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Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to analyze whether the driving behaviour changes with different types of cars (Hatchback, Sedan and Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)), particularly on expressways. To achieve the study's objective, an exclusive DBQ was designed. Self-reported frequency of instances related to violations, mistakes and lapses were gathered which can collectively be used to study driver's behaviour in different circumstances. A total of 546 samples were collected through an online survey from drivers across India who possessed a valid driving license. Results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed two factor solution (errors and violations) and the same was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. With the help of structural equation modelling, individual risky driving score of each driver was calculated. Based on the calculated scores, drivers were clustered into different risk levels using K-Means clustering technique. Further, ANOVA test revealed that SUV drivers performed riskier behaviour more compared to other types of cars. To compare the relationships among different risk levels with drivers' demographics and driving characteristics, two ordered logit models were developed for SUV and Standard car drivers. The results indicated that drivers' age, crash history, and speeding behaviour were statistically significant predictors of risky driving behaviour. Comparison of risk levels between SUV and Standard cars with respect to different predictor variables presented various interesting findings. These findings would be helpful in understanding the differences among risky driving behaviour performed by drivers of different types of cars and to identify the potential road safety countermeasures. • An exclusive DBQ was designed to gauge driving behaviour. • Risky scores were measured using SEM and then clustered using K-means clustering. • ANOVA test revealed that SUV drivers performed more risky behaviour than cars. • Two ordered logit models were developed for SUV and standard cars. • Age, crash history and speeding were good indicators of risky driving behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the continuous increase of expressways and toll stations, there is a high potential for energy harvesting for sideway electronic devices. This article proposes a novel road energy harvester (REH) based on a crank‐shaft mechanism using bidirectional to unidirectional phenomenon to be installed on expressway toll stations. The REH contains four main components: the oscillation input from the suspension, the transfer unit, the generator unit, and the energy storage unit. The REH uses a crank‐shaft with spur gears as a mechanical motion rectifier and one‐way bearings, which can convert the oscillatory vibration into unidirectional generator rotation. In the energy storage module, electrical energy is being stored in supercapacitors. This study covers the design, modeling, and simulation of a crank‐shaft‐based energy harvester for harvesting suspension vibration energy. The energy harvester's dynamic modeling is used to assess the damping features. Simulated tests are conducted to demonstrate the proposed energy harvester's efficacy. Experiments are conducted, and the highest output voltage of 6.9 V peak is recorded for 5 mm/s with an efficiency of 53.66% which is enough for self‐powered applications at expressway toll booths such as traffic lights, caution lights, LED displays, sensors, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of expressway road accidents in Sri Lanka has significantly increased (by 20%) due to the expansion of the transport network and high traffic volume. It is crucial to identify the causes of these crashes for effective road safety management. However, traditional statistical methods may be insufficient due to their inherent assumptions. This study utilized explainable machine learning to investigate the factors that affect the severity of traffic crashes on expressways. The study evaluated two groups of traffic crashes: fatal or severe crashes, and other crashes that included non-severe injuries or only property damage. Five factors that contribute to crashes were analyzed: road surface condition, road alignment, location, weather condition, and lighting effect. Four machine learning models (Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)) were developed and compared with Logistic Regression (LR) using 223 training and 56 testing data instances. The study revealed that the machine learning algorithms provided more accurate predictions than the LR model. To explain the machine learning models, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) were used. These methods revealed that all five features decreased the possibility of occurrence of fatal accidents. SHAP and LIME explanations confirmed the known interactions between factors influencing crash severity in expressway operational conditions. These explanations increase the trust of end-users and domain experts on machine learning models. Furthermore, the study concluded that using explainable machine learning methods is more effective than traditional regression analysis in evaluating safety performance. Additionally, the results of the study can be utilized to improve road safety by providing accurate explanations for decision-making processes for black-box models.

In order to explore the law of major and extra serious traffic accidents on expressways in China, a total of 802 cases of major and extra serious traffic accidents on expressways in the past 10 years were collected, and statistical analysis was conducted from the aspects of time distribution, spatial distribution, accident form, and accident cause. The results show that in the past 10 years, the incidence and casualties of major and extra-serious traffic accidents on expressways have shown a fluctuating downward trend. In January, May, August, and November every year, between 6: 00 and 8: 00 every day is the highest incidence of accidents. The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province, Fujian Province, and Anhui Province have more accidents. Vehicle collisions have the highest number of deaths, and rollover injuries have the highest rate. Human factors accounted for 72.1% of the causes of accidents, among which improper measures and speeding accounted for the largest proportion. Finally, according to the results of data statistical analysis, the corresponding control measures should be put forward in order to provide reference and technical support for the current highway traffic safety situation and safety management policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's photovoltaic (PV) sector experiences rapid growth, the availability of land resources has become a pivotal policy focus, driving the need for comprehensive research and strategic planning for roadside PV initiatives. Utilizing a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach, combined with GIS spatial analysis and a modular design framework, our study quantitatively compared the carbon reduction capabilities of PV systems against the carbon sequestration potential of various vegetative arrangements along the roadside space. The roadside space analysis modular considers a range of factors including topography, meteorology, and construction costs. We examined the spatial distribution of suitability for PV installation and vegetation establishment along the provincial expressway network in China. The results revealed that Inner Mongolia stood out as the frontrunner in carbon reduction potential within high-suitability zones for PV construction, achieving an impressive 4.845 million tons of carbon reduction—nearly four times greater than that of Shaanxi Province. In contrast, the carbon sequestration attributed to vegetation greening in areas less suited for PV development revealed a higher propensity in the southeastern provinces. Guangdong led the charge with an impressive annual carbon sequestration of 2.89 million tons. This was closely followed by Yunnan, Sichuan, Hebei, Guizhou, and Henan, each achieving carbon sequestration amounts exceeding 2 million tons. These results offer valuable quantitative support and practical recommendations for achieving low-carbon objectives in the construction of China's expressways. • Develop a multi-criteria decision-making framework. • Photovoltaic construction has great carbon reduction potential. • Modular design calculates vegetation's carbon sequestration. • The insights offer valuable quantitative support to advance low-carbon expressway construction objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Targeted analysis of 523 highway mobile hazard source accidents in China from 2018 to 2021. Accident characteristics and accident causes of mobile hazard sources on highways are studied. A comprehensive management framework for highway mobile hazard accidents is discussed. A total of 523 accident cases during 2018–2021 in China were studied in terms of accident year, region, road section, and time to reduce the probability of expressways mobile hazardous source transportation accidents. The characteristics and causes of accidents of moving hazardous sources on expressways are analyzed, and preventive measures are put forward. The results indicated that the number of expressways mobile hazardous source transportation accidents fluctuated less in the past four years. Provinces with a higher degree of industrialization are more prone to accidents, with 80.02% of accidents occurring on normal road sections. Summer is the high accident season and accidents are prone to occur at 7:00 and 8:00 every day. External factors cause 47.99% of accidents, liquid class mobile hazards quickly cause accidents, leakage accidents account for the heaviest proportion, and explosive accidents have the highest chance of causing secondary accidents. In order to reduce the probability of accidents, a comprehensive management framework suitable for the mobile hazard sources of expressways is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) sensor offers solutions to extract real-time information of vehicle's surroundings and can provide a new opportunity to improve the road safety related issues in mixed traffic conditions. This paper explores fundamental principles and combination of algorithms, to accurately detect, classify and track surrounding vehicles on expressways using a vehicle mounted cost-effective LiDAR sensor in dynamic conditions. The proposed approach employs algorithms such as Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise, Random sample consensus, and Kalman filter on 3D LiDAR data for ground and non-ground points segmentation, object clustering, road boundary identification, vehicle classification and tracking. Trajectory data of the tracked vehicles is used to estimate their relative positions and speeds. The surrounding vehicles were classified into three categories: two-wheelers, four-wheelers and heavy-vehicles. The proposed method achieves an accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score above 94 %, demonstrating its robustness. The resilience and versatility of the proposed algorithm were validated through comprehensive evaluations on a significant dataset spanning over 8000 km (around 3.6 million frames) of driving data collected under varied environmental scenarios on expressway. Further, various applications of proposed methodology in road safety studies are discussed. The approach can extract real-time micro-level trajectory data for surrounding vehicles on expressways in any lighting condition, which is useful for researchers and can be used in connected and autonomous vehicles. It also provides valuable information for assessing surrogate safety measures and identifying road safety issues and suggesting countermeasures, including advanced and cost-effective driver assistance system applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents development of the new Polish method for performing capacity analysis of basic segments of dual carriageway roads (motorways and expressways). The method is based on field traffic surveys conducted at 30 motorway and expressway sites (class A and S roads) in Poland. Traffic flows, composition and travel times were observed in 15-min intervals at each site using ANPR filming method. These data were used to calibrate a family of traffic speed-flow relationships for different roads, based on Van Aerde model. Free flow speed of traffic and road class are the basic parameters defining the speed-flow relationship and the value of capacity per lane in pcu/h. Traffic density was adopted as the measure of effectiveness for defining the level of service. The paper describes derivation of formulae for estimation of free flow speed for different types of roads as well as determination of equivalent factors for converting vehicles to passenger car units. The method allows us to determine capacity and the level of service based on existing or forecasted traffic flow.

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2015, Vancouver's City Council approved a plan for removing the Georgia and Dunsmuir viaducts and replacing 2.6 km of vestigial expressway infrastructure with a surface boulevard, parks, public space, and housing. This article explores whether policy learning from other cities influenced Vancouver's decision. Using the Dolowitz-Marsh framework, we found evidence that planners,politicians, and the public introduced examples of expressway removal and infrastructure adaptation during Vancouver's policymaking process and that lesson drawing influenced the outcome. The policy learning revealed here shows how North American cities can advance a more equal redistribution of urban space by removing expressway infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of forest fragmentation, ecotones have become an important contribution to the landscape. The areas that include ecotones are constantly growing, thus creating new habitats for plants and animals. The factor that has the greatest impact on the configuration and extent of an ecotone is called the “edge effect”. The aim of this study was to determine the width of the ecotones in forests that are adjacent to an expressway and to characterize the edge effect they produced. The research was performed along ten transects situated at the edge of a forest and in the interior part of a forest (plots from 0 to 200 m). The structures of the forest stand, trees, shrubs, dwarf shrubs and herbs were determined and data on the species composition and species cover were also collected. Results of the statistical analyses (linear mixed models as well as detrended and canonical correspondence analyses) indicated significant changes in the structure, species composition, and species turnover that were dependent on the distance from the edge of the forest. It was shown that shrubs (cover, density, species richness) were the most affected while vascular plants were the least affected. However, the changes were ambiguous. There was either an increase or decrease in the individual parameters of the forest structure and the coverage of forest species. The extent of the forest edge began at a minimum distance of 0–20 m.

In the following article, two two-lane expressways were studied: S6 - bypass of Nowogard and S10 - bypass of Stargard, both located in Western Pomerania, Poland. Soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm deep layer from direct surrounding of a roadway (up to 1 meter) - D, aswell as in a 20 meter distance from a roadway - K, in previously set places. In taken samples, the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn are evaluated. Based on the chemical analysis, it has been shown that analysed soil samples from studied by-passes are characterized by diversified average concentrations of heavy metals, depending on the place of sampling. However, none of the concentrations of chosen heavy metals have exceeded threshold values, according to Regulation of the Minister of Environment dated 09 September 2002 on soil quality standards and quality standards of soil (Journal of Laws 2002 No 165, item 1359) for industrial areas, mining grounds and transportation areas.

• Traffic conditions along with vehicles' trajectories were contributing factors. • A variable closer to crash time generally has more impacts on crash likelihood. • The proposed method and model have the potential to be used for the safety of CAVs. There have been plenty of segment-based real-time safety analyses for expressways or freeways. In these analyses, it was considered that the occurrence of a crash is because of segment conditions, including traffic and geometric. However, the movement of a vehicle is continuous from upstream to downstream. Thus, the crash occurrence of a vehicle might also be because of the traffic conditions along its trajectory. Under this idea, the study on the quasi-vehicle-trajectory-based real-time safety for expressways is proposed. It is hard to directly obtain the trajectory data of the vehicle involved in a crash. Thus, the crash-related vehicle's trajectory is derived from other traffic data sources, and it is called quasi-trajectory. To find vehicles' quasi-trajectories, the exact crash time was first identified by observing significant speed drops, and then, the vehicle locations for every one minute was distinguished by using the data from HERE, which provides space-mean speed information. The traffic information along the quasi-trajectories is from the Microwave Vehicle Detection System. A Bayesian matched-case-control logistic regression model was built to explore the impact of traffic parameters along the vehicle quasi-trajectory on real-time crash risk. The results showed that the segment speed difference and segment volume difference along the vehicle quasi-trajectory in the 0–4 min interval before crash occurrence all had a significant positive impact on crash risk. Meanwhile, the truck volume difference and average segment speed in the 0–1 min interval before crashes also have a positive impact on real-time crash likelihood. This study is new in real-time safety analysis and the findings have the potential to be applied to improve the safety of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV). A CAV continuously collects the traffic information along with its trajectory and could calculate the crash risk. When the hazardous traffic condition happens, actions can be taken by CAV to prevent the crash occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Effective information transmission for open skill performance requires fine-scale coordination of distributed networks of brain regions linked by white matter tracts. However, how patterns of connectivity in these anatomical pathways may improve global efficiency remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that the feeder edges in visual and motor systems have the potential to become "expressways" that increase the efficiency of information communication across brain networks of open skill experts. Thirty elite athletes and thirty novice subjects were recruited to participate in visual tracking and motor imagery tasks. We collected structural imaging data from these subjects, and then resolved structural neural networks using deterministic tractography to identify streamlines connecting cortical and subcortical brain regions of each participant. We observed that superior skill performance in elite athletes was associated with increased information transmission efficiency in feeder edges distributed between orbitofrontal and basal ganglia modules, as well as among temporal, occipital, and limbic system modules. These findings suggest that there is an expressway linking visual and action-control system of skill experts that enables more efficient interactions of peripheral and central information in support of effective performance of an open skill. Highlights • Neural network properties correlated with elite open skill performance. • Graph theory analysis reveals "expressways" connecting action-control and visual centers. • Increased information transmission efficiency through changes in feeder edges [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecological Engineering / Inżynieria Ekologiczna is the property of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper critically engages the uneven distribution of infrastructure provision, connectivity and mobility in contemporary neoliberal urban landscapes by uncovering the path-dependent trajectories and politics of transportation in post-suburbia. Departing from contemporary debates on the evolving geography of urban peripheries, I utilise a relational theorisation of the ‘in-between city’ to empirically unpack the urbanisation processes internalised in the evolution of the ‘Zwischenstadt’ in a North American context. Through a longue durée case study of transportation planning, politics and spatial practice in Chicago’s ‘Crosstown Corridor’, in-between urbanisation is demonstrated to express an on-going multiscalar mediation of co-habiting modes of urbanism and strategic state actions that challenge generalised (sub)urbanisation narratives. Despite continued interest from planners, politicians and business groups, proposals for both a major urban expressway and rapid transit line have proved political lightning rods. Consequently, neighbourhood protests, personal political battles and macro-economic trends have locked-in a neglected development pathway for Chicago’s inner suburbs. I argue that through disclosing key contradictory political-economic imperatives and conflicting scales of mobility, it is possible to identify space for political and planning interventions that can adapt to, and develop, polycentric urban practice in and through in-between urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is very less research literature available on urban freeways or expressways in India. Hence, this study focuses on understanding the nature of traffic flow on a very busy eight-lane divided urban freeway namely the Delhi-Gurgaon expressway. To this end, we first present the statistics such as vehicle-class mix and lane utilization on the selected section of expressway and move on to fit time-gap models for the flow values of 7189 and 9114 vehicles h−1 (vph) in one direction of traffic flow on the expressway. A k-sample A-D test was conducted to assess the goodness of fit of the time-gap models. It was found from the study that the combination of Weibull and Extreme Value mixture distribution gives the best fit for modeling time gaps at observed flow levels of 7189 and 9114 vph with 5 and 1% level of significance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Justify that the traditional frequency based approaches are not appropriate for urban expressways. [•] Propose a societal risk based hotspots identification approach. [•] Compare the consistency of various candidate approaches. [•] Conclude that societal risk based EB method is the best choice for urban expressways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Expressways in India are vastly different from other roads of the country based on roadway and traffic conditions and additionally, there is no perfect strict lane discipline. Nevertheless, there is not much research literature available specific to these categories of roads in India. The knowledge of roadway capacity is an important basic input required for planning, design, analysis and operation of roadway systems. Hence, this work aims to model traffic flow on Indian urban expressways with specific reference to Delhi-Gurgaon expressway and estimate its capacity using the micro-simulation model, VISSIM. Field data collected on traffic flow characteristics on expressways are used in calibration and validation of the simulation model. The validated simulation model is then used to estimate passenger car unit (PCU) values for different vehicle types and derive capacity value. It was found that the PCU value for each of the vehicle categories decreases with increase in vehicular flow under uncongested regime. It was also found that the PCU value for heavy and larger vehicle types are higher under congested regime as compared to their respective PCU values near capacity. The capacity of a eight-lane divided urban expressway in level terrain with 14.0 m wide road space is found to be about 9700 PCU/h, for one direction of traffic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyses the accessibility implications of the development of expressways and inter-city railways in the Greater Pearl River Delta (GPRD) over the period 1990–2020. Average travel time was firstly reduced by expressway development; and it will be reduced further by the introduction of the inter-city rail system in 2011. The unevenness in regional accessibility remained relatively high during the initial stage of expressway development, but later expansion brought more balanced accessibility landscapes. The first stage (2010–2020) of inter-city railway development will raise the accessibility inequality. Its later effects, however, remain to be seen. Convenience in transport connections is associated with the spatial pattern of industrialization. In addition, accessibility improvement is tied to the direction of city-region development, as exemplified by Guangzhou’s choice of Nansha, the city’s outer port, as development focus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 1950, Lineu Prestes, the then mayor of Sao Paulo, commissioned the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC), a commercial corporation headquartered in New York and owned by Nelson Rockefeller, to draw up a detailed report concerning the general planning of public works for the municipality of Sao Paulo. The urban planner Robert Moses was appointed Director of Studies and another 10 advisors were appointed to work in the 'Program of Public Improvements'. The improvement plan for Sao Paulo was not an isolated initiative among those developed by IBEC, but it was very different from the other planning studies that had been conducted to date in that it was actually a consultative assignment. While performing technical studies, IBEC also identified opportunities for American companies to operate in Brazil; hence, the plan aroused great controversy. This paper seeks to establish how the Program emerged from the political and economic context of the post-Second World War period in relation to Nelson Rockefeller's activities in Latin America and Brazil, and it seeks to analyse, from the point of view of urban planning, the role played by the Program in the planning and development of the city of Sao Paulo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a reflection on issues arising from using Q-squared methodology in monitoring involuntary resettlement under the Southern Transport Development Project in Sri Lanka. One of the main objectives of the monitoring exercise was to influence policy makers and the Q-squared monitoring methodology was developed to meet this objective. Monitoring was carried out using a multi-sample, multi-method framework, but the focus of this paper is on the household survey, which collected both quantitative and qualitative information in one tool. Using a mixed tool has raised many practical and conceptual issues, most of which were resolved by putting in more thought and time. The progress we have made with initially reluctant clients, some of whom have gone from flat out rejection to engaging with our findings, is to a large extent a result of the mixed method's ability to provide a more complete picture. The validation of the methodology is its ability to show the generalisable picture as well as that of outliers. The recommendations resulting from the mixed method are more rounded, which in turn has lead to credibility and policy influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the freeway revolts that erupted in American cities in the 1960s and early 1970s. Until the mid-1960s, state and federal highway engineers had complete control over freeway route locations. In many cities, the new highways ripped through neighborhoods, parks, historic districts, and environmentally sensitive areas. Beginning in San Francisco, citizen movements sprang up to challenge the highwaymen. New federal legislation in the 1960s gradually imposed restraints on highway engineers, providing freeway fighters with grounds for legal action. Leaders in the new U.S. Department of Transportation pushed for a more balanced transportation system and more sensitive highway decision making. Case studies of freeway building and citizen opposition in Miami and Baltimore illustrate larger patterns of the national freeway revolt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]