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This paper attempts to fill an epistemological gap in our theorizing about love with a sketch of an epistemology of love that unfolds by addressing Whitney Houston's famous epistemological questions pertaining to how we can know whether another loves us. After arguing for three possible sources of the knowledge of love, it offers initial answers to how the knowledge of the presence or absence of another's love can be acquired from the relevant possible sources previously established. These initial answers, though, are unsatisfying because they invite more difficult questions that are then addressed, such as those pertaining to the kinds of things that constitute love's expressions along with how to detect these expressions given the possibility of false‐positives. Addressing these questions ultimately leads to a sharpened, Aristotle‐inspired account of how to acquire the knowledge of the presence or absence of another's love by inferring it, respectively, from the successful or failed detection of love's expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends the concept of glossolalia to encompass the idea of creaturely "sighs and groans," emphasizing that animals, despite the apparent absence of reflective consciousness, harbor the capacity for expressions such as praise, lament, and prophecy. Within this research, a model of "animal glossolalia" is introduced, transcending the confines of human experience to delve into how animals engage in this unique form of spiritual expression through the Spirit. It posits that God hears the voices of all his non-human creatures through their sighs and groans. This exploration of animal spirituality and glossolalia challenges prevailing anthropocentric perspectives, advocating for a broader and more inclusive comprehension of glossolalia that embraces all of God's creatures through the interceding Spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding anticipatory action as undergirding the dynamics of life is the prerequisite for defining what art is. Its change over time reflects the fact that life is purposeful and escapes prediction. Explaining art from the perspective of means and methods involved in producing it, from a deterministic view, leads to circular reasoning: the conclusion (machine art is the future) is in the premise (machines can make art). This fallacy becomes evident in the context of the current infatuation with automation of artmaking (especially through AI), and even art evaluation. The role art plays in defining the human condition is no less significant than that of science, itself indebted to aesthetics in its expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tang has often been considered the historical high point of Chinese "cosmopolitanism." Recent scholarship, however, has been divided on the questions of just how tolerant the era actually was of ethnocultural difference and of whether it represented a turning point in Chinese history toward increasing xenophobia or, on the contrary, toward a less exclusive conception of Chinese identity. This essay suggests that surviving evidence is susceptible to contradictory interpretations on account of its preservation in textual genres characterized by complex motivations that, moreover, changed dramatically over the course of the dynasty. We should not, therefore, uncritically accept statements concerning ethnocultural identity and difference in preserved texts as representative of the thoughts or feelings of even the literati class. A better understanding of the evolution of Chinese attitudes on these questions, instead, will require attention to the ways Tang ideas about texts shaped the attitudes literati felt worthy of expression in them, and how they did so differently in different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first two sections of the following remarks, I will establish a working definition of Cassirer's concept of a symbolic form. Symbolic forms are primarily forms of expression (1). Furthermore, they must be conceived as forms of world‐disclosure and forms of mind and spirit (2). Finally, I will highlight the key elements of Cassirer's analysis of the practical dimension of symbolic forms (3). I argue that a reconsideration of the concept of a symbolic form will naturally let the philosophy of symbolic forms adopt the shape of a critical theory of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to get results to describe the expressive approach to the novel entitled Dear Oppa by Nurima Thama. The purpose of this study is to describe the expression of the author who expresses his ideas in the work he has created. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive. Data analysis techniques used in this study are data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. This research data collection technique is by reading carefully, marking data findings in dialogue or narrative, reading other references that have a relationship with the topic of research discussion and presenting research findings. The results of this study are in the form of an analysis of expression studies which are divided into two parts, namely the personality of the main character and the description of the author's expression in the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine how criticising as a disciplinary action is conventionally realised in Chinese classroom contexts. By so doing, we provide a two‐fold contribution to the current special issue dedicated to Willis Edmondson. First, we examine criticising in an innovative way, by going beyond its traditional interpretation as a speech act, that is, we approach it as an interactional phenomenon which is conventionally realised by a cluster of expressions and speech acts. Second, we propose a bipartite approach to examine why and how instances of criticism as a disciplinary action in Chinese may puzzle foreign learners of Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the versatile use of the word "like," exploring its various meanings and its prevalence as a filler in contemporary speech. It examines how this usage reflects a detachment from precise expression and a lack of confidence in language, advocating for a return to more deliberate and composed speech to foster greater clarity and self-awareness.

In a Ulysses contract, A gets B, at t 1, to agree (i) to act at t 2 in such a way that A is made to abide by her own earlier intentions and (ii) to ignore A's later attempt to rescind the authorization. But why does A's will at t 2 lack the authority it had at t 1? This article makes the case that a person has authority to enter a Ulysses contract only insofar as her expressed will at t 1 is a better expression of the values that remain attributable to her at t 2 than is her expressed will at t 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous difficulties arising in connection with developing an ontology for linguistic entities can be thought of as manifestations of a more general problem, aptly characterized by David Lewis (1975) as a tension between two conflicting conceptions of language. On the one hand, our best theories model languages as abstract semantic systems—roughly, functions assigning meanings to expressions. On the other hand, we think of languages as contingent and changing social constructs—both grounded in, and grounding, various social relations and institutions of human beings. There are various ways in which these conceptions appear to be in conflict. For instance, if languages are set‐theoretical entities—as our best logical and linguistic theories would have it—how do we account for the fact that they change? Or that they could have been different in various respects? And how do we provide principled and noncircular conditions for set‐membership, when there appears to be nothing in common to all tokens of the same expression other than belonging to the same type? This paper aims to develop an ontology of linguistic entities—specifically, of languages and linguistic communities—that can resolve these apparent tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies two distinct dimensions of what might be called testimonial strength: first, in the case of testimony from more than one speaker, testimony can be said to be stronger to the extent that a greater proportion of the speakers give identical testimony; second, in both single‐speaker and multi‐speaker testimony, testimony can be said to be stronger to the extent that each speaker expresses greater conviction in the relevant proposition. These two notions of testimonial strength have received scant attention in the philosophical literature so far, presumably because it has been thought that whatever lessons we learn from thinking about testimony as a binary phenomenon will apply mutatis mutandis to varying strengths of testimony. This paper shows that this will not work for either of the two aforementioned dimensions of testimonial strength, roughly because less testimony can provide more justification in a way that can only be explained by appealing to the (non‐binary) strength of the testimony itself. The paper also argues that this result undermines some influential versions of non‐reductionism about testimonial justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary trauma theory has traditionally been a humanist concern, and the concept of witnessing, so central to the theorization of trauma, has focused on human experience and relationships. This article stages an interdisciplinary intervention by conceptualizing trans-"species" trauma testimony as a literary encounter involving a double-layered witnessing; the human artist witnessing nonhuman animals' witnessing to the failings and crises brought about by human society. Focusing on a selection of contemporary Australian poems, a view emerges of poetic witnessing and testimony that exceeds and complicates the sub-genre lenses of old such as "nature poetry," "ecopoetry," and "protest poetry." I propose a new conceptual category that testifies to traumatic structures and consequences of human practices. I explore how this testimony proceeds through a two-way channel of witnessing in which nonhuman animals are active witnessing agents and not merely witnessed by humans. I concentrate on witnessing as primarily experiential, as a corporal, affective operation in which the senses figure centrally. I argue that when poets witness nonhuman animal experience in poetry, testimony advances as an ethical engagement in an act of solidarity and advocacy. Poetry offers productive potential in this respect due to its affinity for engagement with the senses, its capacity to communicate heightened affect, and its scope for expression, articulation, and evocations of meaning outside of conventional sense-making and the limits of rational understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces a framework wherein consumers take on "requestor" or "responder" roles in making joint consumption decisions. The authors document a robust preference expression asymmetry wherein "requestors" soliciting others' consumption preferences (e.g., "Where do you want to go for dinner?") desire preference expressions (e.g., "Let's go to this restaurant"), whereas "responders" instead do not express preferences (e.g., "Anywhere is fine with me"). This asymmetry generalizes under a broad set of situations and occurs because the requestor and responder roles differ in their foci. Compared to responders, requestors are more focused on mitigating the difficulty of arriving at a decision, whereas compared to requestors, responders are more focused on conveying likability by appearing easygoing. Responders thus behave suboptimally, incurring a "preference cost" (when masking preferences) and a "social friction cost" (requestors favor responders who express preferences). Requestors can elicit preference expression by conveying their own dislike of decision making, which increases responders' focus on mitigating decision difficulty. The authors conclude by discussing the framework's contributions to looking "under the hood" of joint consumption decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on exploring the relationship between the boundaries of the world, the limits of language, and the means of expression beyond those limits. It compares the philosophies of Wang Bi and Ludwig Wittgenstein, with a primary emphasis on Wang Bi's commentaries on Laozi, to understand the nature of language's limitations and how it deals with issues beyond its reach.

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Irony is a mechanism that, at the same time, says and does not say. It is a case in which the speaker literally expresses a sense that is not what the speaker wants to communicate. It is a case of implicit echoic mention that conveys an attitude toward what is mentioned. Therefore, an utterance that, to be understood, needs contextual elements, meta-communicative elements and a mutual attribution of knowledge, intentions and affective states between speaker and hearer; the elaboration of which requires specific capacities – linguistics as well as cognitive – that allow to recognize the unsaid intentions of the speaker. Even if the ironic speaker expresses an attitude and, in doing this, s/he is 'honest' (s/he wants the hearer to recognize the falsehood or the irrelevance of the expressed proposition and to grasp the attitude towards it), most of the time, ironic expressions are sentences that are apparently false. To be able to distinguish between irony and lying, the hearer must determine that the ironic speaker wants the listener to disbelieve the statement, whereas the liar wants the listener to believe just what is said. Distinguishing between a false observation said with a misleading intent and an untrue sentence proffered/uttered with an ironic intent, requires a right attribution of a second-order belief, but it also requires the capacity of epistemic vigilance, an ability that allows us to evaluate the accuracy of the content of the information provided by others, and to discriminate the reliability of the source of information. The complex abilities, required by irony elaboration, make irony learning during childhood particularly difficult. Acquisition of irony comprehension is more complex than any other form of non-literal speech and, during growth, it reaches its complete development later than many other complex linguistic aspects, only about at the age of ten-twelve. The article wants to show how difficulties of irony elaboration in children are linked not only to the full development of meta-representational abilities, but in addition and especially to the development of epistemic vigilance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could there be an implicature whose content is not propositional? Grice's canon is somewhat ambivalent on this question, but such figures as Sperber & Wilson, Davis, and Lepore & Stone presume that there cannot be, and argue that this causes glaring failures within the Gricean programme. Building on work by McDowell and Buchanan, I argue that, on the contrary, the notion of non-propositional implicature is very much worth investigating. I show how the notion has promise to illuminate the content of many sorts of complex utterance—from the cases of verbal irony, metaphorical usage, slurring, insinuation, and (some kinds of) humour, to various others which involve expressive or evaluative content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Truth is not only a semantic notion, because it can involve our whole being, both intellectual and emotional. The emotional character of the truth determines its relevance for us. In this paper I will first discuss Ronald de Sousa's theory of emotional truth and the idea of the appropriateness of emotions in relation to judgment. Secondly, I will deal with Meinong's conception that emotions have both an evaluative and a cognitive character, allow us to know what the world is like, and consequently are related to truth. Truth then turns out to be a value. If something is valuable to me, it stirs an emotion. That is why truth is capable of attracting feelings. Emotional truth is that truth which attracts a justified knowledge-feeling. This is the basis on which we might develop an aesthetics of concepts whereby theories, in order to be established, need not only to be regarded as true but to produce an emotional involvement of the subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine who young children (3–7-year-olds) would depend on for asking information, and whose information they would endorse: the one provided precise expressions which were the mathematical presentation of several measurements or the other by a person who provided relative expressions which were assistant's personal opinions did not depend on a metric measurement. The participants consist of 102 young children in Şanlıurfa province in Turkey. The participants interacted with two assistants, one of whom provided precise expressions and the other provided relative expressions about weight, length and quantity comparison of several pictures and materials. Mann–Whitney U Tests revealed that for asking questions children preferred relative assistant significantly more than a precise assistant. Mann–Whitney U Test did not reveal any difference for endorse questions, and also, there was not any difference appear among ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective predicates have two interpretive and distributional characteristics that have resisted a comprehensive analysis. First, the use of a subjective predicate to describe an object is in general felicitous only when the speaker has a particular kind of familiarity with relevant features of the object; characterizing an object as tasty, for example, implies that the speaker has experience of its taste. Second, subjective predicates differ from objective predicates in their distribution under certain types of propositional attitude verbs. The goal of this paper is to argue that these features can be explained in a uniform way and within a broadly truth-conditional approach to semantic content, given a view of subjective language as an essentially pragmatic, context-sensitive phenomenon. Specifically, we propose that what renders an issue subjective in discourse is speakers' awareness of counterstance contingency: contingency relative to information states that represent alternative pragmatic stances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the meaning of the expression "making life better" in an industrialized region of Vale do Ave, considering the changes during the 1960s-1970s in Portugal and in the long term. It addresses, particularly, the expectations of improvement in living conditions that this expression condenses, conveying ideas about the future, against a past in which life "didn't run forward", and a life in which one has "always worked" to "keep earning a living". It is argued that the "work" implied in this expression reflects a tension between the need to "making a living" and the aspirations towards a "good life", articulating economy, value and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of the Annals of Psychology is dedicated to emotions. Despite many years of research on emotions, there are still many areas that require intensive scientific work. New questions and research problems emerge very distinctly when we are dealing with a dynamically changing reality in which we have to function, and no doubt this is what we are dealing with at the moment. This special issue contains articles on emotions, in which the authors--participants of the current and previous editions of the International Scientific Conference Closer to Emotions--adopt different theoretical perspectives and use different research paradigms to show the importance of emotions in various spheres of life. This multi-dimensional perspective corresponds to a wide spectrum of using psychological knowledge from the field of emotions in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I propose to elucidate the theoretical foundations of Merleau-Ponty’s thought to elaborate the way to a phenomenological aesthetics in his philosophy. For this, it is necessary to delimit the technical concepts to which Merleau-Ponty appeals and, renewing the Husserlian method, exposes them as a phenomenological opening to the sensible world. The concepts that will guide the investigation are: expression, flesh and the dynamics between the visible and the invisible. All of this will allow us to present the discoveries made by the French philosopher, while opening a series of consequences that still need reflection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the most effective type of emojis for inducing empathy, the nonverbal expression factors of emojis that generate empathy differences were categorized as body language types (the presence of movement and contextual information), emotion type (joy and sadness), and degree of bodily expression (upper body and whole body). After dividing the data into joyful and sad emotion groups, differences in empathy according to the body language types and degree of bodily expression of emojis were confirmed. As a result, in the sad emotions group, empathy was higher in the movement type and the type combining movement and contextual information than the static body language type and the contextual information type without movement. However, the difference in empathy according to the degree of body expression and the interaction effect between body language types and degree of body expression were not significant. On the other hand, in the joyful emotions group, neither the main effect nor the interaction effect was significant. These results indicate that the effective emoji types for inducing empathy are the upper body of the movement type and the upper body combined with movement and contextual information. These types are also considered to work more effectively when applied to emotions with low mirroring and emotion recognition rates, such as sad emotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Social Cognition and the Second Person in Human Interaction (2021), Routledge, Diana Pe'rez and Antoni Gomila articulate a complex web of conceptual and empirical explorations that altogether make a remarkable case for the primitiveness and distinctiveness of second-person mental attributions. I find their case for the primitiveness of second-person attributions quite convincing and deeply rooted in their philosophical project, whose specific nature I will examine in the first section. The rest of the paper will then focus on their case for the distinctiveness of those mental attributions that are made in second-person interactions. My conclusion will be that Pe'rez and Gomila's various strategies to motivate the distinctiveness of such attributions are ultimately unsatisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence of musical development is revisited. The origins of the underlying and evolving theory are considered, along with organisation and classification of the data of children's compositions. The cumulative and recursive nature of the spiral is re-emphasised, and the dynamic relationship between the left and right side is clarified. The essential qualitative nature of the study is asserted and some possibilities for the future are considered, along with a two-dimensional model for curriculum and student evaluation based on spiral-related outcomes and the musical activities that promote and sustain them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the films of Adam Elliot to assist in defining an aesthetic of claymation filmmaking using an experimental rubric. This study identified patterns among Elliot's filmmaking that are influenced by claymation and could be repeated in other films. The rubric can now be applied to a claymation film produced by another director to conduct a comparative analysis, identifying the patterns that define the aesthetic of claymation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]