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In the last two decades, local Chinese governments have become involved in the foundation of “new migrant” voluntary organisations abroad, which have increasingly served economic and diplomatic goals. Using the case study of the establishment of the federation-style New Overseas Chinese and Ethnic Chinese Association in Japan (NOCECAJ) in 2003, this article argues that the main new organisations in Japan have specifically supported regional talent recruitment in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and public diplomacy goals and, more recently, the agenda of the “serving” and “caring” Chinese state. Because of the troubled history of Sino-Japanese relations, these organisations have furthermore worked for the betterment of bilateral relations. This article makes the case that, despite unification and cooptation efforts, the expansion of the immersion of local governments and diaspora engagement offices at provincial and city levels urges us to disaggregate the “diaspora state” in favour of an intricate and shifting set of interactions between a wide range of diasporic actors at multiple levels. Moving beyond both “state-led transnationalism” and “networked governance,” it hence posits that “assemblage” as an approach can better help us grasp the convolutions of Chinese diaspora engagement in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines recent transformations in diaspora governance at the local level, particularly the new, more integrated approach towards emigrated Chinese developed in places with longstanding and strong emigration movements. These places, known as “hometowns of Overseas Chinese” or qiaoxiang, have been actively reaching out to their expatriates for decades, but the initiatives and strategies for reaching out have changed recently due to central government policies, increased return migration, and the widespread use of information and communications technologies. Based on the case study of Qingtian County in the eastern province of Zhejiang, the paper examines different ways in which local government is reaching out to its members abroad, focusing on activities in the area of legal affairs and public administration, investments, digital transformation, public diplomacy, local urban restructuring, and response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings reveal innovation and experimentation at the local level rather than the passive implementation of central policies, and point to the need for further unpacking of the role of the state in diaspora engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the symbiotic relationship that developed between English-language periodicals published in Italy and major reading rooms in Rome and Florence. This relationship took various configurations – from Luigi Piale in Rome, who opened a reading room and published the weekly The Roman Advertiser, to the Gabinetto Vieusseux in Florence that provided access to the many English-language periodicals published in Italy – and created important spaces of transnational cultural interaction. The paper looks at the cultural practices and the forms of sociability represented by the reading of periodicals and the patronizing of reading rooms as 'imported traditions' brought to Italy by the many British cultured travellers and residents in the nineteenth century. It identifies the actors who promoted these cultural practices (editors, librarians, cosmopolitan intellectuals) and analyses their role as mediating figures who created in-between spaces where cross-cultural exchanges unfolded. The paper also discusses the broader transnational cultural dynamic at work as those cultural practices imported from England favoured a greater engagement of British visitors and expatriates with the Italian political and cultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States is the only country in the world to exercise taxing jurisdiction over the income of its citizens and long-term permanent residents, even when they reside abroad. This citizenship-based taxation (CBT) is controversial, especially among tax scholars, though there appears to be only limited political appetite for realigning U.S. tax jurisdiction to reach only domestic-source and domestic-resident income, as peer countries do. After reviewing the normative value of CBT and the existing multiple taxation mitigation measures, this Article presents two alternatives to the current U.S. regime. First, I propose the U.S. tax only the incomes of current-year residents and recent expatriates but exempt the foreign-source income of nonresident citizens after a five-year extended residency period in order to more closely correlate tax jurisdiction and nonresidents' meaningful connections to the American taxing community. Recognizing that this may be politically infeasible, however, I propose that Congress uncap the existing foreign earned income exclusion in IRC § 911 for American expatriates living in high-tax countries, reducing their substantial compliance burdens without sacrificing revenue that would effectively be eliminated by the foreign tax credit or creating new opportunities for tax-motivated expatriations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focused on Australia's Royal Australian Air Force and Army garrison communities in Malaysia from the late 1950s, this article probes the creation and management of a complex power dynamic between the hosts in a postcolonial nation and an expatriate community modelled along colonial lines. These overseas military communities comprised Australian service personnel, their family members and schoolteachers. Thousands of locally employed civilians worked on Australian military bases, or for Australian families as amahs, cooks and gardeners, and Malaysian businesspeople capitalised on the Australian presence. The article tracks the political, social and cultural implications of the cross-cultural encounters enabled by Australia's Asian garrisons, taking into account the perspective of both Australians and Malaysians, to argue that these communities had a marked impact on regional engagement. Negotiations of military, political, economic and personal power were constant and ongoing; Malaysian demands, far from being subordinated, were often both articulated and met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about Korean Housemaids who worked for Japanese families in Colonial Korea. Topics include the landscape of the Japanese community in Korea in the early period of Japanese migration; work of Kajiyama Toshiyuki which details the importance of native female household workers; and the connection of native Korean women with Japanese expats in the domestic arena such as intermarriage and inter cultural relations.

Based on an empirical study of Danish expatriates, this article explores how the social representations of domestic work are transmitted, shared, and negotiated in the expatriate community in Delhi. Domestic work belongs to the informal economy in India, which is largely unregulated. Expatriates often inherit domestic workers directly from each other, copying and re-constructing their predecessor's contracts. What is also passed on, along with the workers and their contracts, are social representations and norms linked to being an expatriate employer in India. These social representations and norms are central for the newcomers' ability to navigate the unfamiliar and difficult situation of managing domestic staff. Furthermore, the inheritance and sharing of social norms may protect the expatriate community from major changes and critiques. Thus, although the individual expatriate is only in India for a limited time, core structures of the work relationship and employment standards are continued and re-created by the ever present--but constantly changing--group of expatriates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to investigate and reflect upon the effects of personality traits on expatriate adjustment within the context of Malaysia's multicultural society.Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the multicultural personality questionnaire (MPQ) and extrapolating from the literature on expatriate adjustment, the authors introduce five hypotheses, which are then tested based on data derived from 101 expatriates working in Malaysia.Findings The results indicate a positive relationship between both open-mindedness and adjustment as well as between flexibility and adjustment. However, the authors did not observe any significant positive relationship between the three remaining MPQ personality traits and expatriate adjustment.Originality/value While various studies have investigated the relationship between personality and expatriate adjustment in an Asian context, the majority have been conducted in largely monocultural settings, or at least on the implicit assumption of a single societal culture within the host country. This paper contributes to the literature by exploring the relationship in the context of a multicultural Asian host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current literature tends to see cosmopolitan identity formation as an individual endeavour of developing a stance of openness, and transcending discourses of national and other cultural identities. This article challenges the essentialism inherent in this model by proposing a different framing of cosmopolitan identity formation that shifts the focus to how people collectively mobilize cosmopolitanism as a resource for cultural identity construction. The article is based on an anthropological study of transnational professionals who are part of a diverse expatriate community in Amsterdam. The analysis shows how these professionals draw on cosmopolitanism to define themselves as ‘non-nationals’. This involves downplaying national affiliations and cultural differences while also marking national identity categories and ‘cultural features’ to maintain the difference they collectively embrace. This, however, does not imply openness to all otherness. Boundary drawing to demarcate the cosmopolitan ‘us’ in relation to national (mono)culture is equally important. The article argues that cosmopolitan identities are socially accomplished as particular modes of collective belonging that are part of – not beyond – a global discursive sphere of identity politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enfranchising emigrants implicitly involves inviting them to have a voice and increasing engagement in home politics, thus maintaining active membership of their nation of origin. However, in the Latin American Southern Cone (as well as in several other countries in the region), both state policies and expats' responses have fallen short of making that invitation effective. What explains this inclusion paradox? Why, while franchise is expanding has effective political inclusion of citizens living abroad not materialized? This article addresses these questions for the cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Conclusions highlight relatively unexplored explanatory factors and enhance our understanding of the links between migration policy innovation and political inclusion beyond borders in some of the least studied cases in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how European and American communities in Korea organised the education of their own children from the “opening” of the country to foreign residents in the 1880s until the Second World War. Education serves as a lens to investigate these dominantly bourgeois communities of missionaries, merchants, experts and diplomats in a non-European environment and contributes a fresh perspective to a social history of globalisation. The article distinguishes three educational practices. First, Europeans and Americans practised home schooling when parents or private teachers instructed the children in their Korean home. Secondly, children were sent back to the countries of origin where they went to boarding schools or stayed with relatives or befriended families. Thirdly, special institutions for European and American children emerged in Korea and the neighbouring East Asian countries. A first school for foreign children was established in Pyongyang in 1900. It was followed by Seoul Foreign School, which was founded by an elite of American Protestant missionaries in the Korean capital in 1912. It had a strong Anglo-Saxon outlook and experienced substantial growth over the decades while the teaching staff became increasingly professionalised. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Diasporas participate in the home country’s development through remittances, philanthropy, knowledge transfer, investment, and political engagement. Based on the theoretical perspective of network governance, this paper argues that governments can enhance diaspora contributions by offering incentives to engage with the homeland. The paper then applies this perspective to assess the effectiveness of Lithuania’s diaspora engagement policy. Based on successful strategies adopted by other countries, the paper makes recommendations on how to strengthen the incentives for the diaspora to participate in Lithuania’s political, social, economic, and cultural life, and on how to create a better environment for the diaspora’s contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Several studies have established that various personality traits like materialism and social traits such as susceptibility to social influence explain conspicuous consumption. This paper examines the influence of materialism and susceptibility to interpersonal influence on conspicuous consumption tendencies of a sample of 640 expatriate Keralites. The study validates that two of the three dimensions of materialism significantly relate to conspicuous consumption which means materialism is mostly related positively to buying products that confer status. Susceptibility to interpersonal influence is also seen to be instrumental in triggering conspicuous consumption among emigrant Keralites. Variation in conspicuous consumption with regard to gender, age, education, occupation and income levels are also examined. The study offers interesting insights to marketers in developing consumer-centric approaches towards product-development, pricing and promotion and also assists in psychographic segmentation of status seekers. It proposes ways and means of developing and maintaining meaningful engagement with customers by exhorting marketers to assume greater social responsibility and focus on societal outcomes stemming from promoting a lifestyle centered around materialism and conspicuous display of wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report focuses on the publishing activities of the Italian minority communities in Croatia and the Istrian and Dalmatian diasporic communities in Italy. These publications take a variety of forms and include monographs, belle-lettres, reference works, Italian-language textbooks, contemporary literature, and academic journals. Some are published by local organizations, others by university and commercial presses, while others are privately funded. The report is a preliminary effort to document scholarly resources that are important to both Slavic and Italian studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the effect of working time on women's willingness to go on expatriate assignments in the oil and gas exploration and production sector. The research draws upon an analysis of two case study firms' international assignment and working time policies, semi-structured interviews with 14 human resource staff responsible for policy design and implementation, and a survey of the views of 71 women expatriates, supported by in-depth interviews with 26 of the survey respondents. The research identifies an ‘expat factor’: assignees state that long hours are inherent in expatriation and necessary to further their careers. However, in practice, working time is not excessive and flexible working practices are utilised. Hours of work have little effect on women's decisions to undertake long-term assignments but alternatives such as short-term and commuter assignments are unpopular as their working patterns are disruptive to family life. This article contributes to theory development by linking two discrete frameworks that explain women's career choices when they strive to balance their career goals with their families and by identifying a career compromise threshold when expatriation is rejected in favour of family considerations. A model is proposed to link working time/patterns to women's international assignment participation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction effects of two commitment foci (parent company and local operation commitment) on a focal work behavior (retention in an international assignment). Accordingly, this study formulated and tested four hypotheses by using hierarchical regression, moderated regression analyses and plots of two-way interactions. The data were gathered from 471 Western expatriates working for the subsidiaries of multinational companies in Vietnam. The results confirmed that all components (affective, normative and continuance) of parent company commitment and local operation commitment positively predicted retention in international assignments; however, the retention was more driven by the parent company commitment. Besides, the relationships between two components (affective and continuance) of local operation commitment and retention were moderated by the corresponding components of parent company commitment. The findings improve the understanding of dual commitment's links to work behaviors in international business contexts. Moreover, as to the practical implication, multinational companies were recommended to be aware of the level of expatriate commitments to two foci in order to reduce the rate of premature return. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article investigates consequences of spatial contexts on interethnic contact. Despite the acknowledged integrative effects of pleasant interethnic relationships, several unresolved issues remain in this research field: investigations at two contextual levels simultaneously—i.e. neighbourhood and municipality levels; investigations of several contextual characteristics simultaneously, e.g. ethnic concentration, physical contact opportunities, population size; investigations on different kinds of interethnic contact, for example, contact with neighbours, with friends or in general. The present study contributes to these issues by analysing interethnic contact from a native’s perspective using a German nation-wide dataset. A considerably high proportion of Germans (72 per cent) have contact with foreigners in at least one out of four measured types. Ethnic concentration is the strongest contextual predictor for all kinds of interethnic contact. Physical contact opportunities in the immediate neighbourhood foster interethnic contact in the neighbourhood only, while municipality size mostly diminishes interethnic contact. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the shawls worn by certain women on the Great Plains of North America identified them as being Germans from Russia (GFR). Having settled in Russia for a century before relocating to the grassy plains of North and South America, attracted by the promise of land ownership and freedom from oppression, these Germans created a distinctive community. Their shawls served as shibboleth, a custom or usage that distinguishes one group of people from others. Over a century later, in the USA and Canada, these shawls are still found among GFR families who recall the customs and values of people of this ethnic community, and thus provide a medium through which to learn about the GFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite exciting occasional interest from critics of modernist fiction, autobiography and expatriate publishing, the writer-editor Robert McAlmon has remained on the margins of American modernist studies. Paradoxically, however, his fine press publishing house Contact Editions, in partnership with William Bird's Three Mountains Press, played a central role in negotiating and problematizing mechanisms of canon formation at the onset of the late modernist cultural turn. The hallmarks of late modernism are revealed in prototypical form in selected titles they published - books which deliberately distorted the features of 'major' contemporaneous works to critique the failures and exclusions of high modernism. This essay examines the 'American background' of such responses through the lens of McAlmon's editorial and literary career. Taking his contributions to American little magazines of the early 1920s as its point of departure, the essay explores how his publishing partnerships and intellectual transactions shaped his poetics of imitation, ephemera, and hybridity (emphases which modernists often connected to America as a literary subject). To this end, it also explores deluxe editions by William Carlos Williams, Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein and Djuna Barnes, and concludes with readings of McAlmon's Portrait of a Generation (1926a) and North America: Continent of Conjecture (1929a). Together, these works gave a physical shape to and archly satirical accounts of the themes and materials that accumulated in the wake of high modernism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide basic information about the life cycle of the Slovak migrant community in Dublin in 2004 - 2013. The empirical material is presented from three theoretical perspectives: theory of social innovations (Mumford, 2002), theories of social identity (Turner et al., 1987) and theories of transnational migration (Glick Schiller et al., 1995). The first part of the paper describes the creation and development of two social innovations: the migrant NGO Slovak Centre - Ireland and the magazine Slovak in Ireland. The second part analyses whether and how these innovations create space for everyday practice of (national) identities of migrants. The third part analyses the transnational aspects of the Slovak migrant community. The paper is based on empirical material gathered through semi-structured interviews with leaders of the Slovak community in Dublin (N=7, 2009, since then contacted continually via e-mail and Facebook), analysis of media and websites dedicated to Slovaks in Ireland (2009 - 2013) and short-term participant observation (2009). Our data suggest that social innovations described in this study are successful and sustainable especially if: 1) they are based on real needs of the community and created from below; 2) they are taking place in the context of existing systems and are financially independent of grant schemes funded by the Slovak government; 3) there is a favorable environment in the host country. It is concluded that the social innovations described in this paper have identity and community building potential and allow Slovak migrants not only to strengthen their social capital (Putnam, 2007), but also to function transnationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitudes and self-understanding of Catholic women missionaries in foreign countries since the second half of the twentieth century. The author situates these experiences within the broader context of the history of Christian missions as well as research on expatriates and transnationalism. She bases her research on oral history interviews with German and Austrian nuns who provide charitable works and social services in South Africa. Topics addressed include the missionaries' perception of social spaces, of living and working within expatriate communities, and of their education and vocation.

The article discusses the collective memory of the 1692 Glencoe Massacre, an assault on the Scottish Macdonald clan by troops of King William III of England, in Great Britain since the 19th century. The author examines the event as a lieu de mémoire in federal British, national Scottish, and global contexts. Topics considered in detail include the representation of the event in British theater and music, its political uses, memorialization, and commercialization in the context of Scottish nationalism, and the spread of its memory to expatriate Scottish communities within the British Empire.