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Introduction: Current treatments for bacterial keratitis fail to address the sightthreatening inflammatory host response. Our recent work elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (Tb4) in resolving inflammation and infection in bacterial keratitis revealed modulation of effector cell function and enhanced bacterial killing. The current study builds upon the observed effects on effector cell function by investigating the impact of Tb4 on specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM) pathways as they play a significant role in inflammation resolution. Methods: Using a well-established in vivo model of Pseudomonas aeruginosainduced bacterial keratitis, we assessed key enzymes (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX) involved in SPM pathway activation, SPM end products (lipoxins, resolvins), and receptor levels for these mediators. In vitro validation using LPS-stimulated murine monocyte/MF-like RAW 264.7 cells and siRNA to inhibit Tb4 and LOX enzymes was carried out to complement our in vivo findings. Results: Findings from our in vivo and in vitro investigations demonstrated that adjunctive Tb4 treatment significantly influences enzymes and receptors involved in SPM pathways. Further, Tb4 alone enhances the generation of SPM end products in the cornea. Our in vitro assessments confirmed that Tb4-enhanced phagocytosis is directly mediated by SPM pathway activation. Whereas Tb4-enhanced efferocytosis appeared to be indirect. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of Tb4 resolves inflammation through the activation of SPM pathways, thereby enhancing host defense and tissue repair. Our research contributes to understanding the potential mechanisms behind Tb4 immunoregulatory function, pointing to its promising ability as a comprehensive adjunctive treatment for bacterial keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma symbolizes a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from malignant transformation of lymphocytes with differing patterns of behavior and responses to treatment. The potential curability of non-Hodgkin lymphoma differs among the various histologic subtypes and is associated in part with the stage at presentation. CD19 antigen is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin Ig superfamily. CD19 is specifically expressed in normal and neoplastic B-cells. Recent study showed that in a mouse model, CD19 and c-Myc synergize functionally to accelerate B-cell lymphomagenesis, which is associated with increased disease severity. Specificity is the most important challenge in cancer therapeutics. Antibody-drug conjugates have the prospect of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy over unconjugated monoclonal antibodies through the selective delivery of cytotoxic agents to cancer cells. The ubiquitous expression of CD19 in these tumors, especially at an earlier stage and the property of efficient internalization, makes CD19 an attractive and affective target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy as compared to CD20. SAR3419 (huB4-DM4) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate that is composed of a humanized monoclonal IgG1 anti-CD19 antibody (huB4) attached to the potent cytotoxic drug, a maytansine derivative (DM4), through a cleavable disulfide cross-linking agent N-Succinimidyl-4-2-pyridyldithio butanoic acid (SPDB). The preclinical efficacy of maytansine derivative-anti-CD19 conjugate was demonstrated in our laboratory, and SAR3419 was found to be more effective than CHOP in a xenograft model. Phase I trials have also been conducted on the basis of preclinical studies that demonstrated promising antitumor activity with acceptable safety results in human B-cell lymphoma models. Additional trials are ongoing and will provide additional insight into the full potential of this novel drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditional overexpression of four-repeat human tau containing the P301L missense mutation in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy leads to progressive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and hyperphosphorylated, sarkosyl-insoluble tau species, which are biochemically comparable to abnormal tau characteristic of hereditary tauopathies termed FTDP-17. To fully understand the impact of tau species at different stages of self-assembly on neurodegeneration, we fractionated rTg4510 brain representing several stages of tauopathy to obtain TBS-extractable (S1), high salt/sarkosyl-extractable (S3), and sarkosyl-insoluble (P3) fractions. Under reducing condition, the S1 fraction was demonstrated by western blotting to contain both 50-60 kDa normally-sized and 64 kDa tau. Both are thermo-stable, but the 64 kDa tau showed a higher degree of phosphorylation. Under non-reducing condition, nearly all TBS-extractable 64 kDa tau were detected as ∼130 kDa species consistent with the size of dimer. Quantitative analysis showed ∼80 times more 64 kDa tau in S1 than P3 fraction. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed tau-positive granules/short filaments in S1 fraction. These structures displayed MC1 immunoreactivities indicative of conformational/pathological change of tau. MC1 immunoreactivity was detected by dot blotting in samples from 2.5 month-old mice, whereas Ab39 immunoreactivity indicative of late stages of tau assembly was detected only in P3 fraction. Quantitative analysis also demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between brain weight and 64 kDa tau, but the level of TBS-extractable 64 kDa tau reflects neurodegeneration better than that of sarkosyl-insoluble 64 kDa tau. Together, the findings suggest that TBS-extractable 64 kDa tau production is a potential target for therapeutic intervention of tauopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulation of filamentous α-synuclein as Lewy bodies is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. To identify the mechanisms involved in α-synuclein assembly and determine whether the assemblies are cytotoxic, we developed a cell model (3D5) that inducibly expresses wild-type human α-synuclein and forms inclusions that reproduce many morphological and biochemical characteristics of Lewy bodies. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of several histone deacetylase inhibitors on α-synuclein aggregation in 3D5 cells and primary neuronal cultures. These drugs have been demonstrated to protect cells transiently overexpressing α-synuclein from its toxicity. Results: Contrary to transient transfectants, the drug treatment did not benefit 3D5 cells and primary cultures. The treated were less viable and contained more α-synuclein oligomers, active caspases 3 and 9, as well as ER stress markers than non-treated counterparts. The drug-treated, induced-3D5 cells, or primary cultures from transgenic mice overexpressing (<2 fold) α-synuclein, displayed more α-synuclein oligomers and ER stress markers than noninduced or non-transgenic counterparts. Similar effects were demonstrated in cultures treated with tunicamycin, an ER stressor. These effects were blocked by co-treatment with salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor. In comparison, cotreatment with a pan caspase inhibitor protected cells from demise but did not reduce α-synuclein oligomer accumulation. Conclusions: Our results indicate that an increase of wild-type α-synuclein can elicit ER stress response and sensitize cells to further insults. Most importantly, an increase of ER stress response can promote the aggregation of wild type α-synuclein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: High Spirulina diet is a potential risk factor for nephrolithiasis since it has the capacity to increase urinary oxalate and uric acid level, facilitating lithogenesis. Our aim was to identify the effect of Spirulina diet during hyperoxaluric condition in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The animals were divided into four groups: control (Gl, ); ethylene glycol (EG) induced (G2, ); EG+Spirulina (G3, ); Spirulina alone (G4, ). EG at 0.75% was administered to G2 and G3 through drinking water for 4 weeks and Spirulina 1500mg/kg feed was administered to G3 and G4. Results: Urinary parameters like oxalate, uric acid, calcium, urea, and creatinine () were found increased after Spirulina diet under hyperoxaluric conditions compared to the same without Spirulina diet. Similarly the BUN, plasma contents of uric acid, urea, creatinine () were found to be raised in G3. The renal and RBC GSH levels, as estimated by HPLC, seemed decreased when compared to G2. Conclusions: The present study shows that free radicals aid in the progression of nephrolithiasis. The crystal deposition was found to be high in the renal cells of G3 than G2 and TEM revealed damage in renal cell of G3 implying that the disease deteriorates by free radical injury. In contrast the Spirulina diet alone (G4) did not induce any features relating to stone forming condition suggesting that free radical release might have been suppressed due to enrichment of dietary antioxidants and vitamins. Thus the present investigation demonstrates that during hyperoxaluric conditions the Spirulina diet must possibly be avoided and can be considered in normal subjects checked for family history of renal stone deposition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With increasing multidrug resistance and contraindication for corticosteroid use, the goal of this study was to develop thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) as an adjunctive therapy to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial keratitis that effectively promotes enhanced wound healing, host defense, and inflammation resolution. Disease outcome was assessed by clinical score, slit lamp photography, and histopathology. Cytokine profile, bacterial load, PMN infiltration, and Griess and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined. Adjunct Tβ4 treatment resulted in a significant improvement compared to PBS, Tβ4, and most remarkably, ciprofloxacin, correlating with changes in mediators of inflammation and wound healing. Collectively, these data provide evidence that wound healing is an essential aspect in the development of new therapies to treat corneal infection. Use of adjunctive Tβ4 provides a more efficacious approach for bacterial keratitis by addressing both the infectious pathogen and deleterious host response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current treatments for bacterial keratitis fail to address the sight-threatening inflammatory host response. Our recent work elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in resolving inflammation and infection in bacterial keratitis revealed modulation of effector cell function and enhanced bacterial killing. The current study builds upon the observed effects on effector cell function by investigating the impact of Tβ4 on specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM) pathways as they play a significant role in inflammation resolution., Methods: Using a well-established in vivo model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa -induced bacterial keratitis, we assessed key enzymes (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX) involved in SPM pathway activation, SPM end products (lipoxins, resolvins), and receptor levels for these mediators. In vitro validation using LPS-stimulated murine monocyte/MΦ-like RAW 264.7 cells and siRNA to inhibit Tβ4 and LOX enzymes was carried out to complement our in vivo findings., Results: Findings from our in vivo and in vitro investigations demonstrated that adjunctive Tβ4 treatment significantly influences enzymes and receptors involved in SPM pathways. Further, Tβ4 alone enhances the generation of SPM end products in the cornea. Our in vitro assessments confirmed that Tβ4-enhanced phagocytosis is directly mediated by SPM pathway activation. Whereas Tβ4-enhanced efferocytosis appeared to be indirect., Conclusion: Collectively, these findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of Tβ4 resolves inflammation through the activation of SPM pathways, thereby enhancing host defense and tissue repair. Our research contributes to understanding the potential mechanisms behind Tβ4 immunoregulatory function, pointing to its promising ability as a comprehensive adjunctive treatment for bacterial keratitis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Banga, Ebrahim, Carion, Sosne and Berger.)

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy in the US. Many types remain incurable despite response to initial therapy and achievement of complete remission (CR). Advanced laboratory techniques like multicolor flow cytometry (FCM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have demonstrated persistence of rare malignant cell population post therapy. However, the functional and biological characteristics of this population have not been elucidated. Established B-lymphoma cell lines (B-NHL) and patient-derived samples (PDS) were analyzed using 8-color FCM. CD34 + sub-population was enriched using in vitro exposure to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) and by CD34 magnetic beads. Genetic analysis of cell fractions was done by karyotyping and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Sensitivity to chemotherapy was assayed by short-term in vitro exposure to chemotherapy. Clonogenicity was determined by soft agar colony formation assay, and proliferation was determined using DNA staining with propidium iodide and FCM. FCM demonstrated the presence of a minute sub-clone of monotypic B-cells that express CD34 in B-NHL cell lines (3 of 3) and in PDS (8 of 8). This sub-population enriched up to 50 fold in vitro by exposure to 2-CdA and up to 80% purity by CD34 magnetic bead column isolation. Except for CD34 expression, this population expressed identical phenotype and genotype to parent cells, but was more proliferative, Hoechst 33342-positive, clonogenic, and resistant to chemotherapy compared with the CD34 - population. The isolated CD34 + monotypic B-cells may contribute to resistance of certain NHL to treatment and should be targeted by potential new drugs for NHL., Competing Interests: CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Intracellular accumulation of filamentous alpha-synuclein (alpha-Syn) aggregates to form Lewy bodies is a pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease. To determine whether mitochondrial impairment plays a role in the accumulation of alpha-Syn oligomer, we used 3D5 cell culture model of human neuronal type whereby conditional overexpression of wild-type alpha-Syn via the tetracycline-off (TetOff) induction mechanism results in formation of inclusions that exhibit many characteristics of Lewy bodies. In the present study, we compromised mitochondrial function in 3D5 cells by using shRNA to knockdown peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism and found that PGC-1alpha suppression at both protein and mRNA levels results in alpha-Syn accumulation (i.e. monomeric and oligomeric species in the TetOff-induced cells and monomeric only in the non-induced). These changes were accompanied with reduced mitochondrial potential as well as decreased levels of AKT, GSK3beta (total and Ser(9)-phosphorylated) and p53 that are important for cell survival. The extent to which these proteins decreased following PGC-1alpha knockdown, in contrast to what was demonstrable with the viability assay, is greater in the induced than the non-induced. Together these findings indicate that such knockdown increases the propensity to accumulate alpha-Syn oligomers, but the accumulation appears to have very little toxic impact to the neuronal cells.