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The aim of the study was to determine and compare the structure of the excretory ducts of the Harderian gland, extraorbital and infraorbital lacrimal glands of laboratory rats. Object and methods. Five male laboratory rats were examined by dissecting the lacrimal glands, from which series of thin paraffin sections were obtained for histological examination. Micropreparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope. Results. It was found that the tubuloalveolar epithelial components of the extraorbital gland of rats in the middle of the lobe are even denser than in the infraorbital gland, as evidenced by very narrow interstitial fissures. The lacrimal glands of laboratory rats have an individual well-defined connective tissue capsule. Inside the capsule and between the lobes there are slitlike interepithelial interstitial spaces, in which we don't detect clusters of lipocytes, as occurs in the lacrimal glands of human. In the volume of lobes, both extraorbital and infraorbital glands, the interepithelial interstitial spaces contain vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory tract, mainly capillaries, precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules. Arterioles and venules are usually visualized outside the lobes in more pronounced interstitial spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the several Ayurveda drugs which are guardians of the respiratory tract and help in the excretory function of the body. Topics include Madhusnuhi Rasayanam; Thriphala Choornam tablet; and Amirtha Bhallataka Lehyam.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the post-contrast appearance of local tumor progression (LTP) following renal ablation to better understand patterns of tumor recurrence and to optimize follow-up imaging protocols.Methods: From 2002 to 2015, 913 patients underwent 988 renal ablation procedures for treatment of 1064 tumors. LTP was identified in 24 (2.6%) patients during median imaging follow-up of 30 months (range 0-139). One patient with LTP was followed with non-contrast MRI only and was excluded from evaluation. Three body radiologists reviewed the contrast-enhanced CT and/or MRI follow-up imaging in the remaining 23 patients to determine the timing and imaging appearance of the recurrent tumor.Results: Local tumor progression was identified on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI at median 11 months (range 1 and 68) after renal ablation. Corticomedullary phase imaging was performed in 16/23 (70%) patients. LTP was identified on the corticomedullary phase in all cases, and was most conspicuous on the corticomedullary phase compared to any other phase of imaging in 15/16 (94%) patients. No cases of LTP were best visualized on non-contrast or excretory phase images.Conclusions: Delayed recurrence following renal ablation is possible; therefore, extended follow-up is indicated in ablation patients. Almost all cases of LTP were best visualized on the corticomedullary phase of imaging, which should be included in any post-ablation imaging protocol. Excretory phase images were not required to diagnose LTP in any case and could be excluded from routine post-ablation follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background - Total IgE concentrations are higher in dogs than in humans. Persistent Toxocara canis larval infection is prevalent in dogs and is associated with substantial specific antibody reactions. A correlation, however, between total IgE and T. canis-specific antibody levels in dogs has not been evaluated. Objectives - To determine the relationship between total IgE, T. can/s-specific IgG and IgE, and allergen-specific IgE levels in atopic and non-atopic dogs, and to evaluate possible confounding factors. Animals - Sera of 30 atopic and 30 non-atopic client-owned dogs. Methods - Total IgE, T. can/s-specific antibody and allergen-specific IgE levels were evaluated by ELISA. Results - Total IgE, T. can/s-specific antibody and allergen-specific IgE levels were significantly higher in nonatopic compared to atopic dogs. A positive correlation was demonstrated between T. canis-specific IgG and T. canis-specific IgE; T. can/s-specific IgG and total IgE; T. can/s-specific IgE and total IgE; and allergen-specific IgE and total IgE. No differences were detected on the basis of age, gender, vaccination status; deworming or season between atopic and non-atopic dogs. Previous immunomodulatory treatment and cause of atopy did not influence antibody levels of atopic dogs. Conclusions - Toxocara can/s-specific IgE appears to be a major component of total IgE in dogs. Total and T. canis-specific IgE levels are higher in non-atopic compared to atopic dogs. It is speculated that T. can/s infection may have a protective effect against the development of canine atopic dermatitis and/or that elevations in total serum IgE level are often not associated with atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the study were to determine whether symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was increased in dogs with leishmaniosis and to assess its relationship with creatinine concentration and urinary protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) to determine its utility as a marker of early excretory dysfunction. Fifty-three dogs with leishmaniosis classified according to the LeishVet clinical staging (stage I, n=5, stage II, n=30; stage III, n=12; stage IV, n=6) were selected and compared with 41 clinically healthy dogs. Thirty-nine dogs with leishmaniosis were also followed up for six months. SDMA concentrations on the day of diagnosis were significantly higher in dogs with leishmaniosis with respect to control dogs and in dogs from LeishVet stage IV when compared with the other stages. Increased UPC (>0.5), SDMA (>19 μg/dL), and creatinine concentrations (≥1.4 mg/dL) were found in 47.1%, 15.1%, and 9.4% of dogs with leishmaniosis, respectively. SDMA concentration was increased in 24% of proteinuric dogs, in 7% of nonproteinuric dogs, and in four of five dogs with increased creatinine. SDMA concentration ≥ 25 μg/dL was associated with clinical chronic kidney disease (CKD) after six months. Our results did not demonstrate advantages in using SDMA concentration as an early marker of CKD when compared to creatinine and UPC in canine leishmaniosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To identify experimental conditions that induce preneoplastic cells positive for glutathione S-transferase P-form (GST-P) in the rat liver by new approaches, and analysis of the mechanism of cancer initiation based on the findings. Main methods The experimental protocols employed to induce GST-P + preneoplastic cells in rat liver were as follows. Protocol 1: adult rats were fed basal diet containing 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF, 0.02% by wt) and high concentrations of N -acetyl- l -cysteine (0.5%) over 10 weeks. Protocol 2: rats were subjected to partial hepatectomy (2/3PH), followed by an AAF (0.04%) diet for two more weeks. Vibratome-prepared liver sections were then immunostained for GST-P. Key findings GST-P was inducible in the rat liver in response to the strong carcinogenic stress by AAF in the two experimental protocols. When examined immunocytochemically with vibratome sections, the biliary tracts of hepatocytes, GST-P + single hepatocytes and foci were heavily positive for the marker enzyme in addition to ordinary cytosolic staining of preneoplastic cell populations. The biliary tracts of hepatocytes were severely injured, and the excretory portions of GST-P + single hepatocytes were significantly injured. Significance The cytotoxic action of AAF that give rise to the GST-P + single hepatocytes was suggested to be an injury to the excretory pump(s) and the duct of hepatocytes. A new physiological mechanism was hypothesized for the induction of preneoplastic cell populations in the rat liver instead of a genetic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was shown, that on the 15th days after the conception (impregnation) in the pig embryos the prenephros have been revealed, consisted of several channel-like structures. They existed till the 3- rd week of embryogenesis, and then reduced, and by the 25th day of the pig embryonic development the primary kidneys came apparent, getting the maximal growth in the 25-35-days pig embryos. On the 45-th days of embryogenesis a big amount of the highly convoluted urinary tubules and also multiple Malpighean bodies have been revealed in them. Then mesonephros underwent involution, and on the 65-days embryos' slides the Malpighean glomeruli of the primary kidney are seen at the phases of degeneration and atrophy. Consequently, mesonephros functions during the first half of the pig intrauterine development, and then is followed by transformation into metanephros, which thereafter maintains as the final mature kidney. In the 75-days pig fetus the renal capsule is already seen, and underneath of which the cortical and medullar layers are clearly distinguished. The latter is formed by the collecting tubules, whereas the cortical layer is represented by the Malpighean bodies and the convoluted tubules. In mean, the Malpighean bodies' amount makes up 6-7/mm2 of the section square area. Their structure is very similar to the structure of the Malpighean bodies of adult animal. The time dynamics of interchanges of prnephros, the primary and final kidneys and their relative sizes have been detected. It was revealed, that the maximal relative square area was for the final kidney in the 45-65- days embryos. Then, because of the pig fetus accelerated growth, forestalling the kidney growth, the relative square areas of kidneys becomes decreased. In result of the kidneys' weightings during the fetal period of development a significant absolute increase of the kidneys weight was revealed, although the relative weight and the growth intensity decrease during the fetal period of development, what probably, is conditioned by the kidneys earlier intensive growth as long ago as in the embryonic period of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to ascertain the presence of matrix metalloproteinases activity in excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of larvae of Oestrus ovis by gelatin zymography. The larvae of O. ovis were collected from sheep slaughtered at local abattoirs in Orathanadu and Thanjavur. Live, intact larvae were washed thoroughly with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and suspended in PBS at 37°C in an incubator for 16 h. After incubation, the fluid was collected, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C and the supernatant was used as E/S antigen. On gelatin zymographic analysis, presence of 220 kDa MMP-9 (pro form) and 210 kDa (active form) homodimeric forms was observed as a fainter band at the top of the gelatin zymogram. A clear, bright gelatinolytic activity was observed at 20 kDa level at the bottom of the zymogram. The other forms of MMP-9, viz. 135 heterodimeric form was observed at 125 kDa size (active form) as a fainter band and the 72 kDa MMP-2 was detected as a fainter bands at 72 kDa (pro form) and 62 kDa (active form). The strong gelatinolytic activity detected at 20 kDa level of E/S antigens of O. ovis was the catalytic breakdown products of the MMPs found in the fluid. It was concluded that the activity of the MMPs in the E/S antigens of O. ovis was very strong, helping in the migration of the larvae from one site to the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) released by helminths are well-known to regulate T cell responses in the host. However, their direct influence in the differentiation of naïve T cells, and especially B cells, remains largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces ESPs (EgPSC-ESPs) on the differentiation of IL-10-producing B cells (B10), IL-17A-producing B cells (B17) and Th17 cells. Methods: BALB/c mice injected with EgPSC were used to evaluate the in vivo profiles of B10, B17 and Th17 cells. In vitro purified CD19+ B and naïve CD4+ T cells were cultured in the presence of native, heat-inactivated or periodate-treated EgPSC-ESPs, and the differentiation of these cell subsets were compared. Results: In contrast to the control group, infected mice showed higher frequencies of B10, B17 and Th17 cells, and higher levels of IL-10 and IL-17A in the sera. Interestingly, B17 cells were first identified to express CD19+CD1dhigh. In vitro, B cells cultured with native ESPs exhibited a higher percentage of B10 cells but lower percentage of B17 and Th17 cells compared to the PBS group. Moreover, the relative expression of IL-10 and IL-17A mRNA were consistent with the altered frequencies. However, ESPs subjected to heat-inactivation or periodate treatment exhibited an inverse effect on the induction of these cell subsets. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that ESPs released by EgPSC can directly regulate the differentiation of B10, B17 and Th17 cells, which appear to be heat-labile and carbohydrate-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of the reproductive system of acipenseriform fishes is quite different from that of teleostean species, but an associated unique physiological difference in male sturgeons was not discovered until recently; sperm of sturgeons passes through the kidneys then via Wolffian ducts into the environment rather that emptying directly through seminal ducts. The mixing of sperm with excretory products has been found to be a requisite for the capacity to be activated (maturation step) instead of being deleterious. In the current review we summarize results of studies performed in our laboratory on physiological processes involved in sturgeon sperm maturation, namely changes in: 1) ionic environment; 2) sensitivity of spermatozoa to calcium ions (Ca 2+ ); 3) antioxidant enzymes and proteolytic activities; and 4) content in macroergic phosphates arising during this maturation process. We also discuss taxa-specific aspects of sturgeon sperm maturation in relation to hormonal regulation of spermiation, and the unusual features of sturgeon sperm maturation relative to using testicular sturgeon sperm in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malpighian tubules are responsible for excretion and osmoregulation in insects. The Malpighian system consists of tubules that are closed at the distal end and extend from the point of junction of the midgut and hindgut. This organ helps the water and electrolyte balance of the internal metabolism by filtration with absorption of water and soluble materials as mineral salts from the hemolymph. In this study, the histology of Malpighian tubules in Gryllus campestris (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) has been examined in detail by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The distal ends of the Malpighian tubules in G. campestris, which are long and wiggly in shape, extend freely into the body cavity. The other end is connected to the alimentary canal. In a cross-section of the tubules, it has been observed that the outer surface of the cells is covered by muscles and trachea. The lumen is lined with a single-layer epithelium. The nuclei (which are oval or spherical in shape), rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and spherocrystals or mineral concretions are seen in the cells. Microvilli are found in the apical membrane. When the structure of the Malpighian tubules was compared with those of other species belonging to Orthoptera and other insect orders, similarities and differences were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose For the first time, delivered dose to the rectum has been calculated and accumulated throughout the course of prostate radiotherapy using megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) image guidance scans. Dosimetric parameters were linked with toxicity to test the hypothesis that delivered dose is a stronger predictor of toxicity than planned dose. Material and methods Dose–surface maps (DSMs) of the rectal wall were automatically generated from daily MVCT scans for 109 patients within the VoxTox research programme. Accumulated-DSMs, representing total delivered dose, and planned-DSMs, from planning CT data, were parametrised using Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD) and ‘DSM dose-width’, the lateral dimension of an ellipse fitted to a discrete isodose cluster. Associations with 6 toxicity endpoints were assessed using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Results For rectal bleeding, the area under the curve (AUC) was greater for accumulated dose than planned dose for DSM dose-widths up to 70 Gy. Accumulated 65 Gy DSM dose-width produced the strongest spatial correlation (AUC 0.664), while accumulated EUD generated the largest AUC overall (0.682). For proctitis, accumulated EUD was the only reportable predictor (AUC 0.673). Accumulated EUD was systematically lower than planned EUD. Conclusions Dosimetric parameters extracted from accumulated DSMs have demonstrated stronger correlations with rectal bleeding and proctitis, than planned DSMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections with different helminth species have been observed to ameliorate a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. Herein, we show that the natural murine helminth species,Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri(Hp) is capable of attenuating disease severity in two different inflammatory arthritis models. Furthermore, we show that excretory–secretory (ES) products from Hp directly suppress osteoclast differentiationin vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that helminth infections can dampen autoimmune diseases and highlight a previously unrecognized and important role for ES products, by directly impacting on bone destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cicadas form intimate symbioses with bacteria to obtain nutrients that are scarce in the xylem fluid they feed on. The obligate symbionts in cicadas are purportedly confined to specialized bacteriomes, but knowledge of bacterial communities associated with cicadas is limited. Bacterial communities in the bacteriomes and organs of reproductive, digestive and excretory systems of two cicada species (Platypleura kaempferi and Meimuna mongolica) were investigated using different methods, and the bacterial diversity and distribution patterns of dominant bacteria in different tissues were compared. Within each species, the bacterial communities of testes are significantly different from those of bacteriomes and ovaries. The dominant endosymbiont Candidatus Sulcia muelleri is found not only in the bacteriomes and reproductive organs, but also in the “filter chamber + conical segment” of both species. The transmission mode of this endosymbiont in the alimentary canal and its effect on physiological processes merits further study. A novel bacterium of Rhizobiales, showing ~80% similarity to Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola, is dominant in the bacteriomes and ovaries of P. kaempferi. Given that the genome of H. cicadicola exhibits rapid sequence evolution, it is possible that this novel bacterium is a related endosymbiont with beneficial trophic functions similar to that of H. cicadicola in some other cicadas. Failure to detect H. cicadicola in M. mongolica suggests that it has been subsequently replaced by another bacterium, a yeast or gut microbiota which compensates for the loss of H. cicadicola. The distribution of this novel Rhizobiales species in other cicadas and its identification require further investigation to help establish the definition of the bacterial genus Candidatus Hodgkinia and to provide more information on sequence divergence of related endosymbionts of cicadas. Our results highlight the complex bacterial communities of cicadas, and are informative for further studies of the interactions and co-evolution of insect-microbial symbioses in Cicadoidea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult females of the mosquito Culex pipiens entering diapause increase sugar water ingestion and reduce evaporative water loss, but how these attributes of the diapause program impact activity of the renal excretory system remains unknown. Here we compared the renal excretory capacity of diapausing and non-diapausing females, as well as the molecular expression of aquaporin (AQP) genes that encode channels involved in transporting water and/or small metabolites. Baseline urine excretion rates in diapausing mosquitoes were higher than in those of their non-diapausing counterparts, possibly a consequence of the intense sugar feeding associated with diapause. But, diapausing mosquitoes exhibited a much lower capacity for diuresis than non-diapausing mosquitoes. The suppressed diuretic capacity likely reflects reduced investment in the energetically-expensive post-prandial diuresis, an event not observed in diapausing mosquitoes. The mRNA expression levels of two genes encoding AQPs, Eglp1 and Aqp12L, in diapausing mosquitoes were down-regulated (on day 14) and up-regulated (on both days 3 and 14), respectively, in whole body samples. These changes were not evident in the excretory system (i.e., Malpighian tubules and hindgut), which showed no differential expression of AQPs as a function of diapause. Several AQP mRNAs were, however, differentially expressed in the midgut, ovaries, and abdominal body wall of diapausing mosquitoes, suggesting that AQPs in these tissues may be playing important non-excretory roles that are unique to diapause physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian basal metabolic rate (BMR) and summit metabolic rate (Msum) vary in parallel during cold acclimation and acclimatization, which implies a functional link between these variables. However, evidence suggests that these parameters may reflect different physiological systems acting independently. We tested this hypothesis in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) acclimated to two temperatures (287 and 287C) and two diets (0% and 30% cellulose). We expected to find an uncoupling of Msum and BMR whereMsum, a measure of maximal shivering heat production, would reflect muscle and heart mass variation and would respond only to temperature, while BMR would reflect changes indigestive and excretory organs in response to daily food intake, responding to both temperature and diet. We found that the gizzard, liver, kidneys, and intestines responded to treatments through a positive relationship with food intake. BMR was 15% higher in cold-acclimated birds and, as expected, varied with food intake and the mass of digestive and excretory organs. In contrast, although Msum was 19% higher in cold-acclimated birds, only heartmassresponded totemperature (118%in the cold). Pectoral muscles did not change in mass with temperature but were 8.2% lighter on the cellulose diet. Nevertheless, Msum varied positively with the mass of heart and skeletal muscles but only in coldacclimated birds. Our results therefore suggest that an upregulation of muscle metabolic intensity is required for cold acclimation. This study increases support for the hypothesis that BMRandMsum reflect different physiological systems responding in parallel to constraints associated with cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excretory organs were acquired in the early phase of metazoan evolution, and they play a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body fluids. In general, these organs consist of two functional components, the primary-urine producing apparatus and the modulating tubule. This basic organization of the excretory organs is conserved among most metazoans. Herein, we present an overview of the morphological evolution of the primary urine-producing apparatus in metazoans and describe the acquisition of the renal glomerulus-a specialized primary urine-producing apparatus-in vertebrates. We also describe the advancement of the glomerular structure and function in higher vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitological methods are not helpful for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in acute and invasive periods of the disease. Detection of coproantigens seems to be a suitable alternative approach in the diagnosis of fascioliasis. The present study aimed to develop a reliable antigen detection system, using monoclonal antibodies raised against excretory-secretory (ES) antigen of Fasciola hepatica, for the diagnosis of fascioliasis. Fasciola adult worms were collected from the bile ducts of infected animals. Species of the fluke was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). ES antigen of F. hepatica was prepared. For production of monoclonal antibodies, mice were immunized with ES antigens of F. hepatica. Spleen cells from the immunized mice were fused with NS-1 myeloma cells, using polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma cells secreting specific antibody were expanded and cloned by limiting dilution. Moreover, polyclonal antibody was produced against F. hepatica ES antigen in rabbits. A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, using produced monoclonal antibody, was designed and stool samples of infected animals along with control samples were tested by the system. The capture ELISA detected the coproantigen in 27 of 30 (90%) parasitologically confirmed fascioliasis cases, while 4 of 39 (10.25%) samples infected with other parasitic infections showed a positive reaction in this system. No positive reactivity was found with healthy control samples. Accordingly, sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 94.2% were obtained for the capture ELISA system. The results were compared with those obtained with commercial BIO-X ELISA, and a very good (kappa = 0.9) agreement was found between the commercial kit and the developed capture ELISA. Findings of this study showed that the produced monoclonal antibody has appropriate performance for the detection of Fasciola coproantigen in stool samples and can be appropriately used for the diagnosis of fascioliasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is a toxic waste product from protein metabolism and needs to be either converted into less toxic molecules or, in the case of fish and aquatic invertebrates, excreted directly as is. In contrast to fish, very little is known regarding the ammonia excretion mechanism and the participating excretory organs in marine invertebrates. In the current study, ammonia excretion in the marine burrowing polychaete Eurythoe complanata was investigated. As a potential site for excretion, the 100-200 µm long, 30-50 µm wide and up to 25 µm thick dentrically branched, well ventilated and vascularized branchiae (gills) were identified. In comparison to the main body, the branchiae showed considerably higher mRNA expression levels of Na+/K+-ATPase, V-type H+-ATPase, cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase (CA-2), a Rhesus-like protein, and three different ammonia transporters (AMTs). Experiments on the intact organism revealed that ammonia excretion did not occur via apical ammonia trapping, but was regulated by a basolateral localized V-type H+-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase and intracellular cAMP levels. Interestingly, the V-type H+-ATPase seems to play a role in ammonia retention. A 1 week exposure to 1 mmol l-1 NH4Cl (HEA) did not cause a change in ammonia excretion rates, while the three branchial expressed AMTs showed a tendency to be down-regulated. This indicates a shift of function in the branchial ammonia excretion processes under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. algarvensis to better understand how this annelid worm gains nutrition from its symbionts, how it adapted physiologically to a symbiotic lifestyle, and how its innate immune system recognizes and responds to its symbiotic microbiota. Results: Key adaptations to the symbiosis include (i) the expression of gut-specific digestive enzymes despite the absence of a gut, most likely for the digestion of symbionts in the host's epidermal cells; (ii) a modified hemoglobin that may bind hydrogen sulfide produced by two of the worm's symbionts; and (iii) the expression of a very abundant protein for oxygen storage, hemerythrin, that could provide oxygen to the symbionts and the host under anoxic conditions. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins. Conclusions: We show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete. Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that blueberries may have cardiovascular and cognitive health benefits. In this work, we investigated the profile of plasma and urine (poly)phenol metabolites after acute and daily consumption of wild blueberries for 30 days in 18 healthy men. The inter-individual variability in plasma and urinary polyphenol levels was also investigated. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 2 h post-consumption on day 1 and day 30. Twenty-four-hour urine was also collected on both days. A total of 61 phenolic metabolites were quantified in plasma at baseline, of which 43 increased after acute or chronic consumption of blueberries over one month. Benzoic and catechol derivatives represented more than 80% of the changes in phenolic profile after 2 h consumption on day 1, whereas hippuric and benzoic derivatives were the major compounds that increased at 0 and 2 h on day 30, respectively. The total (poly)phenol urinary excretion remained unchanged after 30 days of wild blueberry intake. The inter-individual variability ranged between 40%-48% in plasma and 47%-54% in urine. Taken together, our results illustrate that blueberry (poly)phenols are absorbed and extensively metabolized by phase II enzymes and by the gut microbiota, leading to a whole array of metabolites that may be responsible for the beneficial effects observed after blueberry consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diuretic and saluretic activities of aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits and shoots were studied in laboratory animals. The results obtained here showed that aqueous extracts of shoots and preparations based on fresh bilberry fruits had moderate diuretic and saluretic activities. Aqueous-alcoholic extracts of air-dried fruits and shoots decreased diuresis and saluresis as compared with a control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saliva secreted by acini from parotid gland is concentrated in the excretory ducts. This study aims to highlight certain microscopical aspects concerning the presence, density and disposition of mitochondria in intralobular and interlobular ducts from parotid parenchyma in rats. In the intralobular ducts' segment lined by cuboidal cells, mitochondria are present throughout the whole cytoplasm, without a regular arrangement. In the area where cells are columnar, mitochondria become more numerous and most of them are disposed in the basal half and have a regular disposition (perpendicular to the basal pole). In the interlobular ducts, mitochondria are somehow less, but their disposition is similar to the one in the previous segment. In intralobular ducts with a thin wall, mitochondria have an irregular disposition and are present throughout the whole cytoplasm, while in striated and interlobular ducts, they have a regular disposition, perpendicularly on the basal pole of the cell and most of them are concentrated in the basal half of the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peptide uroguanylin (Ugn) is expressed at significant levels only in intestine and kidney, and is stored in both tissues primarily (perhaps exclusively) as intact prouroguanylin (proUgn). Intravascular infusion of either Ugn or proUgn evokes well-characterized natriuretic responses in rodents. Furthermore, Ugn knockout mice display hypertension and salt handling deficits, indicating that the Na+ excretory mechanisms triggered when the peptides are infused into anesthetized animals are likely to operate under normal physiological conditions, and contribute to electrolyte homeostasis in conscious animals. Here, we provide strong corroborative evidence for this hypothesis, by demonstrating that UUgnV (the rate of urinary Ugn excretion) approximately doubled in conscious, unrestrained rats consuming a high-salt diet, and decreased by ~15% after salt restriction. These changes in UUgnV were not associated with altered plasma proUgn levels (shown here to be an accurate index of intestinal proUgn secretion). Furthermore, enteric Ugn mRNA levels were unaffected by salt intake, whereas renal Ugn mRNA levels increased sharply during periods of increased dietary salt consumption. Together, these data suggest that diet-evoked Ugn signals originate within the kidney, rather than the intestine, thus strengthening a growing body of evidence against a widely cited hypothesis that Ugn serves as the mediator of an entero-renal natriuretic signaling axis, while underscoring a likely intrarenal natriuretic role for the peptide. The data further suggest that intrarenal Ugn signaling is preferentially engaged when salt intake is elevated, and plays only a minor role when salt intake is restricted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular tubes (canal, duct, and pore), a secretory gland, and two associated neurons. Just as in more complex organs, cells of the excretory system must first adopt specific identities and then coordinate diverse processes to form tubes of appropriate topology, shape, connectivity, and physiological function. The unicellular topology of excretory tubes, their varied and sometimes complex shapes, and the dynamic reprogramming of cell identity and remodeling of tube connectivity that occur during larval development are particularly fascinating features of this organ. The physiological roles of the excretory system in osmoregulation and other aspects of the animal's life cycle are only beginning to be explored. The cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways used to build and shape excretory tubes appear similar to those used in both unicellular and multicellular tubes in more complex organs, such as the vertebrate vascular system and kidney, making this simple organ system a useful model for understanding disease processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplozoons are representatives of blood-feeding ectoparasites from the family Diplozoidae (Polyopisthocotylea, Monogenea). Although these worms have been the subject of numerous taxonomical, phylogenetic, and ecological studies, the detailed study of their excretory system has remained relatively neglected. Our observations focused on the morphological and ultrastructural features of the excretory apparatus of four diplozoid species: Diplozoon paradoxum, Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Paradiplozoon bliccae, and Paradiplozoon homoion. Observations were obtained using two microscope methods: light microscopy, equipped with differential interference contrast (Nomarski DIC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructure of two basic compartments which forms the excretory apparatus, flame cells with filtration apparatus, and canal cells forming the protonephridial ducts is revealed in this study. A unique consecutive sequence of longitudinal semi-thin sections of the excretory pore of E. nipponicum is visualized there for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the modulation of the host-immune system by pathogens-like filarial parasites offers an alternate approach to prevent autoimmune diseases. In this study, we have shown that treatment with filarial proteins prior to or after the clinical onset of streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetes (T1D) can ameliorate the severity of disease in BALB/c mice. Pre-treatment with Brugia malayi adult soluble (Bm A S) or microfilarial excretory-secretory ( Bm mf ES) or microfilarial soluble ( Bm mf S) antigens followed by induction of diabetes led to lowering of fasting blood glucose levels with as many as 57·5-62·5% of mice remaining nondiabetic. These proteins were more effective when they were used to treat the mice with established T1D as 62·5-71·5% of the mice turned to be nondiabetic. Histopathological examination of pancreas of treated mice showed minor inflammatory changes in pancreatic islet cell architecture. The therapeutic effect was found to be associated with the decreased production of cytokines TNF-α & IFN-γ and increased production of IL-10 in the culture supernatants of splenocytes of treated mice. A switch in the production of anti-insulin antibodies from IgG2a to IgG1 isotype was also seen. Together these results provide a proof towards utilizing the filarial derived proteins as novel anti-diabetic therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of expression of surface molecules and release of cytokines and chemokines of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were determined after their exposure to adult H. contortus excretory/secretory ( ES) products or a combination of ES products and bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( LPS). Worm products provoked a weak response and only partial maturation of the dendritic cells, consistent with the hyporesponsiveness and more tolerogenic immune environment present in parasitized animals and humans. Co-stimulation with LPS demonstrated that H. contortus secretions, like those of other helminths, contain immunomodulators capable of reducing some aspects of the strong TH1/ TH2 response evoked by bacterial LPS. There were significant reductions in the release of some cytokine/chemokines by LPS-stimulated md DCs and a trend (although not significant at P < 0·05) for reduced expression levels of CD40, CD80 and HLA- DR. A prominent feature was the variability in responses of dendritic cells from the four donors, even on different days in repeat experiments, suggesting that generalized conclusions may be difficult to make, except in genetically related animals. Such observations may therefore be applicable only to restricted populations. In addition, previous exposure to parasites in a target population for immunomodulatory therapy may be an important factor in assessing the likelihood of adverse reactions or failures in the treatment to worm therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Creatinine clearance (CrCl) based on 24 h urine collection is an established method to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, its measurement is cumbersome and the results are frequently inaccurate. The aim of this study was to develop an alternative method to predict CrCl and urinary protein excretion based on plasma creatinine and the quantification of muscle mass through bioimpedance analysis (BIA).Methods: In 91 individuals with normal and impaired renal function CrCl was measured from 24 h urine excretion and plasma creatinine concentration. A model to predict 24 h-creatininuria was developed from various measurements assessing muscle mass such as body cell mass (BCM) and fat free mass (FFM) obtained by BIA, skinfold caliper and other techniques (training group, N = 60). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to predict 24 h-creatininuria and to calculate CrCl. A validation group (N = 31) served to compare predicted and measured CrCl.Results: Overall (accuracy, bias, precision, correlation) the new BIA based prediction model performed substantially better compared with measured CrCl (P15 = 87 %, bias = 0, IQR of differences = 7.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2), R = 0.972) versus established estimation formulas such as the 4vMDRD (P15 =  6 %, bias = -8.3 mL/min/1.73 m(2), IQR = 13.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2), R = 0.935), CKD-EPI (P15 = 29 %, bias = -7.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2), IQR = 12.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2), R = 0.932, Cockcroft-Gault equations (P15 = 55 %, bias = -4.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2), IQR = 9.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2), R = 0.920). The superiority of the new method over established prediction formulas was most obvious in a subgroup of individuals with BMI > 30 kg/m(2) and in a subgroup with CrCl > 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Moreover, 24 h urinary protein excretion could be estimated accurately by normalization with 24 h-creatininuria derived from BIA based BCM.Conclusion: Prediction of CrCl based on estimated urinary creatinine excretion determined from measurement of BCM by BIA technique is both accurate and convenient to quantify renal function in normal and diseased states. This new method may become particularly helpful for the evaluation of patients with borderline renal insufficiency and/or with abnormal body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Malpighian tubules of the leafhopper Kolla paulula (Walker) emerge from the junction of the midgut and hindgut, with terminal ends united in pairs and attached to half of the rectum. Each tubule has five structurally distinct regions: a thin anteriormost region, taking part in the formation of the filter chamber; a smooth and short intermediate duct; a long nodulose proximal segment; a glandular distal segment; and a long, thin and undulated terminal segment. The proximal region contains numerous hollow spherical nodules which are regularly arranged and form a spiral pattern. Its cytoplasm is packed with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules. Clusters of fine electron-dense granules, glycogen granules and condensing vacuoles are prominent. This suggests that the proximal region is involved in secretion. Microorganisms are found in the cytoplasm and lumen of the proximal segment. The distal segment is rod-shaped, with cells filled with vacuoles containing hollow and honeycomb-surfaced microspheres known as “brochosomes”, and four different stages of brochosome-development can be recognized. The terminal segment cells possess well-developed apical microvilli and basal infoldings associated with mitochondria. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant mitochondria, and intracellular canaliculi densely packed with long microvilli are observed through the cytoplasm. These characters indicate the terminal segment is probably involved in secretion and ion transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC, μg/L) is the recommended parameter to assess iodine status, however, the dependency of UIC on urine volume may limit its use as an accurate parameter for monitoring iodine status in populations. Therefore, our objective was to compare two approaches for the assessment of urinary iodine excretion in spot urine samples: UIC (μg/L) and a creatinine-scaled estimate of 24-hour iodine excretion (est24h-UIEcrea [μg/d]) against actually measured 24-hour urinary iodine excretion rates (24h-UIE, μg/d). Methods: Urinary iodine and creatinine were measured both in 24-hour urine samples and parallel collected spot urine samples from 180 healthy participants of the DONALD Study, aged 6-18 years. 24h-UIE was used as quasi-reference for actual iodine status. Published 24-hour creatinine reference values served to calculate est24h-UIEcrea. Correlation analysis, cross-classifications, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate agreement between the different assessment approaches. Results: Correlation coefficients of 24h-UIE with UIC ( r=0.12, r=0.22; p=n.s.) were substantially weaker than with est24h-UIEcrea ( r=0.41, r=0.47; p<0.001) in the 6-12 year old and 13-18 year old groups, respectively. Cross-classification into opposite quartiles by UIC was 7% (6-12 year old group) and 15% (13-18 year old group) versus 5% and 3% by est24h-UIEcrea, respectively. Bland-Altman plots indicated greater deviation from 24h-UIE for the UIC versus the est24h-UIEcrea approach. Conclusion: Our findings in children and adolescents clearly show a better comparability of real 24h-UIE with est24h-UIEcrea than with UIC. Whenever highest possible validity is required for iodine status assessment from spot urine sampling, the determination of est24h-UIEcrea appears to be the more accurate monitoring approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in stem cell biology have led to the derivation of diverse cell types, yet challenges remain in creating complex tissues and functional organs. Unlike humans, some animals regenerate all missing tissues and organs successfully after dramatic injuries. Studies of organisms with exceptional regenerative capacity, like planarians, could complement in vitro studies and reveal mechanistic themes underlying regeneration on the scale of whole organs and tissues. In this review, we outline progress in understanding planarian organ regeneration, with focus on recent studies of the nervous, digestive, and excretory systems. We further examine molecular mechanisms underlying establishment of diverse cell fates from the planarian stem cell pool. Finally, we explore conceptual directions for future studies of organ regeneration in planarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The standard imaging procedure for a patient presenting with renal colic is unenhanced computed tomography (CT). The CT measured size has a close correlation to the estimated prognosis for spontaneous passage of a ureteral calculus. Size estimations of urinary calculi in CT images are still based on two-dimensional (2D) reformats. Purpose: To develop and validate a calculus oriented three-dimensional (3D) method for measuring the length and width of urinary calculi and to compare the calculus oriented measurements of the length and width with corresponding 2D measurements obtained in axial and coronal reformats. Material and Methods: Fifty unenhanced CT examinations demonstrating urinary calculi were included. A 3D symmetric segmentation algorithm was validated against reader size estimations. The calculus oriented size from the segmentation was then compared to the estimated size in axial and coronal 2D reformats. Results: The validation showed 0.1 ± 0.7 mm agreement against reference measure. There was a 0.4 mm median bias for 3D estimated calculus length compared to 2D (P < 0.001), but no significant bias for 3D width compared to 2D. Conclusion: The length of a calculus in axial and coronal reformats becomes underestimated compared to 3D if its orientation is not aligned to the image planes. Future studies aiming to correlate calculus size with patient outcome should use a calculus oriented size estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to investigate whether two potent anti-inflammatory agents, dexamethasone and anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, may influence acute kidney injury (AKI) and associated drug excretory functions during endotoxemia (LPS) in rats. Ten hours after LPS administration, untreated endotoxemic rats developed typical symptoms of AKI, with reduced GFR, impaired tubular excretion of urea and sodium, and decreased urinary excretion of azithromycin, an anionic substrate for multidrug resistance-transporting proteins. Administration of both immunosuppressants attenuated the inflammatory response, liver damage, AKI, and increased renal clearance of azithromycin mainly by restoration of GFR, without significant influence on its tubular secretion. The lack of such an effect was related to the differential effect of both agents on the renal expression of individual drug transporters. Only dexamethasone increased the urinary clearance of bile acids, in accordance with the reduction of the apical transporter (Asbt) for their tubular reabsorption. In summary, our data demonstrated the potency of both agents used for the prevention of AKI, imposed by endotoxins, and for the restoration of renal drug elimination, mainly by the improvement of GFR. The influence of both drugs on altered tubular functions and the expression of drug transporters was differential, emphasizing the necessity of knowledge of transporting pathways for individual drugs applied during sepsis. The effect of anakinra suggests a significant contribution of IL-1 signaling to the pathogenesis of LPS-induced AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few studies and little research regarding the external and internal characterization of porcine kidney unlike other species. The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence of each anatomical pattern type of intrarenal vascular structures and excretory system of the pig, in addition to their external characterization. Materials and methods: The variables were analyzed on 60 renal blocks from animals destined for human consumption, which were ethically obtained from the meat processing plant Vijagual in Bucaramanga, Colombia, by injecting them with polyester resin. Results: The external morphometry for both kidneys determined a length of 120 mm and a width of 27.3 mm. The renal arteries showed three different branching patterns (pattern I: 96.7%; pattern II: 1.7%; and pattern III: 1.6%). A third subpattern (Ic) in group I was found in 9.4% of samples. The distribution of tributary veins exhibited pattern I (81%) and pattern II (20%). Pattern III was not present in any of the examined samples. The caliber of ureters averaged 6.9 mm and the width of renal pelvis was 12.2 mm. The distribution patterns of calyces were divided into two groups (A: 30% and B: 70%). Each pattern was subdivided into AI, AII, BI, and BII. Conclusions: The distribution patterns of renal structures found in this study are similar to those reported in previous studies, besides the contribution of an arterial pattern (Ic) evidenced by this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Caenorhabditis elegans is commonly used as a model organism for studies of cell biology, development and physiology, the small size of the worm has impeded measurements of ion transport by the excretory cell and hypodermis. Here, we use the scanning ion-selective microelectrode technique to measure efflux and influx of K+, H+, Na+ and Ca2+ in intact worms. Transport of ions into, or out of, immobilized worms produces small gradients in ion concentration in the unstirred layer near the surface of the worm. These gradients are readily detectable with ion-selective microelectrodes and the corresponding ion fluxes can be estimated using the Fick equation. Our data show that effluxes of K+, H+, Na+ and Ca2+ are localized to the region of the excretory pore, consistent with release of these ions from the excretory cell, and that effluxes increase after experimental preloading with Na+, K+ or Ca2+. In addition, the hypodermis is a site of Na+ influx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambrian species Paulinecaris siveterae n. gen. n. sp., known from two trunk fragments, represents the first record of epipods (serving as gills and osmoregulatory structures) in a crustacean from the Swedish ' Orsten'. Moreover, it is the first report of the maxillary excretory opening of a crustacean based on Cambrian material of ' Orsten'-type preservation. One specimen comprises the maxillary segment with an appendage and several thoracic segments with parts of their limbs; a second specimen is a fragment possibly of a more posterior part of the trunk. As in other known small eucrustaceans, the tergites of the new species lack prominent tergopleurae, so that the limbs insert directly ventral to the tergal margins. Limb preservation includes the maxilla and several thoracopods, all possessing a prominent, fleshy basipod with six setose endites along their median rim distally to the proximal endite. The presence of long and prominent limbs of P. siveterae suggests that it had good swimming ability, while the slight C-like curvature of their basal limb part, basipod, indicates involvement of the limbs also in so-called 'sucking chambers' for suspension feeding coupled with locomotion. The estimated total length of P. siveterae, 2-3 mm, is comparable to that of extant cephalocarids, but its appendages are twice as long and wide. The limbs of P. siveterae also differ in size and armature from extant eucrustaceans as well as early representatives of this group known from the ' Orsten' assemblages. The general morphology of the limbs, for example in having a fleshy and C-shaped basipod with several setae-bearing endites medially, identifies P. siveterae as an entomostracan eucrustacean, but a lack of further details precludes its affinity with any of the in-group taxa. Three epipods on the outer edge of the basipod, as in P. siveterae, are also known from the Cambrian eucrustacean Yicaris dianensis from China and early ontogenetic stages of extant fairy shrimps ( Anostraca); their adult stages have two epipods. This hints at an original number of three epipods in the ground pattern of Entomostraca, but some uncertainty remains with regard to the eucrustacean ground pattern because Malacostraca possess a maximum number of two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strategies employed by parasites to establish infections are poorly understood. The host-parasite interface is maintained through a molecular dialog that, among other roles, protects parasites from host immune responses. Parasite excretory/secretory products (ESP) play major roles in this process. Understanding the biology of protein secretion by parasites and their associated functional processes will enhance our understanding of the roles of ESP in host-parasite interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings: ESP was collected after culturing 10 adult female Ascaris suum. Perienteric fluid (PE) and uterine fluid (UF) were collected directly from adult females by dissection. Using SDS-PAGE coupled with LC-MS/MS, we identified 175, 308 and 274 proteins in ESP, PE and UF, respectively. Although many proteins were shared among the samples, the protein composition of ESP was distinct from PE and UF, whereas PE and UF were highly similar. The distribution of gene ontology (GO) terms for proteins in ESP, PE and UF supports this claim. Comparison of ESP composition in A. suum, Brugia malayi and Heligmosoides polygyrus showed that proteins found in UF were also secreted by males and by larval stages of other species, suggesting that multiple routes of secretion may be used for homologous proteins. ESP composition of nematodes is both phylogeny- and niche-dependent. Conclusions/Significance: Analysis of the protein composition of A. suum ESP and UF leads to the conclusion that the excretory-secretory apparatus and uterus are separate routes for protein release. Proteins detected in ESP have distinct patterns of biological functions compared to those in UF. PE is likely to serve as the source of the majority of proteins in UF. This analysis expands our knowledge of the biology of protein secretion from nematodes and will inform new studies on the function of secreted proteins in the orchestration of host-parasite interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative differentiation of liposomal encapsulated and non-encapsulated drug tissue concentrations is desirable, since the efficacy and toxicity are only related to the level of non- encapsulated drug. However, such separate concentration profiles in tissues have still not been reported due to lacking analytical methodology. The encapsulation of prodrugs like prednisolone phosphate (PP) in liposomes offers new, analytical opportunities. Instantaneous dephosphorylation of PP into prednisolone (P) by phosphatases after its release from the liposome in vivo makes it possible to differentiate between the encapsulated and the non- encapsulated drug for such preparations of liposomal PP: PP represents the encapsulated drug, while P represents the non-encapsulated drug. In the here described study, the instantaneous dephosphorylation of PP by murine liver and kidney phosphatases has been verified by incubation of PP in liver and kidney homogenates followed by estimation of the dephosphorylation rate constants k and the dephosphorylation time of the expected maximal in vivo non-encapsulated drug concentrations. In vitro PP has been rapidly converted into P in the presence of homogenate from the excretory organs. The calculated values for k have shown that the liver contains more active sites per gram of tissue than the kidneys. However, the dephosphorylation of PP by these active sites is slower compared with the kidneys. Compared with other pharmacokinetic processes of P, the estimated dephosphorylation times of the expected maximal in vivo non-encapsulated drug concentrations in the liver and the kidneys are considered to be instantaneous. This enables the separate determination of the encapsulated and non-encapsulated drug concentrations in the excretory organs after administration of liposomal PP in mice generating the first pharmacokinetic profile of a liposomal preparation, in which the in vivo encapsulated and free drug tissues concentrations are measured separately. This can also gain important insights into the pharmacokinetics of liposomal formulations in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) are biomarkers of oxidative stress with clinical potential in a variety of diseases. As part of their clinical validation, this study aimed to investigate whether the urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo undergoes diurnal variation and to evaluate the validity of 6-hour sampling as well as creatinine corrected spot urine sampling. Methods. A total of 23 healthy study subjects collecting their 24-h urine in four fractions covering 6 hours each. Urinary 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo levels were quantified using a modified version of UPLC-MS/MS. Results. No significant difference in excretion levels between the 12-h diurnal and 12-h nocturnal state or between the four 6-h periods during the day was found for either biomarker. A strong linear relationship between the excretion levels in each of the 6-h periods and the 24-h excretion level was shown for both biomarkers. Creatinine correction of the 6-h levels reduced the biological variation of the excretion levels and weakened the linear relationship with the uncorrected 24-h excretion level for both biomarkers. The correlations were strengthened when the 24-h excretion level was expressed per kg body weight. Conclusion. The results showed that 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo did not undergo diurnal variation in the study population overall and hence that the time of sampling is not crucial. Furthermore, 6-h sampling can be used as a substitute for 24-h sampling, and creatinine corrected sampling may be rational due to the reduction in biological variation of the biomarkers and the reasonable correlation with body weight-adjusted 24-h levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study in the anaesthetized rat investigated how renal sympathetic nerve activity and catecholamine release influenced NHE3 abundance and activity in proximal tubular brush border membranes using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Methods Renal excretory function and brush border NHE3 abundance and activity were measured in rat kidneys which underwent renal denervation, renal nerve electrical stimulation and renal infusion of phenylephrine and the NHE3 inhibitor S1661. NHE3 activity and cell surface abundance were also measured in primary cultures of proximal tubular cells treated with noradrenaline and prazosin. Results Acute renal denervation caused a natriuresis and diuresis, which occurred with a reduction in NHE3 abundance and activity in the brush border membranes. By contrast, low-level electrical stimulation of the renal innervation causing an antinatriuresis and antidiuresis increased NHE3 activity in the brush border membranes. Intrarenal infusion of phenylephrine caused an antinatriuresis and antidiuresis, while blockade of NHE3 activity, using local infusion of the blocker S1661, caused a natriuresis and diuresis. Exposure of primary cultures of proximal tubular cells to noradrenaline increased brush border NHE3 abundance and activity which was blocked by prior exposure to prazosin, indicating it as an α1-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism. Conclusion Together, these findings demonstrate that the renal sympathetic nerves not only have a direct action to modulate tubular sodium reabsorption via stimulation of the NHE transporter, but also have an indirect effect, whereby NHE3 abundance is increased within the brush border membrane, thereby increasing the capacity for fluid reabsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a main excretory organ, kidney is predisposed to direct/indirect injury. We addressed the potential nephrotoxic effects following expositions of healthy rats to nanoparticle (NP) loads relevant to humans in a situation of 100% bioavailability. Up to 4 weeks after administration, a single iv bolus of oleate-coated ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (in dose of 0.1%, 1.0% and 10.0% of LD50) or TiO2 NPs (1.0% of LD50) did not elicit decline in renal function, damage to proximal tubules, alterations in: renal histology or expression of pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic genes, markers of systemic or local renal micro-inflammation or oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activities in renal cortex, mildly elevated at 24 h, completely restored at later time points. Data obtained by multifaceted approach enable the prediction of human nephrotoxicity during preclinical studies, and may serve as comparison for alternative testing strategies using in vitro and in silico methods essential for the NP-nephrotoxicity risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal effects induced by prolonged mPGES1 inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 306: F68-F74, 2014. First published November 6, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00492.2013.-The importance of membrane-bound PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) in the regulation of renal function has been examined in mPGES1-deficient mice or by evaluating changes in its expression. However, it is unknown whether prolonged mPGES1 inhibition induces significant changes of renal function when Na+ intake is normal or low. This study examined the renal effects elicited by a selective mPGES1 inhibitor (PF-458) during 7 days in conscious chronically instrumented dogs with normal Na+ intake (NSI) or low Na+ intake (LSI). Results obtained in both in vitro and in vivo studies have strongly suggested that PF-458 is a selective mPGES1 inhibitor. The administration of 2.4 mg.kg-1.day-1 PF-458 to dogs with LSI did not induce significant changes in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A larger dose of PF-458 (9.6 mg.kg-1.day-1) reduced RBF (P < 0.05) but not GFR in dogs with LSI and did not induce changes of renal hemodynamic in dogs with NSI. Both doses of PF-458 elicited a decrease (P < 0.05) in PGE2 and an increase (P < 0.05) in 6-keto-PGF1α. The dministration of PF-458 did not induce significant changes in renal excretory function, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone and thromboxane B2 concentrations in dogs with LSI or NSI. The results obtained suggest that mPGES1 is involved in the regulation of RBF when Na+ intake is low and that the renal effects elicited by mPGES1 inhibition are modulated by a compensatory increment in PGI2. These results may have some therapeutical implications since it has been shown that prolonged mPGES1 inhibition has lower renal effects than those elicited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Lower pole anatomy (apart from other factors: stone size, shock wave energy) is an important determinant of success after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine if there is a significant relationship between lower pole ratio (infundibular length: infundibular width) on preoperative excretory urograms and stone fragment clearances after shockwave lithotripsy. Methods A total of 60 patients with isolated lower pole stones were prospectively included in the study. Anatomical factors, such as infundibular length and width were measured and the lower pole ratio was calculated on pretreatment excretory urogram. Stone fragment clearance was assessed on periodic follow up visits (1-8weeks) with a plain abdominal X-ray for kidney, ureter and bladder. Results The overall eight-week stone-free rate was 56.66%. Mean stone size ± SD was 11.383 ± 5 mm, mean infundibular length was 11.95 ± 6.52 mm, mean infundibular width was 4.25 ± 1.66 mm and mean lower pole ratio was 3.2 ± 2.4. Stone free status after shockwave lithotripsy was significantly related to infundibular length and width as well as to lower pole ratio. Infundibular length less than 25 mm, width greater than 4 mm and lower pole ratio less than 3.5 were noted to have an improved eight week stone-free rate. Conclusion Lower pole anatomy is an important predetermining factor for lower pole stone clearance after shockwave lithotripsy. The present study suggests that a lower pole ratio of less than 3.5, which considers both infundibular length and width, is a promising and easily applicable predictor for stone-free status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Alaninema species associated with leaf-veined slugs (Athoracophoridae) in New Zealand is described and illustrated. Alaninema ngata n. sp. is characterised by a very long, cylindrical body, rounded head bearing two circles of cephalic papillae and amphids, shallow stoma with three bifid teeth, muscular, cylindroid pharynx lacking valves, enlarged, rounded cardia, nerve ring crossing the anterior intestine, excretory pore situated just posterior to nerve ring, monodelphic females with post-median vulva, thick-shelled eggs covered with prominent tubercles, monorchic males with short testis reflection, reduced number of male genital papillae, strong equal spicules and gubernaculum and tail tip bearing about 20 digitate processes. It is distinguished from A. venmansi and A. njoroensis by having a larger body size (mean 8.3 mm and 13.8 mm in males and females, respectively vs 8.2 mm females in A. venmansi and 4.8 mm and 5.5 mm in A. njoroensis males and females, respectively) and more anterior vulval position (V = 51.6 vi 70 and 66.4 in A. venmansi and A. njoroensis, respectively). Analyses of a partial 18S rDNA sequence indicate that A. ngata n. sp. is affiliated to the Panagrolaimorpha. The systematic position, host range and distribution of A. ngata n. sp. are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]