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Purpose: Thorough knowledge of the nature and frequency of co-infections is essential to optimize treatment strategies and risk assessment in cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening approach for community-acquired bacterial pathogens (CABPs) at hospital admission, which could facilitate identification of bacterial co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: Clinical data and biomaterials from 200 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the observational cohort of the Competence Network for community-acquired pneumonia (CAPNETZ) prospectively recruited between March 17, 2020, and March 12, 2021 in 12 centers in Germany and Switzerland, were included in this study. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were analyzed on hospital admission using multiplex real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for a broad range of CABPs. Results: In total of 200 patients Staphylococcus aureus (27.0%), Haemophilus influenzae (13.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.5%), Moraxella catarrhalis (2.5%), and Legionella pneumophila (1.5%) were the most frequently detected bacterial pathogens. PCR detection of bacterial pathogens correlated with purulent sputum, and showed no correlation with ICU admission, mortality, and inflammation markers. Although patients who received antimicrobial treatment were more often admitted to the ICU and had a higher mortality rate, PCR pathogen detection was not significantly related to antimicrobial treatment. Conclusion: General CABP screening using multiplex PCR with nasopharyngeal swabs may not facilitate prediction or identification of bacterial co-infections in the early phase of COVID-19-related hospitalization. Most patients with positive PCR results appear to be colonized rather than infected at that time, questioning the value of routine antibiotic treatment on admission in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks are associated with greater healthcare resource utilization, poorer quality-of-life, and higher mortality. We aimed to investigate the performance of enhanced supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) discrimination algorithms (morphology discrimination, rate stability, and sudden or chamber onset) for reducing inappropriate ICD therapies in patients with ICD/cardiac resynchronization therapy devices. Methods: This prospective, non-randomized, multicenter study (ReduceIT) study took place at 56 sites across Germany and Estonia. Adults at risk of sudden cardiac death undergoing St. Jude Medical™ ICD or CRT-D implantation were included. The primary endpoint was freedom from inappropriate ICD shock at 12 months and was analyzed in the intention to treat (ITT) and per-protocol population. Results: Overall, 733 patients (65.9 ± 11.4 years) were included, of which 40.9% and 59.1% received a single- and dual-chamber detection device, respectively. During follow-up (median 11.9 [0–21.6] months), 96.3% of patients experienced no inappropriate therapy (ITT). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for VT/VF were 91.9%, 95.5%, and 94.7%, respectively. In the per-protocol population (n = 620), the proportion of patients free from inappropriate shock at 12 months was 98.4% (n = 610; 95% CI 97.1–99.2%) and exceeded the expected value of 93% (p < 0.0001) which was derived from the rates in the SPICE, ATPonFastVT, and DECREASE studies. A total of 44 patients (6.0%) died during follow-up, 19 deaths were cardiac-related which is consistent with a meta-analysis of EMPIRIC, MADIT-RIT, ADVANCE III, and PROVIDE. Serious device and procedure-related adverse effects occurred in 9.8% of patients. Conclusions: In ICD/CRT-D devices with advanced SVT discriminators, device programming according to clinical setting and detection chamber significantly reduces the rate of inappropriate ICD shocks without compromising patient safety. The algorithms and settings described herein have particular clinical importance and their employment may be of benefit to ICD recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of mating is high in natural populations of Tetrahymena thermophila. The seven mating types are present in equal frequency which is maintained by the interaction of complex, multiple mat alleles, the array of mating types specified for each allele and environmental conditions. Conjugation is initiated by moderate starvation which is consistent with local and seasonal alterations in bacterial food availability.