208 results on '"Eckersley, Peter"'
Search Results
2. European patterns of local adaptation planning—a regional analysis
- Author
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Buzási, Attila, Simoes, Sofia G., Salvia, Monica, Eckersley, Peter, Geneletti, Davide, Pietrapertosa, Filomena, Olazabal, Marta, Wejs, Anja, De Gregorio Hurtado, Sonia, Spyridaki, Niki-Artemis, Szalmáné Csete, Mária, Torres, Efrén Feliu, Rižnar, Klavdija, Heidrich, Oliver, Grafakos, Stelios, and Reckien, Diana
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
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Srivastava, Aarohi, Rastogi, Abhinav, Rao, Abhishek, Shoeb, Abu Awal Md, Abid, Abubakar, Fisch, Adam, Brown, Adam R., Santoro, Adam, Gupta, Aditya, Garriga-Alonso, Adrià, Kluska, Agnieszka, Lewkowycz, Aitor, Agarwal, Akshat, Power, Alethea, Ray, Alex, Warstadt, Alex, Kocurek, Alexander W., Safaya, Ali, Tazarv, Ali, Xiang, Alice, Parrish, Alicia, Nie, Allen, Hussain, Aman, Askell, Amanda, Dsouza, Amanda, Slone, Ambrose, Rahane, Ameet, Iyer, Anantharaman S., Andreassen, Anders, Madotto, Andrea, Santilli, Andrea, Stuhlmüller, Andreas, Dai, Andrew, La, Andrew, Lampinen, Andrew, Zou, Andy, Jiang, Angela, Chen, Angelica, Vuong, Anh, Gupta, Animesh, Gottardi, Anna, Norelli, Antonio, Venkatesh, Anu, Gholamidavoodi, Arash, Tabassum, Arfa, Menezes, Arul, Kirubarajan, Arun, Mullokandov, Asher, Sabharwal, Ashish, Herrick, Austin, Efrat, Avia, Erdem, Aykut, Karakaş, Ayla, Roberts, B. Ryan, Loe, Bao Sheng, Zoph, Barret, Bojanowski, Bartłomiej, Özyurt, Batuhan, Hedayatnia, Behnam, Neyshabur, Behnam, Inden, Benjamin, Stein, Benno, Ekmekci, Berk, Lin, Bill Yuchen, Howald, Blake, Orinion, Bryan, Diao, Cameron, Dour, Cameron, Stinson, Catherine, Argueta, Cedrick, Ramírez, César Ferri, Singh, Chandan, Rathkopf, Charles, Meng, Chenlin, Baral, Chitta, Wu, Chiyu, Callison-Burch, Chris, Waites, Chris, Voigt, Christian, Manning, Christopher D., Potts, Christopher, Ramirez, Cindy, Rivera, Clara E., Siro, Clemencia, Raffel, Colin, Ashcraft, Courtney, Garbacea, Cristina, Sileo, Damien, Garrette, Dan, Hendrycks, Dan, Kilman, Dan, Roth, Dan, Freeman, Daniel, Khashabi, Daniel, Levy, Daniel, González, Daniel Moseguí, Perszyk, Danielle, Hernandez, Danny, Chen, Danqi, Ippolito, Daphne, Gilboa, Dar, Dohan, David, Drakard, David, Jurgens, David, Datta, Debajyoti, Ganguli, Deep, Emelin, Denis, Kleyko, Denis, Yuret, Deniz, Chen, Derek, Tam, Derek, Hupkes, Dieuwke, Misra, Diganta, Buzan, Dilyar, Mollo, Dimitri Coelho, Yang, Diyi, Lee, Dong-Ho, Schrader, Dylan, Shutova, Ekaterina, Cubuk, Ekin Dogus, Segal, Elad, Hagerman, Eleanor, Barnes, Elizabeth, Donoway, Elizabeth, Pavlick, Ellie, Rodola, Emanuele, Lam, Emma, Chu, Eric, Tang, Eric, Erdem, Erkut, Chang, Ernie, Chi, Ethan A., Dyer, Ethan, Jerzak, Ethan, Kim, Ethan, Manyasi, Eunice Engefu, Zheltonozhskii, Evgenii, Xia, Fanyue, Siar, Fatemeh, Martínez-Plumed, Fernando, Happé, Francesca, Chollet, Francois, Rong, Frieda, Mishra, Gaurav, Winata, Genta Indra, de Melo, Gerard, Kruszewski, Germán, Parascandolo, Giambattista, Mariani, Giorgio, Wang, Gloria, Jaimovitch-López, Gonzalo, Betz, Gregor, Gur-Ari, Guy, Galijasevic, Hana, Kim, Hannah, Rashkin, Hannah, Hajishirzi, Hannaneh, Mehta, Harsh, Bogar, Hayden, Shevlin, Henry, Schütze, Hinrich, Yakura, Hiromu, Zhang, Hongming, Wong, Hugh Mee, Ng, Ian, Noble, Isaac, Jumelet, Jaap, Geissinger, Jack, Kernion, Jackson, Hilton, Jacob, Lee, Jaehoon, Fisac, Jaime Fernández, Simon, James B., Koppel, James, Zheng, James, Zou, James, Kocoń, Jan, Thompson, Jana, Wingfield, Janelle, Kaplan, Jared, Radom, Jarema, Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha, Phang, Jason, Wei, Jason, Yosinski, Jason, Novikova, Jekaterina, Bosscher, Jelle, Marsh, Jennifer, Kim, Jeremy, Taal, Jeroen, Engel, Jesse, Alabi, Jesujoba, Xu, Jiacheng, Song, Jiaming, Tang, Jillian, Waweru, Joan, Burden, John, Miller, John, Balis, John U., Batchelder, Jonathan, Berant, Jonathan, Frohberg, Jörg, Rozen, Jos, Hernandez-Orallo, Jose, Boudeman, Joseph, Guerr, Joseph, Jones, Joseph, Tenenbaum, Joshua B., Rule, Joshua S., Chua, Joyce, Kanclerz, Kamil, Livescu, Karen, Krauth, Karl, Gopalakrishnan, Karthik, Ignatyeva, Katerina, Markert, Katja, Dhole, Kaustubh D., Gimpel, Kevin, Omondi, Kevin, Mathewson, Kory, Chiafullo, Kristen, Shkaruta, Ksenia, Shridhar, Kumar, McDonell, Kyle, Richardson, Kyle, Reynolds, Laria, Gao, Leo, Zhang, Li, Dugan, Liam, Qin, Lianhui, Contreras-Ochando, Lidia, Morency, Louis-Philippe, Moschella, Luca, Lam, Lucas, Noble, Lucy, Schmidt, Ludwig, He, Luheng, Colón, Luis Oliveros, Metz, Luke, Şenel, Lütfi Kerem, Bosma, Maarten, Sap, Maarten, ter Hoeve, Maartje, Farooqi, Maheen, Faruqui, Manaal, Mazeika, Mantas, Baturan, Marco, Marelli, Marco, Maru, Marco, Quintana, Maria Jose Ramírez, Tolkiehn, Marie, Giulianelli, Mario, Lewis, Martha, Potthast, Martin, Leavitt, Matthew L., Hagen, Matthias, Schubert, Mátyás, Baitemirova, Medina Orduna, Arnaud, Melody, McElrath, Melvin, Yee, Michael A., Cohen, Michael, Gu, Michael, Ivanitskiy, Michael, Starritt, Michael, Strube, Michael, Swędrowski, Michał, Bevilacqua, Michele, Yasunaga, Michihiro, Kale, Mihir, Cain, Mike, Xu, Mimee, Suzgun, Mirac, Walker, Mitch, Tiwari, Mo, Bansal, Mohit, Aminnaseri, Moin, Geva, Mor, Gheini, Mozhdeh, T, Mukund Varma, Peng, Nanyun, Chi, Nathan A., Lee, Nayeon, Krakover, Neta Gur-Ari, Cameron, Nicholas, Roberts, Nicholas, Doiron, Nick, Martinez, Nicole, Nangia, Nikita, Deckers, Niklas, Muennighoff, Niklas, Keskar, Nitish Shirish, Iyer, Niveditha S., Constant, Noah, Fiedel, Noah, Wen, Nuan, Zhang, Oliver, Agha, Omar, Elbaghdadi, Omar, Levy, Omer, Evans, Owain, Casares, Pablo Antonio Moreno, Doshi, Parth, Fung, Pascale, Liang, Paul Pu, Vicol, Paul, Alipoormolabashi, Pegah, Liao, Peiyuan, Liang, Percy, Chang, Peter, Eckersley, Peter, Htut, Phu Mon, Hwang, Pinyu, Miłkowski, Piotr, Patil, Piyush, Pezeshkpour, Pouya, Oli, Priti, Mei, Qiaozhu, Lyu, Qing, Chen, Qinlang, Banjade, Rabin, Rudolph, Rachel Etta, Gabriel, Raefer, Habacker, Rahel, Risco, Ramon, Millière, Raphaël, Garg, Rhythm, Barnes, Richard, Saurous, Rif A., Arakawa, Riku, Raymaekers, Robbe, Frank, Robert, Sikand, Rohan, Novak, Roman, Sitelew, Roman, LeBras, Ronan, Liu, Rosanne, Jacobs, Rowan, Zhang, Rui, Salakhutdinov, Ruslan, Chi, Ryan, Lee, Ryan, Stovall, Ryan, Teehan, Ryan, Yang, Rylan, Singh, Sahib, Mohammad, Saif M., Anand, Sajant, Dillavou, Sam, Shleifer, Sam, Wiseman, Sam, Gruetter, Samuel, Bowman, Samuel R., Schoenholz, Samuel S., Han, Sanghyun, Kwatra, Sanjeev, Rous, Sarah A., Ghazarian, Sarik, Ghosh, Sayan, Casey, Sean, Bischoff, Sebastian, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Schuster, Sebastian, Sadeghi, Sepideh, Hamdan, Shadi, Zhou, Sharon, Srivastava, Shashank, Shi, Sherry, Singh, Shikhar, Asaadi, Shima, Gu, Shixiang Shane, Pachchigar, Shubh, Toshniwal, Shubham, Upadhyay, Shyam, Shyamolima, Debnath, Shakeri, Siamak, Thormeyer, Simon, Melzi, Simone, Reddy, Siva, Makini, Sneha Priscilla, Lee, Soo-Hwan, Torene, Spencer, Hatwar, Sriharsha, Dehaene, Stanislas, Divic, Stefan, Ermon, Stefano, Biderman, Stella, Lin, Stephanie, Prasad, Stephen, Piantadosi, Steven T., Shieber, Stuart M., Misherghi, Summer, Kiritchenko, Svetlana, Mishra, Swaroop, Linzen, Tal, Schuster, Tal, Li, Tao, Yu, Tao, Ali, Tariq, Hashimoto, Tatsu, Wu, Te-Lin, Desbordes, Théo, Rothschild, Theodore, Phan, Thomas, Wang, Tianle, Nkinyili, Tiberius, Schick, Timo, Kornev, Timofei, Tunduny, Titus, Gerstenberg, Tobias, Chang, Trenton, Neeraj, Trishala, Khot, Tushar, Shultz, Tyler, Shaham, Uri, Misra, Vedant, Demberg, Vera, Nyamai, Victoria, Raunak, Vikas, Ramasesh, Vinay, Prabhu, Vinay Uday, Padmakumar, Vishakh, Srikumar, Vivek, Fedus, William, Saunders, William, Zhang, William, Vossen, Wout, Ren, Xiang, Tong, Xiaoyu, Zhao, Xinran, Wu, Xinyi, Shen, Xudong, Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah, Lakretz, Yair, Song, Yangqiu, Bahri, Yasaman, Choi, Yejin, Yang, Yichi, Hao, Yiding, Chen, Yifu, Belinkov, Yonatan, Hou, Yu, Hou, Yufang, Bai, Yuntao, Seid, Zachary, Zhao, Zhuoye, Wang, Zijian, Wang, Zijie J., Wang, Zirui, and Wu, Ziyi
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computers and Society ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit "breakthrough" behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting., Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures + references and appendices, repo: https://github.com/google/BIG-bench
- Published
- 2022
4. Quality of urban climate adaptation plans over time
- Author
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Reckien, Diana, Buzasi, Attila, Olazabal, Marta, Spyridaki, Niki-Artemis, Eckersley, Peter, Simoes, Sofia G., Salvia, Monica, Pietrapertosa, Filomena, Fokaides, Paris, Goonesekera, Sascha M., Tardieu, Léa, Balzan, Mario V., de Boer, Cheryl L., De Gregorio Hurtado, Sonia, Feliu, Efrén, Flamos, Alexandros, Foley, Aoife, Geneletti, Davide, Grafakos, Stelios, Heidrich, Oliver, Ioannou, Byron, Krook-Riekkola, Anna, Matosovic, Marko, Orru, Hans, Orru, Kati, Paspaldzhiev, Ivan, Rižnar, Klavdija, Smigaj, Magdalena, Szalmáné Csete, Maria, Viguié, Vincent, and Wejs, Anja
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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5. Fridays for Future auf lokaler Ebene. Aktivität und Stärke der Ortsgruppen in deutschen Städten
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Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Irmisch, Janne, Kern, Kristine, Adloff, Frank, Series Editor, Klein, Ansgar, Series Editor, Krimmer, Holger, Series Editor, Mair, Johanna, Series Editor, Teune, Simon, Series Editor, Walk, Heike, Series Editor, Zimmer, Annette, Series Editor, Pollex, Jan, editor, and Soßdorf, Anna, editor
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- 2023
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6. Climate Governance and Federalism in Germany
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Eckersley, Peter, primary, Kern, Kristine, additional, Haupt, Wolfgang, additional, and Müller, Hannah, additional
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- 2023
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7. Toward Trustworthy AI Development: Mechanisms for Supporting Verifiable Claims
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Brundage, Miles, Avin, Shahar, Wang, Jasmine, Belfield, Haydn, Krueger, Gretchen, Hadfield, Gillian, Khlaaf, Heidy, Yang, Jingying, Toner, Helen, Fong, Ruth, Maharaj, Tegan, Koh, Pang Wei, Hooker, Sara, Leung, Jade, Trask, Andrew, Bluemke, Emma, Lebensold, Jonathan, O'Keefe, Cullen, Koren, Mark, Ryffel, Théo, Rubinovitz, JB, Besiroglu, Tamay, Carugati, Federica, Clark, Jack, Eckersley, Peter, de Haas, Sarah, Johnson, Maritza, Laurie, Ben, Ingerman, Alex, Krawczuk, Igor, Askell, Amanda, Cammarota, Rosario, Lohn, Andrew, Krueger, David, Stix, Charlotte, Henderson, Peter, Graham, Logan, Prunkl, Carina, Martin, Bianca, Seger, Elizabeth, Zilberman, Noa, hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó, Kroeger, Frens, Sastry, Girish, Kagan, Rebecca, Weller, Adrian, Tse, Brian, Barnes, Elizabeth, Dafoe, Allan, Scharre, Paul, Herbert-Voss, Ariel, Rasser, Martijn, Sodhani, Shagun, Flynn, Carrick, Gilbert, Thomas Krendl, Dyer, Lisa, Khan, Saif, Bengio, Yoshua, and Anderljung, Markus
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Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
With the recent wave of progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has come a growing awareness of the large-scale impacts of AI systems, and recognition that existing regulations and norms in industry and academia are insufficient to ensure responsible AI development. In order for AI developers to earn trust from system users, customers, civil society, governments, and other stakeholders that they are building AI responsibly, they will need to make verifiable claims to which they can be held accountable. Those outside of a given organization also need effective means of scrutinizing such claims. This report suggests various steps that different stakeholders can take to improve the verifiability of claims made about AI systems and their associated development processes, with a focus on providing evidence about the safety, security, fairness, and privacy protection of AI systems. We analyze ten mechanisms for this purpose--spanning institutions, software, and hardware--and make recommendations aimed at implementing, exploring, or improving those mechanisms.
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- 2020
8. SafeLife 1.0: Exploring Side Effects in Complex Environments
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Wainwright, Carroll L. and Eckersley, Peter
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
We present SafeLife, a publicly available reinforcement learning environment that tests the safety of reinforcement learning agents. It contains complex, dynamic, tunable, procedurally generated levels with many opportunities for unsafe behavior. Agents are graded both on their ability to maximize their explicit reward and on their ability to operate safely without unnecessary side effects. We train agents to maximize rewards using proximal policy optimization and score them on a suite of benchmark levels. The resulting agents are performant but not safe -- they tend to cause large side effects in their environments -- but they form a baseline against which future safety research can be measured., Comment: Updated version was presented at the AAAI SafeAI 2020 Workshop, but now with updated contact info. Previously presented at the 2019 NeurIPS Safety and Robustness in Decision Making Workshop
- Published
- 2019
9. Explainable Machine Learning in Deployment
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Bhatt, Umang, Xiang, Alice, Sharma, Shubham, Weller, Adrian, Taly, Ankur, Jia, Yunhan, Ghosh, Joydeep, Puri, Ruchir, Moura, José M. F., and Eckersley, Peter
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computers and Society ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
Explainable machine learning offers the potential to provide stakeholders with insights into model behavior by using various methods such as feature importance scores, counterfactual explanations, or influential training data. Yet there is little understanding of how organizations use these methods in practice. This study explores how organizations view and use explainability for stakeholder consumption. We find that, currently, the majority of deployments are not for end users affected by the model but rather for machine learning engineers, who use explainability to debug the model itself. There is thus a gap between explainability in practice and the goal of transparency, since explanations primarily serve internal stakeholders rather than external ones. Our study synthesizes the limitations of current explainability techniques that hamper their use for end users. To facilitate end user interaction, we develop a framework for establishing clear goals for explainability. We end by discussing concerns raised regarding explainability., Comment: ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency 2020
- Published
- 2019
10. Theories of Parenting and their Application to Artificial Intelligence
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Croeser, Sky and Eckersley, Peter
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Computer Science - Computers and Society ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
As machine learning (ML) systems have advanced, they have acquired more power over humans' lives, and questions about what values are embedded in them have become more complex and fraught. It is conceivable that in the coming decades, humans may succeed in creating artificial general intelligence (AGI) that thinks and acts with an open-endedness and autonomy comparable to that of humans. The implications would be profound for our species; they are now widely debated not just in science fiction and speculative research agendas but increasingly in serious technical and policy conversations. Much work is underway to try to weave ethics into advancing ML research. We think it useful to add the lens of parenting to these efforts, and specifically radical, queer theories of parenting that consciously set out to nurture agents whose experiences, objectives and understanding of the world will necessarily be very different from their parents'. We propose a spectrum of principles which might underpin such an effort; some are relevant to current ML research, while others will become more important if AGI becomes more likely. These principles may encourage new thinking about the development, design, training, and release into the world of increasingly autonomous agents.
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- 2019
11. Impossibility and Uncertainty Theorems in AI Value Alignment (or why your AGI should not have a utility function)
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Eckersley, Peter
- Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Utility functions or their equivalents (value functions, objective functions, loss functions, reward functions, preference orderings) are a central tool in most current machine learning systems. These mechanisms for defining goals and guiding optimization run into practical and conceptual difficulty when there are independent, multi-dimensional objectives that need to be pursued simultaneously and cannot be reduced to each other. Ethicists have proved several impossibility theorems that stem from this origin; those results appear to show that there is no way of formally specifying what it means for an outcome to be good for a population without violating strong human ethical intuitions (in such cases, the objective function is a social welfare function). We argue that this is a practical problem for any machine learning system (such as medical decision support systems or autonomous weapons) or rigidly rule-based bureaucracy that will make high stakes decisions about human lives: such systems should not use objective functions in the strict mathematical sense. We explore the alternative of using uncertain objectives, represented for instance as partially ordered preferences, or as probability distributions over total orders. We show that previously known impossibility theorems can be transformed into uncertainty theorems in both of those settings, and prove lower bounds on how much uncertainty is implied by the impossibility results. We close by proposing two conjectures about the relationship between uncertainty in objectives and severe unintended consequences from AI systems., Comment: Published in SafeAI 2019: Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2019
- Published
- 2018
12. How Can ‘Ordinary’ Cities Become Climate Pioneers?
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Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Kern, Kristine, Howarth, Candice, editor, Lane, Matthew, editor, and Slevin, Amanda, editor
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- 2022
- Full Text
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13. Diffusion and upscaling of municipal climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in Germany
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Kern, Kristine, Eckersley, Peter, and Haupt, Wolfgang
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- 2023
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14. The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation
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Brundage, Miles, Avin, Shahar, Clark, Jack, Toner, Helen, Eckersley, Peter, Garfinkel, Ben, Dafoe, Allan, Scharre, Paul, Zeitzoff, Thomas, Filar, Bobby, Anderson, Hyrum, Roff, Heather, Allen, Gregory C., Steinhardt, Jacob, Flynn, Carrick, hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó, Beard, Simon, Belfield, Haydn, Farquhar, Sebastian, Lyle, Clare, Crootof, Rebecca, Evans, Owain, Page, Michael, Bryson, Joanna, Yampolskiy, Roman, and Amodei, Dario
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ,Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
This report surveys the landscape of potential security threats from malicious uses of AI, and proposes ways to better forecast, prevent, and mitigate these threats. After analyzing the ways in which AI may influence the threat landscape in the digital, physical, and political domains, we make four high-level recommendations for AI researchers and other stakeholders. We also suggest several promising areas for further research that could expand the portfolio of defenses, or make attacks less effective or harder to execute. Finally, we discuss, but do not conclusively resolve, the long-term equilibrium of attackers and defenders.
- Published
- 2018
15. How Can ‘Ordinary’ Cities Become Climate Pioneers?
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Haupt, Wolfgang, primary, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Kern, Kristine, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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16. Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU
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Salvia, Monica, Reckien, Diana, Pietrapertosa, Filomena, Eckersley, Peter, Spyridaki, Niki-Artemis, Krook-Riekkola, Anna, Olazabal, Marta, De Gregorio Hurtado, Sonia, Simoes, Sofia G., Geneletti, Davide, Viguié, Vincent, Fokaides, Paris A., Ioannou, Byron I., Flamos, Alexandros, Csete, Maria Szalmane, Buzasi, Attila, Orru, Hans, de Boer, Cheryl, Foley, Aoife, Rižnar, Klavdija, Matosović, Marko, Balzan, Mario V., Smigaj, Magdalena, Baštáková, Viera, Streberova, Eva, Šel, Nataša Belšak, Coste, Lana, Tardieu, Léa, Altenburg, Corinna, Lorencová, Eliska Krkoška, Orru, Kati, Wejs, Anja, Feliu, Efren, Church, Jon Marco, Grafakos, Stelios, Vasilie, Sergiu, Paspaldzhiev, Ivan, and Heidrich, Oliver
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- 2021
- Full Text
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17. Local climate governance in England and Germany : converging towards a hybrid model?
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Eckersley, Peter Mark
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363.738 - Abstract
This thesis investigates the governance of climate change policy in English and German cities. Based on fieldwork research in the comparable 'twin towns' of Newcastle and Gelsenkirchen, it focuses on how local authorities in these cities have worked with other actors to increase their capacity to achieve policy objectives. The study analyses these governance arrangements in the context of climate change strategies, planning policy and how the municipalities use resources in their everyday corporate activities. Drawing on theories and typologies of multi-level governance (Hooghe and Marks 2003), policy styles (Richardson 1982), urban governance (Stone 1989) and dependencies in inter-governmental relations (Rhodes 1981), it introduces a new model for mapping power relationships between governing actors. By applying this model to the empirical cases, the thesis identifies how central-local relations in England are looser than those in Germany, and how this results in weaker municipal institutions. This means that Newcastle has had to rely more on local stakeholders to achieve its objectives when compared to Gelsenkirchen. The English council is also less able to exert hierarchical authority over other bodies. Although the study found that the two cities’ approaches are converging in some areas, they are diverging in others. Indeed, they have developed their own distinct coping strategies to achieve policy objectives in the face of similar endogenous and exogenous pressures. These coping strategies are shaped by the institutional framework and power dependent relationships that apply to each city, which challenges the idea that policy problems determine the way in which the political system operates (see Lowi 1964). Such findings have implications for other municipalities in both England and Germany, as well as cities elsewhere in Europe that are seeking to address climate change or other ‘wicked’ public policy issues.
- Published
- 2016
18. Correction to: Ranking local climate policy: assessing the mitigation and adaptation activities of 104 German cities
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Otto, Antje, Kern, Kristine, Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, and Thieken, Annegret H.
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- 2021
- Full Text
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19. Ranking local climate policy: assessing the mitigation and adaptation activities of 104 German cities
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Otto, Antje, Kern, Kristine, Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, and Thieken, Annegret H.
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- 2021
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20. The impact of austerity on policy capacity in local government
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Eckersley, Peter and Tobin, Paul
- Published
- 2019
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21. Intentionality and visibility in state- and society-led climate approaches: towards a more comprehensive understanding of local adaptation initiatives
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Eckersley, Peter, primary, Haupt, Wolfgang, additional, Wiegleb, Viviana, additional, Niewind, Jens, additional, and Otto, Antje, additional
- Published
- 2023
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22. Two Steps Forward and One Back: The 2018 National Framework
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
- Published
- 2020
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23. A Glass Half-empty or a Glass Half-full?: Conclusions, Reflections and Reactions
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
- Published
- 2020
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24. The Gold Standard: An Evaluative Model
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
- Published
- 2020
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25. Alarm Bells Ringing: Introduction
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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26. Rebuilding the Fire and Rescue Services
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
- Published
- 2020
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27. A Sinking Platform: The Data Dilemma
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
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- 2020
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28. So Near and Yet So Far: A Rigorous and Independent Inspectorate?
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, and Glennon, Russ, additional
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- 2020
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29. Public procurement as a policy tool: the territorial dimension.
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Eckersley, Peter, Flynn, Anthony, Lakoma, Katarzyna, and Ferry, Laurence
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GOVERNMENT purchasing ,PUBLIC contracts ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LOCAL government ,BUSINESS & politics - Abstract
We analysed 90,000 contracts involving UK local authorities between 2015 and 2019 to examine patterns and potential drivers of regional sourcing. We found councils in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are much more likely to select suppliers based within their regions compared with their counterparts in England. We found no discernible trend of English councils increasingly preferring regional suppliers, and no correlation between party-political control and regional sourcing. We suggest contrasting institutional and political contexts determine these territorial differences and present a framework to explain supplier selection in these terms, incorporating a territorial dimension alongside more traditional left–right ideological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. How do local factors shape transformation pathways towards climate-neutral and resilient cities?
- Author
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Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Irmisch, Janne, and Kern, Kristine
- Subjects
- *
CITIES & towns , *BUILT environment , *CIVIL society , *CLIMATE change mitigation , *CLIMATE change & health , *SCIENTIFIC community - Abstract
We examine how local socioeconomic, institutional and political factors shape climate transformation pathways in 23 mid-sized German cities. We group our cities into three types: industrial cities (which may have experienced recent structural change), historic cities (in which a significant proportion of the buildings or landscape is under monument protection) and university cities (in which academic or research institutions play a major role in the local community). Drawing on document analysis and expert interviews, we find that budgetary constraints, weaker civil societies and lower levels of political support result in unfavourable structural conditions for successful transformations in industrial cities. Historic cities have often only limited options to change their built environments, but many have identified climate change as a major threat to their built heritage and are therefore keen to take action in climate adaptation. Lastly, university cities are further along the transformation pathways than the other city types, largely due to having more favourable economic conditions as well as greater support from civil society, politics and the local research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. How do local factors shape transformation pathways towards climate-neutral and resilient cities?
- Author
-
Haupt, Wolfgang, primary, Eckersley, Peter, additional, Irmisch, Janne, additional, and Kern, Kristine, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Public goods, public value and public audit: the Redmond review and English local government
- Author
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Murphy, Peter, primary, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, Eckersley, Peter, additional, Dom, Bernard Kofi, additional, and Jones, Martin, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Public procurement as a policy tool: the territorial dimension
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter, primary, Flynn, Anthony, additional, Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional, and Ferry, Laurence, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Instruments and measures of municipal climate adaptation
- Author
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Huber, Bettina, Miechielsen, Milena, Otto, Antje (Dr.), Schmidt, Katja (Dr.), Ullrich, Susann, Deppermann, Lara-Helene, Eckersley, Peter, Haupt, Wolfgang (Dr.), Heidenreich, Anna (Dr.), Kern, Kristine (Prof. Dr.), Lipp, Torsten (Dr.), Neumann, Nina, Schneider, Philipp, Sterzel, Till (Dr.), and Thieken, Annegret Henriette (Prof. Dr.)
- Subjects
ddc:320 ,ddc:550 ,Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie ,Extern - Abstract
Städte sind aufgrund ihrer Agglomeration von Bevölkerung, Sachwerten und Infrastrukturen in besonderem Maße von extremen Wetterereignissen wie Starkregen und Hitze betroffen. Zahlreiche Überflutungsereignisse infolge von Starkregen traten in den letzten Jahren in verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands auf und führten nicht nur zu Schäden in zwei- bis dreistelliger Millionenhöhe, sondern auch zu Todesopfern. Und auch Hitzewellen, wie sie in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt aufgetreten sind, bergen gesundheitliche Risiken, welche sich auch in verschiedenen Schätzungen zu Hitzetodesfällen wiederfinden. Um diesen Risiken zu begegnen und Schäden infolge von Wetterextremen zu reduzieren, entwickeln viele Kommunen bereits Strategien und Konzepte im Kontext der Klimaanpassung und/oder setzen Anpassungsmaßnahmen um. Neben der Entwicklung und Umsetzung eigener Ideen orientieren sich Städte dabei u. a. an Leitfäden und Beispielen aus der Literatur, Erfahrungen aus anderen Städten oder an Ergebnissen aus Forschungsprojekten. Dieser Lern- und Transferprozess, der eine Übertragung von Maßnahmen oder Instrumenten der Klimaanpassung von einem Ort auf einen anderen beinhaltet, ist bislang noch unzureichend erforscht und verstanden. Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht deshalb ebendiesen Lern- und Transferprozess zwischen sowie innerhalb von Städten sowie das Transferpotenzial konkreter Wissenstransfer-Medien, Instrumente und Maßnahmen. Damit wird das Ziel verfolgt, ein besseres Verständnis dieser Prozesse zu entwickeln und einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung des Transfers von kommunalen Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten zu leisten. Der vorliegende Inhalt baut dabei auf einer vorangegangenen Analyse des Forschungsstands zum Transfer von Policies durch Haupt et al. (2021) auf und versucht, den bereits generierten Wissensstand auf der Ebene von Policies nun um die Ebene konkreter Instrumente und Maßnahmen zu ergänzen sowie durch empirische Befunde zu ausgewählten Maßnahmen zu untermauern. Die Wissens- und Datengrundlage dieses Berichts umfasst einen Mix aus verschiedenen (Online)-Befragungen und Interviews mit Vertreter:innen relevanter Akteursgruppen, vor allem Vertreter:innen von Stadtverwaltungen, sowie den Erfahrungswerten der drei ExTrass-Fallstudienstädte Potsdam, Remscheid und Würzburg. Nach einer Einleitung beschäftigt sich Kapitel 2 mit übergeordneten Faktoren der Übertragbarkeit bzw. des Transfers. Kapitel 2.1 bietet hierbei eine Zusammenfassung zum aktuellen Wissensstand hinsichtlich des Transfers von Policies im Bereich der städtischen Klimapolitik gemäß Haupt et al. (2021). Hier werden zentrale Kriterien für einen erfolgreichen Transfer herausgearbeitet, um einen Anknüpfungspunkt für die folgenden Inhalte und empirischen Befunde auf der Ebene konkreter Instrumente und Maßnahmen zu bieten. Kapitel 2.2 schließt hieran an und präsentiert Erkenntnisse aus einer weitreichenden Kommunalbefragung. Hierbei wurde untersucht ob und welche Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen in den Städten bereits umgesetzt werden, welche fördernden und hemmenden Aspekte es dabei gibt und welche Erfahrungen beim Transfer von Wissen und Ideen bereits vorliegen. Kapitel 3 untersucht die Rolle verschiedener Medien des Wissenstransfers und widmet sich dabei beispielhaft Leitfäden zur Klimaanpassung und Maßnahmensteckbriefen. Kapitel 3.1 beantwortet dabei Fragen nach der Relevanz und Zugänglichkeit von Leitfäden, deren Stärken und Schwächen, sowie konkreten Anforderungen vonseiten befragter Personen. Außerdem werden acht ausgewählte Leitfäden vorgestellt und komprimiert auf ihre Transferpotenziale hin eingeschätzt. Kapitel 3.2 betrachtet Maßnahmensteckbriefe als Medien des Wissenstransfers und arbeitet zentrale Aspekte für einen praxisrelevanten inhaltlichen Aufbau heraus, um basierend darauf einen Muster-Maßnahmensteckbrief für Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen zu entwickeln und vorzuschlagen. Kapitel 4 beschäftigt sich mit sehr konkreten kommunalen Erfahrungen rund um den Transfer von sieben ausgewählten Instrumenten und Maßnahmen und bietet zahlreiche empirische Befunde aus den Kommunen, basierend auf der Kommunalbefragung, verschiedenen Interviews und den Erfahrungen aus der Projektarbeit. Die folgenden sieben Instrumente und Maßnahmen wurden ausgewählt, um eine große Breite städtischer Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten zu betrachten: 1) Klimafunktionskarten (Stadtklimakarten), 2) Starkregengefahrenkarten, 3) Checklisten zur Klimaanpassung in der Bauleitplanung, 4) Verbot von Schottergärten in Bebauungsplänen, 5) Fassadenbegrünungen, 6) klimaangepasste Gestaltung von Grün- und Freiflächen sowie 7) Handlungsempfehlungen für Betreuungseinrichtungen zum Umgang mit Hitze und Starkregen. Für jede dieser Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten wird auf Ebene der Kommunen Ziel, Verbreitung und Erscheinungsformen, Umsetzung anhand konkreter Beispiele, fördernde und hemmende Faktoren sowievorliegende Erfahrungen zu und Hinweisen auf Transfer dargestellt. Kapitel 5 schließt den vorliegenden Bericht ab, indem zentrale Transfer-Barrieren aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen aufgegriffen und entsprechende Empfehlungen an verschiedene Ebenen der Politik ausgesprochen werden. Diese Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung des Transfers von klimaanpassungsrelevanten Instrumenten, Strategien und Maßnahmen umfassen 1) die Verbesserung des Austauschs zwischen verschiedenen Städten, 2) die Verbesserung der Zugänglichkeit von Wissen und Erfahrungen, 3) die Schaffung von Vernetzungsstrukturen innerhalb von Städten sowie 4) bestehende Wissenslücken zu schließen. Die Autor:innen des vorliegenden Berichts hoffen, durch die vielfältigen Untersuchungsaspekte einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der Lern- und Transferprozesse und zur Verbesserung des Transfers kommunaler Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten zu leisten. Due to their agglomeration of population, material assets and infrastructures, cities are particularly affected by extreme weather events such as heavy rain and heat. Numerous flooding events as a result of heavy rainfall occurred in various regions of Germany in the last years, not only resulted in losses in the double- to triple-digit million range, but also in fatalities. And heat waves which became more frequent in recent years pose health risks, including numerous cases of death. To counter these risks and to reduce damage resulting from weather extremes, many cities are already developing strategies and concepts in the context of climate adaptation and/or implement measures. In addition to developing and implementing their own ideas, cities are guided by guidelines and examples from literature, experiences from other cities, or results from research projects, among other things. This learning and transfer process, which involves the transfer of climate adaptation measures or instruments from one place to another, has not yet been sufficiently researched and understood. This report therefore examines this learning and transfer process between and within cities as well as the transfer potential of specific knowledge transfer media, instruments and measures. The aim is to develop a better understanding of these processes and to contribute to improving the transfer of municipal climate adaptation activities. This content builds on a previous analysis of the state of research on policy transfer by Haupt et al. (2021) and attempts to complement the already generated state of knowledge on the level of policies with the level of concrete instruments and measures and to substantiate it with empirical findings. The knowledge and data basis of this report comprises a mix of various (online) surveys and interviews with representatives of relevant stakeholder groups, especially representatives of city administrations, as well as the experiences of the three case study cities within the ExTrass-project, namely Potsdam, Remscheid and Würzburg. After an introduction, chapter 2 deals with overarching factors of transferability. Chapter 2.1 provides a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the transfer of policies in the field of urban climate policy according to Haupt et al. (2021). Here, central criteria for a successful transfer are elaborated in order to provide a starting point for the following contents and empirical findings on the level of concrete instruments and measures. Chapter 2.2 follows on from this and presents findings from a wide-ranging municipal survey. Here, it was investigated whether and which climate adaptation measures are already implemented in the cities, which supporting and inhibiting aspects are present in this context, and which experiences regarding the transfer of knowledge and ideas already exist. Chapter 3 examines the role of different knowledge transfer media, focusing on guidelines on climate adaptation and fact sheets for adaptation measures as examples. Chapter 3.1 answers questions about the relevance and accessibility of guidelines, their strengths and weaknesses, as well as concrete requirements articulated by interviewees. In addition, eight selected guidelines are shortly presented and assessed in terms of their transfer potential. Chapter 3.2 looks at fact sheets for adaptation measures and elaborates central aspects for a practicable content structure and ultimately results in a proposed template fact sheet for climate adaptation measure. Chapter 4 deals with very concrete municipal experiences regarding the transfer of seven selected instruments and measures and offers numerous empirical findings from municipalities, based on the municipal survey, various interviews and the experiences drawn from the project work. The following seven tools and measures were selected to look at a broad range of urban climate adaptation activities: 1) climate function maps (urban climate maps), 2) heavy rainfall hazard maps, 3) climate adaptation checklists in urban land use planning, 4) prohibition of gravel gardens in development plans, 5) facade greening, 6) climate-adapted design of green and open spaces, and 7) recommendations for care facilities to deal with heat and heavy rain. For each of these instruments or measures at the municipality level the purpose or goal, its dissemination and manifestations, its implementation through practical examples, its supporting and inhibiting factors as well as existing experiences with and evidence of transfer are presented. Chapter 5 concludes this report by addressing key transfer barriers and making formulating recommendations for different political levels. These recommendations for improving the transfer of climate adaptation-related instruments, strategies and measures include: 1) improving the exchange between different cities, 2) improving the accessibility of knowledge and experience, 3) creating networking structures within cities and 4) closing existing knowledge gaps. The authors of this report hope to contribute to a better understanding of the learning and transfer processes and to the improvement of the transfer of municipal climate adaptation activities through the manifold aspects of this study.
- Published
- 2022
35. Accountability and Transparency: A Nuanced Response to Etzioni
- Author
-
Ferry, Laurence and Eckersley, Peter
- Published
- 2015
36. Urban resilience to extreme weather events
- Author
-
Thieken, Annegret Henriette (Prof. Dr.), Otto, Antje (Dr.), Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Kern, Kristine, Ullrich, Susann, Hautz, Timo, Rocker, Philipp, Schulz, Rabea, Sausen, Hannah, Dillenardt, Lisa, Rose, Claudia, Schmidt, Katja (Dr.), Huber, Bettina, Sterzel, Till (Dr.), Marken, Marieke, and Miechielsen, Milena
- Subjects
ddc:320 ,ddc:550 ,Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie - Abstract
Aufgrund der hohen Konzentration von Bevölkerung, ökonomischen Werten und Infrastrukturen können Städte stark von extremen Wetterereignissen getroffen werden. Insbesondere Hitzewellen und Überflutungen in Folge von Starkregen verursachen in Städten immense gesundheitliche und finanzielle Schäden. Um Schäden zu verringern oder gar zu vermeiden, ist es notwendig, entsprechende Vorsorge- und Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen zu implementieren. Im Projekt „Urbane Resilienz gegenüber extremen Wetterereignissen – Typologien und Transfer von Anpassungsstrategien in kleinen Großstädten und Mittelstädten” (ExTrass) lag der Fokus auf den beiden extremen Wetterereignissen Hitze und Starkregen sowie auf kleineren Großstädten (100.000 bis 500.000 Einwohner:innen) und kreisfreien Mittelstädten mit mehr als 50.000 Einwohner:innen. Im Projekt wurde die Stärkung der Klimaresilienz als Verbesserung der Fähigkeiten von Städten, aus vergangenen Ereignissen zu lernen sowie sich an antizipierte Gefahren anzupassen, verstanden. Klimaanpassung wurde demnach als ein Prozess aufgefasst, der durch die Umsetzung von potenziell schadensreduzierenden Maßnahmen beschreib- und operationalisierbar wird. Das Projekt hatte zwei Ziele: Erstens sollte die Klimaresilienz in den drei Fallstudienstädten Potsdam, Remscheid und Würzburg messbar gestärkt werden. Zweitens sollten Transferpotenziale zwischen Groß- und Mittelstädten in Deutschland identifiziert und besser nutzbar gemacht werden, damit die Wirkung von Pilotvorhaben über die direkt involvierten Städte hinausgehen kann. Im Projekt standen folgende vier Leitfragen im Fokus: • Wie verbreitet sind Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten in Großstädten und größeren kreisfreien Mittelstädten in Deutschland? • Welche hemmenden und begünstigenden Faktoren beeinflussen die Klimaanpassung? • Welche Maßnahmen der Klimaanpassung werden tatsächlich umgesetzt, und wie kann die Umsetzung verbessert werden? Was behindert? • Inwiefern lassen sich Beispiele guter Praxis auf andere Städte übertragen, adaptieren oder weiterentwickeln? Die Hauptergebnisse zu diesen Fragestellungen sind im vorliegenden Bericht zusammengefasst. Due to the high concentration of population, economic assets and infrastructure, cities are severely affected by the effects of climate change. In particular, heat waves and flooding as a result of heavy rain cause immense health and financial damages in cities. In order to reduce or even avoid the effects of such extreme weather events, appropriate precautionary and climate adaptation measures must be implemented. The project "Urban resilience to extreme weather events – typologies and transfer of adaptation strategies in small and medium-sized cities" (ExTrass) focused on the two extreme weather events heat and heavy rain as well as on smaller cities (100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants) and independent medium-sized towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Within the project, strengthening climate resilience was understood as improving the ability of cities to learn from past events and adapt to anticipated hazards. Accordingly, climate adaptation was seen as a process that can be described and operationalized through the implementation of potentially damage-reducing measures. The project had two goals: The first goal was to measurably strengthen climate resilience in the three case study cities of Potsdam, Remscheid and Würzburg. The second goal was to identify and improve the transfer potential of climate adaptation measures between cities in Germany. The project focused on the following four key questions: • How widespread are climate adaptation activities in large cities and larger independent medium-sized cities in Germany? • Which inhibiting and enabling factors influence climate adaptation and how do they work? • Which climate adaptation measures are actually being implemented and how can implementation be improved? What hinders implementation? • To what extent can examples of good practice be transferred, adapted or further developed to other cities? The main results of these questions have been summarized in the present report.
- Published
- 2022
37. How Unique Is Your Web Browser?
- Author
-
Eckersley, Peter, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Atallah, Mikhail J., editor, and Hopper, Nicholas J., editor
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A ‘panoptical’ or ‘synoptical’ approach to monitoring performance? Local public services in England and the widening accountability gap
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter, Ferry, Laurence, and Zakaria, Zamzulaila
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A new framework to understand the drivers of policy mixes in multilevel contexts: The case of urban air pollution.
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter, Harrison, Oliver, and Poberezhskaya, Marianna
- Subjects
URBAN pollution ,CITIES & towns ,MUNICIPAL government ,SPACE ,AIR pollution - Abstract
The literature on policy mixes tends to focus on the instruments that different jurisdictions adopt to tackle public problems, and how policies may complement or conflict with each other. Fewer studies examine the factors that influence instrument choice, particularly within multilevel contexts, despite a recognition that policy mixes to tackle similar issues vary substantially across and within countries. We present a new framework to help understand and predict policy choice in subnational governance, arguing that the level of local support for action influences the type of policy a city adopts, whereas top‐down drivers shape the breadth of instruments it deploys. Drawing on in‐depth stakeholder interviews and documentary analysis, we apply this framework to explain why two contrasting English cities selected their own distinctive policy mixes to combat air pollution. We suggest that where top‐down drivers for action are strong but bottom‐up support is muted, as was the case in Nottingham, municipal governments are likely to adopt a broad range of largely (re)distributive, informational and administrative instruments to tackle policy problems. Where local support is strong, as in Westminster, city authorities prefer to introduce regulations, because restrictions entail fewer political costs in these contexts and are more likely to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Public goods, public value and public audit: the Redmond review and English local government.
- Author
-
Murphy, Peter, Lakoma, Katarzyna, Eckersley, Peter, Dom, Bernard Kofi, and Jones, Martin
- Subjects
PUBLIC value ,PUBLIC goods ,LOCAL government ,FRAGMENTED landscapes ,LOCAL finance - Abstract
Copyright of Public Money & Management is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A new framework to understand the drivers of policy mixes in multilevel contexts: The case of urban air pollution
- Author
-
Eckersley, Peter, primary, Harrison, Oliver, additional, and Poberezhskaya, Marianna, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. WilmaScope — A 3D Graph Visualization System
- Author
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Dwyer, Tim, Eckersley, Peter, Farin, Gerald, editor, Hege, Hans-Christian, editor, Hoffman, David, editor, Johnson, Christopher R., editor, Polthier, Konrad, editor, Jünger, Michael, editor, and Mutzel, Petra, editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Klimapolitische Entwicklungspfade deutscher Groß- und Mittelstädte
- Author
-
Irmisch, Janne, Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Kern, Kristine, and Müller, Hannah
- Subjects
Klimawandel ,Klimapolitik ,Großstadt ,Deutschland ,ddc:710 - Abstract
Dieser Forschungsbericht bietet vertiefte klimapolitische Pfadanalysen von 17 Groß- und Mittelstädten in den Bundesländern Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Brandenburg und Nordrhein-Westfalen. Die Pfadanalysen basieren auf umfangreichen Analysen zahlreicher Policy-Dokumente und Interviews mit Vertreter:innen aus Stadtverwaltungen, Kommunalpolitik und Zivilgesellschaft. Die Fallstädte sind im Hinblick auf Klimapolitik unterschiedlich aktiv und lassen sich fünf verschiedenen Stadttypen zuordnen, die anhand von strukturellen Merkmalen definiert sind. Im Fokus des Berichts steht der Einfluss dieser Stadttypen auf die klimapolitische Aktivität einer Stadt. Dabei kommt die Studie zu folgenden zentralen Ergebnissen: - Städte, die seit Jahrzehnten ein Image als Grüne Städte pflegen und als Vorreiter in den Bereichen Umweltschutz und Nachhaltigkeit gelten, sind auch im Bereich Klimaschutz und meist auch im Bereich Klimaanpassung weit fortgeschritten. - Wissenschaftsstädten fällt es deutlich leichter klimapolitische Akzente zu setzen als anderen Städten. Dies liegt unter anderem an den oft günstigeren ökonomischen, sozio-ökonomischen und sozio-demographischen Rahmenbedingungen. - Industriestädten (im Wandel), bei denen es sich oft um schrumpfende Städte handelt, fällt es schwerer, klimapolitische Erfolge zu erzielen als etwa innovativen und wachsenden Wissenschaftsstädten. - In Welterbestädten kommt es oft zu Konflikten zwischen Klimapolitik und Denkmalschutz. Dennoch können je nach Art des Welterbes auch Synergien entstehen, da beide Aspekte Bestandteil einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung sein können. - In Städteregionen kommt es oft zu fruchtbaren Kooperationen zwischen Städten (z.B. gemeinsame Klimastrategien). Bestätigen können wir dies aber nur für die Kooperation zwischen Großstädten innerhalb einer Städteregion.
- Published
- 2022
44. Urban resilience to extreme weather events
- Author
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Thieken, Annegret, Otto, Antje, Haupt, Wolfgang, Eckersley, Peter, Kern, Kristine, Ullrich, Susann, Hautz, Timo, Rocker, Philipp, Schulz, Rabea, Sausen, Hannah, Dillenardt, Lisa, Rose, Claudia, Schmidt, Katja, Huber, Bettina, Sterzel, Till, Marken, Marieke, and Miechielsen, Milena
- Subjects
320 Politikwissenschaft ,550 Geowissenschaften - Abstract
Aufgrund der hohen Konzentration von Bevölkerung, ökonomischen Werten und Infrastrukturen können Städte stark von extremen Wetterereignissen getroffen werden. Insbesondere Hitzewellen und Überflutungen in Folge von Starkregen verursachen in Städten immense gesundheitliche und finanzielle Schäden. Um Schäden zu verringern oder gar zu vermeiden, ist es notwendig, entsprechende Vorsorge- und Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen zu implementieren. Im Projekt „Urbane Resilienz gegenüber extremen Wetterereignissen – Typologien und Transfer von Anpassungsstrategien in kleinen Großstädten und Mittelstädten” (ExTrass) lag der Fokus auf den beiden extremen Wetterereignissen Hitze und Starkregen sowie auf kleineren Großstädten (100.000 bis 500.000 Einwohner:innen) und kreisfreien Mittelstädten mit mehr als 50.000 Einwohner:innen. Im Projekt wurde die Stärkung der Klimaresilienz als Verbesserung der Fähigkeiten von Städten, aus vergangenen Ereignissen zu lernen sowie sich an antizipierte Gefahren anzupassen, verstanden. Klimaanpassung wurde demnach als ein Prozess aufgefasst, der durch die Umsetzung von potenziell schadensreduzierenden Maßnahmen beschreib- und operationalisierbar wird. Das Projekt hatte zwei Ziele: Erstens sollte die Klimaresilienz in den drei Fallstudienstädten Potsdam, Remscheid und Würzburg messbar gestärkt werden. Zweitens sollten Transferpotenziale zwischen Groß- und Mittelstädten in Deutschland identifiziert und besser nutzbar gemacht werden, damit die Wirkung von Pilotvorhaben über die direkt involvierten Städte hinausgehen kann. Im Projekt standen folgende vier Leitfragen im Fokus: • Wie verbreitet sind Klimaanpassungsaktivitäten in Großstädten und größeren kreisfreien Mittelstädten in Deutschland? • Welche hemmenden und begünstigenden Faktoren beeinflussen die Klimaanpassung? • Welche Maßnahmen der Klimaanpassung werden tatsächlich umgesetzt, und wie kann die Umsetzung verbessert werden? Was behindert? • Inwiefern lassen sich Beispiele guter Praxis auf andere Städte übertragen, adaptieren oder weiterentwickeln? Die Hauptergebnisse zu diesen Fragestellungen sind im vorliegenden Bericht zusammengefasst., Due to the high concentration of population, economic assets and infrastructure, cities are severely affected by the effects of climate change. In particular, heat waves and flooding as a result of heavy rain cause immense health and financial damages in cities. In order to reduce or even avoid the effects of such extreme weather events, appropriate precautionary and climate adaptation measures must be implemented. The project "Urban resilience to extreme weather events – typologies and transfer of adaptation strategies in small and medium-sized cities" (ExTrass) focused on the two extreme weather events heat and heavy rain as well as on smaller cities (100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants) and independent medium-sized towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Within the project, strengthening climate resilience was understood as improving the ability of cities to learn from past events and adapt to anticipated hazards. Accordingly, climate adaptation was seen as a process that can be described and operationalized through the implementation of potentially damage-reducing measures. The project had two goals: The first goal was to measurably strengthen climate resilience in the three case study cities of Potsdam, Remscheid and Würzburg. The second goal was to identify and improve the transfer potential of climate adaptation measures between cities in Germany. The project focused on the following four key questions: • How widespread are climate adaptation activities in large cities and larger independent medium-sized cities in Germany? • Which inhibiting and enabling factors influence climate adaptation and how do they work? • Which climate adaptation measures are actually being implemented and how can implementation be improved? What hinders implementation? • To what extent can examples of good practice be transferred, adapted or further developed to other cities? The main results of these questions have been summarized in the present report.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Handlungsempfehlungen für eine bessere Klimakoordination in Kommunen
- Author
-
Haupt, Wolfgang, Irmisch, Janne, and Eckersley, Peter
- Subjects
Kommunalpolitik ,Klimapolitik ,Klimaschutz ,Deutschland ,ddc:710 - Abstract
Die Handlungsempfehlungen richten sich an kommunale, politische Entscheidungsträger*innen und an Mitarbeitende von Stadtverwaltungen, die für die Koordination der Klimapolitik (Klimaschutz und/oder Klimaanpassung) innerhalb ihrer Stadt verantwortlich sind.
- Published
- 2022
46. Austerity, political control and supplier selection in English local government: implications for autonomy in multi-level systems.
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter, Flynn, Anthony, Ferry, Laurence, and Lakoma, Katarzyna
- Subjects
AUSTERITY ,LOCAL government ,SUPPLIERS ,PUBLIC contracts - Abstract
Analysis of 60,000 contracts awarded by English councils between 2015–19 reveals that austerity constraints are a key predictor of councils outsourcing services to for-profit suppliers, regardless of their political control. Conservative Party-controlled councils are also more likely to contract with for-profit suppliers, although we found no link between Labour-controlled councils and not-for-profit suppliers, nor evidence that political or budgetary factors influence whether councils contract with providers based in their own region. We argue that centrally imposed funding cuts, and a belief that for-profit suppliers represent a cheaper option, could be overriding Labour Party councils' ideological preference for not-for-profit providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The 'Stifling' of New Climate Politics in Ireland
- Author
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Fitzgerald, Louise Michelle, Tobin, Paul, Burns, Charlotte, Eckersley, Peter, Fitzgerald, Louise Michelle, Tobin, Paul, Burns, Charlotte, and Eckersley, Peter
- Abstract
In 2019, Ireland declared a 'Climate Emergency,' receiving plaudits from across the political spectrum for doing so. Some argued the country was experiencing an era of 'new climate politics': In 2017, Ireland had established the first Citizens' Assembly on Climate, and in 2019 its Parliament debated a Climate Emergency Measures Bill, which was ground-breaking in its proposal to ban offshore oil and gas exploration. Yet, despite majority support for this Bill in Parliament, the minority Government blocked the legislation by refusing to grant a 'Money Message,' a potential veto activated following indication by an independent actor that a Bill would require the appropriation of public money. We introduce the concept of 'policy stifling' to capture how the Money Message was used to block the Climate Emergency Measures Bill. We conduct detailed process-tracing analysis, building on elite semi-structured interviews with policy makers and campaigners involved in the process. We argue that whilst the Government's stifling undermined the new era of elite climate politics, it simultaneously boosted an emerging grassroots climate politics movement with the potential for effecting more radical change in the longer term.
- Published
- 2021
48. The multi-level context for local climate governance in Germany: The role of the federal states
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter, Kern, Kristine, Haupt, Wolfgang, and Müller, Hannah
- Subjects
Klimapolitik ,Teilstaat ,Kommunaler Finanzausgleich ,Deutschland ,ddc:710 - Abstract
This report is a product of the ExTrass project, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to help medium-sized and large cities in Germany to prepare for the increased frequency of extreme weather events, particularly heavy rainfall and heatwaves. The project examines the drivers and barriers for urban climate adaptation and mitigation, with a particular focus on three case study cities: Potsdam, Remscheid and Würzburg. Amongst other things, the project team evaluates the efficacy of urban greening initiatives, works towards climate-sensitive urban planning, contributes data on city climate, educates the population on risks and improves contingency plans. It also provides a platform for knowledge exchange to help cities learn from each other. Cities are responsible for about 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions and are also particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Extreme weather events can result in significant damage to property and pose major risks to urban populations. Yet, municipalities are not able to manage these risks alone: in order to understand how they are seeking to combat change we need to examine the contexts within which they operate and their relationships with other key actors. This report focuses on the multi-level nature of the German state, with a particular focus on the role of the Bundesländer regional governments. It shows how the climate and energy priorities of individual states are largely shaped by their political and economic interests, and result in them adopting different approaches to working with municipalities. It shows that although Germany relies overwhelmingly on interdependent, vertical relationships between tiers of government to coordinate and implement climate policy, states that do not have a historical reliance on fossil fuel resources, and/or in which the Green Party form part of the governing coalition, have provided more resources and support to municipal governments to act on the issue.
- Published
- 2021
49. Straddling multiple streams: focusing events, policy entrepreneurs and problem brokers in the governance of English fire and rescue services.
- Author
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Eckersley, Peter and Lakoma, Katarzyna
- Subjects
- *
BUSINESSPEOPLE , *WATER supply for fire service , *BROKERS , *POLICY sciences , *POLICE - Abstract
Empirical studies that use the multiple streams approach often examine cases of reactive policymaking in response to "focusing events", rather than proactive policymakers who seek to broker or construct problems that their preferred solution might address. Drawing on publicly-available debates about reforms to fire and rescue services in seven areas of England, we show how individuals within small policy subsystems may construct problems to try and convince others to support their preferred policy solution. By straddling all three streams and acting as endogenous policy entrepreneurs, policymakers and problem brokers simultaneously, we highlight how these actors can exert substantial influence over policymaking processes – although consensus within the political stream about the existence of a genuine problem is still a key factor in facilitating change. These insights allow us to introduce a more obvious power dimension and greater predictive capacity into the multiple streams approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Austerity, political control and supplier selection in English local government: implications for autonomy in multi-level systems
- Author
-
Eckersley, Peter, primary, Flynn, Anthony, additional, Ferry, Laurence, additional, and Lakoma, Katarzyna, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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