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This study was conducted to determine the effects on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens, which were fed an herbal extract mixture (HEM), including Honokiol-Magnolol and Sanguinarine as natural feed additives. A total of 300 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in this study and randomly divided into four groups with five replicates of 15 broiler chicks each. For the experimental groups, HEM was supplemented in their diet at the levels of 0.00% (C), 1.00% (HEM1), 1.50% (HEM2) and 2.00% (HEM3) respectively. At the end of the experiment, it was concluded that HEM influenced final body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass yield (P

The Red fox is the largest of the true foxes and the most abundant wild member of the carnivora. This study aimed to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the ovary and salpinx of the Red foxes. The ovary and salpinx of four Red foxes of similar ages, which could not be rescued by the Center despite all interventions, were dissected. Measurements were taken from the right-left ovary and salpinx using digital callipers. The weights of each ovary and salpinx were measured using a precision scale (min: 0.0001 g, max: 220 g). The mean length of the ovary was 13.43 ± 2.38 mm, the width was 6.28 ± 1.99 mm, the thickness was 4.89 ± 0.18 mm, and weight was 0.93 ± 0.14 g. The mean length of the salpinx was 76.22 ± 3.02 mm, the width was 1.98 ± 0.07 mm, and the weight was 0.53 ± 0.31 g. Crossman’s triple staining method was applied for histological examination of the ovary tissue. It was observed that the ovary was surrounded by germinative epithelium from the outside and consisted of the cortex with different follicles in the development stage, and the medulla layer with plenty of blood vessels and nerve plexuses inside. In conclusion, we believe that the findings of this study may be useful for further studies on foxes and surgical operations (ovariectomy, ovariohysterectomy). In addition, it is aimed to eliminate the insufficient information regarding the reproductive system of wild animals in this study. © 2021, Chartered Inst. of Building Services Engineers. All rights reserved. This research received no grant from any funding agency/sector.

This study aims to examine the changes of the Ocimum sanctum treatment on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the kidney tissue of the rats, in which the experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ). Forty Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: Diabetes, Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum sanctum, Control, and Sham. The immunohistochemical localization of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the kidney tissue was determined by using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Strong TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was determined in the renal cortex of the rats in the Diabetes and Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum groups on 14th days, low immunoreactivity was determined in the rats in Ocimum sanctum, Sham, and Control groups. While strong IL-1 beta immunoreactivity was observed in the renal cortex of the Diabetes group, moderate IL-1 beta immunoreactivity was observed in the renal cortex of the Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum and low immunoreactivity was determined in the Ocimum sanctum, Sham, and Control groups. In this study, it was assessed how the polymorphisms, occurring in the cytokine genes of Ocimum sanctum in the rats, in which experimental diabetes was induced, and TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, which was demonstrated to have an important role in the complication development in the diabetic patients affected the renal tissue. Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University Histopathological results was evaluation Prof. Dr. Mahmut Sozmen in the patology Depertment Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University. Thanks to Mahmut Sozmen for contribution.

This study aimed to examine the effects of Tribulus Terrestris on Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) immunolocalization in the small and large intestines of mice. A total of 16 male BALB/c mice were used in the study. The control and experiment groups consisted of randomly selected mice, with each group containing eight animals. Small and large intestine tissues of mice were taken under deep anesthesia at the end of the study. Routine histological and immunohistochemical methods were applied on the intestinal tissues obtained at the end of the study. The analyses indicated that the intestinal tissues of all groups had a normal histology, and there was a statistically significant difference between the numbers of goblet cells of the control and Tribulus Terrestris (TT) groups in the ileum, cecum, colon and rectum. AQP1immunoreactivity was detected in the small and large intestines of both groups. AQP1immunoreactivity increased in the apical cytoplasm of the intestinal villus and crypt epithelium cells in the small intestine of the TT group. Application of TT increased AQP1immunoreactivity and might have a role in absorption activities in the intestines.

Ferroptozis, son yıllarda keşfedilen ve hücre ölümü sürecinde büyük miktarda demir birikimi ve lipid peroksidasyonunun görüldüğü, GPX4 tarafından kontrol edilen hücre ölümü biçimidir. Glutatyon peroksidaz doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak ferroptozisi etkileyerek antioksidan kapasitede azalmaya ve hücrelerde lipid reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) birikmesine neden olarak oksidatif hücre ölümüne sebep olur. Çoklu doymamış yağ asidi içeren fosfolipidlerin oksidasyonu, redoks-aktif demir birikimi ve lipid peroksit onarım kapasitesinin kaybı ferroptozisin meydana gelme derecesinde kriter olarak kullanılır. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalarla ferroptozisin; tümör, sinir sistemi ve kan hastalıkları, böbrek hasarı, iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarı gibi birçok hastalığın patofizyolojik süreçleri ile ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Hücrede ferroptozisin düzenlenerek hastalıkların oluşumuna ve gelişimine nasıl müdahale edilebileceği, etiyolojik araştırma ve tedavinin önemli noktası haline gelmiştir. Bundan dolayı ferroptozisin spesifik moleküler mekanizmalarının ve fonksiyonel değişikliklerinin açıklandığı daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışma ferroptozis mekanizması ve patogenezinin anlaşılmasını amaçlayarak, araştırmalardaki son ilerlemeleri özetlemektedir.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil and Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) extract on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) release in liver tissue of diabetic rats. Material and Method: Experimental groups were created as control, sham, chia, dandelion, diabetes (DM), diabetes+chia (DC), and diabetes +dandelion (DD). Body weight and blood glucose measurements were taken on the 1st, 3rd, and 17th days of the study and evaluated statistically. A one-way ANOVA test was performed to determine the differences between the groups. The Duncan test was used to compare significant differences between groups. At the end of the study, Masson's trichrome staining and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were employed for histological examinations of liver tissues, and the distribution of TNF-α and IL-6 was examined by applying the Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method. Results: It was determined that body weight and blood glucose measurements were significantly decrease for the DC group compared to other groups. Immunoreactivity of TNF-α and IL-6 was found to decrease in DC and DD groups at close to the control levels. Conclusion: Based on our results, it was thought that the use of chia and dandelion in diabetes may contribute to the alleviation of disease-related complications by having a positive effect on proinflammatory cytokine levels.

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Bu çalışmanın amacı kızıl tilkilerde testis, penis ve prostat’ın arteriyel vaskularizasyonu, makroanatomik ve histolojik yapısını incelemektir. Kafkas Üniversitesi Yaban Hayatı Koruma ve Kurtarma Merkezi’nden 5 adet erkek kızıl tilki temin edildi. Testis, penis ve prostat’ı besleyen arterler diseke edildi. Bu organların ortalama uzunluğu, genişliği, ağırlığı ölçüldü. Testis, penis ve prostat’ın anatomik özellikleri değerlendirildikten doku örneklerine standart histolojik prosedür uygulanarak parafinde bloklandı. İnternal iliac arter, daha kalın dorsal’e yönelen caudal gluteal arter ve daha ince ventral’e yönelen internal pudendal arter olarak ikiye ayrılıyordu. A. testicularis’ler L5 hizasında abdominal aorta’nın iki tarafından asimetrik olarak ayrılıyordu. Spermatik kanal boyunca seyredip testislerde sonlanıyordu. Sunulan çalışmanın bulgularının kızıl tilkiler ve carnivorlarda yapılacak olan suni tohumlama, kastrasyon, prostat ve ürolithiasis operasyonlarına katkıda bulunacağına inanmaktayız., The aim of this study was to examine arterial vascularization and the macroanatomic and histological structures of the testis, penis, and prostate gland in the red fox. Five male red foxes were provided by the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Kafkas University, Turkey. The arteries supplying the prostate, penis, and testes in the animals were exposed by dissection, the mean length, width, and weight of these organs were measured. After the anatomical features of the testis, penis, and prostate were assessed, tissue samples of each blocked in paraffin then handling standard histological procedures. The internal iliac artery was divided into two branches the caudal gluteal artery, which is the thicker branch and leads dorsally, and the internal pudendal artery, which is the thinner branch and leads ventrally. The testicular artery is asymmetrically separated from both sides of the abdominal aorta at the 5th lumbar vertebra, passes through the spermatic canal, and ends in the testes. It is thought that the findings of this study will contribute information to the literature on artificial insemination, castration, prostate, and urolithiasis surgeries on carnivores.

Objective: This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the distribution of the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) and the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the duodenum tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Material and Method: Eighteen female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups as the control, sham, and diabetes groups. Routine histological and immunohistochemical methods were applied to the duodenum tissues collected at the end of the study. Results: It was determined that the villus length measurements showed a statistically significant difference between the control and diabetes groups. There was NGF immunoreactivity which was moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic in the villus intestinalis and muscularis layer in all groups, weak in the crypts and glands in the control and sham groups, and moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. ATF6 immunoreactivity was determined moderate in the villus intestinalis, crypts, glands, and muscularis layer in the control and sham groups and strong diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. Conclusion: It was determined that both NGF and ATF6 immunoreactivity increased in the duodenum tissue of the rats on which diabetes was induced experimentally.

This study was conducted to immunohistochemically investigate Trk-A receptor levels in pancreas tissue of mice treated by cumin (Cuminum cyminum) plant essential oil. Mice were grouped into control group (n = 10) and trial group (n = 10). No application was performed to the mice in the control group. The mice in trial group were treated by 500 mg/kg of oral cumin essential oil every 24 hours for two days. At the end of study, the pancreatic tissues obtained were blocked in paraffin following routine histological processes. Triple staining was performed to the sections taken from these blocks to examine general histological structure of pancreas. Acinus, islets of Langerhans, pars initialis, pars excretory and ductus excretorius were determined in mice pancreas. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all mice had Trk-A immunoreactivity in pancreatic tissue. Moderate immunoreactivity in acini and weak immunoreactivity in islets of Langerhans and excretory ducts were detected in pancreas tissue of mice in control and trial groups. It was determined that there was no difference between the groups in terms of Trk-A immunoreactivity in acini and islets of Langerhans. Based on the immunohistochemical results, cumin was used in field of diuretic, degassing, digestion facilitator, antimicrobial and antidiabetic effects in field of traditional medicine; It was concluded that Trk-A receptor synthesized from pancreatic tissue does not change its levels.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder, as well as a situation of increased oxidative stress. We examined the distribution of somatostatin in gastric tissues of cinnamon extract treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using the immunohistochemistry technique. A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were assigned to five groups as control, sham, cinnamon, diabetes and diabetes + cinnamon. No application was made to the control group, the sham group received intraperitoneally (1.p.) 50 mg/kg sodium citrate, and diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg STZ in diabetes and diabetes + cinnamon groups. Cinnamon extracts were then given to cinnamon and diabetes + cinnamon groups by oral gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg for 14 days. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used to determine the immunoreactivity of somatostatin. Gastric tissue sections were prepared and stained by Crossman's triple and Hematoxyl in-Eosin staining in order to examine histological structure of the gastric tissue. We determined that somatostatin immunoreactivity of the control, sham and cinnamon groups was stronger than for the diabetes, and diabetes + cinnamon groups. While a weak immunoreactivity was found in the cardia, fundus and pyloric mucosa of the gastric tissue in the diabetes and diabetes + cinnamon groups, a strong immunoreactivity was found in the cinnamon, sham, and control groups. Also, a statistically significant was observed when all groups compared in terms of count of parietal and principal cells (P

The aim of the present study was to determine the histological structure and histochemical properties of the pancreatic ducts in the goose Anser anser. Pancreatic ducts of 6 male and 6 female geese were examined. Crossman’s triple stain and Masson’s trichrome stain were used for histological examination, and periodic acid–Schiff, alcian blue, periodic acid–Schiff/alcian blue, and aldehyde fuchsin/alcian blue stainings were performed for histochemical examination. Dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts were found that transfer pancreatic secretion into the duodenum of the goose, and these channels were found to have a histologically similar structure. No differences were detected between male and female geese. Duct wall was observed to consist of mucosa, muscle, and adventitial layers. In addition to dark principal, light and basal cells were observed in a simple columnar epithelium layer lining the duct. Glands, including centroacinar cells, were also detected in all layers of duct. Furthermore, lymphoid follicles were observed in the connective tissue of the mucosa. Sulfated and carboxylated mucosubstance-secreting cells were found in the duct as well as neutral, acidic, and mixed mucosubstance-secreting cells. We conclude that the results of our study may contribute to future studies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the interdigital gland in Kivircik sheep. The interdigital glands in the forefeet and hind feet of the 16 male Kivircik sheep were examined in terms of morphometric and morphological characteristics. Four lengths (length of duct and corpus, diameter of duct and corpus) and 2 angles (angle of internal and external flexure) were measured in the interdigital glands located between 2 digits after dissection. The interdigital gland contained orifice, excretory duct, flexure, and corpus sections. Lengths and widths of corpus and excretory ducts of the interdigital gland were 2.19, 2.68, 0.47, and 0.20 cm, respectively. The diameter of the excretory duct, external angle, diameter of corpus, and diameter of excretory duct in the right interdigital glands of the Kivircik sheep were higher than those of the left interdigital glands, a statistically significant difference. The apocrine gland secretion was PAS- and AB-positive.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) during embryonic growth period of Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) by immunohistochemical method. Quail embryos were collected daily from 9 th day until 16 th day of incubation. Sections were stained with streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method for NGF localization during embryonic growth development. As a result of evaluations, NGF reaction was observed from 9 th day until 16 th day in the intestine, muscle, kidney, liver, lung, spinal cord, blood vessels, cartilage tissue. In conclusion, It was determination that NGF, which, especially in addition to its significant role in development of sympathetic and sensory neurons, is active when tissues take their final shape during embryonic growth by controlling growth, differentiation and apoptosis, is released from primordia of tissues in quail embryos from 9th day until 16th day of embryonic period of Japanese quails.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of capsaicin administration immunohistochemically on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-alpha release in the small intestine tissues of rats. Rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (subcutaneous drug administration), group 2 (oral drug administration), and group 3 (subcutaneous sham administration). Histometric measurements and counts were performed in order to determine whether there was a difference between groups in terms of height of villi, depth of crypts, and goblet cell count in small intestine. The small intestine was examined by Crossman's triple staining method and streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that body weight increased in group 3, while it decreased in groups 1 and 2. Capsaicin administration increased height of villi, depth of crypts, and count of goblet cells located on villi and crypts. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed that capsaicin administration increased PDGF-C and PDGFR-alpha release. It was concluded that capsaicin has a stimulatory effect on growth and is an enhancer for PDGF-C and PDGFR-alpha release.

The effects of alpha lipoic acid and vitamin C supplementation on TGF alpha and TGF beta 2 secretion in the testicular tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were examined by immunohistochemical methods. Rats were divided into 5 groups; group 1 (control), 2 (diabetic control), 3 (diabetes + alpha lipoic acid), 4 (diabetes + vitamin C), and 5 (diabetes + alpha lipoic acid + vitamin C). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed in order to examine testicular tissue histopathologically. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method was used for histological examination and determination of TGF alpha and TGF beta 2 localization in the testicular tissue. Regarding fasting blood glucose levels, the lowest blood glucose level was detected in group 3. Fewer pathological histopathological findings were observed in groups treated with alpha lipoic acid, vitamin C, and alpha lipoic acid + vitamin C compared to the diabetes group. TGF alpha and TGF beta 2 secretions increased in groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to group 2. In conclusion, exogenous administration of alpha lipoic acid, vitamin C, and alpha lipoic acid + vitamin C increased TGF alpha and TGF beta 2 secretion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.