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Although organizations increasingly rely on and invest heavily in expatriate assignments, a large proportion of these assignments fail. Given a notable gap in the expatriate literature, we advance a conceptual model focused on improving transfer of expatriate training to the host country work role as a means of addressing these challenges. We integrate relevant theory on expatriate cross‐cultural training, expatriate identity, and accountability for transfer to propose a conceptual model that delineates specific mechanisms through which the transfer of expatriate training, and ultimately expatriate adjustment, can be facilitated. Our model and specific research propositions are premised on the role of identity due to its centrality in developing a sense of accountability for transferring training, and its relevance to the success of expatriate assignments. The propositions and practical recommendations, unlike existing transfer strategies that are sometimes atheoretical or implemented haphazardly, are anchored in a common lens of accountability and identity. By doing so, we uniquely provide systematic and strategic insight about efforts to improve expatriate training, thus facilitating expatriation. A conceptual model and testable research propositions provide numerous pathways for advancing future research focused on the success of expatriate assignments through training. Practical guidance and recommendations, as yoked to a shared theoretical foundation, are presented to help organizations and managers bolster the transfer of expatriate training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the contemporary photographic practices of the authors, aligning their conceptual ideas and working methodology with notions of heterotopia. It argues for a positioning within contemporary altered landscape photography that considers place as a heterotopia, a networked system or process that modifies and makes an alternative ‘territory’. In dialogue with a range of relevant authors and artists, the paper contextualises heterotopia and altered landscape spaces as layers of both cultural and ecological intervention. It asserts that an artist in a state of mobility, transit and movement, can effectively employ notions of heterotopia to inform a creative photographic practice. We build on existing heterotopologies through the photographic practices of the authors, altered landscape photography by Australian artist Shane Hulbert, and the cultural investigations of expatriation by Greek artist Ioannis Galanopoulos Papavasileiou. The artists, through phenomenology, lens-based practice and noetic synthesis, approach altered landscape photography from two divergent cultural perspectives; one through the lens of postcolonial national imaging, the other through a trans-national experience of expatriation. We propose that both the cultural and geographic counter-site of an altered landscape, and the social and psychological state of expatriation, are informed by notions of heterotopia, and therefore build on existing heterotopologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International assignments (IAs) are a common feature of international business and human resource management, yet evidence of their organizational value is mixed and contradictory. We argue, contrary to extant IA literature, that this is due to the need to investigate the value to each of the home and the host organizations separately. We apply such an approach in a public sector case study using a dynamic capabilities lens, relevant given its theoretical underpinnings in value creation. Extending the IA value literature, we find that the value to the home and host differs both in type and timing, that the value to one may be detrimental to the other, and that the funding of the underlying costs of an IA is a critical feature. Understanding and assessing these factors separately is key to managing the overall combined organizational value of IAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriation significantly influences the career paths of individuals after their international work experience. This study draws on person-environment fit and career construction theories to examine the role of job fit, career adaptability, and expatriate type in shaping both objective and subjective career success. Our 2020 sample comprised 191 expatriates who had worked abroad four to five years prior. This group included both self-initiated and assigned expatriates, as well as repatriates and re-expatriates, providing a broader scope than is typical in expatriation studies. The research reveals that job fit, career adaptability, and expatriate type substantially affect career outcomes. It also identifies that the type of expatriate moderates the relationship between career adaptability and objective career success. Our work extends the applicability of person-environment fit theory and career construction theory within the complex landscape of expatriate careers. The investigation not only deepens our understanding of the factors driving career success post-expatriation but also provides valuable insights to aid the effective management of international careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known as the White-Haired White Eagle of Turkish poetry, Bahaettin Karakoç has an important place in Turkish poetry. It creates a unique perception of poetry due to both its ideas and the geography it has lived in. Pushing the boundaries of language, the poet creates aesthetic and harmonious poems by creating new evocative values and mental design. The poet attaches new meaning values to his poems through images, and interprets emotions that cannot be said and expressed. Karakoç has a very wide vocabulary. He uses all words indiscriminately in his poems. The poet adds dimension to his poems by giving wings to the Turkish language like a rahvan horse. While creating images, it makes use of analogies, unusual associations, symbols, abstract and concrete concepts. In Karakoç's poems, images that are from the image genres are encountered. Evocative images, which are the most important type of images in terms of aesthetics, are seen in Bahaettin Karakoç as the redesign of the self of beings and objects. The poet, who establishes original similes and associations, creates new mental designs with prosperous images. While constructing poetic descriptions, the poet; It creates a new evocative value by intertwining themes such as nature, love, expatriation, death, and time with prosperous images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriation is a form of migration and temporary exile, characterized by a voluntary departure abroad and frequent back and forth with the country of origin. Globalization and international mobility over the past 50 years have resulted in an increase in the number of expatriates worldwide. Even when choosing to move abroad, some expatriates encounter difficulties that lead to illness and recourse to psychotherapy. This article offers a synthesis of the results of a review of the literature on the subjective experiences of expatriates. Our review of the literature aims to better understand the experience of expatriation, and the crises some expatriates go through during their stay abroad. Clinical practice treating expatriates is a complex situation, occurring in a specific context. However, expatriation has only recently become the subject of clinical psychological research. Economics and the sciences of sociology, demography, and work psychology, appear to have been the first to study this phenomenon. The objective was then to understand why some expatriates ended their expatriation prematurely. In the clinical psychology field, the paradigms of cultural adaptation and acculturation have been widely invoked as reasons for determining expatriate suitability and for establishing recommendations of preparation programs. If we recognize the adaptive dimension, we move away from these concepts to promote the subjective experience of the expatriate. To date, we have only found one publication on expatriation which specifically examines the consequences of expatriation for the family. It highlights a need for research that takes into account the variability of expatriation contexts and individual pathways. We therefore conducted a literature review on the subjective experience of the expatriate. A broad search on EBSCO and Google Scholar was conducted in English and French, successively using the key words EXPATRITION, EXPATRIATE, EXPATRIE. This first search phase led us to limit the scope of our research to the subjective experience of the expatriate. In order to gather existing data, we used the PRISMA method. Of the 423 publications extracted from different search engines, we selected and analyzed 25 papers published between 1992 and 2022. Expatriation appears to be a complex subjective experience, which can reveal a state of crisis in its dimension of upheaval, but also with the potential of creating new order. The literature highlights the articulation of latent reasons for departure and the accompanying crises that some expatriates may experience because of a wish to escape from an original environment, the desire to break with the family, and a search for oneself. Separation from the original environment and exposure to a foreign environment can cause archaic anxieties to resurface and summon the ability to be alone. The narcissistic and identity crisis generated is manifested by schizophrenic phenomena (rejection of the foreigner or the country of origin), relational disorders, and depressive disorders. At the same time, the experience can open up a transitional space conducive to the emergence of the Self, to the re-appropriation of poorly introjected objects, and open up an evolution of the bonds of filiation and affiliation. If the stay abroad can lead to narcissistic and identity disorders, it appears in the literature as a rite of passage allowing for maturation phenomena. As part of this doctoral research, we further explore the nature of the crisis, and how psychotherapy can provide support during the transformation process involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (JASS) is the property of Sultan Qaboos University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the social position of 'expatriation' in Abu Dhabi, in terms of the ranking struggles that distinguish it from the Emirati population, in cultural practices and in the workplace. It shows how strategies, discourses and practices of distinction involve racialised representations of social hierarchies within a transnational space and emphasises the alignment of whiteness, upper-class authenticity and deservingness. This distinction can be seen as a post-colonial struggle over social ranking between racialised segments of the upper classes, characterised by the feeling of losing some of the economic, political and symbolic advantages that colonisation used to guarantee to white migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As both a marriage act and an immigration act, the Expatriation Act of 1907 restricted U.S. women's freedom of marriage by stating that marrying aliens would lead to loss of U.S. citizenship. To study the effects of the Expatriation Act, I conduct a statistical analysis using 1910 full-count U.S. census data. I find that the Expatriation Act of 1907 generated significantly negative effects on intermarriage between American women and foreign-born men, particularly noncitizens. In particular, I find that it was the citizenship, rather than men's non-U.S. origin, that accounted for the negative effects of the Expatriation Act of 1907 on intermarriage. These results show a decline in male immigrants' marital assimilation, and potentially social and economic assimilation. As for the magnitude, the effects were large: the decline in intermarriage was at least 15 percent relative to the pre-Act intermarriage rate. Besides these main results, selective emigration to Canada and Europe driven by intermarriage cannot explain the main empirical results of the paper. The Expatriation Act of 1907 also had no significant effects on women's entry into the marriage market. Finally, the effects of the Expatriation Act of 1907 on intermarriage were heterogeneous by family immigration background, but less so by geographic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous reviews of Black et al's expatriation and repatriation adjustment models have evaluated the influence and reliability of the models. In this paper, we examine the changing and varied nature of engagement with the models in journal articles on international adjustment to investigate the implications of contemporary changes among expatriates and their behaviours and experiences. 699 peer-reviewed academic articles published between 1991 and 2021 were systematically reviewed. Our analysis reveals that while more than 80% of the articles referenced their model(s), only a third explicitly applied the model(s). Drawing on our findings, we advance a revised version of Black et al's conceptual framework, which integrates their models into a combined stage-adjustment model applicable to both assigned expatriates (AEs) and non-assigned expatriates (NAEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although 'brain drain' from emerging economies is a well-documented problem, research on how Human Resource Management (HRM) can potentially address it is still scarce. Based on Signaling Theory, we argue that developmental HRM practices in home countries reduce self-initiated expatriation (SIE) of young healthcare professionals by increasing their focus on opportunities in their home country. Additionally, we hypothesize that individual financial stability as a personal resource constitutes an important boundary condition, as developmental HRM's positive effect on the focus on opportunities and its indirect negative effect on SIE intention may be even stronger for individuals with lower financial resources. We tested and found support for our hypotheses using a sample of 184 junior doctors in Lithuania in a time-lagged study. By bridging the HRM and SIE literature, our study extends the existing knowledge about the outcomes of HRM and highlights the importance of home country HRM in explaining SIE intention above and beyond its traditionally considered antecedents. In this way, our study has major theoretical and practical implications for decision-makers at organizational and national levels in managing brain drain from emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa is the property of Administracao: Ensino e Pesquisa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This exploratory research aims to identify the types of social networks established by German and French expatriates. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use the concepts of social capital and social networks, as well as the societal and cultural approaches, to investigate the way expatriates develop their social networks. The authors' empirical study is based on 40 semi-structured interviews conducted with German and French expatriates. Findings: The authors' findings show that German expatriates mainly establish professional networks, whereas their French counterparts also focus on personal networks. They further indicate that managing social capital lies within the individual responsibility of German expatriates, whereas it is part of higher education institutions in France. Originality/value: The authors highlight the way German and French expatriates manage their social networks and provide novel insights into the role played by higher education systems and the cultural characteristics of their home country context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of Japanese migrants living in France. In the past, only a privileged minority enjoyed this lifestyle option. However today, the Japanese population in France is increasingly diversified. It includes a sizable middle class contingent and is no longer exclusively made up of the elite. Based on an ethnographic survey, this article analyzes the democratization of access to mobility for Japanese migrants to France. Particular attention is paid to the degradation of the status of expatriates, Japanese migrant investment in education, and the dream of the French way of life.

In this lived narrative, I revisit my youngest son's dramatic departure from Lebanon to the US, hours before the Beirut Port explosion on 4 August 2020. Against the backdrop of the calamitous year that follows, the essential processing of the emotional ills of mother–child separation—aggravated by the trauma of the port disaster and a progressive implosion of society—is resurrected as Lebanon recognises the one-year anniversary of the catastrophe. This experience binds to those of countless Lebanese families, past and present, braving the departure of a child who both seeks and embodies a hoped-for brighter future. Even as my story dwells in universal themes, it unravels within a unique personal context. I am myself an immigrant, having moved nine years ago with my three sons from Boston to Byblos to fulfil the dying wish of my late husband, who escaped Lebanon during its civil war to settle in America: that we live out our lives with his extended family in Lebanon. In the shadow of his father's remembrance, my son's expatriation forces the reckoning with my unresolved grief and uncertainty, even as I acknowledge, too, fleeting fragments of beauty—redemptory gifts revealed through the ageless rituals of everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on sibling literature and theory, this essay spotlights the aches of being a Lebanese expat, missing playing tennis with my sister in Beirut, and (literally) falling to a sports injury in England in the immediate aftermath of the August 4 2020 explosion. As the narrative unravels the ways in which such transnational aches overlap, I explore the phantom geographies of how Lebanese living outside Lebanon continue to live within Lebanon, enduring certain syncopated pains and processes. In doing so, I show how the repercussions of recent events—including the nuclear-level blast set within a pandemic—ripple through the lives expats live as exiles, missing loved ones. I also write about tennis, a sport that is not traditionally 'owned' by immigrants, yet is currently being negotiated by them on professional circuits; and about doing so in Beirut, in a country in which progress, personal growth and national development, are inherently foreign, frequently thwarted. In this manner, this is an article about both playing tennis in Beirut, and playing tennis with Beirut—engaging in a perpetual back and forth tension of loss and departure, but also, charge and pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Repatriate turnover is a key challenge for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). While MNEs expect to retain returning employees (i.e. repatriates) and to benefit from new knowledge and experience they bring back from international assignments, a number of studies identify high rates of repatriate turnover intentions. This paper draws insights from social exchange theory and psychological contracts. By using survey data from 221 repatriates from the U.S., the paper presents an empirical study of the antecedents of repatriate turnover. Our findings demonstrate that repatriate perceptions of recognition of foreign experience, involvement, team orientation, and application of knowledge, had a significant impact on turnover intention and this impact was felt through repatriate job engagement i.e. repatriate job engagement significantly mediated the influence of recognition of foreign experience, involvement, team orientation, and application of knowledge on turnover intention. While the study findings contribute to the theoretical underpinnings of the antecedents of repatriate turnover it also informs how MNEs can apply new strategies and initiatives that heighten repatriate retention rates and prevent knowledge slippage and the loss of highly valued people soon after they return from international assignments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the major factors affecting Azerbaijani youth to boost their motivation for emigration? The research explores a complex interplay of possible factors that shape the temporary and permanent emigration intentions among Azerbaijani youth, using a survey of 1085 respondents aged 17 to 35 (47% males, 53% females). According to the study, youth's emigration intention in Azerbaijan should be concerning, as more than half are willing to leave the country permanently. More and more young individuals dream of moving abroad since they attract to the allure of higher earnings, higher standards of living, and many other factors. Social and environmental factors, such as the quest for personal freedom, satisfaction from ecological conditions, marital status, family ties, and age factor are the strongest contributors to youth's expatriate motivation. Besides, almost all life domains significantly influence the permanent emigration intentions of youth. To sum it up, this research sheds light on the considerations of Azerbaijani youth and provides insights into the factors that drive or hinder emigration. The study concludes that to prevent youth emigration, policymakers in Azerbaijan must address the root causes of emigration. Research findings offer a unique perspective for policymakers to design a migration policy to help retain young talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greeks have a long diasporic history that demonstrates significant examples of all major diaspora classifications. Pontic Greeks of the Black Sea in particular, represent an excellent example of non-static diasporic typology. Starting as an imperial diaspora they were transformed to a victim diaspora, when forcefully expelled from their native lands in north-eastern Anatolia, seeking refuge in Greece and in areas of central Asia that were later annexed by the Soviet Union. Greece's socioeconomic environment, during the better part of the twentieth century, was proven insufficient to support the full integration of refugees, while those Pontic Greeks who found themselves behind the Iron Curtain, were subjected to further victimization. In 1960 Greece signed a bilateral agreement with West Germany, allowing its citizens to seek Gastarbeiter employment, resulting in the formation of a Greek labour diaspora in the country, of which an estimated one third self-identifies as culturally Pontic. After Greece's induction in the European Communities, but especially in the post-Maastricht era, the migratory regime for Greeks in Germany changed to that of European-expatriation, therefore progressively transforming their labour diaspora to a cultural one. From imperial, to victim, to labour, to cultural, Pontic Diaspora underwent a long process of reterritorialisation, in their journey from Anatolia to Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducted between April and June 2023, this survey gathers the testimonies of four composers who have been expatriated at some point in their musical careers, with Quebec representing a point of departure, arrival or stage in their journey. Analía Lludgar (Argentina), Ofer Pelz (Israel), Evelin Ramón (Cuba) and Pierre Alexandre Tremblay (Quebec) were interviewed about the reasons for their expatriation, comparisons between host and home countries, and the personal and musical repercussions of their experiences. The survey reveals their sense of identity, as well as points of convergence and differences in their sociocultural perceptions of Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Daena: International Journal of Good Conscience is the property of Spenta University Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The self-initiated nature of migration by self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) may make them more susceptible to the impact of the national context within which their adjustment takes place. Consequently, the failure or success of the expatriation depends on an SIE's ability to adapt to this national context. The paper aims to contribute to the adjustment theory literature by using the contextual angle and examining the impact of historical, legal, employment and hiring contexts on adjustment. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses data from a qualitative study of 42 in-depth interviews with German SIEs. The study used semi-structured in-depth interviews in order to collect a wide range of information on adjustment experiences, circumstances and expectations, enabling comparative analysis. All participants have self-initiated their move to Britain and relocated without organisational support, held university diplomas, worked according to their qualifications and relocated following a job offer. Findings: Among the study's main findings is impact of national context on adjustment experience, especially the historical relations between the countries involved. German SIEs have enjoyed easy adaptation in their new workplaces due to structurally favourable positions within the local hierarchies of prejudice, which can be attributed to the complex historical relations between Germany and Britain. Furthermore, this study draws the attention to the particularities of the nationally constructed hiring practices. In particular, the speedy recruitment in Britain presented additional challenges in adjustment for some participants, while facilitating it for others. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses on a specific population, and further research is needed to determine whether the findings can be generalised to other groups of SIEs in Britain and elsewhere. Another limitation of the study is the homogeneous nature of the sample in terms of education level and participant employment status (educated at a university level and found employment before relocation). Future research avenues include applying a comparative approach and focusing on the intersection between national context, employment circumstances, educational level and SIE adjustment. Practical implications: The study documents the complex effects of the hiring context on SIE adjustment and suggests that communicating the nationally constructed recruitment practices will align the expectations of both parties. This may increase the effectiveness of hiring and placing within the company and have a positive impact on the adjustment and work performance of the SIE. Furthermore, understating the particularities of each national context can enable international human resources management (IHRM) professionals to assess the specificity of each potential employee and can provide well-considered suggestions concerning the effect of country-specific legal and historical context on their adjustment and hence provide SIEs with tailored support. Originality/value: Although the adjustment of SIEs has attracted considerable research interest in recent years, it is often limited compared to the attention focused on assigned expatriates. This paper adds several original contributions to the IHRM literature. First, it expands knowledge on SIEs adjustment from a single country of origin living in a specific host country. Second, it enables a deep examination of the impact of the specific national context on SIEs adjustment as informed by certain historical and legal relations, as well as locally constructed hiring and employment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This is a conceptual paper, intended to link the constructs self-initiated expatriation (SIE) and career. The author suggests that regarding SIE as an episode in a career allows one to use ideas from the careers literature to suggest novel areas for research on SIE, thereby contributing to the SIE literature. The author employs a particular perspective on career – the social chronology framework (SCF) – to show how the framework can suggest these novel areas of research on self-initiated expatriation. The SCF views careers through three perspectives related to the space within which the career takes place, the career actor who "has" the career, and the time over which the career plays out. By looking at SIEs through each of these perspectives in turn a number of research questions are suggested that have the potential to enrich the SIE literature. Design/methodology/approach: The paper first considers the construct of career and shows how self-initiated expatriation fits with it. Next, it introduces the SCF, and finally shows how it can be used to derive ideas for research on self-initiated expatriation. Findings: There are none, given that this is a conceptual paper. Research limitations/implications: The paper suggests future directions for research on SIEs. Originality/value: The author believes that the application of the SCF to the study of self-initiated expatriation is novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management & Innovation is the property of Wyzsza Szkola Biznesu-National Louis University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Analecta Política is the property of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper aims to integrate the perspectives of expatriation and repatriation not as two unrelated stages but rather as one integrated process. Design/methodology/approach: A sample comprising 94 human resource (HR) representatives from large Taiwanese multinational corporations (MNCs) provided objective data on the organizational expatriate/repatriate practices. Findings: The use of developmental assignments was positively related to organizational repatriate turnover, but such a positive relationship was significant only when MNCs used low levels of repatriation support practices. Organizational repatriate turnover was negatively related to employee willingness for expatriation and the use of developmental assignments increased employee willingness for expatriation. Organizational repatriate turnover was a competitive mediator between the use of developmental assignments and employee willingness for expatriation. Moreover, organizational repatriate turnover mediated the relationship when MNCs used low levels of repatriation support practices, but not when MNCs used high levels of repatriation support practices. Practical implications: MNCs should ensure the use of development assignments is matched with high levels of repatriation support practices and treat expatriation and repatriation management as one integrated process. Originality/value: As the world economy becomes more integrated, MNCs are increasingly challenged in their efforts to send employees abroad on expatriate assignments that are developmental by design, to reduce organizational repatriate turnover and to increase employee willingness for expatriation. However, there is a lack of understanding about how they are all linked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Facing the research gap of entrepreneurial learning by self-expatriated technology-based entrepreneurs, the purpose of this research is to explore those entrepreneurs’ beliefs and experiences across expatriation to identify the enhancement of their competencies. METHODOLOGY: Within a qualitative and exploratory multiple case theory-building approach, data was collected from twelve technology entrepreneurs from Brazil, Mexico, Germany, and Israel that went to the following destination countries: Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Ireland, Turkey, and the Netherlands. With interview data as the primary source, the data analysis rests on a qualitative content analysis. FINDINGS: Data allows structuring techpreneurs’ experience of expatriation along the following steps: (a) arrival in the destination country and initial process of socialization, (b) engaging in activities to get familiar with the culture of the destination country, (c) the gradual comprehensive understanding of the new context, and (d) comparisons between the home and destination country. Expatriation had an evident impact on the technology-based entrepreneurs that materializes in three groups of competencies: entrepreneurial competencies, knowledge and innovative competencies, and international competencies. Entrepreneurial competencies relate to relational and behavioral skills and the learning of doing business in different contexts. Concerning knowledge and innovative competencies, creativity, learning new techniques and international innovation environment stand at the fore. Finally, international competencies relate to the acceptance of different cultures (multicultural learning and perception of cultural differences), developing a sense of an international community and an international innovation culture. IMPLICATIONS: This study evidenced the influence of expatriation experiences on the training of skills of technology-based entrepreneurs, in a specific approach to entrepreneurial, innovative, and intercultural competencies. The research portrays self-expatriation as an opportunity for technology-based entrepreneurs to develop different competencies being helpful to innovate, to manage business and to operate in international markets. Universities and innovators may recognize their discretion to develop programs for people like former students who want to self-expatriate. In the same vein, government can design policy to attract self-expatriate in innovations hubs, considering that local inhabitants can benefit from the cultural exchange. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This study contributes to better understanding the influence of self-expatriation experiences on the development of skills of technology-based entrepreneurs. Compared to previous studies, it advances research through providing a wider range of learning from expatriation experiences beyond the effect of internationalization on market knowledge and cultural aspects. Furthermore, this study focuses the process, not the results of self-expatriation to understand entrepreneurs’ learning.

This article explores the relation between infrapolitics and autography in the work of Alberto Moreiras. This way, it offers a possible key to read Moreiras’ most recent publications Infrapolitics. A Handbook and Uncanny Rest in connection to his earlier production. The relation to autography emerges as inherent and necessary to infrapolitics, as well as key to understanding infrapolitics in terms of a turn of deconstruction toward existence. Autography reveals itself as the incision of singularity that enables the emergence of the reciprocal and imperative relationship of thought and existence that is constitutive of infrapolitics. The first part focuses on the inceptive role of autography with respect to a certain preliminary displacement of thought on which infrapolitics depends, and it traces the autography-infrapolitics connection back to the affective register of thought that Moreiras first enounced in his book Tercer espacio. The second part focuses on the essential role that such a connection plays, and it analyzes it with respect to three main aspects of infrapolitical thinking, namely, the idea of an an-archic non-passing passage, the relationship with death and the affinity with the work of mourning, and, finally, the connection with “expatriation”.

In the mid-2000s, Portuguese emigration seemed to be a thing of the past. Having joined the European Economic Community in 1986, Portugal was presented by much of the political and media discourse as a modern and developed country. Since the 1990s, Portugal had been receiving immigrants, a phenomenon presented as a symbol of its successful Europeanization. However, at the end of the 2000s, the country was strongly affected by the global economic and financial crisis, and in the 2010s, almost 900,000 people emigrated. This return of emigration shocked Portuguese public opinion and led to numerous studies on this “new” migratory flow.

The article examines The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, by Gertrude Stein. Filtered through the eyes of her lover, the text’s focus is on Stein’s artistic growth. Published in 1933 and written from “the happily distant perspective of the 1930s” (Benstock, 1986, p. 144), The Autobiography shows how Stein copes with the isolation and despair of her first years of expatriation in Paris. The paper argues that Stein was only able to perform in-depth acts of self-analysis once she had settled down in her troubled subjective geography.