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This study analyzed the evolution and degree of the global concentration of pulp exports from 1961 to 2014. In order to measure and analyze the concentration, the following indicators were used: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]; Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil Entropy Index (E); Hall and Tideman Index (HTI); Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI); and Gini Coefficient (G). We concluded that there was a tendency of growth in the global pulp exports during the analyzed period due to an increase in demand driven by population growth and to per capita consumption, enhancing the increase in the number of exporting countries. The CR(k) of the global pulp exporting countries showed that the four [CR(4)] and eight [CR(8)] largest countries present a high concentration, with an oligopolistic market structure and competitive advantage. About 100% of exports are dominated by the 20 largest countries [CR(20)]. The HHI, E, HTI, and CCI indicators showed that there is a concentration in global pulp exportation and presented a deconcentrating tendency. Despite the increase in the number of exporting countries, there was no significant reduction in the inequality of global pulp exports. According to the Gini Coefficient, the inequality was strong to absolute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article corrects and amends earlier calculations of Indonesia's colonial surplus appearing in past issues of the Journal of Contemporary Asia. The final corrected total for 1880-1939, the period of domination by private enterprise, is now put at approximately 27 billion Netherlands guilders. The main reasons for the changes were two faulty methods of calculation used previously and the realisation of several sizeable omissions more from the balance of payments. The new methods of creating estimates of missing items are explained whilst the erroneous method of the balance of payments dealing with undistributed profits is discussed critically. The balance of payments specifies no data at all for undistributed profits although, clearly, they are large. It is also observed that almost all other discussions of the size of undistributed profits deal with the part not mentioned in the balance of payments and are unaware of the hidden element that is included. Our total is almost certainly an underestimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the impact of different forms of capital inflows, including foreign direct investment, foreign aid, portfolio investment, and remittances, on exports diversification in sub‐Saharan Africa during the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era. We employ the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to deal with the endogeneity issue. Using a sample of 35 countries over the period 2000–15, it shows that the impact of capital inflows on exports diversification depends on the type of capital. We find evidence that foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and remittances have positive effects on exports diversification, while portfolio inflows negatively affect exports diversification. Moreover, we find that the impact of capital inflows on exports diversification differs across the region of destination of the exported products. This study underscores the important role of international cooperation and capital inflows in sub‐Saharan Africa, and lends support to policies aiming to attract foreign capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid economic growth propelled China to become South Africa’s largest trade partner, and the recent economic slowdown in China and collapse of commodity prices threatens to reverse this trend. Previous estimations of South Africa’s bilateral trade functions document strong income effects on trade, but evidence for the effects of the exchange rate and its volatility are decidedly mixed. In this paper we argue that this ambiguity is due in part to the omission of information about the level and volatility of commodity prices. We note that South Africa’s exports to China are heavily concentrated in metal ores, and the practice of deflating the nominal exchange rate by either a consumer price index or deflator is a poor proxy for the commodity price movements that matter for exporters. In this paper we use quarterly data from the period 1993-2014 to estimate South Africa’s bilateral export function with China using Chinese GDP, the real bilateral exchange rate, exchange rate volatility, iron ore and precious metals price indices, and their respective volatilities. We specify an error-correction model designed to model departures from, and adjustment to, the long-run equilibrium, and thereby distinguish short-run and long-run effects, and we employ the bounds testing approach of Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001) to test for long-run cointegration among the variables. The baseline model results in large and statistically significant estimates for income and real exchange rate elasticities that are in the expected direction. The elasticity estimate for exchange-rate volatility suggests a negative but statistically insignificant effect. This ambiguity resonates with much of the literature. In our augmented models we include separate variables to capture the effects of iron ore and precious metals prices and their volatility, resulting in considerable improvement in model fit in both a static and dynamic sense. In the long run, the positive price elasticity is consistent with an upward-sloping export supply curve, and the negative and relatively elastic effect of commodity price volatility suggests an uncertainty effect that reduces exports. Importantly, the inclusion of the commodity price variables improves the precision of other estimates, increasing our confidence in a similar uncertainty effect emanating from volatility in the bilateral exchange rate. Our results highlight South Africa’s continued vulnerability to the commodity price cycle. To escape this boom and bust cycle, South Africa’s government must emphasize public investment and embrace structural reforms aimed at diversifying its export sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main drivers of global economic growth is known to be East Asia's economy. The success of this particular region has been influenced by its exceptional growth and development in exports. The region's future success will be channelled closely to continued strong external demand. But the global economic resumption is a mixed picture with plenty of ambiguity. The purpose of the article was to analyse export competitiveness and revealed comparative advantages of global nuts and to compute the duration and stability of Balassa indices by employing Kaplan-Meier survival function and Markov transition probability matrices. Findings reveal that The United States, Turkey, and Iran were the major exporters of the selected nuts in the periods evaluated, together constituting 64% of all products exported with 84% of concentration, dominated by the fresh or dried almonds without shells, which composes more than 30% of trade among the evaluated nut products for all the periods, followed by fresh or dried hazlenuts without shells. The Balassa indices, nonetheless, were the highest for Iran and Turkey and lowest for Germany, France, and Netherlands. Generally, comparative advantages seem to decline for most countries with the exception of The United States and Chile as illustrated by the stability tests and mobility indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a large number of rich natural gas reserves in Iran, and considering the acceptable income from the exports of oil products, the consumption of gas instead of oil products in different consuming sectors seems to be rational. Therefore, in this article, the allocation of natural gas to different sectors such as residential, industries, power plants, transportation, reinjection to oil wells, export, and so forth is estimated based on the three scenarios using a linear programming method for the year 2025 in Iran. The results indicate that if there is no planned consumption management, the allocation of gas in future years will certainly have deficiencies in some sectors in Iran. Consequently, the feasible limit for unit replacement revenue of injection to oil wells is also calculated by sensitivity analysis on the coefficients of linear programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underneath impressive growth levels, the Chilean economy displays signs of being caught in a middle-income trap. It has been unable to improve its productivity, increase the added value of its exports or upgrade its value chain. Its economy cannot compete either with low-wage countries or highly productive, innovative countries. Its export strategy based on export promotion seems to have outlived its usefulness. It achieved remarkable quantitative success, but must now attend qualitative attributes. Instead of regarding market-driven export promotion and state-led export development as substitutes, this article proposes to view them as alternatives in different stages of development. To choose the appropriate time, more attention should be given to non-traditional, structural indicators, like export sophistication and political-institutional capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se presenta una estimación del número de puestos de trabajo contenidos en las exportaciones manufactureras mexicanas en 2008 y 2012, basada en las matrices de insumo-producto elaboradas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (inegi). Se presentan los datos de trabajo directo (el necesario para producir los bienes exportados) e indirecto, es decir, el trabajo contenido en los insumos nacionales incorporados en las exportaciones, más el empleo generado por todas las repercusiones indirectas derivadas de la producción de los bienes intermedios que se incorporan en ellas. El empleo en las exportaciones se desagrega por sectores manufactureros exportadores y por sectores donde el empleo es creado. Dado que cualquier sector exportador requiere bienes intermedios que se producen en el mismo sector o en otros, el trabajo indirecto contenido en las exportaciones es dividido entre empleo indirecto intrasectorial e intersectorial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the global competitiveness and local business development in the U.S. Topics discussed include the aspects of the association between export trade and economic development considering concepts including expansion and job quality, the roles of Economic Development Organizations (EDOs), and the state's approaches which focuses on the development and growth in the international trade.

The research provides evidence on the fruit and vegetable products export competitiveness of the European Union (EU-27) member states in the global markets. The revealed comparative advantage index is used to analyse the levels and compositions in the export competitiveness by differentiated fruit and vegetable products. Most of the EU-27 member states experienced revealed comparative disadvantages in the fruit and vegetable products in the global markets. Spain and the Netherlands experienced the most robust results of the revealed comparative advantages between 2000 and 2011 and among fruit and vegetable groups of products. Most other of the EU-27 member states with the comparative export advantages in fruit and vegetable products specialized in a certain segment or niche fruit and vegetable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proves the relevance of using ABC analysis in business practice of export-led enterprises to optimize receipts from foreign trade activity. Benefits and limitations of ABC analysis are determined and systematized. Author's model of the process of marketing management of export-led enterprises is proposed. It includes the development and implementation of corporate marketing business strategy based on the integration of strategies of commodity lines allocated by the results of ABC analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Brazil’s industrial trajectory, beginning with an analysis of the process of import substitution industrialization and its role historically. This is followed by an analysis of industry after the transition to neoliberalism. The resulting evidence implies a clear process of deindustrialization, and upon examining the pattern of exports, a process of re-primarization as well. The paper concludes with a discussion of these troubling trends for the current trajectory of the Brazilian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses whether regions benefit from their neighbours' transport facilities. We focus on ports and estimate a gravity model of trade that includes port facilities indicators as explanatory variables. The model is estimated by using exports from 19 Spanish regions to 45 countries from 2000 onwards. To test for the existence of regional spillovers, we construct a weight matrix that takes into account the relative importance of the neighbouring ports, as well as the quality of port infrastructure in destination countries. The findings suggest that regional spillovers play a larger role than port facilities themselves in the growth of Spanish exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze a firm’s joint decision to export and invest using a model that incorporates the essential features of self-selection and learning-by-exporting theories of firm-level dynamics. We calibrate the model to 2002–2007 Chilean manufacturing plant data and simulate it under different assumptions, finding that neither self-selection nor learning-by-exporting alone can adequately explain the observed cross-sectional relationship between firm level exports and capital, favoring instead a model that allows both mechanisms to work in tandem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of promoting exports in preventing poverty. Topics discussed include estimating how global economic factors influence the poor, multiple mechanisms of international expanding economy that may affect poor and effects of trade on poverty that depend largely on complementary government policies investing in human capital and infrastructure.

This paper aims to assess the sustainability of the current account of Bangladesh over the period of 1982-2012 using the intertemporal solvency model of Hakkio and Rush (1991) and Husted (1992). This approach examines the relationship between exports and imports plus unilateral transfer payments. We apply Johansen cointegration test and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) to evaluate the sustainability. Cointegration between inflows and outflows of current account implies that the intertemporal budget constraint is satisfied. Results of the Johansen cointegration test imply that there is a cointegrating relationship between exports and imports plus unilateral transfer payments. This indicates that Bangladesh's current account is sustainable but result of DOLS estimation reveals that it is weakly sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the Canadian economy is constantly affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. This paper focuses on the effect of the exchange rate on employment in Canada. We find that appreciation of the Canadian dollar has significant effects on employment in manufacturing industries; such effects are mostly associated with the export-weighted exchange rate, but not the import-weighted exchange rate. Meanwhile, the exchange rate has little effect on jobs in non-manufacturing industries. Because the manufacturing sector accounts for only about 10 percent of employment in Canada, the overall effect of the exchange rate on employment is small. In addition, we quantify the loss of manufacturing employment associated with a commodity market boom, during which the Canadian dollar tends to appreciate. Our estimates suggest that when commodity prices increase by 15.77 percent (one standard deviation of annual change in commodity prices between 1994 and 2010), manufacturing employment in Canada decreases by 0.8 percent, which is about 0.08 percent of the total employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a globalizing economy, maintaining and enhancing external competitiveness has become of increasing concern to countries around the world. This applies in particular to Western Balkans countries (WBC), whose small economies have to rely mainly on export-led growth and which have reported large current account deficits and widening trade deficits over the past decade. This paper aims to point out of the directions for achieving external competitiveness of WBC. Starting from the assumption that a strong export performance is a sign of a country's competitiveness in the long run, we have considered a broad list of indicators, such as those related to structural trade indicators, price and cost competitiveness, the sold of the current accounts, productivity, foreign direct investment, as well as institutional factors. Secondary analysis of previous quantitative data and published studies, combined with an own qualitative study in the field has provided a reliable and convincing basis for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have attempted to analyze the determinants of export performance. Most of them have been dedicated to assessing the role of corporate, managerial, and organizational resources, as well as company size and experience. Others sought to measure the effect of innovation on export performance. However, there are few studies that address the effect institutional framework has on export performance. The present study aims to evaluate the institutional determinants of companies' export performance, seeking to fill a gap in the international business literature by examining the ways in which the institutional framework of the country of origin affects companies' export performance. Although several studies have investigated the effect country of origin institutions have on internationalization and export performance, there are few studies that have evaluated the modes and mechanisms by which such institutions act and shape companies' export performance. This study's contribution is using structural equation modeling to show that institutional framework has no direct effect on export performance, but acts indirectly through specific transmission mechanisms. This approach points to social networks and innovation as two mechanisms that perform specific functions to configure institutional effects. Although the empirical results did not show statistical significance for the innovation dimension, the network mechanism has been shown as a specific and efficient mechanism for transmitting institutional framework effects on export performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the adjustment of wage bargaining institutions to international trade in Germany. Embracing IPE as opposed to CPE lenses yields a novel interpretation of change in the institution of wage bargaining. Export dependence of a sector, we argue, has destabilizing effects for industry-wide bargaining by sparking an intra-sectoral cleavage between domestic- and export-oriented enterprises. Specifically, the greater the degree of export dependence of a sector, the greater the degree to which domestic-oriented enterprises within that sector will abandon collective bargaining. We also explain how workplace employee representation through works councils mitigates this effect, such that the presence of works councils helps domestically oriented firms to hold to collective bargaining agreements in the face of a sector's deepening exposure to export markets. These claims find empirical support in the history of labor relations developments in the metal industry and, especially, in extensive analysis of a cross-section of establishments. Our findings attribute major responsibility to the firms driving globalization for undermining collective bargaining institutions and suggest that economic globalization is a cause of dualization. In all, the article provides fresh ammunition for a version of globalization-induced institutional convergence. [Correction added after online publication on May 28, 2014: 'conversion' changed to 'convergence' in preceding sentence.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores America's earliest engagement with the transpacific world and in particular with China. From the mid-eighteenth century, Americans seeking new economic opportunities considered Asia and the Pacific region important to their development. Taking advantage of their geographical proximity to both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Americans developed ways to connect the two regions. These transoceanic networks of trade proved crucial to the economic and political development of the young United States and set the stage for its future influence in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey has adopted export-led industrialization policy with the decision taken within the framework of the Stabilization Program. As a result of positive developments created by this policy significant increases in Turkey's export volume has been achieved and the composition of export products has changed. The biggest contribution to this change has been experienced in export item of manufacturing industry which is one of the most important industrial sectors in the economic structure. The aim of this study is to analyze the export-led growth in Turkey hypothesis by using quarterly data for period 1994-2009. In this study, manufacturing industry export refers to the term export which is the leading sector that establishes links between Turkish economy and the global economy. Of the simultaneous equation systems, three stage least square estimates (3SLS) method was applied to these macro-economic variables which demostrated the existence of simultaneous correlation in Hausmann test. Consequently, using 3SLS methods simultaneous correlation was found between growth and manufacturing industry and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the reported geopolitical significance of an apparently rapid intensification of ties between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Africa's 54 countries as of April 2014, focusing on the potential end of the PRC government's non-interference policy. African commodity exports and Chinese business profits are addressed in relation to Africa's apparent demand for Chinese-made consumer goods. Construction projects and information technology services are also mentioned, along with the Chinese Communist Party. The military aspects of China's presence in Africa are examined.

This article looks at sustainable development and globalization from the perspective of the eco-innovation literature for the case of biofuels in transport. It assesses the potential for newly industrialized countries (NICs) to develop technology and hence export markets in biofuel equipment. An analysis of innovation indicators suggests those countries that have strong capacities in eco-innovation in general. The analysis considers demand and regulatory factors in addition to technological capabilities in biofuels and complementary sectors. A very large global market in biofuels for transport could develop. The case of biofuels in Brazil shows that demand-oriented innovation policy coordinated with supply-oriented research and development policies can be successful in NICs for developing markets in new technologies for sustainability. Brazil, China, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa, as well as Indonesia, Thailand, and possibly India, have the favorable combination of high biofuel production potential and the requisite technological capability to develop internationally competitive second-generation biofuel production technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a generally held belief that an expansion of the exports sector in a country would usually lead to an improved economic growth. However, a survey of the literature indicates that a great variety of techniques, data sets and country groups have been employed in empirical assessments of the export-led growth hypothesis, with an equally broad variety of results. In this regard, the essence of the present study is to determine what factors impact on the export-growth relationship using a study of 82 studies which yields 447 observations. Results from the counting analysis and the meta-regression analysis show that economies with a low development level benefit less from exports as a driver of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reexamines the causes, effects, and duration of the Matsukata deflation of the early 1880s, one of the most severe contractions in modern Japanese history, together with the policies Minister of Finance Matsukata Masayoshi pursued. It also investigates the understudied relationship between Japan's deflationary crisis and the contemporaneous global depression. Contrary to the standard narrative, Matsukata eventually succeeded at financial stabilization not primarily through retrenchment and taxation but through export promotion and bond issuance. Meanwhile, oversupply and deflation in Japan's export markets put pressure on prices at home, intensifying a domestic deflation that was already underway when Matsukata became finance minister. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade is considered as the engine of growth. For a developing country like India trade plays an important role for achieving the target of sustainable development. One of the major export articles for India is leather and leathermanufactures (India accounts for approximately two percent of the world trade). So it will be prudent in this light to check the present status of India's leather and manufactures export. In this paper author has considered the problems of the Indian Leather Industry and has suggested the possible solution to these problems. Author has used Poirier's (1974) spline function approach to estimate the growth rate of leather and leather manufactures export during pre- and post-wto period. Instability in export earnings is measured by using Cuddy-Della Valle (1978) index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate whether countries' trade costs act like other national endowments by affecting the composition of countries' exports. Using an econometric approach that controls for endogeneity by accounting for potentially relevant omitted variables, we find strong evidence for a sample of 37 industrialized and transition countries that national trade costs systematically affect the composition of trade and can be viewed therefore as a source of comparative advantage. Industries located in countries with low trade costs capture significantly higher shares of world exports, where this effect is stronger in trade cost intensive industries. ( JEL F11, F14) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper uses data from the Indonesian manufacturing census in order to uncover the determinants of firm exports over the period 1990–2005. We examine to what extent differences in firm export propensity and intensity are a consequence of firm-level (microeconomic), of place-based (macroeconomic) first- and second-nature geography characteristics, or of a combination of the two. The results indicate that both internal and external factors matter. Second-nature, rather than first-nature, geography makes an important difference. The conditions of a firm’s province and those of neighboring provinces shape firm exports. Agglomeration effects, education, and transport infrastructure endowment play a particularly relevant role in Indonesian firms’ export propensity, while export spillovers increase export intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the causal relationship between export composition and economic growth, among others, in the case of a strongly outward-oriented country, i.e. Korea. The cointegration tests show that cointegrating vectors exist among the concerned variables. Also, the error correction model indicates that there is a bidirectional causality between export composition and economic growth. That is, the increasing ratio of non-textile exports to textile exports has led to higher economic growth and vice versa. The empirical results remain qualitatively the same even when we include a measure of trade liberalization as one of the explanatory variables that may affect economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los autores analizan los efectos de combinar la austeridad fiscal con políticas de flexibilización laboral enriqueciendo así el debate actual al respecto. Mediante un macromodelo analítico simplificado con una dinámica de distribución explícita y una perspectiva mundial plantean el problema de agregación y demuestran que las políticas de flexibilización que merman el componente salarial provocan retroacciones mundiales que se traducen en una espiral descendente y en una contracción, aun en las economías impulsadas por las exportaciones. En conclusión, los beneficios iniciales de las economías competitivas resultan efímeros; a largo plazo, la economía mundial está impulsada por los salarios y responde positivamente a estímulos keynesianos coordinados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodox discourse on business and human rights tends to conceive of the human rights responsibility of corporations in terms of minimising the negative human rights impacts of their own activities, as opposed to exerting a net positive effect on human rights. On 15 August 2010, however, Sri Lanka's access to the EU's Generalized System of Preferences ( GSP)+ trade incentives was withdrawn for reasons relating to that country's human rights record, creating an actual positive economic incentive for Sri Lankan businesses to actively engage the government on its human rights record. In this context, the author explores the potential for the Sri Lankan garment industry, which is highly dependent on exports to the EU, to effect positive human rights change in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses survival analysis to investigate the duration of Spanish firms' trade relationships by destination over 1997-2006. Whereas firm export status is highly persistent, firms' destination portfolio is very dynamic: a typical firm-country exporting relationship has a median duration of 2 years. Yet, if a firm manages to export to a country beyond 2 years the risk of exiting that market sharply falls afterwards. The results indicate that not only firm heterogeneity but also destination heterogeneity are crucial to explain survival in export markets. In particular, country (political) risk heavily shapes the effect of firm, product, and other destination characteristics on the length of trade relationships. Whereas firm productivity, comparative advantage, partners' GDP, and proximity enhance duration of trade with low-risk countries, they have no effect on trade survival with high-risk countries. On the contrary, information spillovers are particularly relevant to enhance survival of trade relationships with high-risk countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se revisa la afirmación, hasta ahora no sometida a verificación, de que los acuerdos de libre comercio (ALC) firmados por los países latinoamericanos - fundamento de sus estrategias de integración económica internacional desde 1990 - han permitido diversificar sus exportaciones y aumentar el número de socios comerciales. La evidencia obtenida de la Base de datos estadísticos sobre el comercio de mercaderías (COMTRADE), sugiere que gran parte del crecimiento exportador en la región ha ocurrido en el margen intensivo, no en el extensivo. La expansión hacia nuevos productos y socios comerciales ha sido limitada, según los índices de concentración. La apuesta de América Latina de diversificar exportaciones a partir de ALC sin estrategias más integrales - debido a un concepto estático de ventajas comparativas - generó resultados exiguos. Por consiguiente, los gobiernos debieran adoptar un enfoque más dinámico respecto de las ventajas comparativas e implementar políticas más activas. Finalmente, se plantean algunas preguntas para futuras investigaciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the study of causal relationship of GDP or growth with Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in the context of India rely on cross country comparisons, or simple correlations/regressions disregarding nonstationarity properties, or at most on VAR or VECM or Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique of testing for Granger causality. The potential biases, pitfalls, influence of nuisance parameters and asymptotic unreliability of these techniques have been well documented in the literature and also briefly mentioned in this paper. Therefore, this paper employs the more recent and robust Toda-Yamamoto-Dolado-Lutkephol augmented VAR(p) technique for testing Granger causality among these three time series. This technique has been shown to provide more robust and asymptotically reliable results under wide variety of situations regarding the cointegration relationships among the time series. This study also focuses on the post liberalization period and clearly shows that the post- liberalization period significantly differs from the pre-liberalization period in the GDP-Export-FDI nexus. We find strong support for Export-led and Foreign Direct Investment led growth hypotheses only in the post liberalization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the sources of economic growth for a group of Latin American countries in relation to their export performance in China. The analytical framework is based on an extended normalized quadratic profit function. The econometric results confirm that a favorable export record with China represents a positive source of growth for Latin America. However, it also creates long-run dependability conditions in terms of reduced prices and thinner profits that weaken its growth capacity. Latin American countries must seek product diversification away from their current commodity base and aggressively climb up the value chain to remain competitive worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se analiza la estructura de las exportaciones del Brasil y de China a los mercados latinoamericanos, con el propósito de evaluar las repercusiones de la transformación de China en una potencia mundial y un importante socio comercial de los países de la región. Mediante la estimación de varios indicadores de comercio internacional y competitividad se pudo constatar que las exportaciones chinas, en especial las manufacturas, están desplazando a las brasileñas en el mercado regional, lo que constituye una posible amenaza para el Brasil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatos are the most widespread and valuable vegetable. Demand for this produce is constantly increasing, as well as the tonnage produced every year. Tomato cultivation, processing and sales are influenced by economic, environmental and financial factors. Economic viability is affected, since it not only depends on changes in macroeconomic variables, but changes in weather conditions, and technology costs, among others. Farmers must choose varieties and packaging to in-vest in, since their profit margin will depend on it at the end of the cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current social politics in Latin America is increasingly inclusive. In the case of Brazil, this is being achieved, nowadays, by means of the reduction of the external economic vulnerabilities and its substitution by the increase of the internal demand. Nevertheless, the macroeconomic stability also generates new vulnerabilities, since they attract immense quantities of external volatile capital that depreciates the dollar in the internal market and values the national currency, with negative effects on the export competitiveness of the country and stimulating the imports of countries such China, which has kept its currency devaluated for many years. China and India are important buyers of goods, affecting the price of the commodities on the international market. The widespread increase of prices allows it to increase the income of exporting countries, but maintains a strong imbalance in the relations of international exchange and promotes the gradual deindustrialisation of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2008 crisis affected all regions across the globe. East Asia appeared one of the regions best positioned to overcome its impact because of the resilience of strong developmental states. The crisis has raised the question of whether the East Asian economic growth model is too dependent on high export performance. The sharp decline of private consumption in the OECD economies in 2008-2009 has affected continued economic success in East Asia. Now the challenge for East Asian developmental states is to search for a new economic strategy moving away from extreme dependence on exports. This imperative was first acknowledged by China, which has initiated an ambitious support package to stimulate domestic demand and private consumption, relying less exclusively on global foreign markets. Thus China has provided new and more accessible markets to its ASEAN neighbours, with the potential to substitute declining import capacity in Europe, Japan and the USA. A structural consequence of the global crisis indicates an acceleration in the rise of East Asia's economic integration. However, this new facilitation of export benefits for the ASEAN countries may delay or hinder long-term needed reforms to raise domestic living standards and wealth redistribution across Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates that the growth of China's exports in recent years is consistent with the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) prediction of the factor content of trade based on international differences in factor endowments, after adjusting for substantial differences in factor-specific productivity. A comparison of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development input–output data in the year 2000 shows that China's labor productivity relative to the United States is the lowest in a sample of 33 diverse countries, although China's capital is more productive than US capital. This in turn demonstrates the importance of a factor-specific rather than factor-neutral productivity adjustment common in much of the HOV literature. The use of value-added data to measure factor usage helps to correct for unobserved differences in factor qualities and differences in productivity across sectors, as is demonstrated for China. China's low average labor productivity reflects the structure of the Chinese economy where most employment is still in the inefficient agriculture and service sectors, with only 11% of employment in the more modern export-oriented manufacturing sector. Due to a trade surplus, China exports both labor and capital but Leamer's (The Journal of Political Economy 1980;88: 495–503) test for trade-revealed factor abundance confirms that China is labor abundant even after substantial factor-specific productivity adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a gravity model, this article presents an analysis of aggregate trade flows aimed at identifying China's impact on Latin America's trade. The results obtained indicate that: i) China's growth in the last years implied a growing supply of exports to this market from most countries in the World, including that of Latin American countries; ii) at the aggregate level, there was no indication that Chinese exports to third markets were crowding out LAC exports to those countries; and Hi) a positive relationship between imports from China and exports to third markets was only found for the Southern Cone countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies structural decomposition analysis to Chinese input-output tables in order to disentangle and quantify the sources of China's import growth and China's growth in vertical specialization: that is, China's incorporation into the global supply chain. China's exports and the role of processing trade therein have increased substantially in the last decade. Yet, they account for only one third of China's import growth from 1997 to 2005. Instead, the volume growth of China's domestic final demand is found to be most important. Moreover, compared with other countries, the structural change in input-output coefficients and in the commodity composition of domestic final demand turns out to be surprisingly important. Looking only at vertical specialization, it is concluded that more than half of its growth, from 21% in 1997 to 30% in 2005, is due to the growth of China's import ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a discussion of current trends in China's growing foreign economic ties and its place in the international division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to estimate the percentage of exports subject to non-tariff measures and frequency of application. We also intend to analyze the effects of regulatory measures regarding to SPS and TBT agreements applied for the major exporting countries: European Union, The United States of America, Canada and Brazil. The analysis procedure is based in the Index Covering (IC) and Frequency Index (FI). By way of Index Covering, we verified that pig meat exports were affected by the technical restrictions, sanitary or phytosanitary, because the values were greater than zero for all countries. Regarding to the Frequency Index, 100% of pig meat imports by European Union, The United States of America, Canada and Brazil had some notification SPS or TBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important element in development of economic power with regard to growth. FDI is an efficient tool to transfer new technologies, managerial skills, knowledge, capital flow and so on. On the other hand, exportation is another means to integrate the economy of a country with that of the world and secure economic growth as well enhancing economic advantages. In this article, we attempt to research the relationship between FDI and export. The article begins with the definition of FDI theory, explains the motives fostering FDI, FDI and Turkey, FDI and export relation theoretically, and concludes with an empirical analysis of FDI and export in Turkey. The empirical research investigates the relationship between export and FDI by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period from December 1991 to October 2010. The study applies of the following econometric techniques: unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), and Granger causality test. The cointegration analysis suggests long-run equilibrium relationship between the examined variables. The results of the Granger causality test showed a causal relationship between these variables. The causality results are consistent with the results reported by the vector error correction model (VECM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sovereign debt crisis has made it clear that the economic coordination within the Eurozone is insufficient. While there are a wide range suggestions about how coordination could be improved at the European level, the reality of what is actually happening reveals a different picture. The economic and political elite of the European Union resemble a "dictatorship of creditors" in which economic competitiveness has become the key theme. This article challenges the current indicators used to assess competitiveness and poses the question of whether it is not actually the instability of the financial markets that is the Eurozone's real problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, expectations of increase economic growth with increase in export effect on abandoning protectionist policies and prefering liberal policies. Increase in growth rate in the countries applying these policies has motivated developing countries as well as Turkey to change policies. Turkey leaved the import substitution policy used until 1980, and adopted export-oriented growth model. Hovewer as seen in the case of many countries exportation is whether just positive externality or locomotive of economic growth in economic policy implemented are controversial issues in economic literature. In this study, using data from 1975 to 2008 Turkey relationship between exports and growth has been tested with the Granger Causality analysis, export growth does not support the growth of increase has been experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]