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The era in which Abū Na'r al-Fārābī emerged as a canonical scientist significantly contributed to his education and shaped his scientific worldview. The formation of al-Farabi's spiritual worldview and his ideas is directly associated with embracing the ancient philosophical tradition, more precisely, Aristotle's philosophy and logic. The focus of the article is al-Farabi's analysis of Aristotle's principles in the study of logic and their further development. Al-Farabi's worldwide reputation as the Second Teacher after Aristotle, the First Teacher, in the East is directly rooted in his mastery and advancement of the science of logic. In simple terms, the philosopher states that logic leads a person to a straight path to being capable of radically discerning between good and bad, truth and lies, and honesty and deceit. This, in turn, steers humanity away from succumbing to mistakes or getting into trouble. Al-Farabi constructs a comprehensive scientific analysis of the socio-cultural foundations of Aristotle's doctrine of logic and the ability to adapt it in his unique way to society. The study of the theoretical basis of al-Farabi's teachings on logic and its significance involves employing hermeneutic, comparative, and stylistic methods in the research of the texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 50s, Franz Fanon asks about the binding relationship between certain phenomena of power, identity, gender and resistance, and their forms of simplification/manipulation for the transmission of coloniality. Taking his "Unveiling" political category as a theoretical loan, this paper will try to offer some readings regarding Schools, and the ways they operate, understand and manage diverse and diversity as well. And in order to do so, we will place the First World Soccer Cup that took it place in the Middle East recently, as excuse or a starting point for this historical discussion. It is from this special horizon understood it as part of a political representation, that let us overhaul some frequently relations of inequality that still continues to operate "unseen" between West and East; and that, for us, Schools can urgently attend to help and contribute to counteract them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crazy Rich Asians is regarded as one of the movies that successfully represented Asians, regardless of all the controversy. One of the topics clearly presented in the movie is the contestation between the west and east. The dichotomy is resulted from the social construction of the western culture to maintain its superiority over the east culture. Since the movie seems to celebrate the east by portraying the Asian-Asians differently from the old stereotypes or old images of the eastern culture, but at the same time, this research finds that this movie overtly portrays the west as loveable or likable culture. The movie depicts the contrast between east and west through the story. This article is intended to analyze the contestation between east and west which is depicted in the movie. The movie is examined in how it depicts America as the west and Asia as part of the east. Therefore, deconstruction is used as the reading method to see what is behind it, the things that are not seen, related to how the Asians are portrayed in the movie. The finding of this research shows that there are double roles in the movie. The power of whiteness in the American movie industry somehow still brings impacts toward the contestation of whiteness and color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is intended to discuss the images of the East and West as they are portrayed in Elif Shafak's novels, with emphasis on the ethnic cliches and stereotypes which are often engendered in and disseminated through fiction. More specifically, it examines how the novelist depicts Turkish and Oriental culture, often in contrast with its Western counterpart, through the complex and insightful images she skillfully creates. The theoretical part of the article relies on the seminal works of imagologists such as Joep Leerssen and Manfred Beller, who have laid the foundations for the study of cultural images, with emphasis on their shifting, dynamic and context-dependent nature, as well as on David Katan's logical levels of culture, which are used as a starting point for the analysis of the similarities and differences between the East and the West as represented in Shafak's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieser Essay untersucht den fremden Blick in der literarischen Darstellung Berlins vor dem Hintergrund von Teilung und Wiedervereinigung der Stadt in der Periode zwischen 1960 und 2010. Hierbei stehen zwei zeitgenössische Romane aus der deutschsprachigen und aus der arabischsprachigen Literatur im Fokus, nämlich Berlin liegt im Osten (2013) der russisch‐deutschen Schriftstellerin Nellja Veremej und Berlin 69 (2014) des ägyptischen Schriftstellers Sonallah Ibrahim. Beide Schriftsteller haben gemein, dass sie die deutsch‐deutsche Geschichte mit dem Ost‐West‐ bzw. Orient‐Okzident‐Diskurs verbinden. Methodisch stützt sich die Arbeit auf das Chronotopos‐Konzept von Michail Bachtin. Um die Frage nach der literarischen Darstellung von Berlin in beiden Texten zu beantworten, wird zunächst das Raum‐Zeit‐Verhältnis in Betracht gezogen. Anschließend wird die chronotopische Analyse beider Romane durch die Darstellung der Begegnungen zwischen Raum und Zeit erklärt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benoy Kumar Sarkar was both a serious scholar of history and society and a spokesman who wanted to promote ideas of equality between East and West and highlight the secular achievements of the Hindus. He has been hailed as a pioneer of Neo-Indology, a premature postcolonial sociologist, a conservative nationalist and an anti-colonial internationalist. Elements of several ideologies can be found in his writings. This article assesses his critique of orientalist constructions of East and West, the features of Hinduism and Buddhism and their influence overseas, the peculiarities of nationalism and Hindu-Muslim relations in India and the conservative, authoritarian and cosmopolitan elements in his writings on nationalism and internationalaffairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying the translation of twentieth-century Hong Kong literature, we cannot help but turn our attention to Leung Ping-kwan 梁秉鈞(Ye Si 也斯，1948-2013), a renowned Hong Kong poet and scholar. Ye Si reinvestigated the transgression of cultural boundaries through translating his own literary works. Based on his daily life experiences and fully aware of the historical context, he also re-examined the cultural criticism that developed from Edward W. Said's (1935-2003) theory of Orientalism. Since the 1990s, two Sinologists from the center of European cultures, Wolfgang Kubin of Germany and Annie Curien of France, have started translating Ye Si's literary works and investigating his cultural perspectives, eventually developing an intercultural dialogue with him. This paper explores how Kubin and Curien, by making reference to their own German and French literary traditions, understand and interpret Ye Si's literary and cultural perspectives. It further studies how they reconstruct Hong Kong literature and remap it in the frame of modern Chinese literature. Finally, this paper investigates how they re-examine the possibility of the concept of "world literature" by making reference to the literature of Hong Kong, a literature sprung from a city that is marginalized by both the European continent and Mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores and examines the consulship as an institution in the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire in the period known as Late Antiquity, that is from 284 CE to 541 CE. It investigates how the consulship of the Late Antique period differed from that of the Republic and earlier Empire, what it consisted of, who the occupants of the office were, the process of the inauguration of the new consul, the games associated with it, how the consuls were represented on the consular diptychs and the end of the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with (presumably) Aeschylus' play Prometheus Bound and its main character, the Titan Prometheus. Prometheus is presented not only as a cultural hero who has brought various craftsmanship to mortal men, but also as a tragic person, an ancient titanic god fighting with the providence and the will of the Olympian Zeus, the new sovereign of the world. In the last part, the cosmological relevance of Prometheus' punishment is outlined, linking Prometheus' destiny at the Far East of the world with that of his brother Atlas who keeps Heaven and Earth apart, being located at the opposite Far West of the cosmos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illustrates how Japan’s involvement in international heritage discourse, in particular since the Nara Conference in 1994, played an important role in the development of a global understanding of heritage and what it constitutes. It explores the way the Ise Shrine came to be represented as an iconic example of an ‘Eastern approach’ to heritage to become central in the paradigm shift within global heritage discourse towards acknowledging cultural diversity. In this article, however, I argue that the presentation and understanding of the Ise Shrine has perpetuated a number of misconceptions about an Eastern approach to heritage conservation. In particular, its presentation and interpretation as a cultural site devoid of its distinct religious and political significance, limits what can be learned from it. This article argues that without full recognition of the religious beliefs intimately embedded in the traditional social structures, practices and attitudes related to heritage sites, recognition of cultural diversity would remain limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though Eastern Christians generally regard the Western part of the Church to have split from Orthodoxy permanently in 1054, there have been calls by some to modify the date of this as regards the Anglo-Saxon Church. These Orthodox lay scholars and bishops argue that the Anglo-Saxon Church was more closely aligned with the Orthodox East rather than the Roman Catholic West, as evidenced by the canonisation of St Edward the Confessor and advocacy for the canonisation of King Harold II. This article questions these assertions by looking at the evidence provided by Anglo-Saxon connection to the Western Church, as well as the migration of Anglo-Saxons to Byzantium following the Battle of Hastings, as described in theJátvarðar Saga. It concludes by discussing what implications these findings have for the Orthodox Church in its canonisation of a technically non-Orthodox saint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine if Chinese school principals use influence actions differently from US principals. The concepts framing this study are leader influence actions, societal and local culture. The analysis was conducted with data from two independent studies conducted in each country using the strategic leadership questionnaire (SLQTM). The data suggest that (1) managing and transforming actions are universal, (2) relationship influence actions (bonding, bridging and bartering) are culturally sensitive and (3) societal values are less important than local values in determining which influence actions principals employ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study of school discourse on national day commemorations, focus is on the "social creativity strategies" through which group members can improve their social identity. Discourse analysis was carried out on thirty-nine teachers' speeches delivered in Greek schools between 1998 and 2004. The speakers scorn rationality and logic, stereotypically attributed to "the West" (a "West" which is perceived not to include Greece), as cold and not human. The Greeks' successful national struggles are presented instead as the result of irrationality. They claim irrationality to be the most human and thus the most valuable quality, which places Greece first in the world hierarchy. The results are further discussed in terms of their implications for learning and teaching in the classroom, as well as for policy and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the ethnic and civic components of the early Zionist movement. The debate over whether Zionism was an Eastern-ethnic nationalist movement or a Western-civic movement began with the birth of Zionism. The article also investigates the conflict that broke out in 1902 surrounding the publication of Herzl's utopian vision, Altneuland. Ahad Ha'am, a leader of Hibbat Zion and ‘Eastern’ cultural Zionism, sharply attacked Herzl's ‘Western’ political Zionism, which he considered to be disconnected from the cultural foundations of historical Judaism. Instead, Ahad Ha'am supported the Eastern Zionist utopia of Elchanan Leib Lewinsky. Hans Kohn, a leading researcher of nationalism, distinguished between ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ nationalist movements. He argued that Herzl's political heritage led the Zionist movement to become an Eastern-ethnic nationalist movement. The debate over the character of Jewish nationalism – ethnic or civic – continues to engage researchers and remains a topic of public debate in Israel even today. As this article demonstrates, the debate between ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ Zionism has its foundations in the origins of the Zionist movement. A close look at the vision held by both groups challenges Kohn's dichotomy as well as his understanding of the Zionist movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers Jack Goody's studies of Islam in their various contexts. It starts with a consideration of Goody's comparative historico-anthropological studies of specific topics such as flowers, cuisine, and kinship and the family, and of his studies of wider range and broader import. It analyses the elements and main thrust of his historical approach, paying attention to the conception of comparativism he uses, placing these in the context of current debates on method. It then moves on to Islamic material incorporated into these studies, and seeks to place them in the context of his work overall. Finally, the essay discusses works Goody devoted specifically to Islam and seeks to draw out the relationship between his views of Islamic history and of contemporary Islam and his comparative historical sociology of civilizations, and measures his more recent views of Islam against his overall approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Conference was organized and supported by: Nei Dan School (European School of Internal Martial Arts), NIB (Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Institute of Cardiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna), WACIMA (Worldwide Association Chinese Internal Martial Arts), Arti D'Oriente (Magazine of Eastern culture and traditions), Nuovo Orizzonte (Taiji Quan School in Florence), Samurai (Journal on Martial Arts), and Pinus (First National Institute for the Unification of Medical Strategies). Nei Dan School (www.taichineidan.com, neidan@libero.it) was in charge of the organization. Future meetings of the Centro studi 'Tao and Science' will take place in spring 2007 in Firenze and in October 2007 in Bologna. For information: E-mail: neidan@ libero.it; web site: www.taichineidan.com, www.taoandscience.com [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing and comparing the various conventional and revisionist narratives on what is known as the 'Tatar Yoke', this article aims to show that Western historiography has long been critical of the dominant negative view on the Tatar-Mongol rule over Russian principalities and that in Russia we find similar revisions in history - with some exceptions - only in post-Soviet times. This article aims to demonstrate how the revisionist views on the Tatar-Mongol rule contributed to the political and cultural transformation of contemporary Russia. In the part which analyses the revisionist discourse in Russia the emphasis lies on the new Tatar narrative. For Tatars the new interpretation of the Tatar-Mongol rule is of outstanding importance because it functions as a means to enhance Tatar national pride, and it contributes to Tatarstan's sovereignty project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature plays a major role as a repository of transformable memory and as a terrain where collective identity can be shaped and negotiated. This paper looks at literary representations of Dido, Cleopatra and Elizabeth I: three queens, three figurations of power in its uneasy connection with the varied discourse of womanliness – to illustrate how they have entered the cultural memory of western civilisation, forging and re-forging its self-image. In a crucial passage of Roman history, Dido and Cleopatra are clearly linked in Virgil's founding epic of the Augustan age, and the Carthaginian queen's story is a significant tessera in the past created by the narration of Aeneas's adventures, contributing powerfully to the establishment of the image of Cleopatra still prevalent in western culture. In Tudor England, with reference both to the creation of Britain's ‘Roman’ past and to the vexing question of a female sovereign, once again literature plays a major role in highlighting the political implications of the two oriental queens, as they are re-signified to become – by analogy and/or opposition – figures of Elizabeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]