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This research examined the ball-handling errors that referees called against historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women's college volleyball. A ball-handling error is an impermissible nonverbal communicative act such as a ball being lifted, a ball being thrown, or a ball being double hit. Previous research on referee bias was reviewed. Expectancy violations theory served as the theoretical frame because it focuses on nonverbal behaviors and how a message receiver responds to violations. Using publicly available data, this research sought to draw points of comparison between HBCUs and predominantly White institutions. The uncovered data revealed that referees called more ball-handling errors per set against HBCUs relative to predominantly White institutions. Furthermore, only HBCU conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level, while no predominantly White institution conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level. Theoretical implications for expectancy violations theory and practical implications for HBCUs were the focus of the study discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the critical role of employees in shaping frontline managers' (FLMs) HR implementation. It goes beyond previous research, which recurrently attributes FLMs' implementation behavior to the facilitating conditions and FLMs' personal capabilities, overlooking or downplaying the potential impact of employees during the implementation process. In doing so, we characterize the construct of intra-team acceptance of espoused HR practices as a key force influencing FLMs' HR enactment. Hence, we hypothesize how intra-team acceptance of espoused HR practices is linked to FLMs' implementation behavior through FLMs' performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence. In this narrative, we position team-level HPWS as a direct outcome of FLMs' implementation behavior. Therefore, we establish that team-level HPWS mediates the relationship between FLMs' implementation behavior and team performance, underscoring the importance of employees in the HRM variability debate. Conducting a time-lagged study and analyzing data collected from 23 South Korean firms, we found support for our theoretical claims. Our findings recognize employees as significant contributors to the implementation process and challenge the conventional wisdom in which employees are viewed as passive recipients of HR practices. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications and offer directions for future endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding mindsets is crucial to understanding coaching behavior. Recent research has demonstrated that growth mindsets have both positive (i.e., increased outcome expectancy) and negative (i.e., increased blame attributions) effects on prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the role of these two opposing effects in work settings, especially when considering the history of competence- and morality-related failure of people receiving coaching. To address this gap, we conducted four experiments (N = 2,295), which consistently revealed that a growth mindset (mediated through outcome expectancy) was positively related to willingness to coach. However, there was no evidence of detrimental effects via blame attributions, regardless of the recipient's failure history. Therefore, promoting growth mindsets in organizations likely contributes to a supportive workplace culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing nicotine use among youth is a public health priority. Nicotine use emerges from complex relationships between numerous factors. This project used network analysis to model behavioral precursors of nicotine use (knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, intentions) among youth who had never used nicotine and determine which predicted future trajectories of use across multiple nicotine products. Data were from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (2013–2018; analyzed 2023–2024), youth ages 12–17, who reported never using nicotine at Wave 1. Network structure was determined for behavioral precursors at Wave 1 and central network nodes were identified (N =5,087). Central nodes were then tested as predictors of trajectories of use across multiple nicotine products during Waves 1–4 (N =3,851). Central nodes of the Wave 1 network were harm perception, expectancy that tobacco would calm anger/reduce stress, and intention to try. Those with lower intent to try at Wave 1 had lower odds of being in an Experimentation or Use class versus a Nonuse class during Waves 1–4 (p <0.0001). Those with more accurate harm perception had lower odds of being in an Experimentation versus Nonuse class (p =0.004). Those with positive expectancies had higher odds of being in an Experimentation versus Nonuse or Use class (p =0.04, 0.02). Findings suggest a network model of behavioral precursors of nicotine use that can be tested, including central nodes that predicted trajectories of use across multiple nicotine products, and therefore may be priority intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) has been popular in many countries, especially Indonesia which currently develops its own CBDC called digital rupiah, due to its potential benefits such as financial inclusion. Despite the potential benefits of digital rupiah, there is a lack of understanding regarding factors that affect digital rupiah user acceptance. This research aims to investigate the potential factor affecting the user acceptance of digital rupiah using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT-3) model, incorporating awareness and privacy as additional variables. There are 218 respondents to this study from five provinces in Indonesia: Jakarta, West Java, East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. The data were analyzed using the SEM-PLS method. The results of this study found that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, habit, personal innovativeness, and awareness are the significant factors that affect the behavioral intention of digital rupiah meanwhile facilitating condition, habit, personal innovativeness, and behavioral intention are the factors that significantly affect the use behavior of digital rupiah. This study identifies key factors influencing the user acceptance of the digital rupiah, providing valuable insights for stakeholders seeking to promote its adoption and use in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive thinking is a common phenomenon, also implicated in a variety of mental disorders. The content of repetitive thoughts can take the form of prediction of aversive events (in worry) or evoking negatively valenced information (in rumination), for instance. Investigating the influence of repetitive thinking through the lens of associative learning could help deepen our understanding of the mechanisms involved in its effects.In two experiments, non-clinical participants were exposed to CS-US pairings with the aim of creating non-threatening expectancy learning (Experiment 1) or evaluative conditioning (Experiment 2). After each conditioning trial, participants were instructed to initiate repetitive thoughts about the pairing (i.e. rehearse) or follow control instructions.Experiment 1 (N = 64) showed that such intervention strengthen the association between the mental representations of the CS and the US, leading to a stronger US expectancy in response to the CS. In Experiment 2 (N = 107), an evaluative conditioning effect was observed; however, it was not influenced by instructions.The study demonstrated that simulated repetitive thinking strengthens the CS-US association and leads to greater US expectancy in expectancy learning, despite appearing not to influence the evaluative conditioning effect. The potential implications of these findings on repetitive thinking are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals can adapt their reward expectancy to changes in delays to reward availability. When temporal relations are altered, associative models of interval timing predict that the original time memory is lost due to the updating of the underlying associative weights, whereas the representational models render the preservation of the original time memory (as previously demonstrated in the extinction of conditioned fear). The current study presents the critical test of these theoretical accounts by training mice with two different intervals in a consecutive fashion (short → long or long → short) and then testing timing behaviors during extinction where neither temporal relation is in effect. Mice that were trained with the long interval first clustered their anticipatory responses around the average of two intervals (indirect higher-order manifestation of two memories in the form of temporal averaging), whereas mice trained with the short interval first clustered their responses either around the short or long interval (direct manifestation of memory representations by their independent indexing). We assert that the original memory representation formed during training with the long interval "metrically affords" the integration of subsequent experiences with a shorter interval, allowing their co-activation during extinction. The original memory representation formed during training with the short interval would not metrically afford such integration and thus result in the formation of a new (mutually exclusive) time memory representation, which does not afford their co-activation during extinction. Our results provide strong support for the representational account of interval timing. We provide a new theoretical account of these findings based on the "metric affordances" of the original memory representation formed during training with the original intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely degree completion is a topic of interest for numerous stakeholders, including university officials, students, and parents. Unfortunately, a significant number of students encounter challenges within university settings that postpone degree completion or contribute to academic dropout. The available literature suggests that emotional intelligence functions as a protective factor that promotes academic resilience and decreases the likelihood of academic dropout. However, the mechanisms by which emotional intelligence supports degree completion are not fully understood. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate if the relationship between emotional intelligence and dropout intentions is mediated by task-value and expectancy. University students (N = 337; 66.97% Caucasian/White; 85.89% female; Mean Age = 27.92) completed the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence scale, self-report measures of task-value (i.e., attainment, intrinsic, utility, & cost) and expectancy, and the Dropout Intentions scale. Using mediation analysis, we determined there was no direct relationship between emotional intelligence and dropout intention. However, indirect effects revealed the relationship between emotional intelligence and dropout intention is mediated by intrinsic and attainment value. These results offer insights into how emotional intelligence may contribute to academic retention and have implications for interventions and support services designed to promote on-time degree completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proactive aggression refers to deliberate and unprovoked behavior, typically motivated by personal gain or expected reward. Reward expectancy is generally recognized as a critical factor that may influence proactive aggression, but its neural mechanisms remain unknown. We conducted a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment to investigate the relationship between reward expectancy and proactive aggression. 37 participants (20 females, mean age = 20.8 ± 1.42, age range = 18–23 years) completed a reward-harm task. In the experiment, reward valence expectancy and reward possibility expectancy were manipulated respectively by varying amounts (low: 0.5–1.5 yuan; high: 10.5–11.5 yuan) and possibilities (low: 10%–30%; high: 70%–90%) of money that participants could obtain by choosing to aggress. Participants received fMRI scans throughout the experiment. Brain activation regions associated with reward expectancy mainly involve the middle frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, anterior cuneus, caudate nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, anterior central gyrus, and posterior central gyrus. Associations between brain activation and reward expectancy in the left insula, left middle frontal gyrus, left thalamus, and right middle frontal gyrus were found to be related to proactive aggression. Furthermore, the brain activation regions primarily involved in proactive aggression induced by reward expectancy were the insula, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, pallidum, and caudate nucleus. Under conditions of high reward expectancy, participants engage in more proactive aggressive behavior. Reward expectancy involves the activation of reward- and social-cognition-related brain regions, and these associations are instrumental in proactive aggressive decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vaping is a growing public health concern. Interventions that address vaping must build upon rigorous research that uses psychometrically sound instruments to measure vaping-associated outcome expectancies. Aims and Methods The primary aim was to appraise the reporting of psychometric properties of instruments used to measure vaping outcome expectancies. Secondary aims were to distinguish the different types of outcome expectancies assessed across the measures, the conceptual underpinnings, and the evidence explaining e-cigarette use etiology. This systematic review was guided by an adapted version of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guideline and Risk of Bias Checklist. Five electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies, dissertations, and theses that psychometrically evaluated instruments that measure vaping outcome expectancies. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were appraised based on their reporting of nine psychometric properties outlined in the COSMIN checklist. Results The review included 11 studies that described eight instruments and reported on two to five of nine predetermined psychometric properties. Structural validity, construct validity, and internal consistency were the most commonly reported properties. No studies reported test-retest, intrarater, or interrater reliability, measurement error, or responsiveness. Content validity and measurement invariance were only reported by two and four studies, respectively. The most commonly included subscales in the instruments were affect regulation, positive sensory experience, and negative health consequences. Many of the outcome expectancy subscales were associated with e-cigarette behaviors. Conclusions There is limited reporting of psychometric testing of instruments that measure vaping outcome expectancies; however, utilization of the COSMIN guideline could enhance the quality of such reporting. Implications Appraising the reporting of psychometric properties of instruments that measure vaping outcome expectancies is a first step to ensuring valid and reliable instruments are used to support rigorous research and build evidence-based knowledge. Future research should focus on testing for responsiveness, measurement error, and reliability, and on quality appraisal of the instruments. Studying vaping outcome expectancies may improve understanding of factors that influence and deter vaping. This may contribute to the development of effective interventions aimed at vaping cessation and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐regulation is essential for maintaining harmonious social connections and sustaining groups, yet little research has examined how individuals regulate their actions for the benefits of groups and which self‐regulatory strategies promote effective self‐regulation (active engagement and disengagement) in group contexts. In three experiments, focusing on identity groups (family and friends in Study 1) and two distinct functional groups (workplace teams in Study 2; sports teams in Study 3), we investigated whether mental contrasting of a desired future with the obstacle of reality, compared to indulging in the desired future, facilitates expectancy‐dependent contributions for the benefits of groups. We assessed participants' expectancies of successfully contributing to their groups and varied the mode of thought (mental contrasting vs. indulging). Contributions to groups were measured 1 week (Studies 1 and 2) and 3 weeks later (Study 3). Results showed that mental contrasting guided people to align their actions with expectancy levels; the higher their expectancy, the more people contributed to their groups. In contrast, indulging resulted in insensitivity to expectancy levels. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of the mental contrasting strategy for promoting effective self‐regulation in various group settings and provide insights into designing interventions to enhance individuals' engagement in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rear-end collisions between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs) represent critical scenarios in road networks. Few studies have focused on the scenarios where a HV hits an AV from behind (called a HV-AV collision). This paper aims to investigate the occurrence of HV-AV collisions in the stop-in-lane (SiL) scenario where a HV follows an AV. A humanlike brake control (HLBC) model is firstly proposed to simulate the driver brake control. The HLBC model considers human driving intention, vision-based expectancy, and certain inherent characteristics of human driving to achieve dynamic humanlike braking. Additionally, the joint distribution of off-road-glance and time-headway is originally introduced to simulate the glance distraction of drivers during their dynamic vehicle control. Sequentially, we apply the HLBC model to the SiL scenario to investigate how the HV-AV collision probability changes with respect to various dynamic driving parameters. The results of the case study provide a thorough understanding of the dynamic driving conditions that lead to HV-AV collisions and pave the way for identifying practical countermeasures to improve the road safety involving AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brand loyalty is one of the most researched topics in the marketing field because of its benefits. However, its application to condom social marketing remains limited, especially in the countries most affected by HIV and AIDS, such as South Africa. Using an extended expectancy confirmation theory, this study investigates the determinants of condom brand loyalty among young adults in South Africa. A survey strategy was used to obtain data from 718 participants. The structural equation modeling technique enabled us to analyze the scaled measurement properties and test research hypotheses. The findings highlight that dis/confirmation, alternative attractiveness, and price are significant predictors of condom brand loyalty. Moreover, the results suggest that brand value, brand satisfaction, and brand trust exhibit significant mediating roles in routes to young adults' loyalty to condoms. These findings not only contribute to the spare literature on condom brand loyalty, but they also present key managerial implications for those interested in promoting young adults' loyalty to condoms as a means of controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS among this high-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify the determinants of customer disengagement (CD) and negative customer engagement (NCE) behaviours following service failure. Design/methodology/approach: This study distributed a survey on negative service experiences to 404 customers in Vietnam and analysed the data using structural equation modelling. Findings: Based on the findings, this paper developed a comprehensive model of the determinants of CD and NCE behaviours. CD manifests as "neglect", while NCE manifests as vindictive, third-party and online complaints and negative word of mouth. The key drivers of CD and NCE are negative expectancy disconfirmation and perceived injustice, mediated by customer outrage. A novel finding is that self-efficacy and risk-taking traits enhance NCE behaviours. Vietnamese customers tend to adopt less confrontational NCE behaviours. Practical implications: The findings provide brand managers with insights into unfavourable customer responses to service failure, including CD and NCE behaviours. Customers in Vietnam were predominantly found to disengage. Fulfilling the firm's promises and treating customers fairly are paramount for preventing customer outrage, CD and NCE. Originality/value: This study identifies the determinants of CD and NCE, namely, disconfirmation of service quality expectations and perceived injustice, in the context of an emerging market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments investigated whether interpretations of quantitative expressions about described actors' behaviors are influenced by stereotypic expectancies. Participants rated sentences containing frequency adverbs describing either stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Results showed that recipients inferred a higher numerical frequency when sentences described stereotype-consistent (vs inconsistent) behaviors. These effects of stereotype consistency were stronger for high (vs low) degree frequency adverbs. The findings show how neutral statements about a person can be interpreted as stereotype-confirming information and thus contribute to stereotype maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As online gambling becomes more prevalent, understanding the motives of online gamblers has become a key focus for research and practice. The aim of this study was to understand differences in gambling-related outcome expectancies between mixed (both online and offline) gamblers and offline-only gamblers, by incorporating gambling harm risk categories from the problem gambling severity index (PGSI). This study comprised a secondary data analysis of the 2015 Northern Territory Gambling Prevalence and Wellbeing Survey. A sample of 1207 individuals in the Northern Territory who had reported gambling at least once in the previous 12 months were used in the analyses. General linear and structural equation modelling were used to ascertain differences in gambling outcome expectancies, in relation to gambling modality (i.e., mixed, offline-only) and PGSI scores. Mixed gamblers tended to score higher on all outcome expectancies than their offline-only counterparts. Outcome expectancy scores were higher in individuals in higher-risk PGSI categories. The escape outcome expectancy was dependent on both modality and risk category. Invariance testing of a low and problem gambling risk subsample revealed differential relationships for both the escape and excitement outcome expectancies for mixed and offline-only gamblers. The results provide an important contribution to the existing literature regarding motivation and outcome expectancies in relation to gambling modality and problem gambling severity. The findings highlight the importance of considering both gambling outcome expectancies and modality when considering problem gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the 1950s and 1960s, John Senders carried out a number of influential experiments on the monitoring of multidegree-of-freedom systems. In these experiments, participants were tasked with detecting events (threshold crossings) for multiple dials, each presenting a signal with different bandwidth. Senders’ analyses showed a nearly linear relationship between signal bandwidth and the amount of attention paid to the dial, and he argued that humans sample according to bandwidth, in line with the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. Objective: The current study tested whether humans indeed sample the dials based on bandwidth alone or whether they also use salient peripheral cues. Methods: A dial-monitoring task was performed by 33 participants. In half of the trials, a gaze-contingent window was used that blocked peripheral vision. Results: The results showed that, without peripheral vision, humans do not effectively distribute their attention across the dials. The findings also suggest that, when given full view, humans can detect the speed of the dial using their peripheral vision. Conclusion: It is concluded that salience and bandwidth are both drivers of distributed visual attention in a dialmonitoring task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current registered report focused on the temporal dynamics of the relationship between expectancy and attention toward threat, to better understand the mechanisms underlying the prioritization of threat detection over expectancy. In the current event‐related potentials experiment, a‐priori expectancy was manipulated, and attention bias was measured, using a well‐validated paradigm. A visual search array was presented, with one of two targets: spiders (threatening) or birds (neutral). A verbal cue stating the likelihood of encountering a target preceded the array, creating congruent and incongruent trials. Following cue presentation, preparatory processes were examined using the contingent negative variation (CNV) component. Following target presentation, two components were measured: early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), reflecting early and late stages of natural selective attention toward emotional stimuli, respectively. Behaviorally, spiders were found faster than birds, and congruency effects emerged for both targets. For the CNV, a non‐significant trend of more negative amplitudes following spider cues emerged. As expected, EPN and LPP amplitudes were larger for spider targets compared to bird targets. Data‐driven, exploratory, topographical analyses revealed different patterns of activation for bird cues compared to spider cues. Furthermore, 400–500 ms post‐target, a congruency effect was revealed only for bird targets. Together, these results demonstrate that while expectancy for spider appearance is evident in differential neural preparation, the actual appearance of spider target overrides this expectancy effect and only in later stages of processing does the cueing effect come again into play. This study examined online expectancy and subsequent emotional attention to threat at early as well as late processing stages using event‐related potentials and topographical analyses. This comprehensive study can facilitate the development of better treatments aimed at reducing attention bias and anxiety/phobia symptoms by focusing on the manipulation of expectancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments and the emergence of the financial technology industry coupled with digitalization in various fields have led to mobile payments in Indonesia. Mobile payments make transactions even faster and more convenient. However, there is a decision for consumers to continue or not to use technology, in this case regarding mobile payment technology. This study develops a model to see a direct relationship between performance expectancy and effort expectancy on continuance intention in cellular payments. Quantitative This study used SmartPLS 3.0 in conducting data analysis and obtained primary data from 1000 respondents through a list of questions given with a Likert scale. The research was conducted in two cities in Lampung Province. This study found the fact that performance expectancy has a direct relationship effect on continuity intention in mobile payments because consumers feel comfortable and do not worry about transactions through mobile payments. Effort expectancy has a direct relationship effect on continuity intention in mobile payments because consumers find transactions with mobile payment facilities very practical in use and easy to understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis use among youth is increasing; this study aimed to assess college students' knowledge, attitude, and expectancies toward cannabis use. Methods: Cross-sectional survey using standardized tools among undergraduate and postgraduate college students in urban Bangalore, India (N = 405). Results: Ten percent reported past three-month cannabis use, with 1% reporting daily use. Users were significantly older (median age 21, IQR 22,20 [vs. 20, IQR 21,19], p <.001) and belonged to families with higher monthly incomes (p =.02). Use was significantly higher among males than females (65.9% vs. 34.1%, p =.006) and postgraduate students than undergraduates (51.2% vs. 48%, p =.001). Users were also significantly more favorable toward cannabis use (median score 4, IQR 6,2 [vs. median 3, IQR 4,2], p =.005) and had more positive expectancies from use (median score 2, IQR 3,2 [vs. median 2, IQR 2,0], p =.001). Nearly 30% were unaware that cannabis can affect a person's ability to drive safely or that it can affect executive functions, including academic performance. Over one-third were unaware of the current legal status of cannabis in India. Overall, 36%, 25%, and 17%, respectively, said that cannabis use is safe when used for recreational purposes, cannabis should be legalized as it helps to relieve stress, and cannabis use among youngsters should be acceptable in society as it is "part of college life." Conclusion: Findings build on existing literature on cannabis use among college youth in India, which can guide preventive interventions and policies for this vulnerable group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate accountability remains a significant construct in normative business management theory, yet it remains ambiguous in practice. This research operationalizes a three-factor perceived corporate accountability scale from the consumers' perspective based on the extant literature then validates this scale among three consumer samples. Perceived corporate accountability consists of three factors: proactive expectancy, reactive expectancy, and accountability enforcement. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research demonstrating that positive episodic simulation enhances future expectancies has relied on explicit expectancy measures. The current study investigated the effects of episodic simulation on implicit expectancies. Using the Future Thinking Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (FT-IRAP), participants made true/false decisions to indicate whether or not they expected positive/negative outcomes after adopting orientations consistent or inconsistent with an optimistic disposition. The outcome measure, DIRAP, was based on response time differences between consistent and inconsistent blocks. Participants then engaged in either positive simulation training, in which they imagined positive future events, or a neutral visualisation task before repeating the FT-IRAP twice following 10-minute intervals. Positive simulation training increased DIRAP scores for don't-expect-negative trials–boosting participants' readiness to affirm that negative events were unlikely to happen to them. Although findings did not generalise across all trial types, they show potential for positive simulation training to enhance implicit future expectancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of artificial intelligence on people’s lives is demonstrated today. Previous literature has shown that the use of a specific technology is directly linked to the individuals’ intention to use it. The aim of this paper is to study the factors that determine the adoption and use of artificial intelligence and big data in Spain, using a research model based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), proposed by Venkatesh et al. (2003). This work addresses the specific gap in the validation of the original theoretical model of UTAUT in two dimensions, with respect to the adoption of artificial intelligence by citizens and with respect to the factors that influence this adoption, evaluating the previous ones and proposing some new ones considering the current context. The methodology used is based on a national survey, and it analyzes the research model using the statistical technique of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), which details the mediating and moderating relationships between constructs. The results show that Intention to Use has a direct positive influence on the Use of artificial Intelligence and big data, confirming previous literature. Performance Expectancy is the strongest predictor of Intention to Use, and indirectly of the adoption of artificial intelligence and big data applications. Effort Expectancy, in its application to the adoption of AI and big data by citizens, is an indirect determinant mediated by the Intention to Use, but its total effect (direct + indirect) is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentence processing is affected by the sentence context and word expectancy. To investigate sentence comprehension experimentally, it is useful to have sentence completion norms with both context constraint and word expectancy measures. In this study, two experiments were conducted to collect norms for completion of 807 European Portuguese sentences. Context constraint was measured through type-token ratio and proportion idiosyncratic responses, while word expectancy was assessed by cloze probability. Besides establishing norms for a large sample of sentences, the study investigated the impact of the production procedure and method of analysis. In Experiment 1, a single-production procedure was used, i.e., participants completed each sentence fragment with only a single response, whereas in Experiment 2, a multiple-production procedure was used, i.e., participants have to provide up to three completion words for each sentence fragment. In Experiment 2, the analyses were obtained using two distinct methods: first-response analysis and combined-response analysis. The results showed that cloze and context measures are comparable between production paradigms and that the results from both analysis methods were correlated. The advantages of each production procedure and analysis method are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, students' participation in science competitions has been positively associated with their aspirations to pursue a career in science. Previous studies, however, were predominantly focused around successful competitors, overlooking the largest group of participants: those who are faced with early elimination. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of elimination on the development of biology‐related study and career task values and expectancy of success in first‐round participants of the German Biology Olympiad (N = 381, mean age 16.5 years, 72% female). This study was the first of its kind to use a latent change score model approach to examine the effects of early elimination, with a particular focus on participants who placed great emphasis on succeeding in the competition. We found that, regardless of success or failure, participants' biology‐related study and career task value remained stable from the first to the second round of the competition, while their expectancy of success in biology‐related studies and career developed positively. Yet, for those participants who placed great importance on advancing in the competition, early elimination interfered with the development of study and career expectations, resulting in a weaker development. The outcomes of this study suggest that (1) science competitions should re‐envision themselves to more directly address participants' values about studies and careers, especially in earlier competition rounds, and (2) science competitions should find innovative ways to provide detailed feedback to students and teachers to improve post‐elimination performance. Our findings complement existing expectancy‐value research and can serve as a starting point for future studies exploring mechanisms behind early elimination in different science domains and cultural contexts, providing empirical insight into creating an inclusive and supportive environment for all science competition competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an integrative discourse methodology, this study examines the organizational role expectancies of CSR professionals as articulated in CSR job advertisements, focusing specifically on what organizations expect CSR professionals to change. Four types of change were identified and organized into a matrix based on the inside or outside stimuli for these changes and their expected effects, which can materialize inside or outside the organization. Specifically, the four types of change include organizational development (aligning practices with organizational values), compliance (aligning practices with external norms), social approval (changing public perceptions), and agenda setting (changing the environment). These four types of change highlight the transformative as well as the self‐serving nature of the changes organizations expect CSR professionals to accomplish. On the practical side, the types of change provide insights into CSR as an occupation, as they highlight desired skills and competences of CSR professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has indicated that anticipating positive effects from cannabis use may be linked with increased frequency of cannabis consumption, yet these expectancies remain poorly understood in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Thus, our study aimed to investigate the expectancies of the effects of cannabis use in 26 frequently using adults with SAD (age: 27.9 ± 7.3 years; 54% female) and 26 (age: 27.4 ± 6.7 years; 50% female) without. While no between-group differences were observed, both groups reported expecting tension reduction and relaxation (F = 0.001; p = 0.974), cravings, and physical effects (F = 1.10; p = 0.300), but denied global negative effects (F = 0.11; p = 0.744). The trajectory of cannabis use perceptions (further investigated in 12/26 participants/group) also showed no between-group differences. Before the initial use, positive perceptions may have led to initial and continuous cannabis consumption, while the symptoms of cannabis use disorder may have contributed to repeated use. Our data indicate that, regardless of psychiatric history, frequent cannabis-using adults are more likely to report positive expectancies, which are often associated with increased patterns of cannabis consumption. Psychoeducational programs and openly discussing the risks of cannabis may be beneficial in preventing and/or reducing cannabis use in people with SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fear of childbirth (FOC) can lead to diverse adverse outcomes for pregnant women. Personality dispositions are one of the predictors of FOC, and intolerance of uncertainty is one of them. Previous studies were inconclusive, suggesting that intolerance of uncertainty was a predictor of FOC in pregnant women. However, the underlying mechanisms of that relation are still underexamined. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the mediation role of perceived preparedness for childbirth in the association between intolerance of uncertainty and FOC. Method: Participants were 168 primiparous pregnant and 124 multiparous pregnant women. Women fill out the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), and a demographic sheet while waiting for regular prenatal checkup in hospital. Results: Results showed that perceived preparedness was a full mediator between intolerance of uncertainty and FOC in primiparous women. Intolerance of uncertainty was not correlated with FOC nor preparedness in multiparous women. Conclusions: Intolerance of uncertainty predicted FOC only indirectly through lower perceived preparedness for childbirth in primiparous women. Practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a future-oriented and person-centred normative argument based on expectancies that is immune to most of the problems identified in the rights of future persons. The argument unfolds in four parts. The first draws on the notion of expectancies present in inheritance law and maintains that it is possible to formulate a rule of prospective beneficiaries that correlates with entitlements and legitimate claims without necessarily acquiring the status of rights. The second extends expectancies to future persons and concludes that the latter can be considered present holders of such currently binding entitlements. The third section raises the question of whether democracies are bound to a principle of fidelity towards expectancies in such a way that outweighs current people's rights in cases of conflicts. The response does not prove particularly future-beneficial in such cases. However, section four clarifies why expectancies still carry a crucial moral weight in democracies, one that is not sufficiently established by depersonalised forms of future-oriented ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive psychology has attracted increasing attention from many scholars worldwide. There is a considerable body of knowledge on the relationship between optimism and subjective well-being (SWB). However, their mediation mechanism has not been fully studied, and most of the current conclusions were formulated within the context of Western culture, with a limited number of empirical studies specifically targeting Chinese people. Based on the theories of self-regulation and stress coping, our research aimed to validate the association between optimism and SWB among Chinese adults and further investigate the mediating effect of positive and negative coping in this relationship. In Study 1, using a national dataset from the Chinese General Social Survey (N = 12,582), we captured the direct positive relationship between optimism and SWB. In Study 2, taking a cross-sectional study (N = 272), we found the mediating effect of positive and negative coping in the relationship between optimism and SWB according to correlation and regression analysis. In Study 3, taking a cross-lagged study (N = 343), we reverified the results of Study 2 and found negative coping no longer played a role as a mediator after accounting for the factors of social desirability and state anxiety in the analysis. These findings are worthwhile for paying attention to Chinese people's optimistic traits and the pathways to improving their subjective well-being using different coping behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the involvement of the primary visual cortex (V1) in working memory (WM), parallel, multisite recordings of multi-unit activity were obtained from monkey V1 while the animals performed a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. During the delay period, V1 population firing rate vectors maintained a lingering trace of the sample stimulus that could be reactivated by intervening impulse stimuli that enhanced neuronal firing. This fading trace of the sample did not require active engagement of the monkeys in the DMS task and likely reflects the intrinsic dynamics of recurrent cortical networks in lower visual areas. This renders an active, attention-dependent involvement of V1 in the maintenance of WM contents unlikely. By contrast, population responses to the test stimulus depended on the probabilistic contingencies between sample and test stimuli. Responses to tests that matched expectations were reduced which agrees with concepts of predictive coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored a set of plausible directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of constructs involved in Situated Expectancy–Value Theory (SEVT) using cross-sectional data. To do so, three datasets (n = 1,540; 1,867; and 103) with expectancy, values, and prior achievement constructs were used. First, networks showed a consistent magnitude of associations between SEVT constructs across datasets. Expectancy was associated with achievement (r =.21; 0.29; 0.37) and intrinsic value (r =.35; 0.68; 0.60); intrinsic value was associated with attainment value (r =.31; 0.79; 0.61). We reason through a set of plausible DAGs, or hypothesized directional models. Across datasets, DAGs revealed that prior achievement relates to expectancy, intrinsic value relates to expectancy, and utility relates to attainment value. This study highlights that DAGs can be used as a step to help triangulate, in conjunction with experimental and longitudinal work, on the underlying processes shaping relations between constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children's early experiences with alcohol inform the development of alcohol‐related beliefs which are known to predict alcohol consumption during the critical stage of adolescence. Yet, there has been considerably less research into these alcohol‐related cognitions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) and existing measures of these beliefs are highly reflective of Western contexts, which may not be fully appropriate for use in LMICs. The aim is to ascertain the construct validity of the Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire (AEQ) in a non‐Western sample. Methods: A cross‐sectional diagnostic accuracy study involving 500 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years randomly selected from the database of the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Participants were administered the locally back translated version of the 34‐item AEQ. Confirmatory factor analysis using the lavaan package in R was conducted to generate indices for the factor structure of the AEQ. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that while groupings of positive and negative expectancies were similar to those observed when expectancies have been assessed previously in Western studies, these formed a single 'alcohol expectancy' factor. Questions relating to positive tension reduction and negative physical expectancies showed inconsistent responses in this study. Discussion and Conclusions: Commonly used tools for the assessment of alcohol expectancies may not be suitable for use in Ghana, possibly owing to their development and validation in Western contexts. These findings have implications for the assessment of alcohol‐related beliefs in LMIC settings and begin to map out a research agenda to develop more contextually and culturally attune alcohol assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectation is crucial for our enjoyment of music, yet the underlying generative mechanisms remain unclear. While sensory models derive predictions based on local acoustic information in the auditory signal, cognitive models assume abstract knowledge of music structure acquired over the long term. To evaluate these two contrasting mechanisms, we compared simulations from four computational models of musical expectancy against subjective expectancy and pleasantness ratings of over 1000 chords sampled from 739 US Billboard pop songs. Bayesian model comparison revealed that listeners' expectancy and pleasantness ratings were predicted by the independent, non-overlapping, contributions of cognitive and sensory expectations. Furthermore, cognitive expectations explained over twice the variance in listeners' perceived surprise compared to sensory expectations, suggesting a larger relative importance of long-term representations of music structure over short-term sensory–acoustic information in musical expectancy. Our results thus emphasize the distinct, albeit complementary, roles of cognitive and sensory expectations in shaping musical pleasure, and suggest that this expectancy-driven mechanism depends on musical information represented at different levels of abstraction along the neural hierarchy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An adequate on-the-fly assessment of relevant learner characteristics is an essential professional ability for effective teaching. However, this task is challenging, particularly for teacher students, as they often struggle in applying conceptual knowledge and lack perception of personal value and utility of study contents. Video-based simulations enable the acquisition of practice-oriented abilities for student assessment in initial teacher education. Implementing additional scaffolding in simulations can increase learning gains. The present study examines whether a utility value intervention and conceptual knowledge prompts can effectively support the assessment of relevant learner characteristics and how such effects are influenced by success expectancy. The study participants were N = 108 pre-service teachers, who completed a validated video-based simulation. They were randomly assigned to both interventions (utility value intervention, conceptual prompts) in a 2 × 2 design. The results showed that conceptual prompts improved judgment accuracy effectively. The utility value intervention yielded only descriptive improvements that require further investigations. The combination of both interventions was least effective. Furthermore, the results suggest that participants with low success expectancy benefited more from conceptual prompts. These results suggest that conceptual knowledge prompts and tentatively also utility value interventions can be used as effective scaffolds in simulations in the context of assessment skills. However, they also tentatively suggest that more processing and reflection time might be required for the combined scaffold to be effective. In addition, the differential effectiveness of both scaffolds emphasizes that an adaptation of scaffolds based on, for example, success expectancy can support additional learning gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Shared decision-making (SDM) is a clinical approach that involves presenting options to the patient, providing comprehensive information about these options, and actively engaging in the decisionmaking process. The objective of this study was to investigate patients' SDM expectations within the realm of primary healthcare, focusing on the correlation with their ego states. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a sample size of 402 patients, determined on the basis of a 50% prevalence rate, 95% confidence level, and 0.05 margin of error. The "Primary Care Patients' Expectancy for Shared Decision Making Questionnaire," the Ego States scale, and a demographic data form were administered to the participants. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software package. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures (mean, standard deviation, and percentage), chisquare analysis, and logistic regression. Results: There exists no significant statistical relationship between patients' ego states and their expectations of shared decision making (p=0.567). However, patients' age (p=0.020), presence of a chronic disease (p=0.010), presence of a psychiatric disorder (p=0.006), and educational status (p=0.039) demonstrated a significant impact on patient expectations concerning shared decision making. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, the presence of a chronic disease increases the expectancy for shared decision making by a factor of 3,931 compared with patients without the disease. Conversely, individuals with a history of psychiatric illness showed a 3,573-fold increase in the expectation of shared decision making. Furthermore, for those residing with 3 or more individuals in the same household, the anticipation of shared decision making rises by 2,224 times compared to those living with 2 or fewer individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our group has previously reported that cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy alone blunts markers of stress, particularly during anticipation, but it is not clear the extent to which such findings were specific to the methods utilized. Aims: To examine CBD-related placebo effects on stress reactivity and anticipation and to validate a protocol to be used in a neuroimaging study. Methods: Forty-eight healthy adults (24 female) were randomly assigned to be informed that they ingested a CBD-containing oil or a CBD-free oil despite receiving the same oil (CBD-free). Following oil administration, participants engaged in a laboratory stressor and were then incorrectly informed that they would engage in a second more difficult task following a waiting period. Subjective state (sedation, energy, stress, anxiety) and heart rate were assessed at baseline, post-oil administration, immediately following the first stressor, and while anticipating the second stressor. Results: Subjective stress and anxiety were significantly elevated immediately following the stressor (p- values < 0.001). CBD expectancy was associated with increased subjective sedation (p < 0.01) and tended to be associated with blunted subjective stress (p = 0.053). Post hoc within-condition pairwise compassions suggested a return to pre-stressor levels during the anticipation period in the CBD condition for subjective stress and anxiety (p = 0.784, 0.845), but not the CBD-free condition (p = 0.025, 0.045). Conclusion: Results replicate and extend previous findings that CBD expectancy alone can impact stress- and anxiety-relevant responses in the laboratory context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Jago, in his 2020 article 'A short argument for truthmaker maximalism' and his 2021 article 'Which Fitch?', and Loss in his 2021 article 'There are no fundamental facts', employ arguments similar to that familiar from the Church–Fitch Paradox to infer some substantial metaphysical claims from their mere logical possibility. Trueman in his 2022 article 'Truthmaking, grounding and Fitch's paradox' and Nyseth in his 2022 article 'Fitch's paradox and truthmaking' respond by using exactly the same kind of argument to prove contrary theses. Intended as bad company objections, these counterarguments cast doubt on the original arguments, but do not actually identify their flaw. This paper aims to fill this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to 1) explore the relationship among the following variables: thoughts and feelings associated with historical loss, levels of acculturation, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people, as well as to 2) explore predictive relationships among historical loss thoughts and feelings, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use for AI/AN people within this sample. A convenience (community, nonclinical) sample of 188 AI/AN people completed an online survey, including questions related to alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, thoughts and feelings of historical loss, and acculturation experiences. Results indicated that gender and feelings of historical loss were the significant individual predictors of alcohol use and alcohol expectancies in a sample of AI/AN people. In addition, specific types of alcohol expectancies, when considered together, explained 24% of the variance in alcohol use experiences. Gender differences were noted in that AI/AN men were more likely than AI/AN women to engage in hazardous drinking and expected more feelings of social and physical pleasure as well as power and aggression as a result of drinking alcohol. Areas for further research were highlighted, with an emphasis on further research exploring the correlates and predictors of alcohol use and alcohol expectancies for community, non-clinical samples of AI/AN people, to further understand alcohol use motivation among AI/AN people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPS; use without a prescription or in ways other than prescribed) is common among college students. Despite the potential for negative consequences, students continue engaging in NPS for cognitive enhancement purposes, which may be maintained by expectancy and placebo effects. Objectives: This study examined if a placebo administered under the guise of Adderall influenced subjective mood/drug effects and cognitive performance. Furthermore, this study examined if concurrent caffeine ingestion incrementally enhanced Adderall-related placebo effects. Methods: Undergraduate students with features that put them at elevated risk for NPS (N = 121) completed measures of mood and drug effects and cognitive assessments on two separate laboratory visits in this parallel randomized controlled trial. Visit 1 was a baseline control visit, on which no drug was expected or received. On visit 2, subjects were randomized to: (1) expect/receive no drug (control); (2) expect Adderall/receive placebo; or (3) expect Adderall/receive 200 mg caffeine. Results: There were several significant condition × visit interactions for subjective effects, including amphetamine effects, energy and efficiency effects, and feeling high. In most cases, participants who expected Adderall reported greater positive subjective effects on visit 2 compared to controls; however, there were generally not incremental enhancements for those ingesting caffeine compared to placebo. There were no significant effects for any cognitive tests. Conclusions: Expectation for prescription stimulant effects influenced subjective outcomes in a sample of high-risk college students. These findings may inform expectancy challenge interventions to reduce NPS. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03648684. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pairing a conditional stimulus (CS) with an aversive unconditional stimulus (US) causes negative valence and US expectancy to generalize to stimuli that are perceptually and/or conceptually similar to the CS. Past research has shown that instructing participants that the US is more likely to follow stimuli that are dissimilar to the CS reversed the generalization of US expectancy but left generalized valence unchanged. Here, we examined whether instructions about the relationship between stimuli that are perceptually similar would affect the generalization of valence. A picture of an alien (CS+) was paired with an electric stimulus, while a perceptually different alien stimulus (CS–) was presented alone. After conditioning, valence, US expectancy, and electrodermal responses generalized to different aliens that were perceptually similar (by color and shape) to the CS+ and CS–. Participants were then instructed that aliens perceptually similar to the CS+ belonged to the same group as the CS‐ and that aliens perceptually similar to the CS– belonged to the same group as the CS+. The instructions caused an elimination (but not a reversal) of generalized expectancy and valence but did not affect generalized electrodermal responses. This suggests that evaluations of generalization stimuli are sensitive to instructions about their relationship to the CS and that dissociations reported in the literature between valence and expectancy after instructions may occur due to the type of instruction used. Past research has shown that instructions about the likelihood of the unconditional stimulus occurrence affect unconditional stimulus expectancy ratings during perceptually similar generalization stimuli but do not influence evaluations. In the current study, we demonstrate that instructions that change how the conditional and generalization stimuli are related affected generalized unconditional stimulus expectancy ratings and evaluations but did not affect electrodermal responding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinction training has proved effective to diminish the expectancy of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). However, the negative valence of the conditioned stimulus (CS) may still stay intact. In fact, several studies have suggested that the CS negative valence may be a factor that promotes the return of fear. Our study focuses on the role of changes in the CS valence as a potential mechanism to reduce the spontaneous recovery of threat expectancies. To do that, we evaluated counterconditioning (CC), a technique aimed to reduce the CS negative valence by paring it with a positive stimulus and compared its efficacy to that of a novelty-facilitated extinction (NFE) and a standard extinction interventions. Using a 2-day protocol, participants first learned the relationship between a figure and an aversive sound, using a differential conditioning paradigm, and were then randomly assigned to one of three different groups. For the CC group, CS+ or cue A was paired with a positive US. The standard extinction group was exposed to cue A alone. For a third NFE group, cue A was followed by a neutral US. Finally, on the second day, spontaneous recovery was tested. Our findings did not provide evidence to suggest that CC could be more effective to prevent or reduce the return of threat expectancies or influence valence ratings when compared with NFE and standard extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cannabis messaging on digital media may include sexualised portrayals. We examined whether exposure to and perceptions of cannabis posts that included sexual objectification impacted two types of sex‐related cannabis expectancies—sexual risk and sexual enhancement—and whether body appreciation moderated these relationships. Methods: We conducted an online experiment with college students in Washington state. Participants viewed three brand‐generated cannabis Instagram posts that either included sexually objectified women or recreational appeals (e.g., sitting by a firepit). We conducted regressions, using the PROCESS macro, to examine the hypothesized model and potential mediation and moderation. Results: Exposure to sexualised advertisements was associated with increased perceptions of cannabis sex enhancement scripts (b = 0.34, p < 0.01), which was associated with increased cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = 0.34, p < 0.001) and decreased cannabis sexual risk expectancies (b = −0.16, p < 0.001); exposure to such advertisements were also associated with increased perceptions of cannabis sexual risk scripts (b = 0.61, p < 0.001), which was associated with increased cannabis sexual risk expectancies (b = 0.53, p < 0.001). Body appreciation was associated with increased cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = 0.13, p < 0.01) and moderated the relationship between exposure to sexualised ads and cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = −0.21, p < 0.01). Discussion and Conclusions: Practitioners may want to consider how to increase critical consumption of cannabis content on digital media. Researchers should consider the possible role of body appreciation as it relates to cannabis and sex enhancement expectancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drinking expectancies, the perceived consequences of alcohol consumption, are noted to predict drinking behaviours. However, there is comparatively little research of drinking expectancies in non‐Western populations. This study aimed to develop and validate a Chinese Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (CDEQ‐Adult) for Chinese young adults. Methods: Face and content validity were first assessed of items generated from literature review and previously conducted focus groups. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted with split‐half samples from a random telephone survey that was conducted on Hong Kong Chinese adults between the ages of 18–34 (n = 675). The instrument's convergent validity and internal reliability were also examined. Results: The preliminary instrument items showed good content validity (Item Content Validity Index range: 0.8–1.0). The EFA yielded a 31‐item, five‐factor model consisting of five domains: Negative Consequences, Interpersonal Benefits, Increased Confidence, Health Benefits and Tension/Stress Reduction (variance explained 63.7%). The CFA revealed that the fit indices for the five‐factor model using diagonal weighted least squares estimator were χ2 (256, N = 338) = 394.04, p < 0.001, comparative fit index 0.97, SRMR 0.07, RMSEA 0.06 (95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.08), suggesting a good fit of the model. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.94, 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 and 0.57, respectively for each of the five domains (n = 675). Significant associations with past month drinking behaviours and future drinking intentions give strong support for convergent validity. Discussion and Conclusions: The CDEQ‐Adult is a culturally relevant instrument for assessing drinking expectancies in Chinese young adults for use in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deprescribing decision making in older adults with limited life expectancy is often challenging for clinicians. We aimed to develop and validate a Deprescribing Tool for Older People with Limited‐life Expectancy (De‐TOPPLE). Modified Delphi technique was used to gain experts' consensus on the tool and further develop using their feedback. Experts [Round‐1 (n = 13), Round‐2 (n = 7)] had clinical and/or research background on geriatric medicine, geriatrics, family medicine or pharmacotherapy. Round‐1 consensus was achieved on approach taken by the tool to evaluate risk and benefit; distinguishing medications as preventive, symptom control or dual–purpose; referring to established deprescribing process; stepwise approach to deprescribing; and the overall concept. Common feedback was to reflect upon harm‐benefit analysis, distinguish medication types earlier, qualify adverse events, use time‐to‐benefit (TTB), prioritise symptom relief, monitor post‐deprescribing, include shared decision making and define terms for clinical familiarisation. After tool update, Round‐2 consensus was achieved on usability in clinical setting, flexibility of implicit judgement, ceasing preventive medication with inadequate TTB, ceasing symptom control medication with inadequate symptom relief, ceasing dual‐purpose medication (DPM) with inadequate TTB and symptom relief, and continuing DPM with adequate TTB and symptom relief. De‐TOPPLE version 1 was developed and validated through two rounds of the Delphi process. Clinical use of the tool needs final validation following the addition of contextual statements to the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research employs the Expectancy Confirmation/Disconfirmation (ECD) paradigm to extend the knowledge about consumer response to CSR. While several scholars have identified consumer satisfaction with the firm as a salient variable that justifies investment in CSR, few have considered consumers' CSR perceptions against the backdrop of their CSR expectations, and none has done so empirically. This research examines whether ECD, which incorporates perceptions and expectations regarding CSR, affects satisfaction, referral, and willingness to pay a premium. In addition to replicating prior findings of the interplay between the three outcome variables, our two empirical studies underscore (a) the pertinence of the ECD paradigm to CSR research; (b) the direct and indirect effects of ECD on satisfaction, referral, and willingness to pay a premium; and (c) the role of attribution and satisfaction as serial mediators. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, and research limitations are disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychological research has shown that, among other variables, affective state, expectancy, and behavioral intention influence whether or not a (physically active) behavior is performed. Environmental effects during physical activity on affective state have been well studied; however, research regarding environmental effects on expectancy or intention is limited. Sport climbing is a form of physical activity that is performed both indoors and outdoors and is therefore considered as suitable to study environmental effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate environmental effects during sport climbing on affective state, expectancy, and intention. The nature of the relationship between some of these parameters should also be explored. Methods: Using a within-subjects design, 48 participants were to climb both once indoors in a climbing gym and once outdoors at a crag. The design included questionnaire-based surveys at multiple time points. Affective state, expectancy, and behavioral intention were measured at different test time points. Results: Two-factor repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant main effects of the factors environment (indoor - outdoor) and time (T1 - T2 - T3) for affective state, indicating more positive affective state during outdoor climbing. No environment*time interactions were found. Furthermore, significantly higher intention (d = 0.32; p = 0.032) was measured after the outdoor condition (M = 32.5, SD = 4.1) compared to the indoor condition (M = 31.2, SD = 4.7). Multiple linear regressions revealed that expectancies (measured before and after the session) significantly predicted post-climbing intention only indoors. Conclusion: The results at least partly suggest environmental effects on behaviorally relevant variables during climbing. Outdoor climbing might provide more favorable characteristics for physically active behavior compared to indoor climbing. Health psychologists or public health professionals who focus on increasing physical activity for their clients could recommend outdoor climbing over indoor climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the sociodemographic correlates of alcohol expectancies (i.e., beliefs regarding positive or negative effects of alcohol) in a national (U.S.) cohort of early adolescents 10–14 years old. A second aim was to determine associations between alcohol sipping and alcohol expectancies. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11,868; Year 2). Linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, household income, parental education, parent marital status, religiosity) and positive (e.g., stress reduction) and negative (e.g., loss of motor coordination) alcohol expectancies. Additional linear regression analyses determined associations between alcohol sipping and alcohol expectancies, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results: Overall, 48.8% of the participants were female and 47.6% racial/ethnic minorities, with a mean age of 12.02 (SD 0.67) years. Older age among the early adolescent sample, male sex, and sexual minority identification were associated with more positive and negative alcohol expectancies. Black and Latino/Hispanic adolescents reported less positive and negative alcohol expectancies compared to White non-Latino/Hispanic adolescents. Having parents with a college education or greater and a household income of $200,000 and greater were associated with higher positive and negative alcohol expectancies. Alcohol sipping was associated with higher positive alcohol expectancies. Conclusions: Older age, White non-Latino/Hispanic race, male sex, sexual minority status, higher parental education, and higher household income were associated with higher positive and negative alcohol expectancies. Future research should examine the mechanisms linking these specific sociodemographic factors to alcohol expectancies to inform future prevention and intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quantitative correlational predictive study aims to determine if and to what extent core self-evaluations (CSE), grit, and age, combined and individually predict generalized expectancy for success (GES) in adults ages 18-65 in the United States. The sample size was 115. The theoretical foundation was the CSE Theory and the Grit Model. The instruments used for the study were CSE, Grit-S, and GESS-R Scales. The Grit-S and GESS-R had a high level of reliability with Cronbach's alpha of .72 and .89, respectively. CSE showed a Cronbach's alpha of .68. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to measure the predictive relationship between CSE, grit, and age combined and individually, and generalized expectancy for success (GES). The results for CSE, grit, and age combined showed statistically significant results F(3,111) = 27.56, p < .001, CSE showed a direct predictive relationship with GES (ß = .404, t = 4.940, p < .001), and grit showed an inverse predictive relationship with GES (β = -.360, t = -4.366, p < .001). The relationship was negative because GES decreased as grit increased. Age did not show statistically significant results (ß = -.063, t = -.866, p = .388), and the null hypothesis was maintained. The results of this study contribute to the literature on CSE, grit, and generalized expectancy for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]