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17. The OPERA experiment in the CERN to Gran Sasso neutrino beam

Author

Acquafredda, R., A, Adam, 1 T., Agafonova, b. N., Alvarez Sanchez, c. P., Ambrosio, d. M., Anokhina, a. A., Aoki, e. S., Ariga, f. A., Ariga, g. T., Arrabito, h. L., Aufranc, i. C., Autiero, i. D., Badertscher, i. A., Bagulya, j. A., Baussan, k. E., Bergnoli, b. A., L, Bersani Greggio, 2 F., Bertolin, m. A., Besnier, l. M., N, Biar ´e, 3 D., Bick, n. D., Blin, o. S., Borer, p. K., Boucrot, g. J., Boutigny, p. D., Boyarkin, 4 V., Bozza, c. C., Brugi `ere, q. T., Brugnera, i. R., R, Brunetti, l. G., S, Buontempo, t. S., Campagne, a. J. E., Carlus, p. B., Carrara, i. E., R, L, Cazes, 5 A., Chaussard, u. L., Chernyavsky, i. M., Chiarella, k. V., Chon Sen, u. N., Chukanov, b. A., Ciesielski, a. R., Consiglio, l. L., Cozzi, t. M., D’Amato, s. G., Dal Corso, q. F., D’Ambrosio, l. N., Damet, v. J., de La Taille, 6 C., De Lellis, p. G., W, A, D´eclais, 7 Y., Descombes, i. T., I, De Serio, 8 M., Di Capua, x. F., Di Ferdinando, a. D., Di Giovanni, t. A., Di Marco, y. N., Di Troia, y. C., Dick, u. N., Dmitrievski, b. S., Dominjon, z. A., Dracos, i. M., Duchesneau, b. D., Dulach, n. B., Dusini, u. S., Ebert, l. J., Efthymiopoulos, o. I., Egorov, d. O., Elsener, aa K., Enikeev, d. R., Ereditato, c. A., Esposito, g. L. S., Fanin, v. C., Favier, l. J., Felici, n. G., Ferber, u. T., Fini, o. R., Fournier, x. L., Franceschi, n. A., Frekers, u. D., Fukuda, ab T., Fukushima, h. C., Galkin, ac V. I., Galkin, e. V. A., Gallet, ad R., Gardien, n. S., Garfagnini, i. A., Gaudiot, l. G., Giacomelli, b. G., Giorgini, t. M., Girerd, t. C., Goellnitz, i. C., Goeltzenlichter, o. T., Goldberg, b. J., Golubkov, ae D., Gornushkin, aa Y., Grapton, z. J. N., Grella, b. G., Grianti, q. F., Gschwendtner, m. E., Guerin, d. C., Guler, i. M., Gustavino, a. f. C., Guyonnet, v. J. L., Hagner, b. C., Hamane, o. T., Hara, 9 T., Hauger, f. M., Hess, g. M., Hierholzer, g. M., Hoshino, ag K., Ieva, h. M., Incurvati, x. M., Jakovcic, u. K., Janicsko Csathy, ah J., Janutta, g. B., Jollet, o. C., Juget, b. F., Kazuyama, g. M., Kim, h. S. H., Khovansky, 10 N., Kimura, z. M., Klicek, ac B., Knuesel, ah J., Kodama, g. K., Kolev, a. j. D., Komatsu, M., Kose, h. U., a. f., Krasnoperov, 11 A., Kreslo, z. I., Krumstein, g. Z., Kutsenov, z. V. V., Kuznetsov, c. V. A., Laktineh, c. I., Lavy, i. M., Lazzaro, 12 C., j. T. D., Le, Le Flour, b. T., Lenkeit, n. J., Lewis, o. J., Lieunard, d. S., Ljubicic, n. A., Longhin, ah A., Lutter, r. G., Malgin, g. A., Manai, c. K., Mandrioli, i. G., Marotta, t. A., Marteau, a. J., Martin Chassard, i. G., Matveev, p. V., Mauri, c. N., Meddahi, t. M., Meisel, d. F., Meregaglia, g. A., Meschini, b. A., Messina, v. M., Migliozzi, g. P., Monacelli, a. P., Monteiro, y. I., Moreau, n. F., Morishima, 13 K., Moser, h. U., Muciaccia, g. M. T., Mugnier, x. P., Naganawa, n. N., Nakamura, h. M., Nakano, h. T., Napolitano, h. T., Nikitina, u. V., Niwa, e. K., Nonoyama, h. Y., Nozdrin, h. A., Ogawa, z. S., Olchevski, ac A., Orlandi, z. D., Orlova, v. G., Osedlo, k. V., Ossetski, e. D., Paniccia, ad M., Paoloni, u. A., Park, u. B. D., Park, h. I. G., Pastore, ai A., Patrizii, x. L., Pellegrino, t. L., Pennacchio, u. E., Pessard, i. H., Pilipenko, n. V., Pistillo, ab C., Polukhina, g. N., Pozzato, k. M., Pretzl, t. K., Publichenko, g. P., Pupilli, e. F., Raux, y. L., Repellin, p. J. P., Rescigno, p. R., Rizhikov, q. D., Roganova, ad T., Romano, e. G., Rosa, q. G., Rostovtseva, am I., Rubbia, aa A., Russo, j. A., W, Ryasny, a. V., Ryazhskaya, c. O., Sadovski, c. A., Sanelli, z. C., Sato, u. O., Sato, h. Y., Saveliev, an V., Sazhina, ad G., Schembri, e. A., Schmidt Parzefall, am W., Schroeder, o. H., Sch¨utz, ag H. U., Schuler, g. J., Scotto Lavina, b. L., Serrano, a. J., Shibuya, d. H., Simone, ac S., Sioli, x. M., Sirignano, Chiara, Sirri, q. G., Song, t. J. S., Spinetti, ai M., Stanco, u. L., Starkov, r. N., Stipcevic, k. M., Strauss, ah T., Strolin, j. P., Sugonyaev, a. V., Takahashi, 14 S., Talochkin, h. V., Tenti, c. M., Tereschenko, t. V., Terranova, z. F., U, Tezuka, 15 I., Tioukov, an V., Tolun, a. P., Tsarev, a. f. V., Tsenov, k. R., Tufanli, ak S., Ugolino, a. f. U., Ushida, a. N., Van Beek, a. j. G., Verguilov, ao V., Viant, ak T., Vilain, j. P., Vladimirov, ao M., Votano, k. L., Vuilleumier, u. J. L., Waelchli, g. T., Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), OPERA, Acquafredda, R, Adam, T, Agafonova, N, Sanchez, P, Ambrosio, M, Anokhina, A, Aoki, S, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Arrabito, L, Aufranc, C, Autiero, D, Badertscher, A, Bagulya, A, Baussan, E, Bergnoli, A, Greggio, F, Bertolin, A, Besnier, M, Biaré, D, Bick, D, Blin, S, Borer, K, Boucrot, J, Boutigny, D, Boyarkin, V, Bozza, C, Brugière, T, Brugnera, R, Brunetti, G, Buontempo, S, Campagne, J, Carlus, B, Carrara, E, Cazes, A, Chaussard, L, Chernyavsky, M, Chiarella, V, Chon Sen, N, Chukanov, A, Ciesielski, R, Consiglio, L, Cozzi, M, D'Amato, G, Corso, F, D'Ambrosio, N, Damet, J, Taille, C, Lellis, G, Déclais, Y, Descombes, T, Serio, M, Capua, F, Ferdinando, D, Giovanni, A, Marco, N, Troia, C, Dick, N, Dmitrievski, S, Dominjon, A, Dracos, M, Duchesneau, D, Dulach, B, Dusini, S, Ebert, J, Efthymiopoulos, I, Egorov, O, Elsener, K, Enikeev, R, Ereditato, A, Esposito, L, Fanin, C, Favier, J, Felici, G, Ferber, T, Fini, R, Fournier, L, Franceschi, A, Frekers, D, Fukuda, T, Fukushima, C, Galkin, V, Gallet, R, Gardien, S, Garfagnini, A, Gaudiot, G, Giacomelli, G, Giorgini, M, Girerd, C, Goellnitz, C, Goeltzenlichter, T, Goldberg, J, Golubkov, D, Gornushkin, Y, Grapton, J, Grella, G, Grianti, F, Gschwendtner, E, Guerin, C, Guler, M, Gustavino, C, Guyonnet, J, Hagner, C, Hamane, T, Hara, T, Hauger, M, Hess, M, Hierholzer, M, Hoshino, K, Ieva, M, Incurvati, M, Jakovcic, K, Csathy, J, Janutta, B, Jollet, C, Juget, F, Kazuyama, M, Kim, S, Khovansky, N, Kimura, M, Klicek, B, Knuesel, J, Kodama, K, Kolev, D, Komatsu, M, Kose, U, Krasnoperov, A, Kreslo, I, Krumstein, Z, Kutsenov, V, Kuznetsov, V, Laktineh, I, Lavy, M, Lazzaro, C, Le, T, Flour, T, Lenkeit, J, Lewis, J, Lieunard, S, Ljubicic, A, Longhin, A, Lutter, G, Malgin, A, Manai, K, Mandrioli, G, Marotta, A, Marteau, J, Martin Chassard, G, Matveev, V, Mauri, N, Meddahi, M, Meisel, F, Meregaglia, A, Meschini, A, Messina, M, Migliozzi, P, Monacelli, P, Monteiro, I, Moreau, F, Morishima, K, Moser, U, Muciaccia, M, Mugnier, P, Naganawa, N, Nakamura, M, Nakano, T, Napolitano, T, Nikitina, V, Niwa, K, Nonoyama, Y, Nozdrin, A, Ogawa, S, Olchevski, A, Orlandi, D, Orlova, G, Osedlo, V, Ossetski, D, Paniccia, M, Paoloni, A, Park, B, Park, I, Pastore, A, Patrizii, L, Pellegrino, L, Pennacchio, E, Pessard, H, Pilipenko, V, Pistillo, C, Polukhina, N, Pozzato, M, Pretzl, K, Publichenko, P, Pupilli, F, Raux, L, Repellin, J, Rescigno, R, Rizhikov, D, Roganova, T, Romano, G, Rosa, G, Rostovtseva, I, Rubbia, A, Russo, A, Ryasny, V, Ryazhskaya, O, Sadovski, A, Sanelli, C, Sato, O, Sato, Y, Saveliev, V, Sazhina, G, Schembri, A, Parzefall, W, Schroeder, H, Schütz, H, Schuler, J, Lavina, L, Serrano, J, Shibuya, H, Simone, S, Sioli, M, Sirignano, C, Sirri, G, Song, J, Spinetti, M, Stanco, L, Starkov, N, Stipcevic, M, Strauss, T, Strolin, P, Sugonyaev, V, Takahashi, S, Talochkin, V, Tenti, M, Tereschenko, V, Terranova, F, Tezuka, I, Tioukov, V, Tolun, P, Tsarev, V, Tsenov, R, Tufanli, S, Ugolino, U, Ushida, N, Beek, G, Verguilov, V, Viant, T, Vilain, P, Vladimirov, M, Votano, L, Vuilleumier, J, Waelchli, T, Weber, M, Wilquet, G, Wonsak, B, Wurtz, J, Yakushev, V, Yoon, C, Zaitsev, Y, Zghiche, A, Zimmermann, R, Sanchez, P. Alvarez, Greggio, F. Bersani, Campagne, J. E, Corso, F. Dal, Taille, C. de La, Lellis, G. De, Serio, M. De, DI CAPUA, Francesco, Ferdinando, D. Di, Giovanni, A. Di, Marco, N. Di, Troia, C. Di, Esposito, L. S, Galkin, V. I, Galkin, V. A, Grapton, J. N, Guyonnet, J. L, Csathy, J. Janicsko, Kim, S. H, Kutsenov, V. V, Kuznetsov, V. A, Le, T. D, Flour, T. Le, Muciaccia, M. T, Park, B. D, Park, I. G, Repellin, J. P, Parzefall, W. Schmidt, Schütz, H. U, Lavina, L. Scotto, Song, J. S, Beek, G. Van, Vuilleumier, J. L, Yoon, C. S, Zimmermann, R., R. ACQUAFREDDA, T. ADAM, N. AGAFONOVA, P. ALVAREZ SANCHEZ, M. AMBROSIO, A. ANOKHINA, S. AOKI, A. ARIGA, T. ARIGA, L. ARRABITO, C. AUFRANC, D. AUTIERO, A. BADERTSCHER, A. BAGULYA, E. BAUSSAN, A. BERGNOLI, F. BERSANI GREGGIO, A. BERTOLIN, M. BESNIER, D. BIARÉ, D. BICK, S. BLIN, K. BORER, J. BOUCROT, D. BOUTIGNY, V. BOYARKIN, C. BOZZA, T. BRUGIÈRE, R. BRUGNERA, G. BRUNETTI, S. BUONTEMPO, J.E. CAMPAGNE, B. CARLUS, E. CARRARA, A. CAZES, L. CHAUSSARD, M. CHERNYAVSKY, V. CHIARELLA, N. CHON-SEN, A. CHUKANOV, R. CIESIELSKI, L. CONSIGLIO, M. COZZI, G. D’AMATO, F. DAL CORSO, N. D’AMBROSIO, J. DAMET, C. DE LA TAILLE, G. DE LELLIS, Y. D´ECLAIS, T. DESCOMBES, M. DE SERIO, F. DI CAPUA, D. DI FERDINANDO, A. DI GIOVANNI, N. DI MARCO, C. DI TROIA, N. DICK, S. DMITRIEVSKI, A. DOMINJON, M. DRACOS, D. DUCHESNEAU, B. DULACH, S. DUSINI, J. EBERT, I. EFTHYMIOPOULOS, O. EGOROV, K. ELSENER, R. ENIKEEV, A. EREDITATO, L. S. ESPOSITO, C. FANIN, J. FAVIER, G. FELICI, T. FERBER, R. FINI, L. FOURNIER, A. FRANCESCHI, D. FREKERS, T. FUKUDA, C. FUKUSHIMA, V.I. GALKIN, V.A. GALKIN, R. GALLET, S. GARDIEN, A. GARFAGNINI, G. GAUDIOT, G. GIACOMELLI, M. GIORGINI, C. GIRERD, C. GOELLNITZ, T. GOELTZENLICHTER, J. GOLDBERG, D. GOLUBKOV, Y. GORNUSHKIN, J.-N. GRAPTON, G. GRELLA, F. GRIANTI, E. GSCHWENDTNER, C. GUERIN, M. GULER, C. GUSTAVINO, J.-L. GUYONNET, C. HAGNER, T. HAMANE, T. HARA, M. HAUGER, M. HESS, M. HIERHOLZER, K. HOSHINO, M. IEVA, M. INCURVATI, K. JAKOVCIC, J. JANICSKO CSATHY, B. JANUTTA, C. JOLLET, F. JUGET, M. KAZUYAMA, S.H. KIM, N. KHOVANSKY, M. KIMURA, B. KLICEK, J. KNUESEL, K. KODAMA, D. KOLEV, M. KOMATSU, U. KOSE, A. KRASNOPEROV, I. KRESLO, Z. KRUMSTEIN, V.V. KUTSENOV, V.A. KUZNETSOV, I. LAKTINEH, M. LAVY, C. LAZZARO, T.D. LE, T. LE FLOUR, J. LENKEIT, J. LEWIS, S. LIEUNARD, A. LJUBICIC, A. LONGHIN, G. LUTTER, A. MALGIN, K. MANAI, G. MANDRIOLI, A. MAROTTA, J. MARTEAU, G. MARTIN-CHASSARD, V. MATVEEV, N. MAURI, M. MEDDAHI, F. MEISEL, A. MEREGAGLIA, A. MESCHINI, M. MESSINA, P. MIGLIOZZI, P. MONACELLI, I. MONTEIRO, F. MOREAU, K. MORISHIMA, U. MOSER, M.T. MUCIACCIA, P. MUGNIER, N. NAGANAWA, M. NAKAMURA, T. NAKANO, T. NAPOLITANO, V. NIKITINA, K. NIWA, Y. NONOYAMA, A. NOZDRIN, S. OGAWA, A. OLCHEVSKI, D. ORLANDI, G. ORLOVA, V. OSEDLO, D. OSSETSKI, M. PANICCIA, A. PAOLONI, B. D PARK, I.G. PARK, A. PASTORE, L. PATRIZII, L. PELLEGRINO, E. PENNACCHIO, H. PESSARD, V. PILIPENKO, C. PISTILLO, N. POLUKHINA, M. POZZATO, K. PRETZL, P. PUBLICHENKO, F. PUPILLI, L. RAUX, J.P. REPELLIN, R. RESCIGNO, D. RIZHIKOV, T. ROGANOVA, G. ROMANO, G. ROSA, I. ROSTOVTSEVA, A. RUBBIA, J A. RUSSO, V. RYASNY, O. RYAZHSKAYA, A. SADOVSKI, C. SANELLI, O. SATO, Y. SATO, V. SAVELIEV, G. SAZHINA, A. SCHEMBRI, W. SCHMIDT PARZEFALL, H. SCHROEDER, H.U. SCH¨UTZ, J. SCHULER, L. SCOTTO LAVINA, J. SERRANO, H. SHIBUYA, S. SIMONE, M. SIOLI, C. SIRIGNANO, G. SIRRI, J.S. SONG, M. SPINETTI, L. STANCO, N. STARKOV, M. STIPCEVIC, T. STRAUSS, P. STROLIN, V. SUGONYAEV, S. TAKAHASHI, V. TALOCHKIN, M. TENTI, V. TERESCHENKO, F. TERRANOVA, I. TEZUKA, V. TIOUKOV, P. TOLUN, V. TSAREV, R. TSENOV, S. TUFANLI, U. UGOLINO, N. USHIDA, G. VAN BEEK, V. VERGUILOV, T. VIANT, P. VILAIN, M. VLADIMIROV, L. VOTANO, J.L. VUILLEUMIER, T. WAELCHLI, M. WEBER, G. WILQUET, B. WONSAK, J. WURTZ, V. YAKUSHEV, C.S. YOON, Y. ZAITSEV, A. ZGHICHEN, R. ZIMMERMANN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Particle physics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS, FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, neutrino, Particle tracking detectors, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear emulsion, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, ICARUS, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometers, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hybrid detector, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Detector, Hybrid detectors, NEUTRINO DETECTORS, Particle tracking detector, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic, Physique des particules élémentaires, PARTICLE PHYSICS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hybrid detectors, particle tracking detectors, large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, spectrometers, Supermodule, Neutrino, Lepton
Abstract

The OPERA neutrino oscillation experiment has been designed to prove the appearance of ντ in a nearly pure νμ beam (CNGS) produced at CERN and detected in the underground Hall C of the Gran Sasso Laboratory, 730 km away from the source. In OPERA, τ leptons resulting from the interaction of ντ are produced in target units called bricks made of nuclear emulsion films interleaved with lead plates. The OPERA target contains 150000 of such bricks, for a total mass of 1.25 kton, arranged into walls interleaved with plastic scintillator strips. The detector is split into two identical supermodules, each supermodule containing a target section followed by a magnetic spectrometer for momentum and charge measurement of penetrating particles. Real time information from the scintillators and the spectrometers provide the identification of the bricks where the neutrino interactions occurred. The candidate bricks are extracted from the walls and, after X-ray marking and an exposure to cosmic rays for alignment, their emulsion films are developed and sent to the emulsion scanning laboratories to perform the accurate scan of the event. In this paper, we review the design and construction of the detector and of its related infrastructures, and report on some technical performances of the various components. The construction of the detector started in 2003 and it was completed in Summer 2008. The experiment is presently in the data taking phase. The whole sequence of operations has proven to be successful, from triggering to brick selection, development, scanning and event analysis. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA., 0, P04018, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2009
Full Text
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20. The development of gamma-gamma-prime lamellar structures in a nickel-base superalloy during elevated temperature mechanical testing

Author

Mackay, R. A and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The kinetics of the formation and subsequent development of the directional coarsening of the gamma-prime precipitate in model Ni-Al-Mo-Ta superalloy single crystals are examined during tensile creep under various stress levels at 982 and 1038 C. Special attention is given to the gamma and gamma-prime relation to creep time and strain in order to trace the changing gamma-gamma-prime morphology. Directional coarsening of gamma-prime is found to begin during primary creep and its rate is shown to increase with an increase in temperature or stress level. The length of gamma-prime thickness increased linearly with time up to a plateau reached after the onset of steady state creep. The raft thickness, equal to the gamma-prime size, remained constant at this initial value up through the onset of the tertiary creep. The interlaminar spacing indicates the stability of directionally coarsened structure.

Published
1985

21. The influence of cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten on the microstructure of single crystal nickel-base superalloys

Author

Nathal, M. V and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The influence of composition on the microstructure of single crystal nickel-base superalloys was investigated. Co was replaced by Ni, and Ta was replaced by either Ni or W, according to a matrix of compositions based on MAR-M247. Substitution of Ni for Co caused an increase in gamma-prime solvus temperature, an increase in gamma-gamma-prime lattice mismatch, and the precipitation of W-rich phases in the alloys with high refractory metal levels. Substitution of Ni for Ta caused large decreases in gamma-prime solvus temperature, gamma-prime volume fraction, and gamma-gamma-prime lattice mismatch, whereas substitution of W for Ta resulted in smaller decreases in these features. For the alloys with gamma-prime particles that remained coherent, substitution of Ni for Co caused an increase in gamma-prime coarsening rate. The two alloys with the largest magnitude of lattice mismatch possessed gamma-prime particles which lost coherency during unstressed aging and exhibited anomalously low coarsening rates. Creep exposure at 1000 C resulted in the formation of gamma-prime lamellae oriented perpendicular to the applied stress axis in all alloys.

Published
1985

22. Influence of composition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a nickel-base superalloy single crystal

Author

Nathal, M. V and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The effects of cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of single crystal Mar-M247 were investigated. Elevated temperature tensile and creep-rupture properties of 001 oriented single crystals were related to microstructural features of the alloys. Substitution of Ni for Co in the high refractory metal alloys increased the lattice mismatch, which was considered to be the cause of the increases in tensile and creep strength. Substitution of Ni for Ta caused large decreases in tensile strength and creep life, consistent with decreases in gamma prime volume fraction, lattice mismatch, and solid solution hardening. Substitution of W for Ta resulted in decreased life at high stresses, which was related to small decreases in mismatch and volume fraction. However, the W substitution resulted in improved life at low stresses, which was related to solid solution strengthening by W.

Published
1984

23. Factors which influence directional coarsening of Gamma prime during creep in nickel-base superalloy single crystals

Author

Mackay, R. A and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

Changes in the morphology of the gamma prime precipitate were examined as a function of time during creep at 982 C in 001 oriented single crystals of a Ni-Al-Mo-Ta superalloy. In this alloy, which has a large negative misfit of -0.80 pct., the gamma prime particles link together during creep to form platelets, or rafts, which are aligned with their broad faces perpendicular to the applied tensile axis. The effects of initial microstructure and alloy composition of raft development and creep properties were investigated. Directional coarsening of gamma prime begins during primary creep and continues well after the onset of second state creep. The thickness of the rafts remains constant up through the onset of tertiary creep a clear indication of the stability of the finely-spaced gamma/gamma prime lamellar structure. The thickness of the rafts which formed was equal to the initial gamma prime size which was present prior to testing. The single crystals with the finest gamma prime size exhibited the longest creep lives, because the resultant rafted structure had a larger number of gamma/gamma prime interfaces per unit volume of material. Reducing the Mo content by only 0.73 wt. pct. increased the creep life by a factor of three, because the precipitation of a third phase was eliminated.

Published
1984

24. The development of directional coarsening of the gamma-prime precipitate in superalloy single crystals

Author

Mackay, R. A and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

A study has been made of the kinetics of the directional coarsening of the gamma-prime precipitates in Ni-5.8Al-14.6Mo-6.2Ta single crystals during creep at 982 C. In this alloy, which is characterized by a large negative lattice misfit between the gamma-prime precipitate and the gamma matrix, the formation of gamma-prime rafts begins during primary creep, and the rafts grow in length as the deformation proceeds into steady-state creep. After that, the length of the rafts stabilizes. The thickness of the rafts remains constant from primary up to tertiary creep. The directional coarsening behavior of the alloy studied is similar to that of a more conventional single-crystal superalloy having a substantially smaller negative misfit.

Published
1983
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25. Gamma prime shape changes during creep of a nickel-base superalloy

Author

Nathal, M. V and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

Changes in the shape of the gamma-prime phase in the single-crystal nickel base alloy NASAIR 100 during tensile and compressive creep have been investigated experimentally by Laue X-ray diffractometry. It is found that under tensile loading, gamma-prime changes from the initial cubic shape to plates perpendicular to the applied stress. This change occurs during primary creep at 1000 C, 148 MPa. Prolonged creep exposures result in a thickening of the gamma-prime plates that is similar to Ostwald ripening often observed in other superalloys during creep. Under compressive loading, two sets of gamma-prime plates parallel to the applied stress are formed.

Published
1983
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26. Influence of cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten on the microstructure and mechanical properties of superalloy single crystals

Author

Nathal, M. V and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The influence of Co, Ta, and W on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel base super-alloy single crystals was investigated. A matrix of alloys was based on Mar-M 247 stripped of C, B, Zr, and Hf. The microstructures of the alloys were examined using optical and electron microscopy, phase extraction, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. Tensile and creep-rupture tests were performed at 1000 C. An increase in tensile and creep strength resulted when Co was removed from alloys containing high refractory metal contents, but Co effects were negligible for alloys with lower refractory metal levels. In the composition range studied, W was more effective than Ta in increasing the creep resistance. The mechanical properties are discussed in relation to the microstructures of the alloys.

Published
1982

27. Stress generation in thermally grown oxide films

Author

Kumnick, A. J and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Solid-State Physics
Abstract

A three dimensional finite element analysis was conducted, using the ANSYS computer program, of the stress state in a thin oxide film thermally formed on a rectangular piece of NiCrAl alloy. The analytical results indicate a very high compressive stress in the lateral directions of the film (approximately 6200 MPa), and tensile stresses in the metal substrate that ranged from essentially zero to about 55 MPa. It was found further that the intensity of the analytically determined average stresses could be approximated reasonably well by the modification of an equation developed previously by Oxx for stresses induced into bodies by thermal gradients.

Published
1981

28. Deformation and annealing study of Nicraly

Author

Trela, D. M and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out on the ODS alloy Nicraly, (an alloy prepared by mechanical alloying and consolidating a powder blend consisting of 16% chromium, 4% aluminum, 2-3% yttria, balance nickel), in efforts to develop methods of controlling the grain size and grain shape of the material. The experiments fell into two general categories: variations in the annealing parameters using the as-extruded material as it was received, and various thermomechanical processing schedules (various combinations of cold work and annealing). Success was achieved in gaining grain size and grain shape control by annealing of the as-extruded material. By proper selection of annealing temperature and cooling rates, the grain size of the as-received material was increased almost two orders of magnitude (from an average grain dimension of 0.023 mm to 1.668 mm) while the aspect ratio was increased by some 50% (from 20:1 to 30:1). No success was achieved in gaining significant control of the grain size and shape of the material by thermo-mechanical processing.

Published
1975

29. Elevated temperature deformation of thoria dispersed nickel-chromium

Author

Kane, R. D and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Materials, Metallic
Abstract

The deformation behavior of thoria nickel-chromium (TD-NiCr) was examined over the temperature range 593 C (1100 F) to 1260 C (2300 F) in tension and compression and at 1093 C (2000 F) in creep. Major emphasis was placed on: (1) the effects of the material and test related variables (grain size, temperature, stress and strain rate) on the deformation process; and (2) the evaluation of single crystal TD-NiCr material produced by a directional recrystallization process. Elevated temperature yield strength levels and creep activation enthalpies were found to increase with increasing grain size reaching maximum values for the single crystal TD-NiCr. Stress exponent of the steady state creep rate was also significantly higher for the single crystal TD-NiCr as compared to that determined for the polycrystalline materials. The elevated temperature deformation of TD-NiCr was analyzed in terms of two concurrent, parallel processes: diffusion controlled grain boundary sliding, and dislocation motion.

Published
1974

30. Deformation and annealing study of NiCrAlY

Author

Ebert, L. J and Trela, D. M

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The elevated temperature properties (tensile and creep) of NiCrALY, a nickel base alloy containing nominally 16% chromium, 4% aluminum, and 2 to 3% yttria (Y2O3) were evaluated and the optimal combination of thermomechanical treatments for maximum creep resistance was determined. Stored strain energy in as-extruded bars (14:1 extrusion ratio) permitted the development of a large grain size in the material when it was annealed at the maximum safe temperature 2450 F (1343 C). With a one-hour anneal at this temperature, the relatively fine grain size of the as-extruded material was changed to one in which the average grain diameter approached 1 mm, and the aspect ratio was about 10. The material was capable of being cold worked (by rolling) in amounts greater than 30% reduction in area. When the cold worked material was given a relaxation treatment, consisting of heating one hour at 1600 F(871 C), and then a high temperature anneal at 2450 F (1343 C) for one hour, both the high temperature strength and the high temperature creep resistance of the material was further enhanced.

Published
1978

35. Deformation and annealing response of TD-nickel chromium sheet

Author

Kane, R. D and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Materials, Metallic
Abstract

The deformation and annealing response of TD-nickel chromium (TD-NiCr) 0.1 inch thick sheet was examined using various cold-rolling and annealing treatments. Upon annealing (above 816 C (1500 F), the as-received material was converted from an initially ultra-fine grain size (average grain dimension 0.51 micron) to a large grain structure. Increases in grain size by a factor of 100 to 200 were observed for this transformation. However, in those material states where the large grain transformation was absent, a fine grain recrystallized structure formed upon annealing (above 732 C (1350 F)). The deformation and annealing response of TD-NiCr sheet was evaluated with respect to the processing related variables as mode and severity of deformation and annealing temperature. Results indicate that the large grain transformation, classical primary recrystallization occurs. Using selected materials produced during the deformation and annealing study, the elevated temperature tensile properties of TD-NiCr sheet were examined in the temperature range 593 C (1100 F) to 1093 C (2000 F). It was observed that the elevated temperature tensile properties of TD-NiCr sheet could be optimized by the stabilization of a large grain size in this material using the cold working and/or annealing treatments developed during the present investigation.

Published
1973

36. Elevated temperature deformation of TD-nickel base alloys

Author

Petrovic, J. J, Kane, R. D, and Ebert, L. J

Subjects
Materials, Metallic
Abstract

Sensitivity of the elevated temperature deformation of TD-nickel to grain size and shape was examined in both tension and creep. Elevated temperature strength increased with increasing grain diameter and increasing L/D ratio. Measured activation enthalpies in tension and creep were not the same. In tension, the internal stress was not proportional to the shear modulus. Creep activation enthalpies increased with increasing L/D ratio and increasing grain diameter, to high values compared with that of the self diffusion enthalpy. It has been postulated that two concurrent processes contribute to the elevated temperature deformation of polycrystalline TD-nickel: (1) diffusion controlled grain boundary sliding, and (2) dislocation motion.

Published
1972

37. The influence of cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten on the microstructure of single crystal nickel-base superalloys

Author

Nathal, M. V. and Ebert, L. J.

Abstract

The influence of composition on the microstructure of single crystal nickel-base superalloys was investigated. Co was replaced by Ni, and Ta was replaced by either Ni or W, according to a matrix of compositions based on MAR-M247. Substitution of Ni for Co caused an increase inγ′ solvus temperature, an increase inγ-γ′ lattice mismatch, and the precipitation of W-rich phases in the alloys with high refractory metal levels. Substitution of Ni for Ta caused large decreases inγ′ solvus temperature,γ′ volume fraction, andγ-γ′ lattice mismatch, whereas substitution of W for Ta resulted in smaller decreases in these features. For the alloys withγ′ particles that remained coherent, substitution of Ni for Co caused an increase inγ′ coarsening rate. The two alloys with the largest magnitude of lattice mismatch possessedγ′ particles which lost coherency during unstressed aging and exhibited anomalously low coarsening rates. Creep exposure at 1000 °C resulted in the formation ofγ′ lamellae oriented perpendicular to the applied stress axis in all alloys.

Published
1985
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38. Phase Transformation Effects on the Bending Stress Distributions in Carburized Steel Components

Author

McGuire, M. F., Troiano, A. R., and Ebert, L. J.

Abstract

An analytical model has been developed for the elastic and elastoplastic bending of rectangular bars in which the neutral bending plane need not remain in the geometric center of the bar. With this model, distribution of both longitudinal and transverse stress can be computed on the basis of applied bending moment and measured, surface strains. The strain-induced transformation of austenite retained in the case of carburized steel bars of several compositions was found to occur at linear rates whose values depend upon the sign of the stress and the composition of the steel. It was further found to produce pronounced shifts in the neutral bending plane and to have major effects on the magnitude of the transverse bending stresses. The bending fracture characteristics of the carburized steel bars were found to be affected by the inherent toughness of the case, and all factors which influence it, as well as the inherent toughness of the core. In general, the presence of nickel in the steel enhanced the fracture resistance of the steels because of its contribution to the toughness of both case and core.

Published
1971
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39. Mechanical Behavior of Uniaxially Loaded Multilayered Cylindrical Composites

Author

Hamilton, C. H., Hecker, S. S., and Ebert, L. J.

Abstract

An analytical model was developed to predict the mechanical response to axial loading of oriented fiber composite materials containing a third (dissimilar) material at the fiber-matrix interface. The model approximated the fiber composite geometry by three concentric, but integral, cylinders. Both a totally elastic and an elastic-plastic analysis of the three-component cylinder demonstrated that transverse stresses, with the signs and magnitudes depending upon the elastic and plastic characteristics of the components, developed during axial loading. Tensile transverse stresses, which could drastically reduce the axial properties of the composite if a brittle layer existed at the interface, were shown to result from various combinations of component properties. The internal stresses predicted for the composite model were verified experimentally by testing three-component composite cylinders of maraging steel-copper-maraging steel and Berylco-copper-Berylco in tension.

Published
1971
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41. A Study of the Effects of Prestrain on the Tensile Properties of Filamentary Composites

Author

Fedor, R. J. and Ebert, L. J.

Abstract

A study of the effect of mechanical prestraining on the tensile behavior of metal matrix composites was conducted. Using both a two-member cylindrical composite simulation model and actual filamentary composites, the stress and strain distribution was followed during cool-down from the compositing temperature, through the prestrain cycle, and during subsequent reloading. The prediction of the behavior of the model composites during unloading from the prestrained state was found to be complicated by compressive plastic flow of the matrix during the unloading. By using experimentally measured effective stress-effective strain curves, the Bauschinger effect exhibited by model composites was well described. The model composites used to validate the analysis consisted of maraging steel—OFHC copper concentric cylinders. Prestraining of copper-tungsten filamentary composites was investigated both experimentally and analytically to verify the applicability of the model to real fiber composites. It was established that prestrain into the elastic-plastic behavioral region was successful in increasing the load-carrying capacity of composites with a 20 percent volume fraction of tungsten. The analytical technique used to describe the behavior of the cylindrical composites was used to rationalize the behavior of the filamentary composites. It was shown that the ameliorating effect of prestraining was due to the alteration of the net residual stress state of the matrix from an “as fabricated” tensile state to one of compression after prestraining.

Published
1973
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45. Cold Working and Annealing Effects on the Creep and Rupture Resistance of the Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Alloy MA754

Author

ARMY TANK-AUTOMOTIVE COMMAND WARREN MI, Ebert, L. J., Telich, M. L., Holly, M., Roopchand, B., ARMY TANK-AUTOMOTIVE COMMAND WARREN MI, Ebert, L. J., Telich, M. L., Holly, M., and Roopchand, B.

Abstract

The mechanisms of the deformation and annealing response of MA754 were examined through a study of the inter-relationships between cold work and thermal treatments as they affect various material performance parameters at elevated temperatures. Various cold rolling plus annealing experiments indicate that the recrystallization of MA754 is controlled by primary recrystallization principles. It has been found that, through the application of a stepwise cold rolling plus annealing schedule, total reductions of at least 40% (reduction in thickness) at ambient temperature can be obtained while at the same time maintaining a grain morphology favorable for good high temperature properties. High temperature (0.94 T sub m) annealing treatments given to stabilize the grain structure following cold work produce a change in both the size and distribution of the dispersoid phase. Measurements reveal that the average particle size increases as (time), typical of diffusion-controlled Ostwald ripening. The coarsening observed in the process material is restricted to the grain boundaries, and results in a significant loss in creep resistance.

Published
1983

46. Improving the High Temperature Creep and Rupture Resistance of Oxide- Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys

Author

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH, Ebert, L. J., Telich, M. H., Holly, M. L., Wassel, T., CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH, Ebert, L. J., Telich, M. H., Holly, M. L., and Wassel, T.

Abstract

The deformation annealing response of the ODS (Oxide-Dispersion- Strengthened) alloy MA 754 was examined in the effort to develop a thermomechanical technique whereby the alloy can be brought to near finish shaped components while at the same time improving the high temperature performance characteristics of the material. Major emphasis placed on 1) characterization of the as-received material in order to establish base - line properties, and 2) the evaluation of various thermomechanical processing schedules combining cold working (by rolling) and annealing in order to attain the most favorable grain morphology. The as-received alloy was found to be very amenable to cold rolling; initial experiments produced reductions on the order of 70%. Subsequent strain energy relaxation treatments however, were unsuccessful in stabilizing the improved grain morphology produced by cold rolling. Utilization of a revised cold rolling plus anneal schedule (one involving step-wise cold working and annealing was found to permit reductions on the order of at least 40% while still maintaining a stable large grained structure.

Published
1982

48. Analytical Approach to Composite Behavior.

Author

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH DEPT OF METALLURGY, Ebert, L. J., Claxton, R. J., Kmieciak, H., Wright, P. K., CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH DEPT OF METALLURGY, Ebert, L. J., Claxton, R. J., Kmieciak, H., and Wright, P. K.

Abstract

Study in the areas of the effects of biaxial stress states on composite deformation, of a fiber-matrix diffusion layer on uniaxial composie properties, and of non-cylindrical geometry effects on model predictions is reported, as well as continuation of effects in fiber end effect and residual stress studies. Data was acquired on the bulging of Al-B sheet in balanced biaxial tension, showing that while transverse properties controlled the flow and failure of the material, the elastic limit and particularly the ultimate strength in bulging were improved over uniaxial transverse behavior. No failure criteria constructed to date adequately described the sheet behavior under biaxial tension. Sheet warpage was a major problem in obtaining good data in bulging. In an effort to characterize the influence of the fiber-matrix reaction layer on total composite mechanical behavior, attempts were made to fabricate concentric cylinder hardware versions of the computer model. The systems evaluated for fabrication were the following: Mo Case-Fe Core, Ni Case-Al Core, Al Case-Ni Core, Ti Case-Cu Core, Ti Case-Ni Core, Ti Case-Al Core, 1020 Steel Case-1100 Al Core. Although the investigation of the above systems has not been fully completed, efforts to date to fabricate a composite model without discontinuities have been unsuccessful in these systems. Investigation of the effect of geometry on the stress-strain behaviorof composite materials was pursued. (Author)

Published
1970

49. Analytical Approach to Composite Behavior.

Author

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH DEPT OF METALLURGY, Ebert, L. J., Fedor, R. J., Hamilton, C. H., Hecker, S. S., Wright, P. K., CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV CLEVELAND OH DEPT OF METALLURGY, Ebert, L. J., Fedor, R. J., Hamilton, C. H., Hecker, S. S., and Wright, P. K.

Abstract

The applicability of the binary composite model has been completely generalized for any combination and arrangement of materials. This refinement has eliminated the previous restriction where only composite cylinders in which the core member would yield before the case member could be treated analytically. It was found that the residual stresses in the composite induced during cooling from fabrication temperatures needed to be analyzed and incorporated into subsequent axial loading predictions. The residual stresses, which result from dissimilar thermal expansions of the components of composites, were predicted analytically and compared to the experimentally determined values for OFHC copper core with a 4340 steel case and OFHC copper core with a maraging steel case. Prestrains into the elastic-plastic behavioral region were emphasized. A double concentric model was developed to assess the seriousness of the presence of an unconstrained outer surface of the models. (Author)

Published
1969

50. THE FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS INCLUENCING THE BEHAVIOUR OF WELDED STRUCTURES UNDER CONDITIONS OF MULTIAXIAL STRESS, AND VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE, STRESS CONCENTRATION, AND RATES OF STRAIN.

Author

CASE INST OF TECH CLEVELAND OHIO, Klingler ,L. J., Ebert ,L. J., Baldwin,W. M. , Jr, CASE INST OF TECH CLEVELAND OHIO, Klingler ,L. J., Ebert ,L. J., and Baldwin,W. M. , Jr

Abstract

An investigation was made to determine the dependence of zones of low ductility in weldments upon the steel and upon the welding conditions and heat treatment. The ductility was evaluated by means of eccentric notch-bar tension tests conducted at various low temperatures. A zone of low ductility was found in two low carbon ship plate steels at a distance of 0.3 - 0.4 in from the weld centerline when the weldments were made with 100F preheat and interpass temperature. A 400F preheat and interpass temperature improved the ductility in the critical zone, lowering the transition temperature from -20F to -45F. A 1100F postheat practically eliminated the zone of lowered ductility, the transition temperature being lowered to -70F. Temperature measurements made during welding showed that the embrittled region was not heated above the lower critical temperature. No change in microstructure could be noted between the critical zone and the unaffected base plate. Microhardness tests showed only slight hardening in the embrittled region. The occurrence of the embrittled region is thought to be due to some subcritical temperature phenomena which may be the supersaturation and precipitation of carbon or carbides from the alpha phase. (Author), See also AD-635 762.

Published
1949

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