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Patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia can present with a multitude of symptoms caused by telangiectasia and arteriovenous malformations in the nose, brain, gastrointestinal tract, liver and spinal cord. Clinicians should be aware of the potential diagnosis of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and how to manage these patients both in the acute and chronic setting. Identifying these patients and optimising their management can help reverse the reduced life expectancy back to that of the normal population.The management of these patients is complex and often requires a multidisciplinary approach, with difficult discussions to be had around screening for arteriovenous malformations and genetic testing. The stepwise management ladder can be used in both the medical and surgical strategies; there are multiple pharmacological and surgical options available, all with their own side effects and risks.Patient education is key to help informed decision making. This article outlines the clinical characteristics of the disease and management options available.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and other characteristics of author self-citations in six Turkey-originated general otorhinolaryngology (ORL) journals of Turkish ORL literature. Methods: A total of 970 articles published in six Turkey-originated general ORL journals (ENT Updates, Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery, KBB-Forum, Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology, The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, and Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology) in 2016-2020 were analyzed for author self-citations. The association between author self-citations and journal types, study types, study topics, country of origin, and compatibility with the topic were also evaluated. Results: There were 265 author self-citations (0.273 per article) which corresponded to 1.36% of all citations. There was no significant difference between the journal types, study topics, and origin of the studies in terms of mean self-citation values per study, whereas case reports had significantly lower self-citations than review and original investigations. There were three citations (1.1%) that were irrelevant to the study topic. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the practice of author self-citation in Turkish ORL literature. Author self-citation rate in the Turkish-originated general ORL journals was found remarkably lower than the medical literature, whereas the self-citations were found compatible with the study topic to a very large extent. Members of the scientific community including authors, readers, and journal editors should be cautious regarding the unethical practices of self-citations.

Background and Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the variations in the speech range profile (SRP) of patients affected by cognitive decline. Methods We collected the data of patients managed for suspected voice and speech disorders, and suspected cognitive impairment. Patients underwent an Ear Nose and Throat evaluation and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). To obtain SRP, we asked the patients to read 18 sentences twice, at their most comfortable pitch and loudness as they would do in daily conversation, and recorded their voice on to computer software. Results The study included 61 patients. The relationship between the MMSE score and SRP parameters was established. Increased severity of the MMSE score resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the average values of the semitones to the phonetogram, and the medium and maximum sound pressure levels (p

Unanticipated complications of ENT surgeries may have profound functional and esthetic consequences for patients. Herein, we provide a broad overview of postoperative complications after ENT surgery, illustrating their unique nature, impact, and principles of management. The discussion is organized by subspecialty to highlight the great anatomic complexity of the head and neck and the importance of critical neurovascular and sensory structures that make ENT an impactful, yet challenging surgical specialty.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) originated in Wuhan, China and has increased rapidly globally, making it a global pandemic. It is proven to spread via respiratory droplets of positive patients. As we are not aware of the COVID 19 status of all patients coming to the OutPatient Department (OPD), it is advisable to consider every patient as COVID 19 positive and take the essential precautions to avoid infection. All health care workers, especially otorhinolaryngologists, respiratory medicine physicians, and general medicine physicians, are more exposed to the virus daily, as they work closely with COVID 19 positive patients while treating them. Otorhinolaryngologists deal with patients' nasal and oral cavities daily, making them one of the most exposed categories of health-care workers. Thus, it is extremely important to remain vigilant when examining patients in OPD wards and performing surgeries in the operating room. Hence, proper knowledge is required of the healthcare system's guidelines in each country to prevent the spread of the infection in the medical and paramedical workers. As the disease is spreading rapidly and changing constantly, these recommendations and guidelines may change as the scenario changes. It is of utmost importance to remain up to date with the upcoming guidelines for our healthcare workers' safety. This article aims to provide an overview of guidelines for the safe practice of ENT that we follow in our tertiary care center, thus minimizing our exposure to COVID-19.

Objectives. Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic inflammatory disease with extrathoracic manifestations, most commonly affecting the young and middle-aged, female and black populations. Diagnosis usually requires evidence of non-caseating granulomata and, when treated, prognosis is usually favourable. We aim to establish the incidence, clinical features and optimal treatment of ENT manifestations of this disease. Design. We performed a review of the literature to determine the evidence-base supporting this. Results. ENT manifestations are present in 10-15% of patients with sarcoidosis, often as a presenting feature, and require vigilance for swift recognition and coordinated additional treatment specific to the organ. Laryngeal sarcoidosis presents with difficulty in breathing, dysphonia and cough, and may be treated by Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) or intralesional injection, dilatation or tissue reduction. Nasal disease presents with crusting, rhinitis, nasal obstruction and anosmia, usually without sinus involvement. It is treated by topical nasal or intralesional treatments but may also require endoscopic sinus surgery, laser treatment or even nasal reconstruction. Otological disease is uncommon but includes audiovestibular symptoms, both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, and skin lesions. Conclusions. The consequences of ENT manifestations of sarcoidosis can be uncomfortable, disabling and even life threatening. Effective management strategies require good diagnostic skills and use of specific therapies combined with established treatments such as corticosteroids. Comparisons of treatment outcomes are needed to establish best practice in this area.

Purpose: Early evidence supports the safety and efficiency of extended scope speech-language pathology (SLP) clinics designed to manage low risk ear nose and throat (ENT) outpatient referrals, howe...

Background/Aims The electronic ‘choose and book’ referral system can lead to patients being allocated to inappropriate ear, nose and throat sub-specialty clinics. Internal re-referrals to the more appropriate sub-specialty clinic is inefficient, leads to wasted appointments and is frustrating for both clinicians and patients. This study aimed to implement a nurse-led vetting system to ensure that new referrals were sent to the appropriate sub-specialty for their first appointment. Methods A team of three nurses were given guidelines and trained to assess GP referrals so that they could re-allocate inappropriate referrals to more appropriate sub-specialty ear, nose and throat clinics before their first appointment. The number of referrals that were re-allocated was calculated. Results Implementing a nurse-led vetting system of GP referrals led to 110/400 (28%) of cases being re-allocated to a more suitable sub-specialty clinic before initial consultation. The expertise of the nurse-led team was found to be sufficient, particularly when supplemented with additional training, to perform this task. Conclusions Nurse-led vetting of choose and book referrals is an efficient way of checking referrals to ensure that patients are sent to the appropriate clinic. This can increase the overall efficiency of the clinic and prevent the wasting of time and resources on inappropriate referrals.

Dynamic laryngoscopy during noninvasive (NIV) respiratory therapy is feasible and may facilitate optimal and individualized treatment in patients with chronic respiratory failure, also in children.

To investigate the feasibility of using an extended scope (ES) audiology service to provide care to non-urgent adult patients waiting for an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) appointment.Based on suitability criteria developed by the Audiology and ENT departments, an internal review of the ENT wait list identified patients who would be suitable for an ES audiology clinic.220 non-urgent patients on the ENT wait list with hearing loss and/or tinnitus.A total of 220 patients were transferred from the ENT wait list to the ES audiology clinic: 200 (90.9%) were seen by the ES Audiologist and 20 (9.1%) patients self-discharged or did not attend the appointment. Out of the 200 patients seen, 175 (87.5%) were assessed, managed and discharged without the need for input from an Otologist. The remaining 25 (12.5%) patients needed an Otologist's input.This study has demonstrated the feasibility of an ES audiology clinic in a tertiary teaching hospital. Of those seen by ES audiologist, 87.5% were discharged from the ENT wait list without medical intervention. This model may represent an effective alternative pathway for lengthy outpatient waiting list management whilst providing patients with timely access to care.

Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) is a common emergency case found in the emergency room. On 2016, it was found that 689 patients admitted to RSUD Dr. Soetomo’s emergency room due to foreign bodies on their ear, nose, or throat. This study aims to determine the profile of patients with foreign bodies on their ear, nose, or throat that admitted to Emergency Room, RSUD Dr. Soetomo in 2018. This type of research was a retrospective study using medical records of patients. The total of patients in this study was 802 patients. It was found that the most common foreign bodies was found on ear with 342 cases (42.64%), followed by nose with 265 cases (33.04%), and lastly throat with 195 cases (24.31%). The most common patients age group was 0-10 years with 376 cases (46.88%), followed by patients with age group more than 50 years with 93 cases (11.60%). There were more males patients with 445 patients (55.49%) rather than women with 357 patients (44.51%). The most common foreign bodies on ear was cotton with 173 cases (50.58%). The most common foreign bodies on nose was bead with 137 cases (51.70%). The most common foreign bodies on throat was fish bone with 166 cases (85.13%). The standard procedure for patients with foreign bodies was with extraction, extra procedure may be needed according to the condition of patients. Most of the patients showed no complication after the treatment. Keywords: foreign bodies; the ear, nose, and throat (ENT), profile of patients

Background: Ear, nose, and throat infections are serious public health concerns affecting patients of all ages. They can affect hearing difficulties, speech, phonation, breathing, swallowing, smell, taste, and other respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to determine the pattern of otolaryngological head and neck diseases seen at Qassim University outpatient clinics, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted in outpatient clinics at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. This study involved 2,596 patients treated by otolaryngologists from January 2018 to December 2020. The data were extracted from patients\' digital files, and all analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: This study included 2,596 patients (64% male, 36% female) with a mean age of 34.5 years (range: 1-90 years). Nose diseases were most frequently seen (47.7%), followed by ear diseases (38.2%). Allergic rhinitis (AR) was the most commonly treated nose problem (20.1%). In the multivariate regression model, deviated nasal septum was more likely to be seen in men than women. Moreover, the presence of a deviated nasal septum, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, rhinitis, and laryngitis were more likely to be associated with an older age group (>35 years). Conclusion: The prevalence of ear nose throat diseases was higher in men than in women. The most commonly treated age group was 18-30 years. More studies on AR and other disorders need to be conducted to determine local risk factors. Healthcare managers and medical educators are advised to review these data to provide excellent care and education.

Background Persistent throat symptoms are commonly attributed to ‘laryngopharyngeal reflux’. Despite a limited evidence base, these symptoms are increasingly being treated in primary care with proton pump inhibitors. Objective To assess the value of proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with persistent throat symptoms. Design This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised Phase III trial. Setting This was a multicentre UK trial in eight UK ear, nose and throat departments. Participants A total of 346 participants aged ≥ 18 years with persistent throat symptoms and a Reflux Symptom Index score of ≥ 10, exclusive of the dyspepsia item, were recruited. Intervention Random allocation (1 : 1 ratio) to either 30 mg of lansoprazole twice daily or matched placebo for 16 weeks. Main outcome measure Symptomatic response (i.e. total Reflux Symptom Index score after 16 weeks of therapy). Results A total of 1427 patients were screened and 346 were randomised. The mean age was 52 years (standard deviation 13.7 years, range 20–84 years); 150 (43%) participants were male and 196 (57%) were female; 184 (53%) participants had a mild Reflux Symptom Index minus the heartburn/dyspepsia item and 162 (47%) had a severe Reflux Symptom Index minus the heartburn/dyspepsia item. A total of 172 patients were randomised to lansoprazole and 174 were randomised to placebo. Main outcomes A total of 267 participants completed the primary end-point visit (lansoprazole, n = 127; placebo, n = 140), of whom 220 did so between 14 and 20 weeks post randomisation (‘compliant’ group); 102 received lansoprazole and 118 received placebo. The mean Reflux Symptom Index scores at baseline were similar [lansoprazole 22.0 (standard deviation 8.0), placebo 21.7 (standard deviation 7.1), overall 21.9 (standard deviation 7.5)]. The mean Reflux Symptom Index scores at 16 weeks reduced from baseline in both groups [overall 17.4 (standard deviation 9.9), lansoprazole 17.4 (standard deviation 9.9), placebo 15.6 (standard deviation 9.8)]. Lansoprazole participants had estimated Reflux Symptom Index scores at 16 weeks that were 1.9 points higher (worse) than those of placebo participants (95% confidence interval –0.3 to 4.2; p adj = 0.096), adjusted for site and baseline severity. Secondary outcomes Ninety-five (43%) participants achieved a Reflux Symptom Index score in the normal range (n = 109; placebo, n = 117), of whom 181 were ‘compliant’. The mean Reflux Symptom Index scores at 12 months reduced from baseline in both groups [lansoprazole 16.0 (standard deviation 10.8), placebo 13.6 (standard deviation 9.6), overall 14.7 (standard deviation 10.2)]. A total of 87 (48%) participants achieved a Reflux Symptom Index score in the normal range at 12 months: 33 (40%) in the lansoprazole group and 54 (55%) in the placebo group. Likewise, the Comprehensive Reflux Symptom Score and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux – Health Related Quality of Life total scores and subscales all showed very similar changes in the lansoprazole and placebo cohorts at both 16 weeks and 12 months. Limitations Drop-out rate and compliance are issues in pragmatic clinical trials. The Trial Of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Throat Symptoms (TOPPITS) aimed to detect clinically relevant difference with 90% power. The 346 randomised participants reduced to 283 at the primary end point; 267 completed the primary outcome measure, 220 within the protocol time scale. Despite this, the powers to detect the clinically relevant difference in Reflux Symptom Index score at 16 weeks were 82% (compliant comparison) and 89% (pragmatic comparison). The lack of difference between lansoprazole and placebo is generalisable across NHS clinics. Conclusions Participants on lansoprazole did not report significantly better outcomes than participants on placebo on any of the three patient-reported outcome tools (Reflux Symptom Index, Comprehensive Reflux Symptom Score and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux – Health Related Quality of Life). This multicentre, pragmatic, powered, definitive Phase III trial found no evidence of benefit for patients by treating persistent throat symptoms with lansoprazole. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN38578686 and EudraCT number 2013-004249-17. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

This retrospective study, the first of its kind in Mauritania, was carried out at the military hospital of Nouakchott. We sought to approximate the epidemio-logical, anatomopathological profile of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and cervico-facial (CF) cancers in Mauritania. Over a period of two years, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, we noted 36 histologically confirmed cases, they represented 15.47% of all patients consulted in ENT and CF cancers affected the age group between 25 and 70 years, the age group most affected was that of 50 and 59 years, with 33.33% of cases. More affected in the proportion of 2 men to women, which can be explained by the risk factors mainly found in men, including smoking. First rank was cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract, the pharyngolarynx in head. Histologically, ENT and CF cancers were dominated by squamous cell carcinomas 78%, well ahead of papillary carcinomas 8% and vesicular thyroid carcinomas 5%, UCNTs, adenosquamous carcinomas and lymphomas each represented 3%.

Background: Community-based audiology service is new to the Singapore’s health-care landscape. Cases deemed unsuitable to remain under audiologists’ management in the community are referred to ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists. Objectives: Analysis of the clinical profiles for these referred cases revealed the local community burden of otological and auditory conditions. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional pilot study. Clinical records of 375 patients who were seen by audiologists at a community-based mobile hearing clinic (MHC) and warranted ENT specialist referrals were extracted for descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 83.73% ( n=314) of patients attended their ENT appointments as advised by audiologists. Most patients (57.07%, n=234) had one condition diagnosed by the ENT specialist. One patient had four ENT conditions. Twenty-two types of otological conditions were diagnosed. Chronic suppurative otitis media, otitis externa, impacted cerumen and otitis media with effusion made up the four most frequently seen conditions in this subgroup. Twelve types of auditory conditions were diagnosed, with asymmetrical hearing loss topping the list. Sixteen types of other ENT conditions were diagnosed. Four incidental findings of vestibular schwannoma were reported. Conclusion: Many of the otological conditions diagnosed were chronic. Auditory conditions were predominantly hearing loss. Yet, they were found unnoticed or untreated by patients at the time of their visit to the MHC. This community-based audiology clinic had a catalytic effect on promoting timely or even early otological/hearing diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the prevailing ENT conditions of our wider population indicates the potential for growing community-based hearing health-care provision.

Problem description Otorhinolaryngology services are not available in all hospitals and atraumatic epistaxis is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). Not all ED staff are experienced in managing epistaxis and there appeared to be a high rate of re-bleeding after treatment provided. We aimed to improve outcome for ED patients presenting with atraumatic epistaxis and staff conditions by creating a Departmental pathway outlining a management plan and ensuring all equipment needed was readily available. Methods A retrospective 6-month audit was done to assess current management and re-bleed percentage rates post nasal packing. A team was assembled, stocked a trolley, created an Atraumatic epistaxis ED pathway and promoted its use by staff. Repeated Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were undertaken. Chosen measures were (1) Reduced re-bleed rates post nasal packing from initial audit levels; (2) Increased nasal packing duration; (3) Improved qualitative feedback by ED doctors (4) 100% E.N.T. trolley stock. Results Audit showed minimal use of vasoconstrictor spray, a 7-hour mean nasal pack duration, a re-bleed rate post nasal packing of 39% and staff reports of difficulties accessing items required. After introduction of the E.N.T. trolley, there was positive staff feedback regarding improved availability of treatment items and full stocking of the trolley was achieved after repeated cycles. Following introduction of the Epistaxis pathway and staff education, average re-bleed rates post nasal packing dropped* from 39% to 20% in the first cycle; 21% in the third cycle; 25% in the fourth cycle and 14% in the fifth cycle- (*Isolated re-bleed average of 40% observed in the second cycle). Mean nasal packing duration increased from 7 h to 9, 10, 10, 12 and 8 h in the 2-monthly cycles successively. Conclusion The project's aims of improving epistaxis patients' outcomes and improved convenience for ED staff were achieved.

The article provides a review of the literature, allowing to give a historical basis for the emergence of modern approaches to the physiotherapeutic treatment of ENT diseases. Several main highly effective directions of non-pharmacological action in ENT pathology are presented. Issues of physiotherapeutic treatment, which are focused on correcting complications of the disease or adverse reactions, are discussed. The indications are given for various methods of physiotherapeutic treatment in the pathology of the ENT organs.

Aim Children with middle ear disease often experience lengthy delays waiting for outpatient paediatric ear nose and throat (ENT) services. This study aimed to investigate whether an alternative service delivery model using audiologists working in an expanded scope of practice reduced waiting times for children to access such services. Methods A total of 131 children consecutively referred to a large ENT outpatient service in Queensland, Australia, for middle ear and hearing concerns were prospectively allocated to either a standard ENT service or an advanced audiology (AA)-led service. Waiting times and attendance rates were collected and compared between the two patient groups. Results The median waiting time from referral to first offered appointment was 96 days for children in the AA-led service versus 417.5 days for children in the standard ENT service. Seventy-nine percent of children in the AA-led service attended their first offered appointment versus 61% in the standard ENT service. For children receiving grommets, the median waiting time from initial referral to grommet insertion was 226 days for children in the AA-led service versus 627 days for children in the standard ENT service. Conclusion The AA-led service was an effective alternative pathway to reduce waiting times for children referred to ENT services with middle ear and hearing concerns.

In our study, we evaluated the histopathological examination results of patients with current literature who had diagnosed as oral cavity lesion between 2009-2019 at the SBU Antalya SUAM Ear Nose and Throat Clinic , between 3-105 years of age.The lesions were classified as benign, premalignant and malignant, and the distribution of histopathological diagnoses by localization categories were examined. Statisticaly variables were analyzed. Biopsy procedures and histopathological examination were performed in 1468 cases with oral cavity lesions in a 10-year period. 702 (47.8%) of the patients were male and 766 (52.2%) were female. The patients were between 3 and 105 years old (m: 53.18). 1026 (69.9%) of the cases were benign, 175 (11.9%) were premalignant and 267 (18.2%) were malignant. The most frequent biopsy was taken from the tongue with 490 (33.3%). Followed by Lower lip 480 (32.6%), buccal mucosa 238 (16.2%), gum 132 (8.9%), floor of the mouth 39 (2.6%), upper lip 36 (2.4%), hard palate 33 (2.2%) and retromolar trigon 20 (1.3%). Localization and features of oral cavity lesions detected in Ear Nose and Throat clinic were investigated. Our study has the highest number of patients in the literature. As a result of the study, it was seen that the benign lesions seen more than malignant lesions. Tongue is the most common localization. Histopathological diagnosis has an important place in incidental detection of lesions during outpatient examination., Çalışmamızda SBÜ Antalya SUAM Kulak Burun Boğaz Kliniğinde 3-105 yaş arasındaki, oral kavite lezyonu saptanan hastalarımızdan, biyopsi yapılarak, histopatolojik inceleme sonuçlarının dağılımı güncel literatür eşliğinde değerlendirildi. 2009-2019 yılları arasında oral kavite lezyonu ile başvuran hastalar retrospektif olarak incelendi. Lezyonlar benign, premalign ve malign olarak sınıflandırıldı ve histopatolojik tanıların lokalizasyon bölgelerine göre dağılımları incelendi. Değişkenler, istatistik kullanılarak analiz edildi. 10 yıllık süreçte toplam 1468 oral kavite lezyonlu olgudan biyopsi alınarak, histopatolojik inceleme yapıldığı görüldü. Hastaların 702’si (%47.8) erkek, 766’sı (%52.2) kadındı. Hastalar 3 ile 105 yaş arasındaydı (m:53.18). Olguların 1026 tanesi (%69,9) benign, 175 tanesi (%11.9) premalign, 267 tanesi (%18.2) maligndi. En sık biyopsi 490 adet (%33.3) ile dil’den alınmıştı. Bunu sırasıyla alt dudak 480 adet (%32.6), bukkal mukoza 238 adet (%16,2), gingiva 132 adet (%8.9), ağız tabanı 39 adet (%2.6), üst dudak 36 adet (%2.4), sert damak 33 adet (%2.2), retromolar trigon 20 adet (%1.3) izlemekteydi. Çalışmamızda üçüncü basamak Kulak Burun Boğaz kliniğinde saptanan oral kavite lezyonlarının lokalizasyon dağılımı ve özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmamız yazılı literatürde saptadığımız en yüksek hasta sayısına sahiptir. Yaptığımız çalışmada benign grubun fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Lokalizasyon olarak da en sık görüldüğü yer dildir. Ayaktan başvuran muayene sırasında rastlantısal tespit edilen lezyonlar da dahil olmak üzere histopatolojik tanı önemli yer tutmaktadır.

Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils originating from the Waldeyer ring. Eustachian tubal tonsils, lingual tonsils, palatine tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils are the composition of the lymph glands in the oral cavity and are the waldayer ring's composition. Tonsillectomy is one type of ENT (Ear Nose and Throat) surgery most often performed on children, adolescents, and adults. Tonsillectomy is also a procedure that can be done if there is a chronic infection or a recurring infection. This study aims to determine the characteristics of age, sex, tonsillar size of Tonsillitis patients in Tonsillectomy at Pertamina Bintang Amin Hospital in Bandar Lampung. Method: The research method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis method with data taken retrospectively. The source of the research data is secondary data obtained from medical records of patients diagnosed with Tonsilitis in Tonsillectomy at Pertamina Bintang Amin Hospital in Bandar Lampung. A total of 92 patients. Data collection in November 2019 - finished. Analysis through univariate analysis. The results show the characteristics of Tonsillitis Patients in Tonsillectomy in Pertamina Bintang Amin Hospital are 12-25 years of age (52.5%) and 6-11 years of age 30 (3 2.6%) and ages 26-45 5 years (5.4%) and ages 46 - 65 years 3 (3.3%), with 50 (54.3%) female and 42 (45.3%) men, with T3 tonsil size was 47 (51.1%), and T2 size was 27 (29.3%), and T4 was 18 (19.6), and T1 was 0 (0%). Characteristics of Tonsillitis Patients in Tonsillectomy at Pertamina Bintang Amin Hospital in Bandar Lampung, the most age was 12-25 years old, and the most sex is in women, the most tonsil size in T3 size was 47 people.

Kulak, burun ve boğaz (KBB) hastalıkları ve tedavi yöntemleri ile ilgili çalışmalar beşeri hekimlikte çok olmasına rağmen veteriner hekimlikte oldukça az yapılmakta ve ihmal edilebilmektedir. Hayvanlarda KBB hastalıklarında genellikle antibiyotikler tercih edilmektedir. Ancak, antibiyotiklerin aşırı ve yanlış kullanımından dolayı çoklu antibiyotik direnci geliştiren mikroorganizmalardan ileri gelen enfeksiyonlarda artış görülmektedir. KBB hastalıklarında kullanılan diğer ilaç grubu antiseptiklerdir. Antiseptik olarak kullanılan maddelere karşı gelişen bakteriyel direnç antibiyotiklere göre daha kısıtlıdır. Hayvanlarda KBB rahatsızlıklarının tedavisinde antiseptik özellileri bulunan maddelerin kullanımı üzerine çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı kalmıştır. Hatta sahada bu maddelerin ampirik olarak kullanılmasına rağmen literatürde bu maddelerin KBB üzerine etkilerinin incelendiği çalışmalar bulunmamaktadır. Bu derlemede hayvanların KBB hastalıkları için hem sahada hem de literatürde kullanılması önerilen antiseptik maddelerin özelliklerinden bahsedilmiştir.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can be a very distressing side effect following general anaesthesia. Patients and health care professionals report the avoidance of PONV is of equal or sometimes even greater concern than avoidance of postoperative pain.1 It can result in increased morbidity, delay in hospital discharge and unexpected hospital re-admission, thereby increasing the total medical costs2. Moreover, PONV has been a major cause of decreased patient satisfaction3. There are several physiologic complications of nausea and vomiting that are of concern to the anaesthesiologist. Some of them being visceral wound dehiscence, electrolyte disorders, raised venous pressure leading to bleeding, rise in intraocular and intracranial tension and aspiration pneumonia especially in the sedated post-operative patient.

Airway emergencies comprise a diverse group of conditions, which affect upper and lower airways, and have potential for rapid deterioration and lethal outcome unless managed promptly and efficiently. The latter depends on individual skills and effective interaction between anaesthetists, ENT surgeons and other members of the team.