforming is proposed. This allowed the reliable tracking of particles of which super-resolved flow maps can be deduced. Furthermore, the application in fluid physics requires quantified results. Therefore, an uncertainty quantification model based on the spatial resolution, velocity gradient and measurement parameters is proposed, which allows to estimate the flow maps validity under experimental conditions. The proposed method is demonstrated in magnetohydrodynamic convection experiments. In some occasions, ULM was able to measure velocity vectors within the boundary layer of the flow, which will help for future in-depth flow studies. Furthermore, the proposed uncertainty model of ULM is of generic use in other applications.

In this study, the dissolution of a single oxygen bubble on a solid surface, here Titianium alloy Ti64, in ultrapure water with different oxygen undersaturation levels is investigated. For that purpose, a combination of shadowgraph technique and planar laser-induced fluorescence is used to measure simultaneously the changes in bubble geometry and in the dissolved oxygen concentration around the bubble. Two different wettabilities of the Ti64 surface are adjusted by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. The dissolution process on the solid surface involves two distinct phases, namely bouncing of the oxygen bubble at the Ti64 surface and the subsequent dissolution of the bubble, primarily by diffusion. By investigating the features of oxygen bubbles bouncing, it was found that the boundary layer of dissolved oxygen surrounding the bubble surface is redistributed by the vortices emerging during bouncing. This establishes the initial conditions for the subsequent second dissolution phase of the oxygen bubbles on the Ti64 surfaces. In this phase, the mass transfer of O2 proceeds non-homogenously across the bubble surface, leading to an oxygen accumulation close to the Ti64 surface. We further show that the main factor influencing the differences in the dynamics of O2 bubble dissolution is the variation in the surface area of the bubbles available for mass transfer, which is determined by the substrate wettability. As a result, dissolution proceeds faster at the hydrophilic Ti64 surface due to the smaller contact angle, which provokes a larger surface area.

Extracting precise cosmology from weak lensing surveys requires modelling the non-linear matter power spectrum, which is suppressed at small scales due to baryonic feedback processes. However, hydrodynamical galaxy formation simulations make widely varying predictions for the amplitude and extent of this effect. We use measurements of Dark Energy Survey Year 3 weak lensing (WL) and Atacama Cosmology Telescope DR5 kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) to jointly constrain cosmological and astrophysical baryonic feedback parameters using a flexible analytical model, `baryonification'. First, using WL only, we compare the $S_8$ constraints using baryonification to a simulation-calibrated halo model, a simulation-based emulator model and the approach of discarding WL measurements on small angular scales. We find that model flexibility can shift the value of $S_8$ and degrade the uncertainty. The kSZ provides additional constraints on the astrophysical parameters and shifts $S_8$ to $S_8=0.823^{+0.019}_{-0.020}$, a higher value than attained using the WL-only analysis. We measure the suppression of the non-linear matter power spectrum using WL + kSZ and constrain a mean feedback scenario that is more extreme than the predictions from most hydrodynamical simulations. We constrain the baryon fractions and the gas mass fractions and find them to be generally lower than inferred from X-ray observations and simulation predictions. We conclude that the WL + kSZ measurements provide a new and complementary benchmark for building a coherent picture of the impact of gas around galaxies across observations.

MACS J0600.1-2008 (MACS0600) is an X-ray luminous, massive galaxy cluster at $z_{\mathrm{d}}=0.43$, studied previously by the REionization LensIng Cluster Survey (RELICS) and ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS) projects which revealed a complex, bimodal mass distribution and an intriguing high-redshift object behind it. Here, we report on the results of a combined analysis of the extended strong lensing (SL), X-ray, Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ), and galaxy luminosity-density properties of this system. Using new JWST and ground-based Gemini-N and Keck data, we obtain 13 new spectroscopic redshifts of multiply imaged galaxies and identify 12 new photometric multiple-image systems and candidates, including two multiply imaged $z\sim7$ objects. Taking advantage of the larger areal coverage, our analysis reveals an additional bimodal, massive SL structure which we measure spectroscopically to lie adjacent to the cluster and whose existence was implied by previous SL-modeling analyses. While based in part on photometric systems identified in ground-based imaging requiring further verification, our extended SL model suggests that the cluster may have the second-largest critical area and effective Einstein radius observed to date, $A_{\mathrm{crit}}\simeq2.16 \mathrm{arcmin}^2$ and $\theta_{\mathrm{E}}=49.7''\pm5.0''$ for a source at $z_{\mathrm{s}}=2$, enclosing a total mass of $M(<\theta_{\mathrm{E}})=(4.7\pm0.7)\times10^{14} \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$. These results are also supported by the galaxy luminosity distribution, the SZ and X-ray data. Yet another, probably related massive cluster structure, discovered in X-rays $5'$ (1.7 Mpc) further north, suggests that MACS0600 is part of an even larger filamentary structure. This discovery adds to several recent detections of massive structures around SL galaxy clusters and establishes MACS0600 as a prime target for future high-redshift surveys with JWST., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Version updated to the accepted paper

The co-evolution between supermassive black holes and their environment is most directly traced by the hot atmospheres of dark matter halos. Cooling of the hot atmosphere supplies the central regions with fresh gas, igniting active galactic nuclei (AGN) with long duty cycles. Outflows from the central engine tightly couple with the surrounding gaseous medium and provide the dominant heating source preventing runaway cooling. Every major modern hydrodynamical simulation suite now includes a prescription for AGN feedback to reproduce realistic populations of galaxies. However, the mechanisms governing the feeding/feedback cycle between the central black holes and their surrounding galaxies and halos are still poorly understood. Galaxy groups are uniquely suited to constrain the mechanisms governing the cooling-heating balance, as the energy supplied by the central AGN can exceed the gravitational binding energy of halo gas particles. Here we provide a brief overview of our knowledge of the impact of AGN on the hot atmospheres of galaxy groups, with a specific focus on the thermodynamic profiles of groups. We then present our on-going efforts to improve on the implementation of AGN feedback in galaxy evolution models by providing precise benchmarks on the properties of galaxy groups. We introduce the \XMM~ Group AGN Project (X-GAP), a large program on \XMM~ targeting a sample of 49 galaxy groups out to $R_{500c}$., Comment: This paper provides a summary of an invited review talk given at the "AGN on the beach'' conference, which took place in Tropea, Italy, from September 10-15, 2023. The paper also provides an overview of the X-GAP project: https://www.astro.unige.ch/xgap/

We revisit the picture of X-ray emission of groups through the study of systematic differences in the optical properties of groups with and without X-ray emission and study the effect of large-scale density field on scaling relations. We present the identification of X-ray galaxy groups using a combination of RASS and SDSS data. We include new X-ray reanalysis of RASS, to include very extended (up to a size of half a degree) sources and account for differences in the limiting sensitivity towards compact and very extended X-ray emission. X-ray groups exhibit less scatter in the scaling relations and selecting the groups based on the extended X-ray emission leads to an additional scatter reduction. Most of the scatter for the optical groups is associated with a small (6%) fraction of outliers, primarily associated with low optical luminosity groups found in dense regions of the cosmic web. These groups are the primary candidates for being the contaminants in the optical group catalogues. Removing those groups from the optical group sample using optically measured properties only, leads to a substantial reduction in the scatter in the most scaling relations of the optical groups. We find a density dependence of both the X-ray and optical luminosity of groups, which we associate with the assembly bias. Abridged., Comment: 16 pages, A&A, in press

Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) is an ideal X-ray spectroscopy method to push the combination of energy and time resolutions to the Fourier transform ultimate limit, because it is unaffected by the core-hole lifetime energy broadening. And in pump-probe experiments the interaction time is made very short by the same core-hole lifetime. RIXS is very photon hungry so it takes great advantage from high repetition rate pulsed X-ray sources like the European XFEL. The hRIXS instrument is designed for RIXS experiments in the soft X-ray range with energy resolution approaching the Fourier and the Heisenberg limits. It is based on a spherical grating with variable line spacing (VLS) and a position-sensitive 2D detector. Initially, two gratings are installed to adequately cover the whole photon energy range. With optimized spot size on the sample and small pixel detector the energy resolution can be better than 40 meV at any photon energy below 1000 eV. At the SCS instrument of the European XFEL the spectrometer can be easily positioned thanks to air-pads on a high-quality floor, allowing the scattering angle to be continuously adjusted over the 65-145 deg range. It can be coupled to two different sample interaction chamber, one for liquid jets and one for solids, each equipped at the state-of-the-art and compatible for optical laser pumping in collinear geometry. The measured performances, in terms of energy resolution and count rate on the detector, closely match design expectations. hRIXS is open to public users since the summer of 2022., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures, Supplemental Material

Extensive efforts in the past have been directed toward the development of summarization datasets. However, a predominant number of these resources have been (semi)-automatically generated, typically through web data crawling, resulting in subpar resources for training and evaluating summarization systems, a quality compromise that is arguably due to the substantial costs associated with generating ground-truth summaries, particularly for diverse languages and specialized domains. To address this issue, we present ACLSum, a novel summarization dataset carefully crafted and evaluated by domain experts. In contrast to previous datasets, ACLSum facilitates multi-aspect summarization of scientific papers, covering challenges, approaches, and outcomes in depth. Through extensive experiments, we evaluate the quality of our resource and the performance of models based on pretrained language models and state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs). Additionally, we explore the effectiveness of extractive versus abstractive summarization within the scholarly domain on the basis of automatically discovered aspects. Our results corroborate previous findings in the general domain and indicate the general superiority of end-to-end aspect-based summarization. Our data is released at https://github.com/sobamchan/aclsum.

Keywords, that is, content-relevant words in summaries play an important role in efficient information conveyance, making it critical to assess if system-generated summaries contain such informative words during evaluation. However, existing evaluation metrics for extreme summarization models do not pay explicit attention to keywords in summaries, leaving developers ignorant of their presence. To address this issue, we present a keyword-oriented evaluation metric, dubbed ROUGE-K, which provides a quantitative answer to the question of -- \textit{How well do summaries include keywords?} Through the lens of this keyword-aware metric, we surprisingly find that a current strong baseline model often misses essential information in their summaries. Our analysis reveals that human annotators indeed find the summaries with more keywords to be more relevant to the source documents. This is an important yet previously overlooked aspect in evaluating summarization systems. Finally, to enhance keyword inclusion, we propose four approaches for incorporating word importance into a transformer-based model and experimentally show that it enables guiding models to include more keywords while keeping the overall quality. Our code is released at https://github.com/sobamchan/rougek.

Rapid and reliable identification of dynamic scene parts, also known as motion segmentation, is a key challenge for mobile sensors. Contemporary RGB camera-based methods rely on modeling camera and scene properties however, are often under-constrained and fall short in unknown categories. Event cameras have the potential to overcome these limitations, but corresponding methods have only been demonstrated in smaller-scale indoor environments with simplified dynamic objects. This work presents an event-based method for class-agnostic motion segmentation that can successfully be deployed across complex large-scale outdoor environments too. To this end, we introduce a novel divide-and-conquer pipeline that combines: (a) ego-motion compensated events, computed via a scene understanding module that predicts monocular depth and camera pose as auxiliary tasks, and (b) optical flow from a dedicated optical flow module. These intermediate representations are then fed into a segmentation module that predicts motion segmentation masks. A novel transformer-based temporal attention module in the segmentation module builds correlations across adjacent 'frames' to get temporally consistent segmentation masks. Our method sets the new state-of-the-art on the classic EV-IMO benchmark (indoors), where we achieve improvements of 2.19 moving object IoU (2.22 mIoU) and 4.52 point IoU respectively, as well as on a newly-generated motion segmentation and tracking benchmark (outdoors) based on the DSEC event dataset, termed DSEC-MOTS, where we show improvement of 12.91 moving object IoU., Comment: 3DV 2024, the first two authors contributed equally

Aims. The goal of this work is to devise a description of the enrichment process in large-scale structure that explains the available observations and makes predictions for future measurements. Methods. We took a spartan approach to this study, employing observational results and algebra to connect stellar assembly in star-forming halos with metal enrichment of the intra-cluster and group medium. Results. On one hand, our construct is the first to provide an explanation for much of the phenomenology of metal enrichment in clusters and groups. It sheds light on the lack of redshift evolution in metal abundance, as well as the small scatter of metal abundance profiles, the entropy versus abundance anti-correlation found in cool core clusters, and the so-called Fe conundrum, along with several other aspects of cluster enrichment. On the other hand, it also allows us to infer the properties of other constituents of large-scale structure. We find that gas that is not bound to halos must have a metal abundance similar to that of the ICM and only about one-seventh to one-third of the Fe in the Universe is locked in stars. A comparable amount is found in gas in groups and clusters and, lastly and most importantly, about three-fifths of the total Fe is contained in a tenuous warm or hot gaseous medium in or between galaxies. We point out that several of our results follow from two critical but well motivated assumptions: 1) the stellar mass in massive halos is currently underestimated and 2) the adopted Fe yield is only marginally consistent with predictions from synthesis models and SN rates. Conclusions. One of the most appealing features of the work presented here is that it provides an observationally grounded construct where vital questions on chemical enrichment in the large-scale structure can be addressed. We hope that it may serve as a useful baseline for future works., Comment: To appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Short video presentation at \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL2Re9MZjgE}{ }

The intra-cluster medium is prone to turbulent motion that will contribute to the non-thermal heating of the gas, complicating the use of galaxy clusters as cosmological probes. Indirect approaches can estimate the intensity and structure of turbulent motions by studying the associated fluctuations in gas density and X-ray surface brightness. In this work, we want to constrain the gas density fluctuations at work in the CHEX-MATE sample to obtain a detailed view of their properties in a large population of clusters. We use a simulation-based approach to constrain the parameters of the power spectrum of density fluctuations, assuming a Kolmogorov-like spectrum and including the sample variance, further providing an approximate likelihood for each cluster. This method requires clusters to be not too disturbed, as fluctuations can originate from dynamic processes such as merging. Accordingly, we remove the less relaxed clusters (centroid shift $w>0.02$) from our sample, resulting in a sample of 64 clusters. We define different subsets of CHEX-MATE to determine properties of density fluctuations as a function of dynamical state, mass and redshift, and investigate the correlation with the presence or not of a radio halo. We found a positive correlation between the dynamical state and density fluctuation variance, a non-trivial behaviour with mass and no specific trend with redshift or the presence/absence of a radio halo. The injection scale is mostly constrained by the core region. The slope in the inertial range is consistent with Kolmogorov theory. When interpreted as originating from turbulent motion, the density fluctuations in $R_{500}$ yield an average Mach number of $M_{3D}\simeq 0.4\pm 0.2$, an associated non-thermal pressure support of $ P_{turb}/P_{tot}\simeq (9\pm 6) \%$ or a hydrostatic mass bias $b_{turb}\simeq 0.09\pm 0.06$, in line with what is expected from the literature., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, abstract slightly abridged for Arxiv

We present simulation-based cosmological $w$CDM inference using Dark Energy Survey Year 3 weak-lensing maps, via neural data compression of weak-lensing map summary statistics: power spectra, peak counts, and direct map-level compression/inference with convolutional neural networks (CNN). Using simulation-based inference, also known as likelihood-free or implicit inference, we use forward-modelled mock data to estimate posterior probability distributions of unknown parameters. This approach allows all statistical assumptions and uncertainties to be propagated through the forward-modelled mock data; these include sky masks, non-Gaussian shape noise, shape measurement bias, source galaxy clustering, photometric redshift uncertainty, intrinsic galaxy alignments, non-Gaussian density fields, neutrinos, and non-linear summary statistics. We include a series of tests to validate our inference results. This paper also describes the Gower Street simulation suite: 791 full-sky PKDGRAV dark matter simulations, with cosmological model parameters sampled with a mixed active-learning strategy, from which we construct over 3000 mock DES lensing data sets. For $w$CDM inference, for which we allow $-1

The "Cluster HEritage project with \xmm: Mass Assembly and Thermodynamics at the Endpoint of structure formation" (CHEX-MATE) is a multi-year Heritage program, to obtain homogeneous XMM-Newton observations of a representative sample of 118 galaxy clusters. The observations are tuned to reconstruct the distribution of the main thermodynamic quantities of the ICM up to $R_{500}$ and to obtain individual mass measurements, via the hydrostatic-equilibrium equation, with a precision of 15-20%. Temperature profiles are a necessary ingredient for the scientific goals of the project and it is thus crucial to derive the best possible temperature measurements from our data. This is why we have built a new pipeline for spectral extraction and analysis of XMM-Newton data, based on a new physically motivated background model and on a Bayesian approach with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, that we present in this paper for the first time. We applied this new method to a subset of 30 galaxy clusters representative of the CHEX-MATE sample and show that we can obtain reliable temperature measurements up to regions where the source intensity is as low as 20% of the background, keeping systematic errors below 10%. We compare the median profile of our sample and the best fit slope at large radii with literature results and we find a good agreement with other measurements based on XMM-Newton data. Conversely, when we exclude from our analysis the most contaminated regions, where the source intensity is below 20 of the background, we find significantly flatter profiles, in agreement with predictions from numerical simulations and independent measurements with a combination of Sunyaev-Zeldovich and X-ray imaging data., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Table C.1. available in electronic format at http://xmm-heritage.oas.inaf.it/data/Rossetti24_table_cds.dat

Number counts of galaxy clusters across redshift are a powerful cosmological probe, if a precise and accurate reconstruction of the underlying mass distribution is performed -- a challenge called mass calibration. With the advent of wide and deep photometric surveys, weak gravitational lensing by clusters has become the method of choice to perform this measurement. We measure and validate the weak gravitational lensing (WL) signature in the shape of galaxies observed in the first 3 years of the DES Y3 caused by galaxy clusters selected in the first all-sky survey performed by SRG/eROSITA. These data are then used to determine the scaling between X-ray photon count rate of the clusters and their halo mass and redshift. We empirically determine the degree of cluster member contamination in our background source sample. The individual cluster shear profiles are then analysed with a Bayesian population model that self-consistently accounts for the lens sample selection and contamination, and includes marginalization over a host of instrumental and astrophysical systematics. To quantify the accuracy of the mass extraction of that model, we perform mass measurements on mock cluster catalogs with realistic synthetic shear profiles. This allows us to establish that hydro-dynamical modelling uncertainties at low lens redshifts ($z<0.6$) are the dominant systematic limitation. At high lens redshift the uncertainties of the sources' photometric redshift calibration dominate. With regard to the X-ray count rate to halo mass relation, we constrain all its parameters. This work sets the stage for a joint analysis with the number counts of eRASS1 clusters to constrain a host of cosmological parameters. We demonstrate that WL mass calibration of galaxy clusters can be performed successfully with source galaxies whose calibration was performed primarily for cosmic shear experiments., Comment: 27 pages, 18 figures, 2 appendices, submitted to A\&A