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Citrus fruits (CF) are highly consumed worldwide, fresh, processed, or prepared as juices and pies. To illustrate the high economic importance of CF, the global production of these commodities in 2021 was around 98 million tons. CF's composition is considered an excellent source of phenolic compounds (PC) as they have a large amount and variety. Since ancient times, PC has been highlighted to promote several benefits related to oxidative stress disorders, such as chronic diseases and cancer. Recent studies suggest that consuming citrus fruits can prevent some of these diseases. However, due to the complexity of citrus matrices, extracting compounds of interest from these types of samples, and identifying and quantifying them effectively, is not a simple task. In this context, several extractive and analytical proposals have been used. This review discusses current research involving CF, focusing mainly on PC extraction and analysis methods, regarding advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of Green Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cacao fruit is a rich source of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which possess significant health benefits. The accurate identification and quantification of these bioactive compounds extracted from different parts of the cacao fruit, such as pods, beans, nibs, and cacao shells, require specific treatment conditions and analytical techniques. This review presents a comprehensive comparison of extraction processes and analytical techniques used to identify and quantify polyphenols from various parts of the cacao fruit. Additionally, it highlights the environmental impact of these methods, exploring the challenges and opportunities in selecting and utilizing extraction, analytical, and impact assessment techniques, while considering polyphenols' yield. The review aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge that can guide future decisions for those seeking to obtain polyphenols from different parts of the cacao fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore-network models have become a critical tool in the study of fluid flow in geo-energy researches over the last few decades, and the accuracy of pore-network modeling results highly depends on the extraction of pore networks. Traditional methods of pore-network extraction are based on pixels and require images with high quality. Here, a pixel-free method called the flashlight search medial axis algorithm is proposed for pore-network extraction in a continuous space. The search domain in a two-dimensional space is a line, whereas a surface domain is searched in a three-dimensional scenario. Thus, the algorithm follows the dimensionality reduction idea; the medial axis can be identified using only a few points instead of calculating every point in the void space. In this way, computational complexity of this method is greatly reduced compared to that of traditional pixel-based extraction methods, thus enabling large-scale pore-network extraction. Based on cases featuring two- and three-dimensional porous media, the algorithm performs well regardless of the topological structure of the pore network or the positions of the pore and throat centers. This algorithm can also be used to examine both closed-boundary and open-boundary cases. Finally, this algorithm can identify the medial axis accurately, which is of great significance in the study of geo-energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutual separation of Am and Cm is conducted using an alkyl-diamide amine (ADAAM(EH)) extractant. ADAAM(EH) exhibits an extremely high separation factor (SF) with respect to Am and Cm separation (SF = 5.9) in an HNO3-n-dodecane system. The batch-wise multistage extractions are performed using a system containing 0.2 M ADAAM(EH) and 1.5 M HNO3, with their distribution ratios (D) of the system for Am and Cm equal to 2.55 and 0.434, respectively. In this multistage extraction, 3 stages of feed, 9 stages involving scrubbing, and 11 stages involving the use of an organic solvent give 96.5% and 1.06% yields of Am and Cm, respectively. After the mutual separation, the aqueous and the organic phases including actinides increase four times in volume compared to the feed solution. Additional extraction steps are to reduce the volume of the solutions including actinides. We use tetraethyl diglycolamide (TEDGA)/water for Am concentration, tetraoctyl diglycolamide/n-dodecane for the intermediate extraction, and TEDGA/water for stripping in the Cm concentration step. Taking the additional steps, Am and Cm can be recovered in just two or three stages in the aqueous phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries (AAIBs), the insertion/extraction chemistry of Al3+ often leads to poor kinetics, whereas the rapid diffusion kinetics of hydronium ions (H3O+) may offer the solution. However, the presence of considerable Al3+ in the electrolyte hinders the insertion reaction of H3O+. Herein, we report how oxygen‐deficient α‐MoO3 nanosheets unlock selective H3O+ insertion in a mild aluminum‐ion electrolyte. The abundant oxygen defects impede the insertion of Al3+ due to excessively strong adsorption, while allowing H3O+ to be inserted/diffused through the Grotthuss proton conduction mechanism. This research advances our understanding of the mechanism behind selective H3O+ insertion in mild electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Copoazú is a Theobroma species of Amazonian origin, and its derived products have a high content of lipids valuable for both the cosmetic and food industries. The composition of the butter extracted from its seeds can vary depending on the postharvest process and the diverse extraction techniques employed. In this study, the composition of this butter processed with and without seed fermentation was analyzed using two extraction techniques: expeller pressing and hydraulic pressing. Parameters such as lipid profile, quality indexes, melting point, and the content of phytosterols and glyceric compounds were compared with a highly sought-after commercial raw material assessed through standardized volumetric and spectroscopic methodologies. The results showed that non-fermentation and cold-pressing conditions preserved the properties of the butter. This analysis is the first step in a standardized process for developing high-quality cosmetic ingredients derived from Copoazú butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the liquid–liquid extraction of ReO4− anions from hydrochloric acid solutions using the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (QCl: trialkyl(C8–C10)methylammonium chloride) via the well-known method of slope analysis along with the determination of the process parameters is presented. This study employs CCl4, CHCl3 and C6H12 as diluents. This study was carried out at room temperature (22 ± 2) °C and an aqueous/organic volumetric ratio of unity. The ligand effect on the complexation properties of ReO4− is quantitatively assessed in different organic media. The organic extract in chloroform media is examined through 1H, 13C and 15N NMR analysis as well as the HRMS technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to view the anion exchange and ligand coordination in the organic phase solution. Final conclusions are given highlighting the role of the molecular diluent in complexation processes and selectivity involving ionic liquid ligands and various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations. ReO4− ions have shown one of the best solvent extraction behaviors compared to other ions. For instance, the Aliquat 336 derivative bearing Cl− functions shows strongly enhanced extraction as well as pronounced separation abilities towards ReO4−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish skin is in collagen (80-90%). However, catfish (Pangasius sp.) skin has a high lipid content which can reduce the quality of collagen. Therefore, treatment is needed to remove the lipid using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol. Hence, the aim of present study was to remove lipid content from catfish skin as a raw material of collagen by using UAE with different concentrations of ethanol (25, 50, 75%). The research was conducted in three stages: removing impurities, collagen extraction and characterization of collagen. The result exhibited that UAE-ethanol treatment was capable to remove up to 85.6% of lipid content and the produced collagen was potential to be utilized as an alternative source of collagen based on its properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to define the final pit boundaries utilizing the maximum flow Pseudoflow method in an open-pit mining context. Our methodology encompassed exploratory data analysis (EDA), establishing geomechanical and economic factors, and assessing the final pit. The study was conducted using Python 3.11 and SGeMS 3.0. We discovered that our block model comprised 480,000 blocks of 10x10x10 m dimensions. We generated 20 pits with revenue factors between 0.1 to 2, increasing by increments of 0.1. The Study indicated that pit 20 was optimal, with an estimated NPV of 17855 MUSD, extracting 212 million tons of ore and 58 million tons of waste rock, achieving a stripping ratio based on block model and market conditions, and is subject to change with further block sequencing analysis. Nevertheless, pit 20 emerged as the most advantageous when considering economic feasibility, given its high estimated NPV and favorable stripping ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogas production from biomasses for energy production, must be considered as last step in the ideal biorefinery supply chain, since the extraction of valuable subproducts has greater importance and must be performed earlier than the final preparation of bio-digestates. This study aims to prove the technical feasibility of carrying out both these processes, or the initial extraction of valuable subproducts and the following production of biogas. Moreover, it aims to quantify the benefits introduced, in terms of biogas production, related to the addition of pomace to the digestate inoculation. For the scope, biogas was produced, in lab-scale apparatuses, starting from different digestate samples; among them, one was enriched with untreated pomace and another with the treated one, consisting of the residual of pomace used for sub-products extraction. Based on the measured quantity of biogas achieved, the energy produced was quantified; conversely, the energy consumed was evaluated according to the plant efficiencies declared in literature. The daily energy production and consumption were compared to define the optimal production period and, according to it, the quantity of energy lost, referred to the unextracted biogas from digestates, was quantified and the efficiency was re-defined. The benefits related to the addition of pomace and, in particular, treated pomace, were defined as a function of the overall energy production, the percentage of energy lost (or produced outside from the optimal production period) and the re-defined process efficiency. Finally, the energy obtainable per unit of dry matter and volatile solids was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates the extraction of crude lipid and crude polysaccharide from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) seed using supercritical CO2 with ethanol as co-solvent (SCE) and subcritical water (SCW) extractions, respectively. As dried rambutan seeds contain 32.48 ± 1.07 g of extractable lipid/100 g dried sample, pre-extraction of 16.65% of the lipid content by a screw pressing machine improved the efficiency of SCE extraction. Moreover, the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent resulted in a fivefold improvement in phenolic compound extraction. The crude lipid extract had a total phenolic content of 163.81 ± 0.47 mg GAE/100 g extract. The SCW extraction was investigated by a Box-Behnken design using extraction yield and total sugar content as responses. The optimal condition was found at temperature range of 150–180°C and extraction time in the range of 15–60 min where both responses were maximized. The solid residue discharged from subcritical water extractor was identified as hydrochar because it contained rich oxygen functional groups. This zero-waste process produced 5.2 kg of SCCO2-extracted lipid, 16.2 kg of crude polysaccharide, and 37.7 kg of hydrochar from 100 kg of fresh rambutan seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of xylose, glucose, fructose, and other sugars in different brown juice (BJ) biomasses in a green biorefinery may be used on a large scale for fermentation and biobased production. A comparative study of different BJ obtained in a biorefinery demonstration platform was conducted employing white clover, red clover, grass-clover mixture, alfalfa, festulolium, and ryegrass as feedstock. In the green biorefinery, the biomass was submitted to mechanica wetl fractionation in which a green juice (GJ) and a fiber cake fraction were separated. The protein was extracted from the GJ by using heat precipitation at 85 ˚C and, sent to a decanter centrifugation, where a leaf protein concentrate was separated from the BJ. Total sugar content varied between 29.10 g/L to 10.82 g/L, in BJ from the different feedstocks. Glucose constitutes the carbohydrate with the highest concentration in BJ of festulolium, ryegrass, red clover, and grass-clover feedstock. Among all the remaining carbohydrates in the BJ, xylose is the major sugar in BJ from alfalfa and white clover. However, the highest xylose concentration was in red clover with 7.04 g/L. Ryegrass showed a higher concentration of fructose with 9.17 g/L. In general, fructose was extracted in all the BJ biomasses with quantities up to 4.73 g/L, except alfalfa with 1.81 g/L. Ryegrass and festulolium exhibited a majority concentration with 5.19 and 8.43 g/L of sucrose. Maltose and galactose presented low sugar concentrations and arabinose had the lower concentrations in BJ biomasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing need to produce more energy from renewable sources and improve the energy efficiency of the processes to reduce the environmental impact. At the same time, it would also be desirable to enhance the reuse of by-products from the perspective of a circular economy. With this purpose in mind it is of great interest considering the recovery of the olive pits along the extraction process for energy reuses. From this perspective, it is of great interest to consider the recovery of olive stones along the extraction process for energy reuse, in particular for the reduction of energy consumption linked to heat treatments for the conditioning of olive pastes. Mainly there are two ways to recover pits during the process: 1) by using a pomace destoner machine at the end of the process; 2) by using a combined crusher-destoner machine at the beginning of the process. In this work, the quality as biofuel of olive stones recovered with both methods was considered to evaluate the possible energy savings compared to the reference case (process line without stone recovery). In addition, the sustainability of the processes was evaluated by considering the increase in electrical energy required by the addition of the new pitting machines. The results show how an adequate organization and management of the process can lead to benefits both in terms of energy savings and plant operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the principles of the Circular Economy by focusing on the extraction of polyphenols from hazelnut skin wastes. The project’s innovation lies in the pioneering use of a 50% vol/vol water-ethanol mixture as a solvent for polyphenol extraction, within a custom batch set-up. The primary objective was to explore both equilibrium and kinetic aspects of this novel system. Initial experiments involved maintaining the solvent at 70°C for six hours to reach equilibrium, while varying solid/liquid ratios from 0.16 to 50 g/L. A fitting of the experimental data with an equilibrium modelling revealed values of qtot = 0.255 g/g and k = 0.0092 L/g as the total amount of extractable polyphenols and the solid-liquid linear isotherm partition coefficient, respectively. Furthermore, kinetics of the extraction process was investigated across three different solid-liquid ratios (0.54, 1.00 and 2.00 g/L). Concentration measurements at different time intervals were fitted with the Linear Driving Force (LDF) kinetic model, allowing for the estimation of the LDF mass transfer coefficient akLDF for each solid-liquid dosage. Notably, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters derived in this study are unique, since they are specifically tailored to the utilization of a 50% vol/vol water-ethanol mixture as polyphenol extraction solvent. This research underscores the potential of utilizing such solvent mixtures in polyphenol extraction from biomass wastes, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable practices within the Circular Economy framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to the over-extraction of extractables by nonpolar organic solvents relative to biological lipids in exhaustive and exaggerated extractions of medical devices are studied based on the Abraham solvation model and solvent–material interactions, using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an exemplary material. The thermodynamic effect is evaluated by the partition constant of extractables between LDPE and extraction solvents, hexane and lipids, defined as the concentration in the polymer phase divided by the concentration in the solvent phase. The Abraham solvation model is used to correlate the measured LDPE-lipid partition constant ( l o g 10 P l d p e / l i p i d ) to construct the predictive model. Similar models are also derived from the thermodynamic cycle conversion, using the system constants of LDPE-water and Lipid-water partition systems. These constructed models, together with the predictive LDPE-hexane ( l o g 10 P l d p e / h e x a n e ) model established from a previous study, are used to predict and compare the ranges and values of P l d p e / s (s = lipids and hexane) for the observed LDPE extractables over a wide hydrophobicity range in l o g 10 P o / w from zero to 30. The solvent-LDPE interactions are examined by the degree of swelling of LDPE by hexane (or other nonpolar solvents) and lipids, including the solvent diffusion rates into the material. These parameters allow the evaluation of kinetic effect on the over-extraction. The extent of over-extraction is compiled directly by experimental "overall" or "specific" migration data or indirectly calculated by the diffusion coefficient of extractables when extracted by hexane or lipids. It is concluded from this study that the extractables distribution between LDPE and lipids highly favors the lipid phase thermodynamically ( P l d p e / l i p i d < 1 ), and the values of P l d p e / l i p i d are always lower than those of P l d p e / h e x a n e , thereby indicating that the thermodynamic effect is not the cause of over-extraction. It is the kinetic effect that dominantly contributes to the over-extraction, as supported by the material swelling and solvent diffusion rates. Finally, the extent of over-extraction has been established from a few folds to over a hundred-fold, and the median value is 7. Furthermore, the methods adopted and developed in this study can be invaluable tools in other disciplines such as the reliable prediction of extractables from other device materials and environmental sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin is a derived, protein-based biopolymer used in nourishments to enhance consistency, strength, and flexibility. The aim of this research is to optimize the organic acid extraction of gelatin from fish skin. In this work, effect of parameters such as acid (based on its type) concentration (0.05-0.15 M), extraction temperature (40-60 °C), and types of acid (formic, acetic and propionic acids) on extraction yield of gelatin was examined at constant extraction time of 7 d and skin to acid mass ratio of 1:20. Collagenous material was separated from fish skin, and a basic protein, collagen, was hydrolyzed to gelatin, a derived protein. Response surface methodology (RSM) based Box- Wilson design was used for optimization and the optimization results revealed that the maximum gelatin extraction of 11.91% was achieved at 0.1 M formic acid and 52 °C. Thus, it would be concluded that the fish skin could be the potential feedstock for gelatin extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The snakehead fish (Channa striata) is commonly used as a raw material in traditional South Sumatran foods. However, some parts of this fish, such as bone, skin, and viscera, are not used in food processing. This study aimed to determine the characterization of hydroxyapatite snakehead fish bone with different extraction times using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by the calcination method. Hydroxyapatite was extracted using sodium hydroxide with three different extraction times (20, 40, and 60 minutes) before proceeding with calcination. The extraction yield ranges from about 16.03% to 19.99%. The smallest particle size is found at 40 minutes of extraction time (63.90 nm). The ash content of the hydroxyapatite ranges from about 98.09% to 99.04%, calcium from about 17.86% to 18.12%, and phosphorus from about 10.23% to 10.74%. The non-stoichiometric form is present in the hydroxyapatite from snakehead fish bone, with a Ca/P ratio of about 1.69 to 1.72. Analysis of the hydroxyapatite functional groups in snakehead fish bone showed the presence of phosphate groups, carbonate groups, and hydroxyl groups. This data indicates that hydroxyapatite was successfully extracted from snakehead fish bone in nanoparticle form. Therefore, snakehead fish bone can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) represent a new generation of green, non-flammable solvents, useful as an efficient alternative to the well-known ionic liquids. They can be easily prepared and exhibit unexpected solubilizing power for lipophilic molecules, although those of a hydrophilic nature are mostly used. For their unique properties, they can be recommend for different cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, ranging from sustainable extraction, obtaining ready-to-use ingredients, to the development of biocompatible drug delivery responsive systems. In the biomedical field, NaDES can be used as biopolymer modifiers, acting as delivery compounds also known as "therapeutic deep eutectic systems", being able to solubilize and stabilize different chemical and galenical formulations. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current knowledge regarding natural deep eutectic solvents specifically applied in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. The work could help to disclose new opportunities and challenges for their implementation not only as green alternative solvents but also as potential useful pathways to deliver bioactive ingredients in innovative formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and cost-effective biosorbents derived from biowaste are highly demanding to handle various environmental challenges, and demonstrate the remarkable synergy between sustainability and innovation. In this study, the extraction of uranium U(VI) was investigated on biowaste activated carbon (BAC) obtained by chemical activation (phosphoric acid) using Albizia Lebbeck pods as biowaste. The biowaste powder (BP), biowaste charcoal (BC) and BAC were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) with nitrogen adsorption for thermal properties, chemical structures, porosity and surface area, respectively. The pHPZC for acidic or basic nature of the surface and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed for BAC. The morphological and elemental analysis were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The extraction of uranium U(VI) ions from aqueous solutions using BAC as sorbent was investigated by using different variables such as pH, contact time, initial uranium U(VI) concentration and BAC dose. The highest adsorption (90.60% was achieved at 0.5 g BAC dose, 2 h contact time, pH 6, 10 ppm initial U(VI) concentration and with 200 rpm shaking speeds. The production of this efficient adsorbent from biowaste could be a potential step forward in adsorption of uranium to meet the high demand of uranium for nuclear energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the impact of ozonation on hazelnut oil quality was investigated. Hazelnuts were exposed to gaseous ozone at different concentrations (3.3 and 10 mg·L-1) and exposure times (30, 60, and 120 min). The fatty acid value and composition remained unchanged. β-sitosterol, campesterol, and Δ5-avenasterol contents were unaffected. With increasing ozone levels and exposure times, there was a slight rise in peroxide value and γ-tocopherol, and a decrease in α-tocopherol. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were lower in oil extracted from hazelnuts which had been ozonated for more than 60 min at both doses, compared to the control. Overall, the quality and composition of hazelnut oil remained stable with ozone treatments, depending on the treatment conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to determine the technical feasibility of extracting amaranth seed oil with butane in a subcritical state and to take advantage of the cake generated. To this end, a type of non-germinated grain was characterized, oil was extracted from a germinated grain and the characterized one, the oil obtained was characterized, and the protein was extracted from the defatted cake of the non-germinated one. It was found that the non-germinated grain was made up of 13.33% protein, 7.24% fat, and 9.02% moisture, the optimum yield of this grain was 91%, for the germinated grain, a maximum value of 6.63% for oil mass. By comparing the characteristics of both oils, higher quality was found in the non-germinated oil, and the maximum protein extraction productivity was 5.15%. Thus, it has been concluded that this extraction method is technically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sample preparation including labeling and clean‐up represents a key analytical step in the analysis of oligosaccharides and glycans by either chromatographic or electrophoretic separation methods. Although the majority of labeling has been performed by neutral and/or negatively charged tags, the introduction of a positive charge into the saccharide molecule can significantly improve the analysis, especially with mass spectrometry detection. In this work, we present the evaluation of five solid‐phase extraction sorbents differing in extraction chemistry for the clean‐up and concentration of positively labeled maltooligosaccharides from the reaction mixtures. Maltooligosaccharides containing four to seven glucose units were labeled by cationic tags (2‐aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride and (carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium chloride hydrazide and the extraction conditions were optimized followed by electrophoretic analysis with conductivity detection. The effects of the solid‐phase extraction sorbent chemistry, extraction conditions, and sample composition are discussed. All tested sorbents were capable of cleaning up maltooligosaccharides from the reaction mixtures to some extent after optimization of the solid‐phase extraction procedure (51.9%–98.9% recovery). The best‐rated amide‐based sorbent was used to process the sample of N‐linked glycans enzymatically released from ribonuclease B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erucamide is a long-chain carboxylic acid amide used as a slip agent in plastic films. In this research, the slip additive in polypropylene masterbatch with 6% erucamide content was extracted by comparing two methods which are dissolution-precipitation (DP) and the Soxhlet method. The variant of sonication times in the DP method and extractor-solvents in the Soxhlet method were done to determine the optimum parameter in each method. The examination of slip additive content in each extraction method used the KBr Disk-FTIR and the weight loss of sample analysis. The form of the sample, which was in the granule and powder form was also studied. Based on the result, the DP method with 3 minutes of sonication times and the use of ethyl acetate as extractor solvent in the Soxhlet method gave a closer result for additive content in the masterbatch. The powder form of the sample also gave better results than the granule form for the extraction of erucamide. The Soxhlet method in the powder form showed comparable results with the DP method by KBr Disk-FTIR analysis and higher results by weight loss analysis. By comparing the two methods of extraction, the Soxhlet method showed more robustness and efficiency for extraction of erucamide additive in polypropylene masterbatch than the dissolution-precipitation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine: the results of the development of grind size and cold brew extraction video tutorials; the feasibility of grind size and cold brew extraction video tutorial materials. The feasibility of grind size and cold brew extraction video tutorial media; and user responses to grind size and cold brew extraction video tutorials. This research method is development-type research. Namely adapted using the 4D development model with only three stages due to the limited time and costs required for research. Validation of this video tutorial involves two material experts and two media experts; the object of research is a video tutorial. Questionnaires were used in data collection consisting of material validation, media, and video tutorial user responses. The data analysis technique was carried out descriptively and quantitatively. The results of the video tutorial that have been made in the form of online links cover the material of coffee brewing techniques with grind size and cold brew extraction; The video tutorial material is considered feasible with an average of 80%. The video tutorial media is very feasible with an average score of 84%, and the junior barista response obtained an average score of 83% with a very good interpretation. This implies that the video tutorial of the research results can be used in training activities on coffee blending techniques with grind size and cold brew extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Calcined soda production is one of the important parts of the industry. One of the main problems in the production of soda is the waste of raw materials. Disposing of some raw materials as waste not only causes economic damage but also has a negative impact on the environment. Absorption is the main process in the production of calcined soda. By finding the optimal consumption of the chemical components involved in absorption process, it will be possible to reduce the amount of raw materials released into the waste. In this work, initially, the kinetic model of the absorption process was found using the stoichiometric matrix method. Based on the stoichiometric matrix, the main components (NH3, CO2, NH4HCO3, NaCl) participating in the chemical reaction were identified. Using the found kinetic model, a computer model of the absorption process was simulated in the MATLAB program. Based on the simulated computer model, a diagram of changes in the concentration of components in the absorption process over time was obtained. The use of the considered mathematical model as part of the absorption process control system allows: (1) Reduce the loss of the amount of gases used in the absorption process; (2) Provide the required concentration of liquid saturated with ammonia; (3) Determine the required temperature regime along the entire length of the absorber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete's properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of conventional materials in concrete production harms the environment. Therefore, using agro-waste as a material to construct ecologically sustainable structures has numerous practical and financial benefits. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste product resulting from solid waste combustion during palm oil extraction. This research focused on the properties of foamed concrete with POC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the fine aggregate replacement to develop lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1300 kg/m3. Besides, the potential of POC powder (POCP) and thermally activated POCP (TPOCP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% as cement replacements was examined. The development of compressive strength during a 90-day curing period was investigated. In addition, tensile and flexural strengths were assessed and reported, and the elastic modulus of the LFC was discussed. The transport properties of water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were also investigated. The durability of concrete derivatives can exhibit the product's resistance to chemical attacks and environmental conditions. After 75 days of immersion in hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulfate, the chemical resistivity of the produced LFC was determined by measuring the loss in weight and compressive strength. In addition, the effects of elevated temperatures on the LFC were determined by analyzing the mass loss and compressive strength degradation of specimens exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. The test results demonstrated that the complete replacement of sand with POC enhanced the compressive strength of LFC by more than 50%. Similarly, POC-based LFC had higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal LFC. Besides, substituting 20% of cement with TPOCP could improve the strength of LFC by 23% during the initial curing days. Utilizing the optimal proportions of POC and POCP could enhance the residual strengths of LFC. Therefore, POC has the potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate and cementitious material to produce sustainable concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main mechanisms of flotation activation by ions of metals are discussed and critically analyzed. It is shown that ions of metals can be both activators and depressants of flotation. Based on the mechanism of physisorption, it is revealed when metals act as activators and depressants. A method is proposed to stimulate selectivity of extraction of a target mineral in case of undesirable activation of flotation of associate components. The studies can be useful in selection of metal–activator, ratio of concentrations of activator and collector and pH of flotation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The antioxidant-rich artichoke bracts leaves are a particularly waste of the food industry. Thus, it would be possible to utilize a cheap and natural material, which is industrial waste, instead of synthetic antioxidants. The present study aimed to extract from the bract leaves of globe artichoke by ultrasound-assisted extraction and to evaluate their antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on antioxidative properties was studied. The extracts were obtained from the leaves of the head part of the artichoke by using UAE and evaluated for their antioxidative properties. For this purpose, antioxidant activity methods were investigated for different extraction times. The results obtained were compared with standard antioxidants. Results: The results obtained from this study showed that the shorter extraction time resulted in higher antioxidative properties. Accordingly, in plant extracts prepared by UAE-1, the highest total phenolic content value (193.80 µg pyrocathecol equivalent/mg extract), the highest total flavonoid content value (254.13 µg catechin equivalent/mg extract), the highest total chlorophyll content value (10.68 µg/mL) and carotenoid (0.57 µg/mL) were found. Similarly, UAE-1 extracts showed the best results in terms of free radical scavenging activity. Also, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of UAE-1 (89.09%) was determined to be higher than the standard antioxidant a-Tocopherol (85.68%) and very close to another standard antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (91.98%). Conclusion: UAE could be preferred instead of the traditional method (Soxhlet) as a shorter, eco-friendly, and low energy cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Arum L. is the largest genus of Aroids. Tubers, leaves, and fruits of Arum italicum Mill. (Araceae) are used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of hemorrhoids and in preparing local dishes in Turkey. In this study, the fatty acid contents of the wild and cultivated seed oils of A. italicum Mill. species from the Kırklareli region in Turkey were determined and compared by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Materials and Methods: Seed oils were obtained via petroleum ether extraction. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared with boron trifluoride/methanol derivatization and analyzed with TC WAX capillary gas chromatographic column. Results: The amount of 13-phenyl tridecanoic acid, which is the specific fatty acid of Arum italicum Mill. species, was found to be similar in both samples. In addition, 2-hydroxy palmitic acid was identified for the first time in the same species. Conclusion: This is the first report on the presence of the 2-hydroxy palmitic acid content of Arum italicum Mill. seeds from Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is renowned for its exceptional health benefits, which can be attributed to its abundance of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon peel, an underexplored waste biomass, within the frame of sustainability and a circular economy. For this reason, a comprehensive multi-factor extraction approach was employed. Specifically, diverse methods including a pulsed electric field and ultrasonication combined with simple stirring were explored. Through this systematic approach, the most efficient extraction process was determined, resulting in elevated yields of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and total carotenoids. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rutin emerged as the most abundant, with concentrations reaching up to 172.86 μg/g. Utilizing partial least squares analysis, the maximum predicted values for the bioactive compounds were determined, with total polyphenols reaching 7.17 mg GAE/g, ascorbic acid at 4.93 mg/g, and total carotenoids at 386.47 μg CtE/g. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated with the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and H2O2 scavenging assays. The recorded antioxidant performance underscored the substantial potential of persimmon peels as a source of cost-effective extracts with high antioxidant activity. This study not only contributes to optimizing the bioactive compounds' extraction from persimmon peel but also highlights the process's viability by producing valuable extracts with antioxidant properties at low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable and renewable sources of liquid and solid fuels are essential to prevent fossil fuel use from damaging the environment. Secondary agricultural residues, which are already transported to food processing centers, have great potential to be converted into biofuels. The wastes from coffee roasting, sugar production, and rice milling have been investigated using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to produce aqueous products containing monosaccharides alongside solid biofuels. These sugar-laden liquid products were characterized after pretreating coffee silverskins, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husks with HTC. They were then concentrated using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), a low-energy process that can use waste heat from other biorefinery processes. The higher heating value of the solid products was also characterized by bomb calorimetry. The liquid products from HTC of these wastes from food production were found to contain varying concentrations of glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose. DCMD was capable of concentrating the liquid products up to three times their original concentrations. Little difference was found among the higher heating values of the solid products after 180 °C HTC pretreatment compared to 200 °C pretreatment. HTC of waste from food processing can provide solid biofuels and liquid products containing sugars that can be concentrated using DCMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the efficiency of heavy metal ion extraction from aqueous medium, new nanocomposite magnetic sorbents were synthesized on the base of natural zeolite (Zt) and nanoparticles of ZnFe2O4 (F). The composition, structure and physical–chemical properties of new composites with 2% (Zt-2F), 8% (Zt-8F) and 16% (Zt-16F) of zinc ferrite were characterized by XRD, BET adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, SEM with elemental mapping, TEM and magnetometry. The sorption capacity of materials was assessed towards Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions, for which kinetic and equilibrium features of sorption were established. The maximal sorption capacity (amax, mg/g) of the studied materials increased in the order: Zt (19.4) < Zt-2F (27.3) < Zt-8F (30.2) < Zt-16F (32.8) < ZnFe2O4 (161.3). The kinetics of the sorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The sorption equilibrium at zinc ferrite was successfully described by the Langmuir model, while the Freundlich model better fitted the sorption equilibrium on zeolite and composites. The efficiency of Cu2+ ion extraction from 320 mg/dm3 aqueous solution was 63% for composite Zt-16F and 100% for a sample of ZnFe2O4. It was established that the proposed composite sorbents provide the operation of several cycles without regeneration, they can be easily recycled with 0.1 N HCl solution and are capable of magnetic separation. The advantages of new composites and the proposed method of synthesis allow recommending these materials as effective sorbents of heavy metals from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrier oils are used with essential oils to dilute and enhance skin penetration. They are composed of fatty acids, triglycerides, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes and are added to reduce potency and odor. Carrier oils have pharmaceutical applications and reduce cytotoxicity. Solvent extraction is a common practice in the production of industrial-scale carrier oils, but harmful to the environment, so new eco-friendly methods are being researched. This review documents the available characteristics of various carrier oils and identifies knowledge gaps for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry produces substantial amounts of waste, which can cause a lot of environmental issues. However, such waste is also a valuable source of bioactive substances that can potentially be used either by the food industry or other types of industries, in the production of medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, etc. The present study proposes a novel approach to extract such bioactive compounds from orange peel waste using hydrophobic eutectic solvents synthesized with thymol and fatty acids (hexanoic and octanoic acid). A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions and achieve maximum recovery of carotenoids. The optimal hydrophobic eutectic solvent consisted of thymol and hexanoic acid at a molar ratio of 2:1, and the optimum extraction was achieved using a solvent-to-solid ratio of 12:1 and a temperature of 20 °C for 78 min; this resulted in a recovery of 259.45 μg of total carotenoids per g of dry matter, which is a significantly higher recovery compared to common organic solvents. Based on the above, it is demonstrated that hydrophobic eutectic solvents is a promising solvent that can be used to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato processing industry generates a significant amount of a by‐product (pomace), which is a mixture of peels and seeds. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of conventional oven‐roasting (at 120°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 25 min) and innovative microwave‐roasting (at 240, 388, and 536 W for 3 min) pretreatments on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, bioactive contents, and aroma profiles of tomato seeds and their hexane‐extracted oils. The total flavonoids contents (TFCs) of the seeds decreased from 258.40 to 141.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per kg after roasting. All roasting treatments improved the extractability of both α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. The amounts of total tocopherols in the seeds increased from 917.61 to 1256.25 mg kg–1 after pretreatment. Luteolin was found to be the most abundant phenolic in seed oils, increasing from 10.68 to 91.72 mg kg–1, followed by quercetin, ferulic acid, and catechin. Within each roasting technique, the ones treated at 150°C and 338 W yielded the oils with the highest concentrations of aroma compounds, 418 and 92 mg kg–1, respectively. The detrimental effect of microwave‐roasting on these compounds was more pronounced. In conclusion, microwave‐roasting at shorter times than conventional roasting produced tomato seed oils with well‐preserved bioactive components and few unfavorable changes. Industrial relevance: Conventional oven‐roasting has been widely applied to oilseeds to improve oil yield as well as to obtain desirable sensory characteristics of extracted oils for years. However, longer roasting times may also cause detrimental changes in the properties of oils. On the other side, microwave‐assisted applications as an emerging technology provide homogenous and well‐controlled heat distribution, shorter treatment times, and considerable energy savings for the processing of various foods. Microwave technology has been easily scaled up and is currently employed for sterilization, drying, pasteurization, precooking, and extraction by the food and chemistry industries. Therefore, the present research suggests the use of microwaves for comparatively short roasting times to produce edible oils with enhanced physicochemical attributes and bioactives contents, and well‐maintained sensory properties. This promising innovative technology has the potential to be industrialized for a cost‐effective seed roasting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenugreek (Trigonella-foenum-graecum.L) seeds are commonly utilized in cuisine as spices, in the traditional treatment and in the prevention of various troubles. This study attempts to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of its extract in wistar rats. In the acute toxicity, single oral administration of four doses (0,05 g, 0,3 g, 2 g and 5 g /kg.bw) to wistar rats was tested and to test subacute toxicity, quotidian oral administration of fenugreek seed extract at dosages of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg.bw was used for 28 days. The results of acute toxicity did not show any deaths and no indication of intoxication was observed in the rats for 14 days following receipt of the various doses of the extract. The subacute toxicity results demonstrated that repeated administration of the extract led to a significant weight gain (p<0.05) in treated rats in comparison to control rats. Treatment of rats with fenugreek seed extract did not cause any signs of intoxication and did not affect the hematological parameters of the rats compared to control rats (p>0.05). Gross examination revealed that the appearance of vital organs was not altered and histological examination revealed steatosis and an increase in the nuclei of hepatocytes in rats given a repeated dose of 3 g /kg of fenugreek seed extract. Fenugreek seeds extract is generally tolerated by rats even at high doses but more care should be taken at chronic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide (PsP) with antioxidant function is the main active component of Polygonatum sibiricum (P.sibiricum). The currently poor extraction yield and extraction methods of PsP cannot meet the application of that in food industrial production. In this research, an ultrasound-assisted extraction-deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DESs) method, which has never been used in the PsP industry, was first used to extract PsP. The extraction conditions were optimized by the response surface method (RSM). Both the extraction yield and antioxidant function were simultaneously considered during the optimization process. The indicators of PsP's level and antioxidant activity in vitro were used to present the extraction yield of the UAE-DESs method, the purity, and the antioxidant effect of PsP. Under the optimal conditions, which included a liquid–solid ratio of 26:1 (mL:g), extraction temperature of 80 °C, ultrasonic time of 51 min, and ultrasonic power of 82 W, the PsP extraction yield could reach (43.61 ± 0.09)%, which was obviously higher than single DESs (33.81%) and UAE (5.83%), respectively, and the PsP appeared favorably antioxidant function. This research proposed an efficient extraction method for PsP, filled the basic research gap, and further improved the development of PsP as a dietary supplement with antioxidant function in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing life expectancy of the human population has created a demand for functional food with anti-skin aging properties. Skin aging is a degenerative process caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and matrix destruction. Some secondary metabolites isolated from marine macroalgae have been shown to exhibit potential dermatological benefits. The present study investigated the skin-protective properties of the ethanolic extract from Sargassum thunbergii (STEE) via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiwrinkle effects on mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The optimal extraction conditions for STEE were determined as follows: ratio of liquid to solid 25 : 1 mL/g, concentration of ethanol 40.2%, and extraction time 40 min. STEE was further purified by adsorption using a macroporous resin, SP700. STEE exhibited high DPPH radical and hydroxyl scavenging activity in vitro, enhanced the viability of H2O2-treated L929 cells, and reduced intracellular ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant capacity in H2O2-treated L929 cells were increased while malondialdehyde content was markedly reduced by pretreatment with STEE. The inhibitory effect of STEE on H2O2-induced inflammation was shown by the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, STEE reduced the matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and inhibited collagenase and elastase activities. Moreover, STEE was nonirritating to human skin at 100 mg/mL according to the in vitro skin irritation test using EpiSkin™. Hemolysis assay showed that the hemolysis EC50 (1275 μg/mL) of STEE is much higher than the maximum effective concentration (125 μg/mL) against H2O2 exposure. Our results demonstrate that STEE may be a good candidate for the development of anti-skin aging functional food and cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the production of food biomass waste has been increasing rapidly. This necessitates urgent measures to be taken so as to utilize them. Since most food biomass waste contains useful bioactive substances, cloud-point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a promising solution to valorize waste. CPE is an extraction method employed for the extraction and preconcentration of various chemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids. As with any other extraction procedure, CPE isolates the target compound(s) from the sample, resulting in increased recovery. One major advantage of CPE is that the extraction is carried out without special equipment or harmful reagents. Moreover, other significant advantages are its effectiveness, simplicity, safety, and rapidity. This review focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from food-based waste using CPE and highlights the important parameters that can be tuned to improve the performance of CPE. Furthermore, the potential in promoting environmentally friendly practices within the food industry is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of employing cloud point extraction (CPE) as an efficient way of extracting polyphenols from peach waste (PW). Four distinct food-grade surfactants (Genapol X-080, PEG 8000, Tween 80, and lecithin) were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 2–10% w/v to determine the efficiency of the technique in two separate PW streams [i.e., lye peeling waste stream (LPWS) and total wastewater stream (TWS)]. Low amounts (2% w/v) of surfactants in a single-step CPE were found to result in less than ~61% polyphenol recovery in LPWS and less than ~69% polyphenol recovery in the TWS, necessitating additional extraction steps. In both PW streams, the single-step polyphenol recovery was improved by 25–67% utilizing a higher amount of surfactants (5–10% w/w), leading to a statistically significant figure (p < 0.05). The CPE procedure was conducted under optimal conditions, including a temperature of 65 °C, a sodium chloride concentration of 3% w/v, a pH level of 3.5, and a surfactant concentration of 5% w/v. The polyphenol recovery was efficient when the CPE procedure was conducted twice. Tween 80 proved to be the most efficient surfactant among the four tested surfactants, achieving recoveries above 98% in both PW streams. Under optimum extraction conditions, the total polyphenol content and antiradical activity of PW extracts were evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two PW streams, with the LPWS having approximately 12 times higher polyphenol content and being more potent, achieving ~64% antiradical activity. Using the LPWS instead of the TWS is a more cost-effective and feasible option for the industry. In addition, the considerable volume of the TWS makes it challenging to handle and demands a correspondingly major amount of surfactant. Considering that Tween 80 is a low-toxicity surfactant and that the CPE method is simple, fast, cost-effective, highly accurate, and selective, the extracted polyphenols from two PW streams could be exploited as natural antioxidants to be used directly in the food industry. These findings could have major implications for the manufacturing of sustainable and naturally-derived food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture has been significant part of the Indian livelihood since ages. As agriculture rely upon the various aspects such as quality of soil, soil minerals and nematodes present in soil. In the present project of soil nematode diversity is successfully estimated by using nematode extraction method given by Cobb (1918). The experiments were performed on soil sample which were collected from four different sites during the study. These four sites were agricultural fields located in Sri Anandpur Sahib (India) with different crops viz; Site 1: Agricultural field with vegetable crops, Site 2: Agricultural field with oilseed crops, Site 3: Agricultural field with wheat crops, Site 4: Agricultural field with Maize crop. The estimation part of the study was performed at PG Zoology Laboratory of PG Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib, Punjab, India. The six nematode species were recorded with 100% frequency along with sixteen species of nematodes with 90% frequency of occurrence in all agricultural sites selected during present study. Additionally, eighteen nematode species were recorded with 80% frequency of occurrence in all sites. Apart from this, the nematode species H. indicus and T. hynchus spp. were recorded with 70% frequency of occurrence. It can be deduced from the present experimental program that the beneficial nematodes were present abundantly in all the soil samples of selected sites. Thus, it can be stated that, to improve the soil fertility the ecofriendly agricultural practices would be an efficient approach as it foster the soil nematode diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper examines extraction methods in the dimension stone industry. Traditional techniques, like thermal shock, hammer and chisel, and plug and feather, were used historically. However, advancements in technology have led to the adoption of mechanized methods. Diamond wire cutting is a highly efficient technique that reduces waste and ensures quality. Challenges like high costs and wire breakage remain. Circular diamond saws and frame sawing are explored as alternative methods. Stone characteristics influence machinery selection and researchers have studied the impact on extraction efficiency. Controlled blasting with explosives shows promise and requires further exploration and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the extraction and characterization of fibres from the bark of the ficus nekbudu tree. The Ficus Nekbudu Fibres (FNF) was extracted from the bark by retting in water and then treatment with sodium hydroxide solution. The extracted FNF was analysed for chemical composition, physical, tensile, surface, structural and thermal stability properties. Findings on the chemical composition indicated that FNF has cellulose (49.9 %), lignin (13.4%), ash (7.1%) and water content (8.1%). From the physical investigation it was found that FNF has density (1.42 ± 0.005 g/cm3 ) and moisture regain (9.2 ±0.3%). From mechanical investigation it was found that FNF has tenacity (2.56 ± 0.75 cN/dtex) and extension at break (9.23 ± 2.85%). SEM analysis indicated that FNF has rough surface with some surface impurities. The ATR- FTIR analysis indicates that the FNF has Total Crystallinity Index (TCI) and Lateral Order Index (LOI) of 0.52 and 0.41, respectively. Thermal analysis indicates that the FNF are stable up to 250℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]