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This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and glaucoma progression in eyes with disc hemorrhage (DH) in the region of peripapillary atrophy (PPA) or DH in temporal region among glaucoma patients with myopia. One hundred ninety-six eyes of 196 glaucoma patients with myopia who were observed at least 4 years and had more than six visual field (VF) tests were included. Eyes with DHs located in the optic disc region at the superotemporal or inferotemporal locations were defined as typical DH. PPA area, disc ovality ratio, and disc torsion were measured. Length of γ-zone PPA, distance from disc edge to fovea, angle of scleral bending were measured using optical coherence tomography. Comparison of baseline characteristics between eyes with and without DH in PPA/DH in temporal region showed similar axial length (26.95 ± 1.60 mm; 26.82 ± 1.07 mm). γ-zone PPA was longer and angle of scleral bending was larger in eyes with DH in PPA/DH in temporal region (both p ≤ 0.001). Longer γ-zone PPA (β = 1.001; p = 0.018) and larger angle of scleral bending (β = 1.033; p = 0.008) were associated with presence of DH in PPA/DH in temporal region using logistic regression analysis. Eyes with DH in PPA/DH in temporal region had a smaller mean deviation slope of VF, a larger disc ovality ratio, a longer γ-zone PPA, and a larger PPA area when compared to those of eyes typical DH. VF progression was associated with absence of DH in PPA/DH in temporal region (p = 0.030) and larger angle of scleral bending (p = 0.019) using Cox proportional hazards model. DH in PPA/DH in temporal region was associated with stretching and deformation of sclera that may be result from myopic changes. Associated factors with VF progression was the degree of scleral deformation, not the presence of DH in PPA/DH in temporal region, showing that DH related to scleral deformation may possess clinical significance in glaucoma with myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Ocular hemorrhages (OHs) may cause visual disturbances and incidence vary from 18 to 39% in newborns. Precipitated/instrumental delivery and perinatal asphyxia were predefined risk factors. Acidosis can interfere with coagulation and disrupt the pressure of ocular capillaries and put infants with moderate acidosis with or without hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy at risk for OH. We aimed to evaluate the OH in neonates with fetal acidosis. Study Design Neonates >34 weeks are included if pH < 7.10 and BE < −12 mmol/L within the first hour. Ophthalmologic examinations for retinal (RH), vitreous, and anterior chamber (hyphema) hemorrhage were done within the third day. RH was staged according to Egge's classification. Follow-up of the patients was continued until the age of 2. Clinical characteristics of newborns were analyzed. Results Sixty-two neonates (38 ± 2.3 weeks, 2,971 ± 612 g) were included. pH = 6.91 ± 0.16, BE = − 17.2 ± 5.3 mmol/L. OH was found in 22 (36.7%) neonates (hyphema n = 2, vitreous n = 2, RH n = 21). Thirty-eight eyes with RH were staged (Stage 3: n = 15 [39.5%]; Stage 2: n =11 [28.9%]; Stage 1: n = 12 [31.6%]). Vaginal delivery (OR: 4.9, 95% CI [1.4–17.8]) and advanced resuscitation at the delivery room (OR: 8.8; 95% CI [1.9–41.7]) were found to increase the risk of RH. Conclusion Approximately one-third of neonates with moderate to severe acidosis exhibited RH when examined on the third day. Contrary to previous studies that reported mild RH in otherwise healthy neonates, our findings revealed that neonates with moderate to severe acidosis predominantly presented with Stage 3 RH. While the higher incidence of RH in vaginally delivered infants is consistent with previous studies, the identification of advanced resuscitation as a risk factor is a new addition to the literature. The findings in our study highlight the importance of retinal examination in neonates with acidosis in the presence of intubation during resuscitation. Key Points One-third of neonates with moderate to severe acidosis exhibited RH. Stage 3 RH was identified as the most prevalent. Advanced resuscitation was identified as an independent risk factor for RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition characterized by vivid, complex visual hallucinations in individuals with visual impairment. Despite its prevalence among the elderly and those with degenerative eye diseases, CBS remains underdiagnosed and undertreated due to a lack of awareness and misconceptions surrounding its etiology and management. Case Report A 51-year-old man presented to the emergency room after falling off his bicycle without wearing a helmet. Head imaging revealed a small right frontoparietal traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with an associated trace subdural hematoma along the right parietal convexity. Subsequently, he developed non-light perceiving vision loss, after which he began experiencing visual hallucinations. Conclusion CBS is frequently overlooked or left untreated. Research on diagnosing and managing CBS following head trauma is limited. Therefore, clear diagnostic criteria for CBS and a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms are needed to improve diagnosis and management strategies.

Avacincaptad pegol (IZERVAYTM), a complement C5 inhibitor, is a promising new treatment option for patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In phase 2/3 (GATHER1) and phase 3 (GATHER2) trials in adults with non-center point involving GA secondary to AMD, monthly intravitreal injection of avacincaptad pegol demonstrated a significant reduction in GA lesion growth rate over a period of 12 months. There were no significant differences in the mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and low-luminance BCVA between the avacincaptad pegol and sham groups. Avacincaptad pegol was generally well tolerated, with the most common adverse reactions being conjunctival hemorrhage, increased intraocular pressure, blurred vision, and choroidal neovascularization. Preliminary data from the 24-month analyses of GATHER2 have shown continued efficacy up to 24 months. Plain Language Summary: Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease that leads to the progressive, irreversible loss of vision. Overactivation of the complement system is associated with the progression of GA; thus, complement inhibitors have been investigated as a treatment for GA. Complement C5 is one of the proteins in the complement cascade that initiates the downstream actions that lead to retina cell death. Avacincaptad pegol (IZERVAYTM) is a complement C5 inhibitor approved in the USA for the treatment of GA secondary to AMD. Administered by intravitreal injection to each affected eye once a month for 12 months, avacincaptad pegol significantly reduced the rate of GA lesion growth in patients with GA secondary to AMD in clinical trials. However, there were no significant differences in visual acuity between the avacincaptad pegol and sham groups. The efficacy of avacincaptad pegol is sustained up to 24 months. Avacincaptad pegol is generally well tolerated. Avacincaptad pegol is a promising new treatment option for patients with GA secondary to AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease. Background: Terson's syndrome (TS) is a medical condition characterized by intraocular bleeding that can lead to visual impairment and is associated to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The pathophysiology and natural history are not well established in the current literature. This report describes successful treatment of a 52-year-old man with aneurysmal SAH who developed late-onset TS using balloon-assisted coiling and vitrectomy to raise awareness of this important complication of aneurysmal SAH. Case Report: A 52-year-old smoker with no known past medical history presented to the emergency department with a sudden, severe headache that worsened with photophobia and phonophobia. The patient had a diffuse SAH and underwent an embolization procedure. After 48 hours of close Intensive Care Unit monitoring, the patient's vital signs were stable, and the GCS score was consistently 15/15. However, after 3 weeks in the hospital, the patient experienced blurred vision and a right upper quadrantanopia. Further examination revealed TS and the patient underwent a vitrectomy in 1 eye. The surgery was successful and the eye recovered to 20/20 with no complications. However, the other eye showed slow absorption of the hemorrhage, and a vitrectomy was scheduled for that eye as well. Conclusions: TS is a complication of aneurysmal SAH that can lead to vision loss and increased morbidity. It often goes undiagnosed, and ophthalmologists are not regularly consulted. Late manifestation of the condition is exemplified by the present case. Early detection and intervention are crucial for better patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to compare the clinical outcomes of deep sclerectomy and trabeculectomy surgeries, both utilizing 5-fluorouracil. Methods: In this study, 11 eyes of 10 patients (14.3%) in the deep sclerectomy group and 66 eyes of 61 patients (85.7%) in the trabeculectomy group were retrospectively examined. Success in intraocular pressure (IOP) was defined as being below 21 mmHg without medication, partially successful if achieved below 21 mmHg with a single molecule, considered less successful with two to four molecules for maintaining IOP below 21 mmHg, and deemed unsuccessful if IOP exceeded 21 mmHg. Results: The deep sclerectomy group showed a success rate of 81.8% on post-operative day 1, with 18.2% considered unsuccessful; at post-operative 6 months, the success rate was 12.5%, with 50% partially successful and 37.5% less successful. In the trabeculectomy group, the success rate was 97% on post-operative day 1, with 3% considered unsuccessful; at post-operative 6 months, the success rate was 60.8%, with 15.7% partially successful, 13.7% less successful, and 9.8% unsuccessful. Trabeculectomy patients experienced complications such as choroidal detachment (6.1%), shallow anterior chamber (4.5%), tight suturing (3%), internal ostium occlusion (3%), posterior synechia (3%), bleb failure (1.5%), cyclodialysis/iridodialysis (1.5%), and hyphema (1.5%). In the deep sclerectomy group, tight suturing (36.3%), and dellen (9.09%) were observed, with no other complications reported. Conclusion: Trabeculectomy surgery has been observed to be superior to deep sclerectomy in follow-ups up to 48 months postoperatively. However, it is noted that there is a higher risk of post-operative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation in the medium‐ to long‐term follow‐up of patients with open‐angle glaucoma. The secondary objective is to analyze laser flare meter (LFM) values before and after PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation. Methods. This prospective, observational, longitudinal single‐center study included a total of 62 eyes from 54 patients. A subgroup of 27 eyes (26 patients) reached the 12‐month follow‐up. Success was defined based on three criteria: criterion A: IOP ≤21 mmHg and ≥20% reduction; criterion B: IOP ≤15 mmHg and ≥25% reduction; and criterion C: IOP ≤12 mmHg and ≥30% reduction. Success was further categorized as complete if achieved without IOP‐lowering medications and qualified if achieved with medication administration. Other aspects evaluated included the number of IOP‐lowering medications (baseline and postoperative), development of postoperative complications, 5‐FU injections or implant revision, and LFM values. Results. The 12‐month follow‐up group (27 patients) was composed by 50% males and had a mean age of 75.54 ± 9.98 years. Success rates at 12 months were as follows: 78% for criterion A, 56% for criterion B, and 26% for criterion C. Complete success, as defined by criterion A, was achieved by 67% of the patients, 29% achieved qualified success, and one eye (4%) experienced failure. IOP decreased from 25.26 ± 1.67 mmHg at baseline to 14.81 ± 0.74 mmHg at 12 months. The number of medications decreased from 3.67 ± 1.30 at baseline to 0.48 ± 0.75 at 12 months. Reported complications were choroidal detachment (11%), hyphema (5%), and athalamia (flat anterior chamber) (2%) 13 eyes (48%) received 5‐FU injections, while 7 eyes (26%) underwent implant revision. No significant increase in LFM values was observed. Eyes with a regular postoperative course and IOP ≤15 mmHg showed significantly lower LFM values than patients with unfavorable outcomes (IOP >15 mmHg, development of complications, 5‐FU injection, or implant revision). Conclusions. PreserFlo MicroShunt showed a significant reduction in IOP and a decrease in the number of IOP‐lowering medications. Complications occurred at a modest frequency. The implant provides a minimally invasive approach with no significant increases in LFM values postoperatively. Higher LFM values correlate with unfavorable postoperative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodsResultsConclusionsTo analyze the clinical spectrum of patients with presumed tubercular uveitis in a referral eye clinic in Qatar.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 50 patients (80 eyes) diagnosed with presumed ocular tuberculosis who presented to the uveitis clinic, department of Ophthalmology Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, from January 2014 till December 2019.Mean age at presentation was 34.5 ± 9.3 years. Forty one patients were males (82%) and 30 patients had bilateral involvement (60%). Forty eyes (50%) had posterior uveitis, 21 eyes (26.3%) intermediate uveitis, 11 eyes (13.7%) panuveitis, and 8 eyes (10%) anterior uveitis. Ocular findings included vitritis in 82.5% of eyes, retinal vasculitis in 46.3% (92% of which were occlusive in nature), multifocal choroiditis in 18.8%, serpiginous-like choroiditis in 11.3%, Most common complications at presentation or during follow-up included macular edema in 32 eyes (40%), preretinal or optic disc neovascularization in 29 eyes (36.3%) and vitreous hemorrhage in 17 eyes (21.3%). Anti-tubercular treatment was provided to 46 patients (92%). Systemic corticosteroids and corticosteroid sparing agents were associated, respectively, in 39 patients (78%) and 14 patients (28%). After 1 year of follow up, inflammation was controlled, with a significant improvement in visual acuity (p < 0.0001).In Qatar, tubercular uveitis has a broad spectrum of ocular features, with posterior and intermediate uveitis being the most common anatomic forms. Vitritis, multifocal choroiditis without or with a serpiginous-like pattern, and occlusive retinal vasculitis are the most common ocular findings. Main sight-threatening ocular complications are macular edema, posterior segment neovascularization, and vitreous hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of industrialization and high-speed traffic, the incidence of trauma is increasing in general. According to research, ocular trauma is also one of the causes of quite high rates of blindness. A male patient, 35 years old, came to the Bhayangkara Denpasar Eye Clinic initially on October 3 2023 with a complaint. The patient complained of pain in the right eye after being hit by a shuttlecock approximately 1 hour before the patient came to the hospital. Complaints are accompanied by red eyes, blurred vision, pain and watering. The patient said he had not received therapy for his complaint. Denied history of complaints of fever, cough, runny nose, shortness of breath. blunt ocular trauma which causes complications of hyphema and secondary glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Both atrial fibrillation (AF) and amyloidosis increase stroke risk. We evaluated the best anticoagulation strategy in AF patients with coexistent amyloidosis. Methods: Consecutive AF patients with concomitant amyloidosis were divided into two groups based on the postablation stroke‐prophylaxis approach; group 1: left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) in eligible patients and group 2: oral anticoagulation (OAC). Group 1 patients were further divided into Gr. 1A: LAAO + half‐does NOAC (HD‐NOAC) for 6 months followed by aspirin 81 mg/day and Gr. 1B: LAAO + HD‐NOAC. In group 1 patients, with complete occlusion at the 45‐day transesophageal echocardiogram, patients were switched to aspirin, 81 mg/day at 6 months. In case of leak, or dense "smoke" in the left atrium (LA) or enlarged LA, they were placed on long‐term half‐dose (HD) NOAC. Group 2 patients remained on full‐dose NOAC during the whole study period. Results: A total of 92 patients were included in the analysis; group 1: 56 and group 2: 36. After the 45‐day TEE, 31 patients from group 1 remained on baby‐aspirin and 25 on HD NOAC. At 1‐year follow‐up, four stroke, one TIA and six device‐thrombus were reported in group 1A, compared to none in patients in group 1B (5/31 vs. 0/25, p =.03). No bleeding events were reported in group 1, whereas group 2 had five bleeding events (one subdural hematoma, one retinal hemorrhage, and four GI bleedings). Additionally, one stroke was reported in group 2 that happened during brief discontinuation of OAC. Conclusion: In patients with coexistent AF and amyloidosis, half‐dose NOAC following LAAO was observed to be the safest stroke‐prophylaxis strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainties and controversies surround "shaken baby syndrome" or infant "abusive head trauma". We explore Vinaccia v The Queen (2022) 70 VR 36; [2022] VSCA 107 and other selected cases from Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. On expert opinion alone, a "triad" of clinical signs (severe retinal haemorrhages, subdural haematoma and encephalopathy) is dogmatically attributed diagnostically to severe deliberate shaking with or without head trauma. However, the evidence for this mechanism is of the lowest scientific level and of low to very low quality and therefore unreliable. Consequently, expert opinion should not determine legal outcomes in prosecuted cases. Expert witnesses should reveal the basis of their opinions and the uncertainties and controversies of the diagnosis. Further, the reliability of admissions of guilt while in custody should be considered cautiously. We suggest abandonment of the inherently inculpatory diagnostic terms "shaken baby syndrome" and "abusive head trauma" and their appropriate replacement with "infantile retinodural haemorrhage". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unobstructed binocular vision is required during the critical period of vision development to obtain optimal visual acuity in each eye and binocular stereopsis. In this article, we report 18-year follow-up of a full-term, otherwise healthy infant noted to have dense premacular hemorrhage occluding the visual axis in the left eye on retinal imaging performed 48 hours after birth. Serial examinations by the retina service were performed weekly for 10 weeks as the hemorrhage resolved spontaneously. Shortly thereafter, visual acuity revealed fixation was present, but the mother noted intermittent left eye esodeviation. At 90 days of life, the infant was seen by pediatric ophthalmology and started on 1 to 2 hours patching of the right eye daily for the esotropia, which was maintained through 24 months. At 18 years of age, the patient had orthophoria alignment, no spectacle correction, vision of 20/20 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye, and normal binocularity and stereopsis. Intermittent esodeviation on the left eye was observed when the patient was fatigued. Early identification of a visual axis occlusion led to prompt referral for the esotropia and initiation of patching therapy. This patient ultimately achieved a very favorable visual functional outcome that may not have been possible without early detection and management. This case report describes the longest-term published follow-up of a neonatal macular hemorrhage. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:354–357.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery is safer and effective surgical modality for patients with glaucoma. To compare the effect of axial length (AL) on the surgical outcomes of combined cataract surgery and ab interno trabeculotomy (phaco-LOT), a retrospective, non-randomized comparative study was performed. Methods: In total, 458 eyes of 458 open-angle glaucoma patients who underwent phaco-LOT and were followed-up without any intervention for at least 6 months were enrolled. All were divided into a long-AL group (AL ≥ 26.0 mm, 123 eyes) and a not-long-AL group (AL < 26.0 mm, 335 eyes). The principal outcomes were the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication scores. We also sought a correlation between postoperative IOP spike and hyphema. Results: Significant postoperative reductions in IOP and medication scores were apparent in all subjects. The IOP reductions were significant at all timepoints in the not-long-AL group, but not until 1 month postoperatively in the long-AL group, and the IOP change was significantly lower in the long-AL group from postoperative day 1 to 3 months. On subanalysis of subjects by age, the microhook used, the pre-operative IOP, and the medication score, a significantly higher incidence of IOP spike was observed in the long-AL group in weeks 1 and 2 (both p < 0.05), but this did not correlate with hyphema status, implying that a different mechanism was in play. Conclusion: Phaco-LOT was effective regardless of AL, but the postoperative IOP decrease was lower and the early postoperative incidence of IOP spike was higher in long-AL eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is an extreme form of physical child abuse, a subset of which is shaken baby syndrome (SBS). While traumatic injury in children is most readily observed as marks of contusion on the body, AHT/SBS may result in internal injuries that can put the life of the child in danger. One pivotal sign associated with AHT/SBS that cannot be spotted with the naked eye is retinal injury (RI), an early sign of which is retinal hemorrhage (RH) in cases with rupture of the retinal vasculature. If not addressed, RI can lead to irreversible outcomes, such as visual loss. It is widely assumed that the major cause of RI is acceleration–deceleration forces that are repeatedly imposed on the patient during abusive shaking. Still, due to the controversial nature of this type of injury, few investigations have ever sought to delve into its biomechanical and/or biochemical features using realistic models. As such, our knowledge regarding AHT-/SBS-induced RI is significantly lacking. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an up-to-date account of the traumatology of AHT-/SBS-induced RI, as well as its biomechanical and biochemical features, while focusing on some of the experimental models that have been developed in recent years for studying retinal hemorrhage in the context of AHT/SBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Pediatric Emergency & Intensive Care Medicine / Çocuk Acil ve Voğun Bakım Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of traumatic hyphema, a condition characterized by bleeding in the front chamber of the eye. It emphasizes the importance of prompt evaluation and careful management to reduce complications. The article discusses screening and treatment recommendations based on evidence-based practices, including the use of medications and surgical interventions. It also highlights the higher incidence of hyphema in males and common causes such as sports and recreation-related injuries. The document is a list of references related to the management of traumatic hyphema, providing further resources for research on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), also known as Chriswick Schepens Syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by failure of vascularization of retinal periphery. This results in variable clinical manifestations such as telangiectasia, hemorrhage, exudation, retinal traction and detachment. Presented herein is a case of a14 year old female who exhibits decrease of vision in right eye since 6 months. Examination shows dragging of disc with tractional band at macula and telangiectatic vessels in temporal retinal periphery. Based on detailed history, clinical examination and investigations, a diagnosis of FEVR is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of 27‐G TSV, or 27‐Gauge Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy, poses distinct difficulties in the context of paediatric patients, particularly those younger than 14 years old, on account of the dearth of exhaustive documentation concerning the efficacy and results of these operations. Therefore, this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 27‐G TSV in paediatric patients, with emphasis on management of intraoperative and postoperative complications and postoperative wound healing. A total of 54 eyes of 52 paediatric patients who underwent 27‐G TSV at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital were included in the study. The average duration of follow‐up was 9.32 ± 3.35 months. The complication with the highest incidence rate was Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD), which was detected in 27.8% cases. Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) and Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV) each accounted for 16.7% of the cases. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) and Vitreous Haemorrhage (VH) constituted 11.1% and 14.8%, respectively, of the reported cases. Lens injury (1.9%), cannula slippage (7.4%) and wound leakage (5.6%) were intraoperative complications. Iatrogenic retinal detachment occurred at 3.7%. Hypotony (10.8% of patients), vitreous haemorrhage (9.3%), cataract formation (9.3%), ocular hypertension (8.1%) and retinal detachment (5.6%) were postoperative complications. Effective management strategies were executed, such as performing in situ trocar puncture to address cannula slippage and promptly suturing to address wound leakage. 27‐G TSV exhibited promise as the therapeutic alternative for range of vitreoretinal disorders in paediatric patients, accompanied by complications that were controllable during and after the procedure. Strict preoperative planning and precise surgical technique are indispensable in order to maximize patient outcomes and guarantee effective wound healing and recovery within this particular demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) in an adult English population. Methods: The Bridlington Eye Assessment Project is a population-based study of eye disease among residents aged 65 years or older. Comprehensive interviews and ophthalmic examinations were conducted to assess potential risk factors. Digital mydriatic nonstereoscopic 30° colour fundus photography (CFP) was performed. ERMs were classified as primary/idiopathic or secondary on the basis of findings from the ocular examination and the structured questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to determine the independence of potential risk factors for idiopathic ERMs. Results: In a comprehensive screening of 3588 patients aged over 65, we identified an eye-based prevalence of ERMs of 4.26% and a subject-based prevalence of ERMs of 6.88%. The majority of these cases were idiopathic in nature (90.7%), while 9.3% were secondary ERMs; predominantly, there was a history of cataract surgery (43.5%). No significant correlation between idiopathic ERMs and factors such as age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, a history of stroke, or the presence of AMD was found. Conclusions: The prevalence of ERMs in an elderly English population and the proportion of idiopathic and secondary ERMs are similar to previous reports. However, in elderly patients aged over 65 years, age is not a risk factor for the presence of idiopathic ERMs. The presence of diabetes, hypertension, a history of stroke, and AMD of any grade was not associated with ERMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Increasing people's knowledge and then changing their attitude and practice with the aim of taking care of their eye health are very important. Considering the importance of the mentioned topic, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice about eye diseases in the general population of the world in the form of a systematic literature review. Materials and Methods: This study was a systematic literature review study, and to do it, a systematic search was conducted in internationally available databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar in the time range of 1998 to 2023. Finally, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, the results of 18 articles were extracted. Results: The findings showed that in general, people's level of knowledge about glaucoma was lower compared to other eye diseases, and the level of knowledge of men and women about eye diseases was different. In addition, the results showed that there was significant relationship between age and knowledge of various eye diseases. The results of all evaluated studies showed that people with higher education have more knowledge about eye diseases. Conclusion: Based on this, it can be concluded that as glaucoma is one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide, it is necessary to plan to increase the level of public knowledge to recognize the symptoms and complications of this disease. In addition to that, it is necessary to increase people's advertisement by ophthalmology centers and eye specialists about the use of glasses and also to encourage people to visit the eye physician regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We report the case of bilateral, subinternal limiting membrane crystalline deposits in a patient with Terson syndrome, describe the possible pathogenesis, and highlight management. Case Presentation. A 24-year-old male with a history of traumatic massive parenchymal and subdural frontal hemorrhage presented to our clinic seven months after a motor vehicle accident, prolonged hospitalization, and rehabilitation, complaining of decreased vision in both eyes. The Snellen visual acuity was 1/60 in the right eye, and 6/60 in the left eye. Fundus examination showed an organized white vitreous hemorrhage in both eyes with almost no view of the retina. The anterior segments were normal. He underwent a 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in both eyes. During the surgery, golden crescent-shaped sediment consisting of small crystals was observed under the internal limiting membrane in both eyes: anterior to the inferior temporal vascular arcade in the right eye and posterior to it in the left eye. Internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling after staining with ILM-blue dye was performed in the left eye, where the finding involved the macula. One year after the surgery, visual acuity significantly improved to 6/8.5 on the right and 6/6 on the left. Epiretinal membrane formation was observed in the right eye, where ILM peeling was not performed. Conclusion. Subinternal limiting membrane crystalline deposit finding is a rare condition. Consider performing internal limiting membrane peeling and sediment removal in cases with macular involvement. In cases where crystals are concentrated outside of the macula, follow-up may be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichinosis is a disease caused by a nematode parasite of the genus Trichinella spp. This zoonosis has been a major public health problem in many countries. The main source of infection in our country is the domestic pig. It is contaminated by eating food scraps containing raw meat infested with Trichinella spp., eating rats, mice or their droppings or by contact with wild animals. Secondary sources of infection are wild boar and bear. Humans get sick after eating meat infested with larvae enclosed in muscle tissue, insufficiently cooked, curd, roast or smoked. The difficulty in establishing the diagnosis is due to the fact that this disease does not manifest itself clinically and does not present pathognomonic signs and the parasite and its larvae are not visible to the naked eye. The main diagnostic method is represented by the trichinelloscopic examination performed by the veterinarian from a sample of meat collected from certain areas, mainly from the diaphragmatic pillars. In humans, the clinical manifestations are represented by fever, diarrhea, muscle pain, facial edema, eye hemorrhages - retinal and subconjunctival and subungual. All organs, meat and by-products obtained from pigs infected with Trichinella spp. are forbidden to be consumed and are destroyed by burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Mutations in the alpha‐B‐crystallin (CRYAB) gene have initially been associated with myofibrillar myopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and cataracts. For the first time, peripheral neuropathy is reported here as a novel phenotype associated with CRYAB. Methods: Whole‐exome sequencing was performed in two unrelated families with genetically unsolved axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT2), assessing clinical, neurophysiological and radiological features. Results: The pathogenic CRYAB variant c.358A>G;p.Arg120Gly was segregated in all affected patients from two unrelated families. The disease presented as late onset CMT2 (onset over 40 years) with distal sensory and motor impairment and congenital cataracts. Muscle involvement was probably associated in cases showing mild axial and diaphragmatic weakness. In all cases, nerve conduction studies demonstrated the presence of an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy along with chronic neurogenic changes on needle examination. Discussion: In cases with late onset autosomal dominant CMT2 and congenital cataracts, it is recommended that CRYAB is considered for genetic testing. The identification of CRYAB mutations causing CMT2 further supports a continuous spectrum of expressivity, from myopathic to neuropathic and mixed forms, of a growing number of genes involved in protein degradation and chaperone‐assisted autophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco use remains a global public health concern, with well-documented detrimental effects on various organ systems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of tobacco consumption on lung disease, oral cavity disease, and eye disease among a cohort of 300 patients. Understanding these associations could provide valuable insights into the multifaceted health risks associated with tobacco use. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data from 300 patients aged 18 to 65 years, at Government medical college Datia. Participants were categorized into two groups: tobacco users and non-users. Data regarding tobacco consumption patterns, medical history, and the presence of lung disease, oral cavity disease, and eye disease were collected through structured interviews and clinical examinations. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were conducted to assess the relationships between tobacco use and the prevalence of the targeted health conditions. Results: Among the participants, 150 were tobacco users and 150 were non-users. The prevalence of lung disease was notably higher among tobacco users (32.7%) compared to non-users (14.0%). Similarly, oral cavity disease was more prevalent in the tobacco user group (26.0%) compared to the non-user group (9.3%). In terms of eye disease, tobacco users exhibited a higher prevalence (18.7%) compared to non-users (7.3%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that tobacco users were at significantly greater odds of having lung disease (OR = 2.91, p < 0.05), oral cavity disease (OR = 3.54, p < 0.01), and eye disease (OR = 2.15, p < 0.05) compared to non-users. Conclusion: This study underscores the alarming association between tobacco consumption and the increased prevalence of lung disease, oral cavity disease, and eye disease. The findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive tobacco cessation programs and public health initiatives to mitigate the risks associated with tobacco use. Efforts aimed at reducing tobacco consumption could lead to substantial improvements in the overall health and well-being of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibrutinib is an oral, first-line, targeted therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Commonly reported adverse events are diarrhea, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain, but rarely it has been associated with visual disturbances. Here, we present a rare case of spontaneous hyphema in a 60-year-old patient with a known diagnosis of CLL on ibrutinib treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular complaints, including acute or subacute vision loss, are commonly encountered in emergency departments (ED). These potentially time-sensitive complaints are difficult to diagnose and evaluate without adequate, specialized equipment and expertise. Additionally, a thorough evaluation often requires a more extensive and specialized physical exam, imaging, and ophthalmologic consultation, all of which may not be readily available in the acute setting. Case presentation: This case report presented a patient in the emergency department with the chief complaint of vision loss. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) using the 10-MHz-linear-array probe, in the ocular setting, demonstrated calcification of the lens, a finding consistent with cataract in the right eye. Conclusions: The use of POCUS can expedite the accurate identification of vision threatening pathology, such as cataracts, and streamline ED disposition and plan of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Symptomatic dry eye disease is a multifactorial ocular surface condition caused by disruption of the precorneal tear film and is a common clinical finding in diabetic patients. However, there was no study on the prevalence and associated factors of symptomatic dry eye disease among diabetic patients in Ethiopia or in the study area.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of symptomatic dry eye disease among adult diabetic patients in Adare General Hospital, Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia, in 2023.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 493 adult diabetic patients who were selected using systematic random sampling, from April 23 to June 8, 2023. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview using an ocular surface disease index questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors potentially associated with symptomatic dry eye disease. Variable with a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 488 subjects participated in this study with a response rate of 99%. The prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease was 34.8% (95% CI = 30.6– 39.1). College and university educational status (AOR = 5.88, 95% CI = 2.25– 15.38), government employed (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.05– 4.68), use of visual display unit > 5 hours (AOR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.51– 12.87), duration of diabetes ≥ 11 years (AOR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.28– 9.90), poor glycemic control (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.21– 3.75), allergic conjunctivitis (AOR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.12– 3.54), and debris in the tear film (AOR = 3.63, 95% CI = 1.53– 8.61) were positively associated with symptomatic dry eye disease.Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease. Higher educational status, government employed, use of visual display unit, longer duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, allergic conjunctivitis, and tear film debris were significantly associated with symptomatic dry eye disease. Breaks in screen use, good glycemic control, and treatment of ocular morbidities such as allergic conjunctivitis and debris in the tear film were recommended for all diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the outcomes of inferior hemisphere 180° gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (hemi-GATT) in patients with moderate-severe stage primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This single center, retrospective study identified patients with POAG who had undergone combined inferior hemi-GATT with phacoemulsification. Patients with moderate-severe staged POAG were included in the study. Outcome measures included surgical success, intraocular pressure (IOP), number of topical IOP-lowering drops, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field mean deviation (MD) and complications. Success was defined using two criteria: Criterion A (IOP <17 mmHg and >20% reduction) and Criterion B (IOP <12 mmHg and >20% reduction). Results: One hundred-twelve eyes of 112 patients were included in this study. Of these, 91 patients were followed for 24 months or greater to assess endpoint surgical success. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for Criterion A demonstrated a 64.8% probability of success without topical IOP-lowering therapy (complete success) and a 93.4% probability of success with or without topical IOP-lowering therapy (qualified success). Probabilities of complete and qualified success using Criterion B were 26.4% and 30.8%, respectively. IOP reduction from baseline (21.9 ± 5.8 mmHg) to 24-month follow-up (13.6 ± 3.9 mmHg) was 37.9% for the overall cohort. The most common complication was transient hyphema, which occurred in 25.9% (29 of 112) of patients. All cases of hyphema resolved spontaneously. Conclusions: Combined hemi-GATT with phacoemulsification was associated with favorable outcomes and a low complication rate in this study of patients with moderate-severe POAG. Further studies are required comparing hemi-GATT to the 360° approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest whereby a cell reaches its replicative limit. However, senescence can also be triggered prematurely in certain stressors including radiation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapy. This stress-induced senescence has been studied in the context of promoting inflammation, tumor development, and several chronic degenerative diseases of aging. Emerging research has elucidated the role of senescence in various ocular diseases. Methods: The literature search was performed using PubMed with using the query (senescence OR aging) AND (eye disease OR ocular disease OR ophthalmic disease OR cornea OR glaucoma OR cataract OR retina) on October 20th, 2022. No time restriction was proposed. Articles were excluded if they were not referenced in English. Results: Overall, 51 articles regarding senescence and ocular diseases were found and summarized in this study. Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of senescence. Currently, senescence has been linked to various corneal and retinal pathologies, as well as cataract and glaucoma. Given the number of pathologies, senolytics, which are small molecules with the ability to selective targeting of senescent cells, can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. Conclusions: Senescence has been shown to underlie the pathogenesis of numerous ocular diseases. The overall literature on senescence and ocular disease is growing rapidly. There is an ongoing debate whether or not cellular senescence detected in experiments contributes in a significant way to diseases. Research on understanding the mechanism of senescence from ocular cells and tissues is just beginning. Multiple animal models are required to test potential senolytics. Currently, no studies exist to date which have demonstrated the benefits of senolytic therapies in human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dry eye disease is an umbrella term that includes a variety of symptoms and signs. A link between diabetes mellitus and dry eye disease exists, but the associated phenotype needs further examination. Thus, our aim was to determine how diabetes mellitus relates to the dry eye disease phenotype. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Miami Veteran Affairs Medical Center ophthalmology clinic between October 2013 and September 2019. Participants included a volunteer sample of 366 South Florida veterans with one or more symptoms or signs of dry eye disease [Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 ≥ 6 OR tear break-up time ≤ 5 OR Schirmer's test score ≤ 5 OR corneal fluorescein staining ≥ 2]. Participants were divided into three groups: (1) individuals without diabetes mellitus (controls); (2) individuals with diabetes mellitus but without end-organ complications; and (3) individuals with diabetes mellitus and end-organ complications. Dry eye metrics were compared across groups. The main outcome measures included ocular symptom questionnaires [e.g., 5-item Dry Eye Questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index, and ocular pain assessment] and clinical parameters obtained from an ocular surface evaluation. A total of 366 individuals were included (mean age 59 ± 6 years; 89% males; 39% White; 11% diabetes mellitus and end-organ complications; 15% diabetes mellitus but without end-organ complications). Individuals with diabetes mellitus and end-organ complications had lower symptom scores on the dry eye disease and pain-specific questionnaires compared to individuals with diabetes mellitus but without end-organ complications and controls (Ocular Surface Disease Index: 42.1 ± 24.5 vs. 38.9 ± 25.1 vs. 23.6 ± 16.2; p < 0.001; numerical rating scale of ocular pain intensity: 4.9 ± 3.2 vs. 4.3 ± 2.7 vs. 3.5 ± 2.7; p = 0.02). Eyelid laxity was also more severe in the group with diabetes mellitus and end-organ complications (0.69 ± 0.64 vs. 0.73 ± 0.72 vs. 1.08 ± 0.77; p = 0.004) compared to the two other groups. The diabetic dry eye disease phenotype is driven by signs more so than by symptoms, with anatomic eyelid abnormalities being more frequent in individuals with diabetes mellitus and end-organ complications. Given this, ocular surface abnormalities in individuals with DM may be missed if screened by symptoms alone. As such, individuals with DM should undergo a slit lamp examination for signs of ocular surface disease, including anatomic abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult for clinicians or less-experienced ophthalmologists to detect early eye-related diseases. By hand, eye disease diagnosis is labor-intensive, prone to mistakes, and challenging because of the variety of ocular diseases such as glaucoma (GA), diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataract (CT), and normal eye-related diseases (NL). An automated ocular disease detection system with computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools is required to recognize eye-related diseases. Nowadays, deep learning (DL) algorithms enhance the classification results of retinograph images. To address these issues, we developed an intelligent detection system based on retinal fundus images. To create this system, we used ODIR and RFMiD datasets, which included various retinographics of distinct classes of the fundus, using cutting-edge image classification algorithms like ensemble-based transfer learning. In this paper, we suggest a three-step hybrid ensemble model that combines a classifier, a feature extractor, and a feature selector. The original image features are first extracted using a pre-trained AlexNet model with an enhanced structure. The improved AlexNet (iAlexNet) architecture with attention and dense layers offers enhanced feature extraction, task adaptability, interpretability, and potential accuracy benefits compared to other transfer learning architectures, making it particularly suited for tasks like retinograph classification. The extracted features are then selected using the ReliefF method, and then the most crucial elements are chosen to minimize the feature dimension. Finally, an XgBoost classifier offers classification outcomes based on the desired features. These classifications represent different ocular illnesses. We utilized data augmentation techniques to control class imbalance issues. The deep-ocular model, based mainly on the AlexNet-ReliefF-XgBoost model, achieves an accuracy of 95.13%. The results indicate the proposed ensemble model can assist dermatologists in making early decisions for the diagnosing and screening of eye-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blepharoplasty is a procedure aimed at correcting the eyelids and restoring the proper tension to the skin of the eyelids. Indications for the procedure can be divided into cosmetic, which result in visual rejuvenation of the patient, and functional, which are aimed at improving functioning. The procedure is commonly performed with Vicryl, polypropylene, nylon, fast-absorbing sutures or cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives. The most commonly used surgical suturing techniques include interrupted cutaneous, running cutaneous and subcutaneous continuous. The procedure can cause side effects, the most serious of which is intraorbital hemorrhage, which can lead to loss of vision. For the course of the procedure, achieving a satisfactory effect and minimizing the risk of complications, it is very important to use sutures made of the appropriate material, use the appropriate surgical suturing technique and determine the correct postoperative procedure. With the increasing number of blepharoplasty procedures performed, the risk of complications increases. Inadequate wound dressing significantly increases the incidence of complications, therefore proper wound dressing, hygiene and strict adherence to post-treatment recommendations are of fundamental importance in achieving the intended effect. Incorrect wound care can have a decisive impact on the course of the entire procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the main etiological factors and visual outcomes in patients with dense vitreous hemorrhage (DVH) aged ≥80 years. We retrospectively included patients with DVH aged ≥80 years who were admitted to our ophthalmology department between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Data regarding demographic characteristics; preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ophthalmic B-scan ultrasonography findings; intraoperative conditions; and postoperative complications were collected and analyzed. A total of 44 patients (44 eyes) were enrolled, with a median age of 82 years; among them, 25 patients (56.82%) were men. The median preoperative BCVA was 2.3 (1.1–3.0). The main etiological factors included retinal vein occlusion (RVO) (20 eyes, 45.45%), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) (15 eyes, 34.09%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (7 eyes, 15.90%), retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM) (1 eye, 2.27%), and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) (1 eye, 2.27%). The median final BCVA was 1.92 (0.5–2.6). There was a significant postoperative improvement in the BCVA; moreover, branch RVO (BRVO) had a better postoperative visual prognosis than central RVO (CRVO), PCV, and PDR (P < 0.05). The final postoperative BCVA was significantly better when the initial BCVA was above hand motion (HM) than when it was HM or lower (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that RVO, PCV, and PDR were the main causes of DVH. Microinvasive PPV is a safe and effective method that can clarify diagnosis and improve BCVA. Patients with BRVO and preoperative BCVA > HM may have a relatively good visual prognosis. For patients aged ≥80 years who have an appropriate general condition, PPV can be timely performed to treat DVH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjunctival microcirculation is an accessible complex network of micro vessels whose quantitative assessment can reveal microvascular haemodynamic properties. Currently, algorithms for the measurement of conjunctival haemodynamics use either manual or semi-automated systems, which may provide insight into overall conjunctival health, as well as in ocular and systemic disease. These algorithms include functional slit-lamp biomicroscopy, laser doppler flowmetry, optical coherence tomography angiography, orthogonal polarized spectral imaging, computer-assisted intravitral microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and corneal confocal microscopy. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated a relationship between conjunctival microcirculatory haemodynamics and many diseases such as dry eye disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, hypertension, sepsis, coronary microvascular disease, and sickle cell anaemia. This review aims to describe conjunctival microcirculation, its characteristics, and techniques for its measurement, as well as the association between conjunctival microcirculation and microvascular abnormalities in disease states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmología is the property of Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This photo essay details a patient with self-inflicted laser-induced retinal injury progressing to full-thickness macular holes in both eyes. A 40-year-old patient presented after a self-inflicted injury by a handheld class 3 blue laser (450 nm) he purchased on the internet. The patient reported shining the laser through a window, which reflected the beam back into his eyes. Visual acuity was measured at 20/400 in both eyes. The initial fundus photographs revealed vitreous and preretinal hemorrhages in the right eye, and multiple yellow-white fresh laser burns in the macula of the left eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed preretinal hemorrhage in the right eye and retinal disruption with preretinal hyper-reflective lesion in the left eye. After one month, his vision deteriorated to finger counting in each eye. He developed a full-thickness macular hole and hyperfluorescent curvilinear streaks in the superior maculae in both eyes. OCT images showed retinal pigment epithelium clumping and outer retinal atrophy in curvilinear streak areas in both eyes, which point to self-inflicted injury. This case illustrates laser-pointer-induced retinopathy and reinforces the necessity of public education on the dangers of utilizing handheld lasers without eye protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few cases of isolated spontaneous hyphema in the newborn have been reported. A case of a term vaginally delivered female newborn who was diagnosed as having a hyphema in the left eye 18 hours after birth is presented. Delivery was complicated with fetal head malposition and the delivery was prolonged. The mother was nulliparous and without significant medical history. The hyphema resolved within 3 days without complications or sequela. The authors review the literature of spontaneous newborn hyphema and link an association with fetal head malposition. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(1):e1–e3.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the interaction between light and biological tissue is of great help in the identification of diseases as well as structural alterations in tissues. In the present study, we have developed a tissue diagnostic technique by using multispectral imaging in the visible spectrum combined with principal component analysis (PCA). We used information from the propagation of light through paraffin-embedded tissues to assess differences in the eye tissues of control mouse embryos compared to mouse embryos whose mothers were deprived of folic acid (FA), a crucial vitamin necessary for the growth and development of the fetus. After acquiring the endmembers from the multispectral images, spectral unmixing was used to identify the abundances of those endmembers in each pixel. For each acquired image, the final analysis was performed by performing a pixel-by-pixel and wavelength-by-wavelength absorbance calculation. Non-negative least squares (NNLS) were used in this research. The abundance maps obtained for the first endmember revealed vascular alterations (vitreous and choroid) in the embryos with maternal FA deficiency. However, the abundance maps obtained for the third endmember showed alterations in the texture of some tissues such as the lens and retina. Results indicated that multispectral imaging applied to paraffin-embedded tissues enhanced tissue visualization. Using this method, first, it can be seen tissue damage location and then decide what kind of biological techniques to apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The patient described in this case received a diagnosis of severe head trauma that resulted in death. Imaging findings, along with discrepancies in the parental explanation of the incident, aided the forensic investigators to identify the case as nonaccidental trauma (NAT). Discussion Identifying demographic risk factors and performing proper clinical evaluations can serve an important role in the diagnosis of pediatric NAT. Imaging modalities such as radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging can help determine the extent of trauma. Conclusion: Abuse is frequent in the pediatric population. To help prevent future cases of abuse, medical professionals should be fluent in identifying differences between accidental and NAT. Using multiple imaging modalities, NAT in pediatric patients can be identified and treated adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. To explore short-term changes in corneal astigmatism after combined silicone oil removal and cataract (SORC) surgery. Methods. We enrolled 89 patients (43 men and 46 women). Zeiss IOLMaster was used to measure corneal astigmatism status and axial length on the day before and after the SORC surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded. The results were compared to the outcomes at 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. Results. Compared to baseline, K1 decreased significantly at 3 days postoperatively (P = 0.016), 1 week (P = 0.009), and 1 month (P = 0.035), while K2 increased significantly at 3 days postoperatively (P = 0.002), 1 week (P < 0.001), and 1 month (P = 0.001), as well as corneal astigmatism (all P < 0.001). Compared to that at the baseline, BCVA significantly improved at 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively (all P < 0.001). Meanwhile, IOP decreased significantly at 3 days postoperatively (P < 0.001), 1 week (P = 0.005), and 1 month (P = 0.007). Similarly, axial length decreased at all follow-up time points (all P < 0.001). Conclusion. Corneal astigmatism increased in the short term after the SORC operation but gradually decreased at 1 month postoperatively. BCVA improved steadily, and SORC was widely used in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child abuse represents an important issue in the medico-legal and social context. In the last few decades, various aspects and mechanisms have been identified in child abuse case studies; however, constant research is needed in the field. With this paper, the authors will present a case of a new entity of Abusive Head Trauma that has come to the attention of medico-legal experts. Discussion: The trauma analysis performed on the cranio-encephalic district of the baby revealed quite peculiar lesions that led the authors to exclude that the injuries had been solely caused by violent shaking of the baby's head, as suggested by Shaken Baby Syndrome. Instead, the authors hypothesised that another lesion mechanism had been added to this one, namely latero-lateral cranial compression. The comprehensive and exhaustive analysis of the case led the authors to present a new possible entity in child abuse trauma, namely 'Compressed Baby Head'. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, in the current literature, no similar clinical cases have ever been described. Thus, the case's uniqueness deserves to be brought to the attention of experts and the entire scientific community, as well as medical personnel, paediatricians, and reanimators. These professional figures are the first individuals who may encounter complex clinical cases such as the one presented in this paper; thus, they need to know how to properly manage the case and ensure protection for the abused infants and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: ophthalmic genetics is rapidly evolving globally but is still nascent in much of sub- Saharan Africa, with gaps in knowledge about the burden in the region. This study evaluated the burden and manifestations of genetic eye diseases in children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: this was a hospital-based cross-sectional study in which new and follow-up paediatric eye clinic patients were recruited consecutively at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Children with genetic eye diseases had comprehensive ocular and systemic examinations, and their pedigrees were charted to determine the probable modes of inheritance. The main outcome variables were the proportion of study participants with genetic eye diseases, the probable modes of inheritance, and the clinical diagnoses. Summary statistics were performed using means and standard deviations for numerical variables and proportions for categorical variables. Results: fifty-two (12%) of 444 children had genetic eye diseases, and their mean (SD) age was 88.8 ± 50.4 months. Thirteen different phenotypic diagnoses were made following the evaluation of the 52 children, including primary congenital glaucoma (13, 25%) and familial non-syndromic cataracts (8, 15%). The probable modes of inheritance were derived from the pedigree charts, and 30 (58%) conditions were presumed to be sporadic. Conclusion: this study demonstrated a significant burden and a wide range of paediatric genetic eye diseases in this tertiary referral centre in Nigeria. This information provides invaluable evidence for planning ophthalmic genetic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the cause of sustained mortality in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823) kept at an ornamental fish production facility in Türkiye. Parasitological, bacteriological and histopathological examination were performed on moribund hybrid angelfish individuals. The moribund fish had haemorrhaged eyes, darkened skin, scale loss, ascites and false faeces. A pale liver, splenomegaly and a thinning of the intestinal wall were observed internally. The parasitological examination revealed flagellated protozoan endoparasite Spironucleus sp. in the intestine. A number of histopathological changes were observed including lipid degeneration in the liver, hemosiderin deposits as well as granulomas in the spleen, a large number of mast cells in the lamina propria of the intestine and enteritis. Numerous Spironucleus parasites were seen in the intestinal wall. According to physiological and biochemical tests, the bacterial isolates obtained from the visceral organs of some fish were identified as Citrobacter freundii. After oral metronidazole treatment, with a dose of 50 mg/kg fish daily for 5 days, a decrease in fish mortality and resumed feeding were noted. A chronic spironucleosis, which systemically affects fish by penetrating the intestinal mucosa, was identified as the cause of this sustained mortality in freshwater angelfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification with iStent inject (Phaco-iStent) and Hydrus microstent (Phaco-Hydrus). Methods: This was a retrospective comparative study of patients who underwent Phaco-iStent from April 2019 to August 2020 and Phaco-Hydrus from August 2019 to December 2020 at a tertiary eye centre in Singapore. Sixty-nine Phaco-iStent eyes and 49 Phaco-Hydrus eyes were included in this study. Complete surgical success was defined as freedom from second glaucoma surgery, Intraocular pressure (IOP) of 18 mmHg or less, and discontinuation of all antiglaucoma medications. Results: At 12 months, both Phaco-iStent and Phaco-Hydrus groups had comparable surgical success rate (68.1% vs 51%, p=0.061), reduction in antiglaucoma medication use (− 1.3 ± 0.1 vs − 1.4 ± 0.10, p=0.880) and intraocular pressure reduction (− 1.1 ± 0.5 mmHg vs – 1.6 ± 0.9 mmHg, p=0.323). Overall intraoperative and postoperative complications rate were similar in both groups, though hyphema was more commonly seen in early postoperative period in the Phaco-Hydrus compared to the Phaco-iStent group (8% vs 0%, p=0.028), with majority of cases resolving without any need for surgical intervention. Device obstruction was also more common in the Phaco-Hydrus group compared to the Phaco-iStent group (14% vs 4.3%, p=0.04). Conclusion: Phaco-iStent and Phaco-Hydrus have similar surgical efficacy and safety profiles at 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Eye diseases during childhood may result in serious morbidities like visual impairment and blindness. Therefore, pediatricians' knowledge of childhood eye disorders is crucial for the prevention of irreversible outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of Turkish pediatricians regarding childhood eye diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the KAPs of pediatricians about eye disorders. The survey included 56 questions consisting of four sections as follows; socio-demographic findings, knowledge, practice, and attitude of pediatricians, respectively. The open online survey was sent to the participants via a WhatsApp link by mobile smartphones and their responses were entered into SPSS version 20.0 software for analysis. Results: A total of 362 pediatricians participated in the study. The knowledge levels of 262 responders (72.4%) were categorized as poor, 89 (26.5%) were moderate and 4 (1.1%) were good. Practices of the pediatricians about treatment and referral of eye diseases in children were moderate. The pupillary response was the most commonly performed test. Although their attitudes were positive, their practice was inadequate owing to barriers such as inadequate training, and unavailability of ophthalmic equipment. Conclusion: This study indicated that most of the pediatricians were interested in improving both their knowledge and their practice in diagnosing and management of ophthalmic problems. The knowledge of pediatricians about eye disease may be strengthened by correct collaborations with an ophthalmologist and improving the pediatric curriculum regarding ophthalmological diseases may be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]