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Background: Scrub typhus, a zoonotic disease, is transmitted to humans by the bite of larval trombiculid mite. Keeping in view the morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed cases (due to both lack of specific diagnostic tests and ignorance about the disease), the disease deserves a special mention. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study were to assess complications and atypical manifestations of scrub typhus fever in this subpopulation and to assess the prognosis of patients presenting with atypical manifestations/ complications. Materials and Methods: This is a longitudinal observational study on the basis of clinical and laboratory evidence at Department of Pediatrics, Calcutta-National-Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, from March 2021 to February 2022. Children between >28 days and <12 years with atypical manifestations of scrub typhus who were scrub immunoglobulin (Ig)M positive (Serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid) were included in the study. Results: Of the 120 scrub typhus IgM-positive patients admitted in 1 year, complications present in 35%. These patients developed encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, neurological deficits, myocarditis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, atypical pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute encephalitis syndrome (23.8%), myocarditis with/without heart failure (14.3%), and multi-inflammatory syndrome in children with/without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgG (14.2%). There is a statistically significant association between the duration of fever at admission and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, the longer the fever duration at admission, the higher the rate of complications and thus PICU admission. Conclusion: Scrub typhus infection has expanded its various forms, presenting in various atypical manifestations alongside the common clinical features. Multiple cases of multiorgan involvement in the form of multi-inflammatory syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis have been reported in the background of COVID-19 infection, alongside a significant percentage of scrub typhus infection reported in infancy. Thus, early detection is important to start intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a key indicator of glycemic status over the last 3 months, is increasingly favored by clinicians to diagnose diabetes. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), the most prevalent anemia worldwide, may alter HbA1c levels. However, data from eastern India are scarce, and existing studies offer conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the impact of IDA on HbA1c levels in nondiabetics and to explore the correlation of HbA1c with hemoglobin (Hb), parameters of the iron profile, and red blood cell (RBC) indices. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study compared 60 euglycemic patients with IDA, aged 18 to 60, to 60 age- and sex-matched euglycemic individuals without anemia. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with significance set at P < .05. Spearman's rho correlation coefficients examined correlations between Hb, serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, packed cell volume (PCV), reticulocyte count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) with HbA1c. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed the relationships of HbA1c (dependent variable) with RBC indices and iron profile parameters (independent variables). Results: The mean (SD) HbA1c value for IDA patients was 6.5 (0.5)% compared to 5.13 (0.80)% for controls (P < .001). HbA1c showed significant negative correlations with Hb, PCV, serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, while TIBC was positively correlated with HbA1c. Each unit decrease in Hb increased the likelihood of HbA1c values in the prediabetic and diabetic range by 2.61 times (95% CI = 1.65-3.50) and 2.40 times (95% CI = 1.81-3.77), respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant increase in HbA1c levels with the worsening of IDA in non-diabetics, indicating that IDA should be addressed before interpreting HbA1c results accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study monitors chronological changes (1922–36 to 2023) in channel morphological status of the Mayurakshi River in Eastern India using the index of Geomorphic Status (GS). It encompasses Changes in Sedimentary Units (SU), Changes in Sediment Availability (SA), Changes in Bar Stability (BS) and Changes in Channel Flow (CF). The Index of Geomorphic Status (GS) reveals a sharp morphological degradation of the Mayurakshi River in the recent past. Therefore, a detailed checklist of channel width, bed-level, configuration dynamics and channel connectivity was prepared to identify medium- and short-term Channel Adjustment (CA). The study reveals that instream sand mining and structural interventions coupled with low discharge are the key factors hindering channel morphological recovery. Finally, a new Channel Recovery Potential Index (CRP) has been proposed by considering short-term channel adjustment, sediment connectivity, geomorphological setup and anthropogenic stresses. Preferred alternatives and optional groups assessed from the AHP-TOPSIS and AHP-VIKOR models were used to quantify the channel Recovery Potential. Outcome of the study reveals that reach 1 has more chance of channel recovery (TOPSIS: 0.77 and VIKOR: 0.00) compared to other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The foremost concern and challenge in managing drug-resistant tuberculosis is ensuring a high health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The effectiveness of pre-extensively drug-resistant (Pre-XDR) tuberculosis management hinges on patients adhering to therapy, a crucial factor in averting the development of drug-resistant strains, ultimately enhancing HRQoL. Methodology This analytical longitudinal study spanned two years at a teaching hospital and involved collaboration between the Departments of Pharmacology and Pulmonary Medicine. A case record form was utilized to gather baseline data, encompassing patient demographics, medication details, WHO BREF HRQoL scores, and treatment adherence. Patients were classified as either adherent or nonadherent using three distinct criteria: the guidelines of the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme (RNTCP), the Morisky-Green-Levine Scale (MGLS), and the Batalla test. The sample size was determined based on 30% nonadherence rates from preliminary analysis of prior data, resulting in 86 patients included in the study. The association between the improvement of HRQoL score from the baseline with the predictor variables was assessed with a linear regression model. Comparison of nonadherence with the different predictors of the study population was assessed with binary logistic regression model. Results Analysis of demographic data revealed no notable differences in age and BMI between the Bedaquiline and Delamanid groups. However, there was a gender-related difference in treatment distribution, with more men in the Bedaquiline group. Other factors, such as marital status, socioeconomic status, employment status, stigma/discrimination, comorbidity, and addiction, showed no significant differences between the groups. Comparing HRQoL scores at baseline and after six months showed substantial improvements in all domains, indicating a positive impact of the treatment. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong association between QoL improvement and adherence. Adherence patterns did not significantly differ between the two treatment groups, as assessed by various criteria. The patients with high stigma, newly diagnosed Pre-XDR cases, and the presence of adverse events had higher odds of nonadherence. Conclusion This study highlights the substantial impact of Bedaquiline and Delamanid treatment on the HRQoL of Pre-XDR TB patients in Eastern India. Adherence to treatment plays a crucial role in improving QoL, and factors like stigma, newly diagnosed Pre-XDR patients, and adverse drug reactions influence adherence adversely. The findings emphasize the importance of patient support and education to enhance treatment outcomes.

Background: Scrub typhus, a zoonotic disease, is transmitted to humans by the bite of larval trombiculid mite. Keeping in view the morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed cases (due to both lack of specific diagnostic tests and ignorance about the disease), the disease deserves a special mention. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study were to assess complications and atypical manifestations of scrub typhus fever in this subpopulation and to assess the prognosis of patients presenting with atypical manifestations/complications. Materials and Methods: This is a longitudinal observational study on the basis of clinical and laboratory evidence at Department of Pediatrics, Calcutta-National-Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, from March 2021 to February 2022. Children between >28 days and

Background: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the commonest chronic non-communicable diseases occurring worldwide with a high prevalence of diabetes in India.A holistic view in terms of Quality of Life (QoL) is being increasingly recognized as an essential component of diabetes care and management and evaluate the impact of diabetes on physical, social, psychological and environmental components of individual’s life, Aim: To find out the quality of life of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study based on response of type-2 DM patients to 26 questions of WHOQOL BREF and some additional information about their socio-demographic background. Patients were recruited by systematic random sampling into the study sample as they turned out for follow-up at OPD with an informed consent from willing patients, questions were asked in local language from the WHOQOL-BREF in the form of interview. Total 306 number of type-2 DM patients were interviewed following the inclusion criteria of more than 30 years of age and suffering from the disease for at least 2 years or more and under treatment and follow-up. Results: The maximum domain wise score was in social (68.37 ± 13.54) followed by environmental (61.51 ± 16.24), psychological (58.94 ± 21.27 ) and physical (52.62 ± 13.54) domain. Males, urban residents, persons aged less than 60 years and overweight individuals reported a better QoL than their counterparts. Gender and residence were found to be significantly associated with QoL, across domains. Conclusions: QoL assessment is essential for outcome measure in diabetes care. Policy makers ought to consider quality adjusted life years while evaluating health outcomes and National programs should designed for diabetes management must consider the challenges found in their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy among women globally. The aims of our study were to evaluate the diversity and epidemiology of breast cancer on patients admitted in Burdwan Medical College and Hospital for elective mastectomy for carcinoma breast. Materials and methods: All the patients suspected of breast malignancy were clinically evaluated with age>25 years (as breast cancer is common beyond this age) and were included in the study. All the mastectomy specimens sent to Department of Pathology, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, for histopathological examination were considered in the study. Results: The range of patients presenting with breast cancer was between 30-65 years, while 29 patients were below the age of 50 years and 17 above it. Maximum nos of case were between 40-49 years. Among the histopathological types of the tumours, IDC NOS constituted 40 cases (86.9%), invasive lobular carcinoma constituted 2 cases (4.3%), medullary carcinoma 2 cases (4.3%), invasive papillary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma 1 case each (2.2%). T1 (size < 2 cm) was observed in 2 cases (4.3%), T2 (size 2-5 cm) was observed in 10 cases (21.7%). T3 (size > 5cm) was seen in 5 cases (10.9%), T4 (tumour of any size with fixity to the chest wall or skin) was observed in 29 cases (63%). Grading of 42 cases was done and only 1 case (2.4%) of Grade I was seen, whereas 25 cases (59.5%) belonged to Grade II, and 16 cases (38.1%) to Grade III. Out of the 46 cases, Stage IIA constituted 8 cases (17.4%), Stage IIB 3 cases (6.5%), Stage IIIA 6 cases (13%), and Stage IIIB 29 cases (63%). Conclusion: The government needs to urgently strengthen and augment the existing facilities including screening, which is inadequate at present to handle the current breast cancer load in India, especially Eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of extreme heat events and increase in heat stress under changing climate has been a major concern in recent periods. The present study has been undertaken to analyze temperature extremes and heat stress patterns over Eastern India during the period 1981–2020 for April, May, and June (AMJ). Six indices namely, Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx), Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temperature (TNx), Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temperature (TXn), Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn), Percentage of days when maximum temperature > 90th percentile (TX90p) and minimum temperature > 90th percentile (TN90p) have been utilized to assess the changes in temperature extremes. Furthermore, three heat stress indices (HSIs) namely, Humidex, Simplified Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, and Apparent Temperature have been used to estimate and categorize heat stress levels. Mixed results with both increasing and decreasing trends over different parts of the study area have been observed during three months in case of TXx, TXn, TNx, and TNn. During AMJ, there has been amplification in the frequency of TX90p over coastal regions of West Bengal and Odisha in latest decades. Increasing TN90p frequency has been found over Sikkim, Bihar, and North Bengal while it has decreased over Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The frequency of strong heat stress has intensified over Gangetic West Bengal and Bihar during recent decades. Spatial coverage of strong stress has also gradually extended and the area under no stress has decreased during AMJ season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of species, as well as their population and regeneration status of tree species, provide an important ecological foundation for assessing the current state and rate of ecosystem degradation. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the plant species composition with population and regeneration status of the 40 different tree species in peri-urban vegetation of Ranchi, eastern India using 52 belt transects each of 0.10 ha. A total of 58 different plant species of 49 genera and 26 families were recorded with the majority (86%) of native Indian origin species. The 14% of exotic origin species included dominant invasives in herb, shrub, and tree layers viz., Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. (2949 ind. ha−1), Lantana camara L. (1667 ind. ha−1), and Acacia mangium Willd. (33 ind. ha−1), respectively. On the other hand, 59% of the total plant species were IUCN Red-listed including Endangered (Tectona grandis L.f.), Near Threatened (Aegle maremlos (L.) Corrêa), Data Deficient (Mangifera indica L.), and Least Concern (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC). Total adult tree density and basal cover were 541 ind. ha−1 and 24.93 m2 ha−1, respectively and Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. was the most dominant tree (295 ind. ha−1) recorded in the majority of the studied patches (87%) where adult tree density (ind. ha− 1) ranged from 10 to 1520 with a mean of 363 ± 49 (SE) signifying that the majority of the studied urban vegetation was Sal dominated forest patches. The total density of tree seedlings (22,627 ind. ha−1) was highest in the studied peri-urban vegetation of Ranchi followed by total tree saplings density (2677 ind. ha−1) and adult tree (GBH ≥ 10 cm) density (541 ind. ha−1) signifying good regeneration status (density of seedlings > saplings > adults) of the peri-urban vegetation of Ranchi. was the most common human disturbance observed in 31% of the total studied patches. No regeneration of 56% of the total tree species, the prevalence of human disturbances in the 48% studied patches, and the occurrence of invasives in all three layers of vegetation in the studied peri-urban vegetation signify the ongoing biotic and abiotic pressure on the survival of different plant species at various growth stages. Besides, the predominance of plant species of rare and very rare occurrences (56.9%), IUCN Red-listed (59%) with a total of 84% native Indian origin species demonstrated the importance of the studied peri-urban vegetation and warrants for immediate conservation measures to protect it from further depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary bladder carcinoma is a disease of the elderly and often presents at an advanced stage due to ignorance and manifestation of symptoms at later stages of the disease. In India, very little data is available regarding the clinico-epidemiological pattern of urinary bladder cancers. In this study, we analysed the clinico-demographic profile of patients with urinary bladder carcinoma, attending a tertiary care centre in Eastern India over the last 5 years. We analysed the database of Oncology OPD of a tertiary care centre in West Bengal in Eastern India and collected the demographic, clinical and treatment data of urinary bladder carcinoma patients who attended our OPD between 2017 and 2021. The objective was to assess the demographic and clinical profile of these patients and compare them with those reported from other parts of India as well as the rest of the world. Majority of patients (70%) were above 50 years of age with a strikingly huge male predominance (male:female = 6.6:1). Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was the most common (90%) histology. 67.2% of the cases were muscle-invasive disease at presentation, and 19.3% of the patients presented with metastatic disease with bone (42%) as the most common site of metastasis. Overall, around 22% of patients underwent surgery either with definitive or palliative intent. Sixty-five percent of the patients who received radiotherapy underwent definitive radiation as a part of bladder preservation protocol. Thirty-five percent of all patients received chemotherapy; most of them (50.5%) received chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment before definitive therapy. To conclude, it can be said that this study is one of its first from Eastern India and will act as a stepping stone for future studies concentrating on clinico-epidemiological profile, early diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma urinary bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an important disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) affecting leaf, flowers and fruits in mango orchards worldwide. The fungus Colletotrichum sp. usually invade the fruits during its developmental stage but remains quiescent until fruit ripening culminating in devastating anthracnose disease, especially during post-harvest stage. In contrary, new kind of pre-harvest anthracnose symptoms were observed on green unripe mangoes with varying level of incidence at field level in the state of Odisha, situated in Eastern India. This study attempted to characterize the Colletotrichum species affecting mango cultivars and causing new kind of symptoms under field condition on maturing green mangoes in comparison to post-harvest phase using morphological methods and molecular tools as well as by pathogenicity tests on intact green as well as on detached mature fruits. Eight Colletotrichum isolates from pre-harvest phase and two from post-harvest phase isolated from different mango varieties were studied for their diversity through morphological examination as well as sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB2) and ApMat genomic regions. Multigene phylogeny of all ten isolates revealed the identification of C. siamense. Pathogenicity assay of all 10 Colletotrichum isolates on green intact fruits in field as well as on detached ripening fruits in laboratory resulted in similar anthracnose symptoms on two selected test varieties Arka Anmol and Mallika. Results confirmed the association of C. siamense with both pre as well as post-harvest anthracnose symptoms of mango. Accurate pathogen identification provides a reliable basis for devising disease management schedules against anthracnose occurring at different phenological stages of the mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underutilized leafy vegetables indigenous to eastern India constitute an integral part of food and nutrition of local population. In the current study, 22 indigenous species of leafy vegetables eaten by local people of eastern India were characterized by their nutritional and antioxidant profile. Most of these leafy vegetables showed great nutritional potential being rich in carotenoids (11.76±2.601 to 76.24±4.80 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid (3.01±0.241 to 156.92±4.37 mg/100 g), crude fiber (0.74±0.019 to 4.98±0.06%) and many essential minerals such as calcium (52.71±1.8 to 1114.2±9.1 mg/100 g), magnesium (28.87±4.70 to 566.0±4.1 mg/100 g), potassium (151.4±9.2 to 1465.38±4.0 mg/100 g), phosphorus (5.64±0.8 to 174.4±1.9 mg/100 g), iron (1.46±0.5 to 52.8±1.3 mg/100 g), zinc (0.17±0.2 to 5.91±0.4 mg/100 g), copper (0.11±0.06 to 1.4±0.1 mg/100 g) and manganese (0.35±0.2 to 80.7±2.0 mg/100 g). These indigenous leafy vegetables were also rich in antioxidants showing good DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (17.43±1.673 to 1978.00±8.75 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)/100 g), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) (981.19±2.11to 5200.85±8.31 mg AEAC/100 g) and total phenol content (0.40±0.016 to 6.92±0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g). Moreover, anti-nutritional compounds (oxalate, nitrate and tannins) in most of these indigenous leafy vegetables were found lower as compared to other commonly consumed leafy vegetables. Thus including these nutrients rich traditional leafy vegetables in our daily diet can be an excellent food-based approach for ensuring nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightning is one of the most spectacular and dangerous atmospheric phenomena that can cause serious risks to human life and property. The microphysical and radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols help to form and suppress convective clouds, respectively, which cause lightning activities. The present study has been undertaken to analyse the climatology and trends of lightning flash rate density (FRD) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) and assess the association of FRD with AOD and other meteorological parameters over eastern India, one of the lightning-prone zones in India. For this purpose, gridded FRD data (0.5°×0.5°) developed by WGLC and MODIS-Terra AOD data (1°×1°) have been used over the study area during 2010–2020. Major lightning activities have been observed during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The eastern part of the region, including parts of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Himalayan foothills has been found to be the annual lightning hotspot. Overall, an increasing trend of annual lightning has been noticed over the study area. Annual AOD over Gangetic Plain has been found to be much higher than in other regions. Seasonal variation of AOD, i.e., an increase of AOD from pre-monsoon to monsoon and declination afterwards, has been observed over Chhota Nagpur plateau. Increasing AOD trends have been found during pre-monsoon, monsoon as well as annually over the majority of the study area. Correlation analysis has indicated that convective available potential energy (CAPE) has played a major role in lightning activities over this region. In general, AOD has been found to affect lightning through microphysical effects. However, contrasting relation has been noticed over the Gangetic plains during winter because of the absence of lightning due to low convective activities and the presence of high AOD due to shallow boundary layer, anthropogenic activities, and prevailing wind patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a diverse group of malignant mesenchymal neoplasm.But, due to their low prevalence, very little data is available worldwide as well as in India regarding their clinico-epidemiological pattern.In this study we analysed the clinico-demographic profile of STS patients attending a tertiary care centre of Eastern India over the last 5 years. We analyzed the prospectively maintained database of a tertiary care centre of West Bengal in Eastern India, and collected the data regarding the demography, clinical profile, pathology and treatment of STS patients who attended our OPD between 2017–2021. The objective was to assess the demographic and clinical data of STS patients of Eastern India and compare it with those of the reported literature from rest of the country as well as outside world. Most of the cases (27%) were between 41–50 years of age group with a slight male predominance (Male: Female = 1.01:1). Spindle cell sarcoma was the most common (24.3%) histology followed by undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (15%) and extremities were the most common site of involvement (47.7%). 71% patients presented with stage III and advanced disease.81% patients underwent radical surgery,14% patient received neo-adjuvant and 60% received adjuvant radiotherapy.91% patients received systemic chemotherapy. To conclude, this study is one of its first from Eastern India and will act as a stepping stone for future studies concentrating on clinico-epidemiological profile, early diagnosis and treatment of STS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives but as the use of internet is increasing, it is important to be aware of the prevalence, context, and impact of its addiction on sleep and the presence of anxiety, depression, and stress in our lives. Aim: To assess the prevalence of internet addiction and its association with insomnia, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students in a tertiary care medical institute in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study with a purposive sampling method was conducted among 420 undergraduate medical students of different professional years. Out of 420 medical students, 413 students who gave consent and returned complete performa were taken in the study using a semi-structured performa for sociodemographic details, Young's Internet Addiction Test, Insomnia Severity Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Results: We found 31.2% of students had internet addiction, 24.2% had clinical insomnia, 58.1% had stress, 68.8% had anxiety, and 64.6% had depression. Potential internet addiction was significantly related to average screen time, insomnia, stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions: Internet addiction is prevalent among medical students affecting sleep, anxiety, depression, and stress, which needs urgent preventive strategies.

Background: Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) is a rare inherited (autosomal recessive) disease, resulting from impairment in DNA repair that involves recognition and repair of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. This results in increased photosensitivity, UVR-induced damage to skin and eye, increased susceptibility to cutaneous and ocular cancers, and progressive neurodegeneration in some patients. Aims and Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the clinicopathological spectrum of eight cases of XP. Materials and Methods: An ambispective case series was conducted in a pediatric tertiary care hospital in eastern India during a 10-year period from 2013 to 2022. Results: All the children of our cohort were born of consanguineous marriage. The mean age of presentation was 1.2 years (range: 7 months–3 years), whereas three children presented during their infancy. The male-to-female ratio was 5:3. The most common findings were cutaneous (100%), followed by ophthalmic (75%) and/or neurological symptoms (25%). Patients had normal skin at birth but soon developed extreme photosensitivity followed by abnormal skin pigmentation and subsequently progressive xerosis, atrophy, wrinkling, and poikiloderma over time. Six patients had varied degrees of ocular involvement, whereas three of them had severe manifestations including madarosis, tylosis, ectropion, lagophthalmos, phthisis bulbi, clouding and scarring of the cornea with complete or partial loss of vision, and ophthalmic malignancies. Fifty percent (n = 4) of cases had cutaneous and ocular premalignant (actinic keratosis) and malignant lesions including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in their early childhood. One patient had simultaneous occurrence of multiple malignancies together (SCC, BCC, and melanoma). Neurological abnormalities (subnormal intelligence) were found in two cases. There was no evidence of sensory neural hearing loss, microcephaly, neuroregression, or neurodeficits. Conclusion: Although XP is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, early diagnosis followed by persistent vigorous photoprotection and regular screening for early detection of malignancies along with psychological support can drastically improve patients' quality of life and life expectancy. Besides genetic counseling, further research is required on formulating optimal management of XP, specifically the role and possibilities of gene therapy in XP.

Background: Following the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a new entity emerged termed as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19 (MISC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Infection with COVID-19 triggers the formation of antibodies to viral surface epitopes. It is believed that low titer non-neutralizing antibodies may accentuate virus-triggered immune responses. The study aimed to describe the various clinical presenting features, deranged laboratory parameters, echocardiographic findings, and immediate outcome and to categorize into 3 types of MISC and find any difference among the 3 types. Methodology: Children 29-days old to 12-years old who clinically satisfied the published WHO’s case definition for MISC were included in the study. All children were subjected to serological testing for total immunoglobulin to viral spike glycoprotein, relevant blood investigations, and echocardiography. Results: Out of 50 cases, we had 24(48%) cases of MISC without shock, 12(24%) cases of Kawasaki disease-like phenotype, and 14(28%) cases of MISC with shock. Fever (96%) and respiratory complaints (64%) predominate followed by gastrointestinal (45%) and red eye (32%). The inflammatory markers were notably elevated- the median CRP was 39.6mg/L, median ESR was 70mm 1sthr, median procalcitonin was 8.2 ng/ml. There is a significant drop in inflammatory markers post-treatment (p=0.019, p=0.000, p=0.016 respectively for CRP, ESR and procalcitonin). Abnormal echocardiographic findings were seen in 46% of cases in terms of decreased ejection fraction and coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). There were 7 deaths (14%), and 42(84%) patients were successfully discharged. Conclusion: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, MISC has emerged with its characteristic clinical pattern which needs early identification and prompt treatment to prevent mortality and morbidity.

Introduction Pediatric malignancy represents 5% of total cancer diagnosed in India. Due to delayed diagnosis and inaccessibility to healthcare system, the overall outcome is poor in our country. The clinicodemographic profile of childhood malignancy is well described in the Western world and in certain parts of India. The incidence of pediatric malignancy in Eastern India, especially Odisha, has not yet been reported that has motivated us to conduct such a study. Objective This study aims to evaluate the clinicodemographic profile and pattern of childhood malignancy among pediatric patients who received the treatment at a tertiary cancer institute of Odisha. Materials and Methods It was a retrospective observational study, carried out for a period of 8 years, from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 at a tertiary cancer center in Eastern India. A total of 759 eligible childhood malignancy patients were recruited in the study. IBM SPSS v23 was used for descriptive statistical analysis, that is, number and percentage of various clinicodemographic parameters of the above patients. Result Childhood malignancy accounted for 1.6% of all cancers reported during the above study period. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Out of 759 eligible childhood cancer patients, majority of patients were suffering from leukemia (173; 22.8%) followed by malignant bone tumors (137; 18.0%), and lymphoma (122; 16%). Leukemia was predominant in the age group of 0 to 14 years; lymphoma, central nervous system neoplasms, germ cell tumors malignant bone tumors, and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) were common in the age group of 10 to 18 years; neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, and renal and hepatic tumors were seen commonly in the age group of 0 to 9 years. The most common presentation in leukemia was fever, while lymphadenopathy was the chief complaint in lymphoma. Local swelling and pain were the presenting symptoms in malignant bone tumors, while STS patients had painless swelling. Conclusion This study provides an overview of the burden and pattern of childhood malignancy for the state of Odisha and acts as a roadmap for the clinicians to conduct further research in the field of pediatric oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-location evaluation of 60 advanced processing clones was undertaken in the selected locations of south viz., Karnataka (Rabi and Kharif), Tamil Nadu (Kharif), Telangana (Rabi) and in Rabi crop season of West Bengal. Based on four-year trials, among advanced clones, viz., MP/12-126 consistently outperformed others during 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 in the Rabi season at different locations in Karnataka. However, MP/12-126 had almost similar yield but acceptable quality parameters as compared to controls in the Kharif seasons of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. MP/14-171 was found to have higher yield and acceptable quality traits during 2020-21, 2021-22 in the rabi season of Karnataka and Kharif season of Tamil Nadu during 2023. During the rabi season of West Bengal (2020-21, 2022-23) and the rabi season of Karnataka (2022-23) advanced clone MP/15-698 had superior performance. MP/15-651 was found to be the most widely adapted clone as it has superior performance in all states either in Rabi/Kharif or both. Based on a four-year field trial at multiple locations (6 locations) and seasons (rabi and kharif), advanced clones namely MP/12-126, MP/14-171, MP/15-651 and MP/15-698 have the potential to provide a suitable alternative to the potato growers of south and eastern India as against the existing variety/varieties with acceptable chip colour, high dry matter (>20%) and lesser total potato defects including higher process grade potato yield as compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In spite of declining incidence and fatality over the past decade, stomach cancer still remains a global health issue due to its aggressiveness and heterogeneity. There is wide variation in the epidemiology of stomach cancer, not only worldwide but also among different regions of India. However, there is very limited data available for the Indian population. Aims and Objective: This study was aimed at establishing the incidence and role of risk factors, analyzing the symptoms, stage of disease, and mode of various surgical treatments of patients in the eastern region of India, and comparing them with the results of other studies in India and regions outside India. Methods and Material: An audit of the database of carcinoma stomach patients attending the radiotherapy and surgery outpatient department (OPD) between January 2020 and June 2021 was performed. Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related data were collected and analyzed with respect to other regions of India and the worldwide pattern of carcinoma stomach. Results: The mean age of the study population was 58 years with male dominance (70%). The antrum was the most common (60%) primary site, and stage III was the most common (47.6%) stage at presentation. Around 73.4% of patients underwent radical surgery. Most patients (50%) had an eventless post-operative period, and 76% received peri-operative chemotherapy. Also, 20% of patients received adjuvant chemoradiation. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that there are certain differences (like dietary habits), as well as similarities (like socio-demographic factors), among the risk factors of carcinoma in this part of the country than other parts. Further studies into the risk factors and different clinical presentations are required for prevention and early detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) is a rare inherited (autosomal recessive) disease, resulting from impairment in DNA repair that involves recognition and repair of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. This results in increased photosensitivity, UVR-induced damage to skin and eye, increased susceptibility to cutaneous and ocular cancers, and progressive neurodegeneration in some patients. Aims and Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the clinicopathological spectrum of eight cases of XP. Materials and Methods: An ambispective case series was conducted in a pediatric tertiary care hospital in eastern India during a 10-year period from 2013 to 2022. Results: All the children of our cohort were born of consanguineous marriage. The mean age of presentation was 1.2 years (range: 7 months-3 years), whereas three children presented during their infancy. The male-to-female ratio was 5:3. The most common findings were cutaneous (100%), followed by ophthalmic (75%) and/or neurological symptoms (25%). Patients had normal skin at birth but soon developed extreme photosensitivity followed by abnormal skin pigmentation and subsequently progressive xerosis, atrophy, wrinkling, and poikiloderma over time. Six patients had varied degrees of ocular involvement, whereas three of them had severe manifestations including madarosis, tylosis, ectropion, lagophthalmos, phthisis bulbi, clouding and scarring of the cornea with complete or partial loss of vision, and ophthalmic malignancies. Fifty percent (n = 4) of cases had cutaneous and ocular premalignant (actinic keratosis) and malignant lesions including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in their early childhood. One patient had simultaneous occurrence of multiple malignancies together (SCC, BCC, and melanoma). Neurological abnormalities (subnormal intelligence) were found in two cases. There was no evidence of sensory neural hearing loss, microcephaly, neuroregression, or neurodeficits. Conclusion: Although XP is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, early diagnosis followed by persistent vigorous photoprotection and regular screening for early detection of malignancies along with psychological support can drastically improve patients' quality of life and life expectancy. Besides genetic counseling, further research is required on formulating optimal management of XP, specifically the role and possibilities of gene therapy in XP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Palmoplantar psoriasis (PPP) is a variety of psoriasis constituting 3-4% of psoriatic and mainly affects the skin of the palms and soles. It is often a disfiguring disease and exerts a considerable negative intact on the quality of life (QoL) of the involved. Only few studies have evaluated QoL in PPP especially in eastern India. Objective We aimed to study the demographic profile of patients with PPP, clinical characteristics and quantify the impact of the disease on the QoL of patients. Methods Eligible patients were evaluated with history, clinical examination and quality of life assessment by two separate instruments, namely QoL assessment introduced by Farley et al. and Dermatology Life Quality Index by Finley. The findings of each patient were noted on separate case record sheets. Results One hundred patients were studied. Age of the patients ranged from14-65 years Most patients (51%) had psoriatic involvement of other body areas in addition to palms and soles. 5% patients had family history of psoriasis. Our study supports the impression that even with limited body surface involvement; patients with PPP suffer from a significant impact as measured on both instruments. There was significant correlation between the measures of quality of life between the two instruments and inverse correlation with involved surface area of body involvement. Conclusion Palmoplantar psoriasis (PPP) affects both genders almost equally, affecting our population almost a decade earlier than our western counterparts. PPP causes significant decrease in overall Quality of Life other than causing social embarrassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment preferences among East Indian households are shaped by cultural values, economic goals, and regional economic conditions. Traditionally, these households exhibit a strong preference for physical assets like gold and real estate. Gold, in particular, is deeply ingrained in cultural practices and is seen as a stable and liquid form of investment. Real estate is favored for its potential for long- term appreciation and security. In recent years, there has been a gradual shift towards financial instruments such as fixed deposits, mutual funds, and equities. This change is driven by increasing financial literacy, urbanization, and improved access to banking and financial services. However, risk aversion remains a significant factor, with many preferring safer investment options. The savings behavior of East Indian households has profound implications for regional economic development. High savings rates contribute to substantial domestic capital formation, which can be leveraged for infrastructure development and industrial growth. However, the preference for low-risk investments can limit the availability of venture capital for high-risk, high-reward entrepreneurial ventures. To enhance regional economic development, it is essential to encourage diversified investment portfolios. This can be achieved through financial education programs and policies that incentivize investments in equities and entrepreneurial ventures, thereby balancing security with growth potential and fostering a more dynamic economic environment. The most relevant and applicable informational data has been collected by the primary quantitative survey method considering 125 participants. In this regard, four hypotheses were established and were analyzed by including SPSS analytical software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives but as the use of internet is increasing, it is important to be aware of the prevalence, context, and impact of its addiction on sleep and the presence of anxiety, depression, and stress in our lives. Aim: To assess the prevalence of internet addiction and its association with insomnia, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students in a tertiary care medical institute in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study with a purposive sampling method was conducted among 420 undergraduate medical students of different professional years. Out of 420 medical students, 413 students who gave consent and returned complete performa were taken in the study using a semi-structured performa for sociodemographic details, Young's Internet Addiction Test, Insomnia Severity Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Results: We found 31.2% of students had internet addiction, 24.2% had clinical insomnia, 58.1% had stress, 68.8% had anxiety, and 64.6% had depression. Potential internet addiction was significantly related to average screen time, insomnia, stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions: Internet addiction is prevalent among medical students affecting sleep, anxiety, depression, and stress, which needs urgent preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fungus of Lepiota sect. Ovisporae, growing on leaf litter, is described based on macro-micromorphological and molecular evidence. It is distinguished macroscopically by a yellowish-white cap covered with brownish squamules forming a disc, a cylindrical stipe with a non-persistent double-edged annulus, and microscopically by ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice stands as a critical cornerstone in the pursuit of food security due to its unparalleled significance as a staple crop for billions of people worldwide. Rice in India, is cultivated within diverse cropping systems that harness the nation's rich agro-climatic variations. Eastern India has emerged as a significant contributor to the country's overall rice production. Nevertheless, most of the existing cropping systems of rice in this region suffer from some drawbacks, primarily due to monoculture practices and limited crop diversity. An experiment was conducted in the Eastern Indian State of Odisha to evaluate the efficiency and profitability of promoting a rice-green gram-rice cropping system. The experiment consists of two major interrelated interventions viz., awareness regarding short-duration stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRV) and the introduction of the new crop for higher economic returns. Varietal awareness programs were organized before the onset of the wet season of 2020 and the potential benefits of cultivating STRV over the popular traditional cultivars were communicated to the target farmers, besides advocating the rice-green gram-rice cropping system. The study employed a field experiment design to compare the performance of existing and new cropping systems. The impact evaluation was carried out after recording the comments of the farmers followed by a thorough comparison between the new and existing cropping systems. The available evidence suggests that the introduced short-duration STRVs are better than the already existing varieties and have the potential to change the cropping system of the region. The most desirable trait of these varieties as reported by the farmers is their short maturity duration. The results do unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of the new cropping system over the existing system in terms of crop yield, diversification, and profitability. This remarkably underscores the potential of the new system to address food security challenges and enhance agricultural productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal diseases are common in childhood and they often present with diagnostic challenges. Renal biopsy is of major importance in diagnosing many renal diseases in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological aspect of renal diseases underwent biopsy in children in a tertiary care teaching institute in Eastern India. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on children (≤12 year) admitted with difficult to treat renal disorders in Pediatric ward and thorough evaluations confirmed the requirement of renal biopsy. Sixty one (61) children satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in our study. Period of study was from February 2021 to July 2022. Results: In this study, males were 31 and females were 30 in numbers. The mean age was 6.77± 3.42 years. The indications for renal biopsy were steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) (49.18%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (29.51%), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) (16.39%), and others. The major bulks of histopathological findings revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and minimal change disease (MCD) in 45.9%, 32.8% and 13.1% respectively. Hypertension was present in 58.1% and hematuria in 64.5% of cases (p value 0.001). Conclusion: SRNS (49.18%) was the most common indication of renal biopsy and FSGS (45.9%) was the most common histopathological finding in our study. This study provides data on biopsy proven childhood renal disorders from this region.

Background: Humans are accidental hosts in the zoonotic disease Scrub typhus. The disease though widespread in our county, it remains grossly underdiagnosed because of its non-septic clinical manifestations and lack of access to specific laboratory facilities. Aims and Objectives: The objective of present study is to evaluate the clinical presentations of Scrub Typhus among the study group. Furthermore, to assess the various laboratory findings in Scrub Typhus cases among the study group is the other objective of this study. Materials and Methods: The present study is an Institution-based, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted for 18 months with the admitted patients having 14–70 years of age. Data collected regarding patients’ demographic profile, symptoms, clinical findings, laboratory, and radiological findings. Data had been summarized as mean and standard deviation for numerical variables and count and percentages for categorical variables. Results: In our study, we found that most of the patients were 14–20 years old and female population was higher. It was found that 34.3% of patients had Eschar, 42.9% of patients had Rash, and 91.4% of patients had Pallor, 8.6% of patients had Ascites, 25.7% had Edema, 8.6% of patients had Jaundice, 11.4% had shock, and 57.1% had pneumonia/pneumonitis. The present study showed that 65.7% of patients had drug response (Doxycycline). Conclusion: Knowledge of geographical distribution, evidence of exposure to vector, clinical features such as fever, rash, eschar, headache, and myalgia along with high index of suspicion are crucial factors for early diagnosis and that helps in timely treatment of the cases.

Purpose: To determine the demographic and microbiological profile involved in the causation of corneal ulcers in Eastern India during the COVID era. Method: Patients presenting with corneal ulcers fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken as the case. The study duration was from January 2021 to December 2021. Socio-demographic details and information about risk factors were noted. A detailed corneal examination followed by corneal scraping was performed for microbiological evaluation. Results: In 1 year, 99 infective corneal ulcer patients were evaluated. Farmers (24.2%) were found to be maximally affected by corneal ulcers. The peak in cases was recorded from October to December (38.4%). Ocular trauma was the commonest risk factor (42.4%). The majority (80.8%) of patients were already on some topical antimicrobials. 22.2% of samples showed fungal filaments on KOH mount; 54.5% of these cases turned out to be culture-positive. 17.56% of KOH-negative samples turned out to be culture-positive (fungal). Overall, the culture positivity rate was 28.28% out of which fungal isolates were 89.28% and bacterial isolates were 10.72%. Fusarium species were identified as the most common organism contributing 42.85%, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (14.28%). 10.72% of cases were culture positive for Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Conclusion: Trauma with the organic matter was the predominant cause of fungal keratitis. In this study, fungal keratitis was found to be more common. Fusarium was the most common isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the demography, risk factors, and causative organisms of microbial keratitis (MK) in Bihar, an eastern state of India. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: We reviewed the demographic, clinical, and microbiological data of 2303 patients with MK (non-viral) presenting between January 2019 and December 2022. Results: This study revealed a predominance of males (65.0%) compared to females (34.9%), with a mean age of 48.4 ± 16.5 years. The majority of patients (63.1%) presented after 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms. The most common risk factor observed was corneal injury (58.1%), followed by ocular surface diseases (13.6%) and diabetes mellitus (13.3%). The majority of patients (73.16%) were involved in agriculture. Prior to presentation, almost all patients (92%) had received topical antibiotics. Unsupervised use of topical corticosteroids was observed in 29.2% of the patients for the median duration of 3 days (odds ratio, 0.17). At presentation, the median size of corneal ulcers was 5 mm, the best-corrected visual acuity was less than 20/400 in 51.4% of patients, and corneal perforation was in 14% of patients. The smear and culture positivity rate were 75.4% and 47.9%, respectively. The common causative organism was fungus (48.8%), followed by bacteria (17.4%). Aspergillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly identified organisms; a quarter of the patients (24.5%) remained unidentified. All bacteria showed good sensitivity to vancomycin. Conclusion: MK is a significant cause of ocular morbidity in Bihar. The knowledge of epidemiology, risk factors, and microbiological profiles of MK can provide a valuable approach to disease prevention, diagnosis, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of pregnancy and child birth is a stretch of intense vulnerability and incurs reproductive cost, which is governed within a specific socio-ecological context. We asked in our research whether the obstetric morbidities at three stages: antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum, and their concomitants differed significantly between sedente and migrant populations. 403 Oraon indigenous women [203 sedente and 200 migrants] living in Eastern India were selected. Data on socio-demographic, reproductive, maternal health care services and obstetric morbidities were collected using semi structured schedules. We applied Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) on the first three variables; PC1 and PC4 were loaded with "socio-demographic and maternal health care services" and PC2 and PC3 loaded with "socio-demographic and reproductive" variables. We applied Poisson regression to examine the determinants of obstetric morbidities. Bivariate analyses showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) sedente-migrant differences in variables related to socio-demographic, reproductive, maternal health care and obstetric morbidities. Poisson regression showed migrants were more likely (p ≤ 0.001) to experience ante and intrapartum morbidities than the sedentes, after controlling the confounders. PC1, PC2 and PC3 could significantly (p ≤ 0.05) predict ante and intrapartum morbidities. For postpartum morbidities, barring the variables related to availing of maternal health care services at the time of child delivery and post delivery, neither migration status nor any of the PCs was a significant predictor. For example, participants who delivered their child in health institutions and had episiotomy and/or caesarean delivery (p ≤ 0.01); and those who availed first PNC within the 24 hours of delivery, stayed under medical supervision after delivery for more than 48 hours and received higher coverage of PNCs were more and less likely respectively (p ≤ 0.05) to have experienced postpartum morbidities. We conclude that the maternal obstetric morbidities and their concomitants differed between sedente and migrant Oraon populations owing to their living in differential socio-ecological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferricrete deposits are one of the most important geomorphological and geological features of eastern India. Different archaeological sites of eastern India have shown that the Acheulian artifacts are most commonly associated with ferricrete deposits and other varieties of ferruginous sediments. The present study is an attempt to study the ferricretised Acheulian artifact-bearing context of eastern India from a geoarchaeological perspective. In this study, implement-bearing ferricrete formation and other ferruginous formations of three Acheulian-site-complexes of Orissa, Jharkhand, and West Bengal are taken as case studies. Geomorphological and lithological features of ferricrete formations of these site complexes are studied, and context and taphonomic attributes of the recovered Acheulian artifacts are also noted. Then, the data generated from the field and laboratory observations are compared and combined with available geological literature on the ferricrete of India. Results of the present study show that over time the Acheulian artifact-bearing ferricrete of eastern India went through a continuous and complex process of erosion, deposition, and redeposition due to fluvial activities and continuous changes in the landscape. As a result of this, it is hard to find undisturbed Acheulian sites over the ferricrete-covered landscape of eastern India. Within ferricrete deposits and ferruginous sediments, Acheulian artifacts are found in the Primary Transposed Context, in the Secondary Context, or in the Combined Situation. It is hoped that in-depth, studies of the site-formation process and application of modern geochemical analytical methods can unfold newer evidence regarding the context and the development of the Acheulian tradition in the ferricrete-covered landscapes of eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors have always fascinated and intrigued histopathologists due to their diverse morphology and rarity. Recent surge in the molecular developments has further posed a challenge in diagnosis especially in a resource limited setting. Therefore, comprehensive tumor registries have become quintessential to compare our existing database with new found knowledge. A descriptive retrospective study was carried out on archival data of 5 years in a neuroscience institute. All neurosurgical cases operated with complete clinical history and definitive histopathological diagnosis were included. The cases were analyzed with reference to age, sex, location of the lesion, grade of the tumor, and immunohistochemical profile as available and compared with existing registries and literature. The primary brain tumors accounted for 38.29% of all pathologies. Majority of cases clustered around 40–70 years of age (65%). Pediatric (0–19 years) cases comprised 7%. Most common primary brain tumor found in the adult population was meningioma (28%) followed by Glioblastoma (25%). The most common neoplasm in pediatric age group were gliomas (46.29%) followed by embryonal neoplasms. Pituitary adenomas (PAs) constituted 16% of all intracranial neoplasm. Gonadotroph adenoma was the most common of the nonfunctional adenomas constituting one half of the PAs (51.72%). Somatotroph adenoma was most common in the functional group constituting 20% of all PAs. The layout of cases when compared with available brain tumor registries showed nearly similar trends in distribution. Our study succored data from the population in eastern part of India of which our institute is a major referral centre for neurosurgical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region at the foot of the Ajodhya hills in the Purulia district of West Bengal is considered to be one of the richest places in eastern India where evidence of microlithic cultures has been found. Some of the oldest dated microlithic sites in India are located in this part of Bengal. The present study presents the results of a recent archaeological survey of a 46 square kilometre area in the northwestern part of the Ajodhya foothills of Purulia, adjacent to the towns of Begunkodor and Jhalida. Three new microlithic sites were discovered during this exploration and are reported here along with the Quaternary stratigraphic contexts. In addition, preliminary observations of the microlithic artefacts recovered from these three new sites are discussed. The results of this study suggest that these newly discovered microlithic sites may provide new opportunities for more intensive studies in this region in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Humans are accidental hosts in the zoonotic disease Scrub typhus. The disease though widespread in our county, it remains grossly underdiagnosed because of its non-septic clinical manifestations and lack of access to specific laboratory facilities. Aims and Objectives: The objective of present study is to evaluate the clinical presentations of Scrub Typhus among the study group. Furthermore, to assess the various laboratory findings in Scrub Typhus cases among the study group is the other objective of this study. Materials and Methods: The present study is an Institution-based, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted for 18 months with the admitted patients having 14-70 years of age. Data collected regarding patients' demographic profile, symptoms, clinical findings, laboratory, and radiological findings. Data had been summarized as mean and standard deviation for numerical variables and count and percentages for categorical variables. Results: In our study, we found that most of the patients were 14-20 years old and female population was higher. It was found that 34.3% of patients had Eschar, 42.9% of patients had Rash, and 91.4% of patients had Pallor, 8.6% of patients had Ascites, 25.7% had Edema, 8.6% of patients had Jaundice, 11.4% had shock, and 57.1% had pneumonia/pneumonitis. The present study showed that 65.7% of patients had drug response (Doxycycline). Conclusion: Knowledge of geographical distribution, evidence of exposure to vector, clinical features such as fever, rash, eschar, headache, and myalgia along with high index of suspicion are crucial factors for early diagnosis and that helps in timely treatment of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Eruption disturbances in the primary dentition resulting from environmental and genetic factors can eventually lead to complex anomalies in permanent dentition. If intercepted at an early stage, such anomalies in the permanent dentition can be averted. Aim: In this study, the most common eruption disturbances in the mixed dentition phase have been highlighted in an ethnic group in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: Three thousand children between the ages of 6 and 12 years were randomly chosen with 1330 children in the experimental group and 1670 in the control group. The entire population was divided into two age groups – 6–9 years and 10–12 years. The experimental group had 680 males and 650 females. Atotal of nine parameters were identified that included premature loss of deciduous teeth, over‑retained primary teeth, supernumerary teeth, congenital absence of permanent teeth, ankylosis, eruption cysts, etc., Statistical Analysis Used: The Chi‑square test was used for the analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed for each of the parameters considered in this study with respect to the two age groups, namely 6–9 years and 10–12 years, and gender, namely male and female, of the experimental group with P < 0.01%. Conclusion: Accurate understanding of the pattern of eruption disturbances in the mixed dentition period of any ethnic group and/ or population is imperative for timely intervention and/or referral by primary care dentists so that malocclusion in the permanent dentition can be intercepted and corrected, thereby improving the quality of life index for that ethnic group/population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitella myriotricha A.Braun ex Kutzing ssp. acuminata SDu.bramanian 1999 has been recorded from different localities of West Bengal, eastern India. It is the first report of the taxon outside its original locality of occurrence at Kummidipoondi (Tamil Nadu) by Subramanian in 1999. The possibilities of endemism and origin of variations in this species have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Lower Palaeolithic (Acheulean) sites ever excavated in India are located in the Burhabalang river valley of the Mayurbahnj district of Orissa. It reveals that the Mayurbhanj Acheulean site complex has been under the scanner of prehistoric archaeologists for a long period. However, it is unfortunate to say that, despite being studied for nearly one century by several scholars, the implementiferous beds of the Burhabalang River valley have not been studied in detail till now. The present article brings forward an attempt to fathom the nature and the mode of origin of the Acheulean artifact-bearing beds of the Burhabalang river valley near Baripada town of Orissa. In this study approach of geo-archaeology is adopted to study and compare physical features like various geomorphological and lithological attributes of several Acheulean sites of this region. Besides, an attempt is made to understand the nature of occurrence of Acheulean artifact bearing-beds of this region and the mode of origin of these implementiferous beds too. Results of this study reveal that probably Acheulean artifacts bearing ferricrete horizons of the Burhabalang river valley were deposited some time during the middle Pleistocene, under the influence of a much more humid monsoonal climate. Perhaps prehistoric humans with Acheulean artifacts roamed in the river valleys of this region when deposition of ferruginous sedimentation or ferricrete was taking place. During the later time under the influence of a much drier climate ferruginous duricrust developed at the top of ferricrete sediments and Acheulean artifacts are now found deposited in the hard duricrust horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the demography, risk factors, and causative organisms of microbial keratitis (MK) in Bihar, an eastern state of India. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: We reviewed the demographic, clinical, and microbiological data of 2303 patients with MK (non-viral) presenting between January 2019 and December 2022. Results: This study revealed a predominance of males (65.0%) compared to females (34.9%), with a mean age of 48.4 ± 16.5 years. The majority of patients (63.1%) presented after 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms. The most common risk factor observed was corneal injury (58.1%), followed by ocular surface diseases (13.6%) and diabetes mellitus (13.3%). The majority of patients (73.16%) were involved in agriculture. Prior to presentation, almost all patients (92%) had received topical antibiotics. Unsupervised use of topical corticosteroids was observed in 29.2% of the patients for the median duration of 3 days (odds ratio, 0.17). At presentation, the median size of corneal ulcers was 5 mm, the best-corrected visual acuity was less than 20/400 in 51.4% of patients, and corneal perforation was in 14% of patients. The smear and culture positivity rate were 75.4% and 47.9%, respectively. The common causative organism was fungus (48.8%), followed by bacteria (17.4%). Aspergillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly identified organisms; a quarter of the patients (24.5%) remained unidentified. All bacteria showed good sensitivity to vancomycin. Conclusion: MK is a significant cause of ocular morbidity in Bihar. The knowledge of epidemiology, risk factors, and microbiological profiles of MK can provide a valuable approach to disease prevention, diagnosis, and management.

Purpose: To determine the demographic and microbiological profile involved in the causation of corneal ulcers in Eastern India during the COVID era. Method: Patients presenting with corneal ulcers fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken as the case. The study duration was from January 2021 to December 2021. Socio-demographic details and information about risk factors were noted. A detailed corneal examination followed by corneal scraping was performed for microbiological evaluation. Results: In 1 year, 99 infective corneal ulcer patients were evaluated. Farmers (24.2%) were found to be maximally affected by corneal ulcers. The peak in cases was recorded from October to December (38.4%). Ocular trauma was the commonest risk factor (42.4%). The majority (80.8%) of patients were already on some topical antimicrobials. 22.2% of samples showed fungal filaments on KOH mount; 54.5% of these cases turned out to be culture-positive. 17.56% of KOH-negative samples turned out to be culture-positive (fungal). Overall, the culture positivity rate was 28.28% out of which fungal isolates were 89.28% and bacterial isolates were 10.72%. Fusarium species were identified as the most common organism contributing 42.85%, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (14.28%). 10.72% of cases were culture positive for Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Conclusion: Trauma with the organic matter was the predominant cause of fungal keratitis. In this study, fungal keratitis was found to be more common. Fusarium was the most common isolate.

Context: Eruption disturbances in the primary dentition resulting from environmental and genetic factors can eventually lead to complex anomalies in permanent dentition. If intercepted at an early stage, such anomalies in the permanent dentition can be averted. Aim: In this study, the most common eruption disturbances in the mixed dentition phase have been highlighted in an ethnic group in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: Three thousand children between the ages of 6 and 12 years were randomly chosen with 1330 children in the experimental group and 1670 in the control group. The entire population was divided into two age groups – 6–9 years and 10–12 years. The experimental group had 680 males and 650 females. A total of nine parameters were identified that included premature loss of deciduous teeth, over-retained primary teeth, supernumerary teeth, congenital absence of permanent teeth, ankylosis, eruption cysts, etc., Statistical Analysis Used: The Chi-square test was used for the analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed for each of the parameters considered in this study with respect to the two age groups, namely 6–9 years and 10–12 years, and gender, namely male and female, of the experimental group with P < 0.01%. Conclusion: Accurate understanding of the pattern of eruption disturbances in the mixed dentition period of any ethnic group and/or population is imperative for timely intervention and/or referral by primary care dentists so that malocclusion in the permanent dentition can be intercepted and corrected, thereby improving the quality of life index for that ethnic group/population.

Introduction: Bone and joint infections are very common in eastern India. Due to the lack of authentic data on the type of bacteriology in our region, this study was planned. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance, retrospective data of 2 years from 2019 to 2021 were collected. Out of 115 patients, 77 patients were included in the study whereas 38 were excluded due to nonbacterial infections and incomplete data. Results: The average age of patients was 21.14 years. Pediatric patients were 58.66%. The common clinical condition was chronic osteomyelitis, followed by septic arthritis. The most common bone affected was femur, followed by tibia. The most common organism noted was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA). Gram-negative infections were also noted. Conclusions: Eastern India has a high incidence of bone and joint infection. MRSA followed by CNSA is the most common isolate affecting large bones such as femur and tibia.

Camera traps were deployed at 123 stations in an area of 346.91 km2 in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary between 25 August 2018 and 29 December 2019 that provided the effort of 3,150 trap-days. Of the 2,767 photo captures, 1,304 were mammals belonging to 13 families and 27 large and medium-sized mammals were recorded in the study area. Carnivores were especially diverse, with 11 species recorded with particular four felidae including Tiger Pantera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus, and globally threatened Rusty-spotted Cats which extended the range of this species. Leopard was the most captured species with the highest relative abundance (RAI = 5.68) among the carnivore species, whereas the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata (RAI = 0.06) had the lowest abundance. We provide photographic evidence of mammalian species and highlight the importance of conservation of dry deciduous forests for threatened and vulnerable species in the study area. The current camera trap survey is expected to help in the formulation of management strategies for long-term conservation of mammalian species in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is an outcome of three years of exploration in the Dulung river valley of Eastern India. It is comprised of detailed reporting of 28 newly discovered prehistoric sites in this region. In the course of exploration, discovered archaeological and geological sites were mapped and their relative locations were recorded and analysed by using various GIS tools. In each site, the context of the exposed archaeological materials was recorded along with natural and artificially exposed Quaternary sedimentary sections in and around them. In this article, discovered prehistoric sites have been described along with their cultural materials, relative locations, geomorphological contexts and litho-stratigraphic features. Preliminary analyses of the recovered artifacts were done in the laboratory and some of their results have been presented in this article also. Field observation of the present study reveals that Lower Palaeolithic artifacts were mainly found from the ferricrete deposits and Microlithic artifacts were found from calcrete bearing silt deposits of the study area. This study establishes the Dulung river valley as one of the several important geographical and environmental places of eastern India where prehistoric man's activity took place at least since the early-middle Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]