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In the current research, the rare earth‐doped magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4:Eu3+) spinels were produced by the combustion synthesis method. The employment of thermodynamic calculations revealed that the combustion approach is a proper way to synthesize MgAl2O4:Eu3+ material by urea fuel, although this procedure was fulfilled at 500°C, the final temperature will be around 2030°C. The x‐ray and FT‐IR spectra confirmed the successful formation of spinels, while it was shown that the calcination procedure results in a significant increase of crystallinity. On the other hand, it was interestingly seen that the addition of large amounts of Eu3+dopant (10 wt%) suppresses the crystallinity. The MAUD calculations interestingly revealed that the increase of Eu3+ dopant from 1 to 10 wt% leads to the increase of MgO and Al2O3 impurities. The related microstructural evaluations revealed that the particle size of the synthesized powders is mostly less than 40 nm which shows the superiority of combustion synthesis over other commercial methods. Also, the broadening of XRD peaks confirmed the formation of nano‐sized powder. The photoluminescence (PL) characterizations showed that doping of MgAl2O4 with 7 wt% Eu3+ brings the most intensive emission properties at the wavelengths of 592 and 617 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implication of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) activity in depression is a topic of debate, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we elucidate how hippocampal excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance underlies the regulatory effects of 5-HT2CR in depression. Molecular biological analyses showed that chronic mild stress (CMS) reduced the expression of 5-HT2CR in hippocampus. We revealed that inhibition of 5-HT2CR induced depressive-like behaviours, reduced GABA release and shifted the E/I balance towards excitation in CA3 pyramidal neurons using behavioural analyses, microdialysis coupled with mass spectrometry and electrophysiological recordings. Moreover, 5-HT2CR modulated the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON) interaction by influencing intracellular Ca2+ release, as determined by fibre photometry and coimmunoprecipitation. Notably, disruption of nNOS-CAPON with the specific small molecule compound ZLc-002 or AAV-CMV-CAPON-125C-GFP abolished 5-HT2CR inhibition-induced depressive-like behaviours, as well as the impairment in soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assembly-mediated GABA vesicle release and consequent E/I imbalance. Importantly, optogenetic inhibition of CA3 GABAergic neurons prevented the effects of AAV-CMV-CAPON-125C-GFP on depressive behaviours in the presence of a 5-HT2CR antagonist. Conclusively, our findings disclose the regulatory role of 5-HT2CR in depressive-like behaviours and highlight hippocampal nNOS-CAPON coupling-triggered E/I imbalance as a pivotal cellular event underpinning the behavioural consequences of 5-HT2CR inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the control performance of a novel grounded inerter-based dynamic vibration absorber (GI-DVA) for random vibration reduction. First, the dynamics equations of the coupled system are written and the transfer function is obtained based on the Laplace transform. Then, assuming that the primary structure is under random white noise excitation, the displacement variance of the primary structure is calculated based on the exact definition of the H 2 norm, by solving the Lyapunov equation. By imposing that the partial derivatives of the response variance of the primary structure with respect to the system parameters are simultaneously equal to zero, the optimum design values of the H 2 optimized GI-DVA were derived numerically for given different mass ratio. It can be found that the optimal design parameters as the inerter-to-mass ratio, the stiffness ratio and the damping ratio increase, while the frequency ratio decreases with the increase in the mass ratio. Under the optimal conditions, the response analysis showed that the primary structure response controlled by the H 2 optimized GI-DVA can decrease with the increase in the mass ratio, but is less sensitive to large mass ratios, and can be robust to the mistuning on the optimum design parameters. Then, the control performance evaluation is first performed in the frequency domain, which reveal that the dynamic response reduction capacity of the H 2 optimized GI-DVA are significantly 62% and 48% superior to the H 2 optimized classic DVA (CDVA) and high-performance passive nontraditional inerter-based DVA (NIDVA-C4), respectively. Furthermore, for the root mean square response evaluation (H 2 performance), the H 2 optimized GI-DVA can provide significantly H 2 performance 58% and 50% than the H 2 optimized CDVA and NIDVA-C4, respectively. To obtain more realistic results, the time domain simulation is performed, which showed that the GI-DVA can provide significantly performance for random vibration reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with myotonia congenita suffer from slowed relaxation of muscle (myotonia), due to hyperexcitability caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ClC-1 chloride channel. A recent study suggested that block of large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+- activated K+ channels (BK) may be effective as therapy. The mechanism underlying efficacy was suggested to be lessening of the depolarizing effect of build-up of K+ in t-tubules of muscle during repetitive firing. BK channels are widely expressed in the nervous system and have been shown to play a central role in regulation of excitability, but their contribution to muscle excitability has not been determined. We performed intracellular recordings as well as force measurements in both wild type and BK−/− mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles. Action potential width was increased in BK−/− muscle due to slowing of repolarization, consistent with the possibility K+ build-up in t-tubules is lessened by block of BK channels in myotonic muscle. However, there was no difference in the severity of myotonia triggered by block of muscle Cl− channels with 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9AC) in wild type and BK−/− muscle fibers. Further study revealed no difference in the interspike membrane potential during repetitive firing suggesting there was no reduction in K+ build-up in t-tubules of BK−/− muscle. Force recordings following block of muscle Cl− channels demonstrated little reduction in myotonia in BK−/− muscle. In contrast, the current standard of care, mexiletine, significantly reduced myotonia. Our data suggest BK channels regulate muscle excitability, but are not an attractive target for therapy of myotonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of wave conduction in the heart is strongly related to the proper interplay between the electrophysiological activation and mechanical contraction of myocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. In this study, we statistically compare bioengineered cardiac tissues cultured on soft hydrogels (E ≃ 12 kPa) and rigid glass substrates by focusing on the critical threshold of alternans, network-physiological tissue properties, and the formation of stable spiral waves that manifest after wave breakups. For the classification of wave dynamics, we use an improved signal oversampling technique and introduce simple probability maps to identify and visualize spatially concordant and discordant alternans as V- and X-shaped probability distributions. We found that cardiac tissues cultured on ECM-mimicking soft hydrogels show a lower variability of the calcium transient durations among cells in the tissue. This lowers the likelihood of forming stable spiral waves because of the larger dynamical range that tissues can be stably entrained with to form alternans and larger spatial spiral tip movement that increases the chance of selftermination on the tissue boundary. Conclusively, we show that a dysfunction in the excitation-contraction coupling dynamics facilitates life-threatening arrhythmic states such as spiral waves and, thus, highlights the importance of the network-physiological interplay between contractile myocytes and the ECM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mechanism of dual fluorescence emission of a fluorophore is controversial ever since its first observation in p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN). Excited state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and planarized intramolecular charge transfer (PICT) models have been the two prominent theories used to explain the dual fluorescence mechanism in several systems. These mechanisms are based on excited state adiabatic structural changes of the fluorophore. Nevertheless, pieces of evidences based on excitation spectral measurements at different emission windows suggest the possibility of additional and/or alternative mechanisms based on ground state structural changes of the fluorophore. In this paper, we have presented a systematic steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of a donor-pacceptor system, p-N,N-(dialkylamino)benzylidenemalononitrile, and related compounds in solvents of different polarities. The excitation spectrum of p-N,N-(dialkylamino) benzylidenemalononitrile is found to be dependent on the emission window. Furthermore, the emission spectra of the molecule are dependent on the excitation wavelength which suggest that the molecule consists of two stable ground state conformational isomers. The spectroscopic pieces of evidence together with results from DFT calculations are in favor of the solvent-induced ground state structural change of the fluorophore. Hence, two ground state conformers of p-N,N-(dialkylamino)benzylidenemalononitrile are attributed to the dual emission of the molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, region-specific changes in glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid were measured at varying time points outside and during attacks in children and adolescents with migraine. In patients with migraine, an excitation–inhibition imbalance that fluctuates relative to attack onset has been proposed to contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of migraine, but this has yet to be explored in children and adolescents. This prospective, observational, cohort study examined glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels across the phases of a migraine attack and interictally in children and adolescents using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Macromolecule-suppressed GABA (sensorimotor cortex and thalamus) and glutamate (occipital cortex, sensorimotor cortex, and thalamus) were measured in children and adolescents (10-17 years) with a migraine diagnosis with or without aura 4 times over 2 weeks. Linear mixed-effects models examined changes in glutamate and GABA during the 72 hours leading up to, and after the onset of an attack. We found significant region-specific changes in glutamate and GABA. Specifically, sensorimotor GABA significantly increased leading up to the headache phase, whereas glutamate significantly decreased following the headache onset in the occipital cortex and the thalamus. Post hoc analyses examined the 24 hours leading up to or following the onset of the headache phase. In the 24 hours before the headache onset, sensorimotor glutamate, occipital glutamate, and thalamic GABA decreased. In the 24 hours post headache onset, sensorimotor glutamate continued to decrease. Our results suggest changes in glutamate and GABA that are consistent with the thalamocortical dysrhythmia hypothesis. These findings provide insight into developmental migraine pathophysiology and may open future avenues for treatment targets specific to children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Emergence agitation is a transient confusional state of a child associated with consciousness from general anaesthesia, commonly occurs in the postoperative setting which delays their recovery and exposes them to traumas. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the magnitude of emergence agitation, its interventions and associated factors among paediatric surgical patients at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up framework was conducted on a paediatric surgical patients aged 2-14 years who underwent surgery under general anaesthesia between June 1 - October 30 2022. Stratified sampling method followed by simple random sampling technique was employed to reach study participants. Magnitude of emergence agitation and its interventions done at post-anaesthetic care units were recorded. Data analysis was carried out using a descriptive statistics method and the results were summarized using tables and diagrams. Bivariate analysis was done to identify causal relationship and multivariable analysis to assess the confounding effects of factors associated with emergence agitation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant factor. Results A total of 150 participants were included in the current study, where 107 (71.3%) were male and 97 (64.7%) were preschool aged. About 81 (54%) of care givers were female and majority of them have completed primary school. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 6.4 (3.57) years. Around 42.7% of them developed emergence agitation with an average duration of 8.39 ± 4.45 minutes. Factors such as propofol administration at the end of procedure (OR of 0.104 with 95% CI [0.035, 0305]), Ear, nose, throat surgery and oral maxillofacial surgery (OR of 2.341 with 95% CI [1.051, 5.211]) and arrival of patient to recovery awake (OR of 0.456 95% CI [0.209, 0.994]) showed statistically significant association with emergence agitation. Conclusion Almost half of the study participants experienced emergence agitation which is high magnitude. Ear, nose, throat surgery and oral maxillofacial surgeries were predictive factors of emergence agitation while propofol administration at the end of procedure and arrival of patient to recovery awake significantly decreased risk of emergence agitation. Therefore, anaesthesia personnel should have essential skills and knowledge to effectively care for children perioperatively including to minimize and treat emergence agitation.

Vibration testing of an integrally bladed rotor (IBR) is often completed through traveling wave excitation (TWE) bench tests composed of multiple, simultaneously excited inputs. Often, each blade has many output locations. For IBRs with many blades, as often found in the high pressure compressor, the total number of outputs can be several orders of magnitude. Formulation of a full output spectral density matrix from all measurements will then contain an exponential number of values at each frequency bin that can be detrimental to computational resources during the spectral density matrix formulation as well as down-stream system identification algorithms. An online algorithm is proposed for collecting and analyzing TWE data to reduce the large, computationally burdensome datasets into a manageable number of subsets for subsequent system identification. Furthermore, a frequency domain decomposition technique is also proposed for system identification that also attempts to reduce the data size through singular value decomposition. Identified system poles can be averaged from each subset, but mode shapes require stitching each subset together to identify the full mode shape at all output locations. The developed approaches are tested on synthetic TWE data and compared to baseline system identification results obtained using the full spectral density matrix. Results indicate the data subsets accurately compare to the baseline without much loss in accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergence agitation is a transient confusional state of a child associated with consciousness from general anaesthesia, commonly occurs in the postoperative setting which delays their recovery and exposes them to traumas. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the magnitude of emergence agitation, its interventions and associated factors among paediatric surgical patients at Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up framework was conducted on a paediatric surgical patients aged 2-14 years who underwent surgery under general anaesthesia between June 1 - October 30 2022. Stratified sampling method followed by simple random sampling technique was employed to reach study participants. Magnitude of emergence agitation and its interventions done at post-anaesthetic care units were recorded. Data analysis was carried out using a descriptive statistics method and the results were summarized using tables and diagrams. Bivariate analysis was done to identify causal relationship and multivariable analysis to assess the confounding effects of factors associated with emergence agitation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant factor. Results: A total of 150 participants were included in the current study, where 107 (71.3%) were male and 97 (64.7%) were preschool aged. About 81 (54%) of care givers were female and majority of them have completed primary school. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 6.4 (3.57) years. Around 42.7% of them developed emergence agitation with an average duration of 8.39 ± 4.45 minutes. Factors such as propofol administration at the end of procedure (OR of 0.104 with 95% CI [0.035, 0305]), Ear, nose, throat surgery and oral maxillofacial surgery (OR of 2.341 with 95% CI [1.051, 5.211]) and arrival of patient to recovery awake (OR of 0.456 95% CI [0.209, 0.994]) showed statistically significant association with emergence agitation. Conclusion: Almost half of the study participants experienced emergence agitation which is high magnitude. Ear, nose, throat surgery and oral maxillofacial surgeries were predictive factors of emergence agitation while propofol administration at the end of procedure and arrival of patient to recovery awake significantly decreased risk of emergence agitation. Therefore, anaesthesia personnel should have essential skills and knowledge to effectively care for children perioperatively including to minimize and treat emergence agitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present work is aimed at studying the effects of the magnetorheological finishing process, using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field, on the finishing performance of 6063 aluminum alloy. The study investigates the influence of key excitation parameters such as current, frequency, excitation gap, and iron powder diameter on the material removal and surface roughness (Ra) of the finished workpiece by experiments. This study employs a single-factor experimental method, and the finish surface is analyzed by a Zigo non-contact white light interferometer. The magnetic field strength in the processing area increases with the increase in the excitation current and decreases with the increase in the excitation gap. When the current frequency is set to 1 Hz, the circulation and renewal of abrasives in the magnetic cluster is most sufficient, resulting in the optimal surface roughness value for the workpiece. According to the experimental results of the excitation parameters, more suitable process parameters were selected for a two-stage finishing experiment. The surface roughness of 6063 aluminum alloy was improved from 285 nm to 3.54 nm. Experimental results highlighted that the magnetorheological finishing using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field is a potential technique for obtaining nano-scale finishing of the 6063 aluminum alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of exciton formation in planar nanostructures under the action of a nonclassical field under the conditions of Kerr phase modulation are analyzed. Excitations of various exciton channels are enhanced or suppressed depending on the nonlinearity magnitude in the system. The possibility of controlling different excitation channels by varying the frequency detuning of the field relative to the resonant transition is demonstrated, and an analytical formula for determining its optimal value is found. The effect of amplification of even excitation channels has been detected, which is caused by correlations of photons under the action of a field in a state of two-mode squeezed vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of the impurity emission and the process of creating intrinsic and impurity electron-hole trapping centers were studied by spectroscopic and thermal activation methods in Na2SO4 - Pb and K2SO4 - Pb phosphors. The combined radiative electronic state is formed from intrinsic SO3−4- SO−4 and impurity Pb+ - SO−4 electron-hole trapping centers in UV-irradiated phosphors with a photon energy of 6.2 eV at 80 K. Emissions of 3.2 eV and 3.6 eV resulting from irradiation with photons with an energy of 6.2 eV are associated with intracenter transitions of 3p1- 1s0 in Pb2+ located in nonequivalent positions of the Na2SO4 lattice.

Which phenomenon slows down the dynamics in supercooled liquids and turns them into glasses is a long-standing question of condensed matter. Most popular theories posit that as the temperature decreases, many events must occur in a coordinated fashion on a growing length scale for relaxation to occur. Instead, other approaches consider that local barriers associated with the elementary rearrangement of a few particles or "excitations" govern the dynamics. To resolve this conundrum, our central result is to introduce an algorithm, Systematic Excitation ExtRaction, which can systematically extract hundreds of excitations and their energy from any given configuration. We also provide a measurement of the activation energy, characterizing the liquid dynamics, based on fast quenching and reheating. We use these two methods in a popular liquid model of polydisperse particles. Such polydisperse models are known to capture the hallmarks of the glass transition and can be equilibrated efficiently up to millisecond time scales. The analysis reveals that cooperative effects do not control the fragility of such liquids: the change of energy of local barriers determines the change of activation energy. More generally, these methods can now be used to measure the degree of cooperativity of any liquid model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is known to benefit motor skill learning in health and neurological disease. Evidence from brain stimulation, genotyping, and Parkinson’s disease studies converge to suggest that the dopamine D2 receptor, and shifts in the cortical excitation and inhibition (E:I) balance, are prime candidates for the drivers of exercise-enhanced motor learning. However, causal evidence using experimental pharmacological challenge is lacking. We hypothesized that the modulatory effect of the dopamine D2 receptor on exercise-induced changes in the E:I balance would determine the magnitude of motor skill acquisition. To test this, we measured exercise-induced changes in excitation and inhibition using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 22 healthy female and male humans, and then had participants learn a novel motor skill-the sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT). We examined the effect of D2 receptor blockade (800 mg sulpiride) on these measures within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Our key result was that motor skill acquisition was driven by an interaction between the D2 receptor and E:I balance. Specifically, poorer skill learning was related to an attenuated shift in the E:I balance in the sulpiride condition, whereas this interaction was not evident in placebo. Our results demonstrate that exercise-primed motor skill acquisition is causally influenced by D2 receptor activity on motor cortical circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat quality determination is now more vital than ever, with an ever-increasing demand for meat, especially with a greater desire for high-quality beef. Many existing qualitative methods currently used for meat quality assessment are strenuous, time-consuming, and subjective. The quantitative techniques employed are time-consuming, destructive, and expensive. In the search for a quantitative, rapid, and non-destructive method of determining meat quality, the use of autofluorescence has been employed and has demonstrated its capabilities to characterise meat grades by identifying biochemical features such as the intramuscular fat and tryptophan content through the excitation of meat samples and the collection and analysis of the emission data. Despite its success, the method remains expensive and inaccessible, thus preventing it from being translated into small-scale industry applications. This study will detail the process taken to design and construct a low-cost, miniature prototype device that could successfully distinguish between varying meat grades using autofluorescence imaging and machine learning techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely used therapeutic tool in neurology and psychiatry, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Standardizing stimulus parameters, specifically electric field strength, is crucial in experimental and clinical settings. It enables meaningful comparisons across studies and facilitates the translation of findings into clinical practice. However, the impact of biophysical properties inherent to the stimulated neurons and networks on the outcome of rTMS protocols remains not well understood. Consequently, achieving standardization of biological effects across different brain regions and subjects poses a significant challenge. Methods: This study compared the effects of 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) in entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures from mice and rats, providing insights into the impact of the same stimulation protocol on similar neuronal networks under standardized conditions. Results: We observed the previously described plastic changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength of CA1 pyramidal neurons in both mouse and rat tissue cultures, but a higher stimulation intensity was required for the induction of rMS-induced synaptic plasticity in rat tissue cultures. Through systematic comparison of neuronal structural and functional properties and computational modeling, we found that morphological parameters of CA1 pyramidal neurons alone are insufficient to explain the observed differences between the groups. Although morphologies of mouse and rat CA1 neurons showed no significant differences, simulations confirmed that axon morphologies significantly influence individual cell activation thresholds. Notably, differences in intrinsic cellular properties were sufficient to account for the 10% higher intensity required for the induction of synaptic plasticity in the rat tissue cultures. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the critical importance of axon morphology and intrinsic cellular properties in predicting the plasticity effects of rTMS, carrying valuable implications for the development of computer models aimed at predicting and standardizing the biological effects of rTMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of pathogenic variants in presynaptic proteins involved in the synaptic vesicle cycle are being discovered in neurodevelopmental disorders. The clinical features of these synaptic vesicle cycle disorders are diverse, but the most prevalent phenotypes include intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorders, cerebral visual impairment, and psychiatric symptoms (Verhage and Sørensen, 2020; Bonnycastle et al., 2021; John et al., 2021; Melland et al., 2021). Among this growing list of synaptic vesicle cycle disorders, the most frequent is STXBP1 encephalopathy caused by de novo heterozygous pathogenic variants in syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1, also known as MUNC18-1; Verhage and Sørensen, 2020; John et al., 2021). STXBP1 is an essential protein for presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Its haploinsufficiency is the main disease mechanism and impairs both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter release. However, the disease pathogenesis and cellular origins of the broad spectrum of neurological phenotypes are poorly understood. Here we generate cell type-specific Stxbp1 haploinsufficient male and female mice and show that Stxbp1 haploinsufficiency in GABAergic/glycinergic neurons causes developmental delay, epilepsy, and motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits, recapitulating majority of the phenotypes observed in the constitutive Stxbp1 haploinsufficient mice and STXBP1 encephalopathy. In contrast, Stxbp1 haploinsufficiency in glutamatergic neurons results in a small subset of cognitive and seizure phenotypes distinct from those caused by Stxbp1 haploinsufficiency in GABAergic/glycinergic neurons. Thus, the contrasting roles of excitatory and inhibitory signaling reveal GABAergic/glycinergic dysfunction as a key disease mechanism of STXBP1 encephalopathy and suggest the possibility to selectively modulate disease phenotypes by targeting specific neurotransmitter systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four-body formalism of the three-Coulomb wave (3CW-4B) model has been employed to investigate the simultaneous ionization and excitation of He by the impact of fast electron and positron. In this method, the incident wave is described by a plane wave, and the final state wavefunction is a product of the three-Coulomb wave due to the correlated motion of the three unbound charged particles. The triple differential cross sections (TDCS) are calculated and analysed for both the asymmetric coplanar and perpendicular geometries for the incident energies of 0.57, 1.5, and 5.5 keV at several electron emission energies. The distinguishing features have been noted in the angular distribution of the ejected electron. A significant difference in the TDCS structure, especially in the region of binary and recoil peak is found by choosing two different forms of bound state wave function of He in its ground state. The results of the 3CW-4B model are compared to the available experimental and theoretical findings. We find a very good agreement between the present result and the experimental data for pure single ionization, whereas some disagreement has been found in the process of simultaneous ionization with excitation to the n=2 state of H e + . Finally, by changing the sign of the projectile’s charge, significant differences have been observed between the two sets of results for electron and positron impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is widely used to estimate concentrations of glutamate and γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in specific regions of the living human brain. As cytoarchitectural properties differ across the brain, interpreting these measurements can be assisted by having knowledge of such properties for the MRS region(s) studied. In particular, some knowledge of likely local neurotransmitter receptor patterns can potentially give insights into the mechanistic environment GABA- and glutamatergic neurons are functioning in. This may be of particular utility when comparing two or more regions, given that the receptor populations may differ substantially across them. At the same time, when studying MRS data from multiple participants or timepoints, the homogeneity of the sample becomes relevant, as measurements taken from areas with different cytoarchitecture may be difficult to compare. To provide insights into the likely cytoarchitectural environment of user-defined regions-of-interest, we produced an easy to use tool - InSpectro-Gadget - that interfaces with receptor mRNA expression information from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. This Python tool allows users to input masks and automatically obtain a graphical overview of the receptor population likely to be found within. This includes comparison between multiple masks or participants where relevant. The receptors and receptor subunit genes featured include GABA- and glutamatergic classes, along with a wide range of neuromodulators. The functionality of the tool is explained here and its use is demonstrated through a set of example analyses. The tool is available at https://github.com/lizmcmanus/Inspectro-Gadget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric and neurological symptoms, as well as cognitive deficits, represent a prominent phenotype associated with variable forms of autoimmune encephalitis, regardless of the neurotransmitter receptor targeted by autoantibodies. The mechanistic underpinnings of these shared major neuropsychiatric symptoms remain however unclear. Here, we investigate the impacts of patient-derived monoclonal autoantibodies against the glutamatergic NMDAR (NMDAR mAb) and inhibitory GABAaR (GABAaR mAb) signalling in the hippocampal network. Unexpectedly, both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic receptor membrane dynamics, content and transmissions are altered by NMDAR or GABAaR mAb, irrespective of the affinity or antagonistic effect of the autoantibodies. The effect of NMDAR mAb on inhibitory synapses and GABAaR mAb on excitatory synapses requires neuronal activity and involves protein kinase signalling. At the cell level, both autoantibodies increase the excitation/inhibition balance of principal cell inputs. Furthermore, NMDAR or GABAaR mAb leads to hyperactivation of hippocampal networks through distinct alterations of principal cell and interneuron properties. Thus, autoantibodies targeting excitatory NMDAR or inhibitory GABAaR trigger convergent network dysfunctions through a combination of shared and distinct mechanisms. Synopsis: Patient-derived autoantibodies against the NMDA or GABAa receptor similarly alter the excitation/inhibition balance of principal hippocampal neurons. This shared pathological effect is triggered by similar and distinct mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels. Patient-derived monoclonal autoantibodies against the NMDA (NMDAR mAb) or GABAa receptors (GABAaR mAb) alter both glutamatergic and GABAa receptor surface diffusion and synaptic transmissions in an activity- and protein kinase-dependent manner. At principal CA1 neurons, both NMDAR and GABAa mAbs increase the excitation/inhibition balance of inputs. NMDAR or GABAaR mAb triggers a hyperactivation of hippocampal networks through distinct alterations of principal cell and interneuron properties. Patient-derived autoantibodies against the NMDA or GABAa receptor similarly alter the excitation/inhibition balance of principal hippocampal neurons. This shared pathological effect is triggered by similar and distinct mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ethanol can enhance or suppress excitatory transmission in mouse visual cortex. • With adenosine A 1 receptors blocked, the ethanol's effects remain heterogeneous. • In A 1 R knock-out mice, ethanol consistently suppresses excitatory transmission. • Inhibitory transmission in mouse visual cortex is suppressed by ethanol. • Ethanol's effects on synaptic transmission involve presynaptic mechanisms. Ethanol is one of the most commonly used and abused substances in the world. While the behavioral effects of ethanol are well characterized, mechanisms of its action on neurons and synapses remain elusive. Prior research suggested that ethanol could affect neurons by interfering with metabolism of biologically active molecules, such as adenosine. Here, we explored the involvement of adenosine A 1 receptors (A 1 R) in mediating ethanol's effects on synaptic transmission to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of visual cortex using wild type (WT) and A 1 R knock-out (KO) mice. Ethanol differentially affected excitatory and inhibitory transmission in WT and KO mice. In slices from WT mice ethanol had heterogeneous effects on excitatory transmission (facilitation, suppression or no change), with no net change. Ethanol's effects remained heterogeneous during acute blockade of A1Rs with a selective antagonist DPCPX. However, in A 1 RKO mice ethanol consistently suppressed excitatory transmission, with no cases of enhancement observed. Inhibitory transmission was suppressed by ethanol in both WT and A 1 RKO mice. At both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, changes of response amplitude correlated with changes of paired-pulse ratio, suggesting involvement of presynaptic mechanisms. We conclude that A 1 Rs are not involved in mediating effects of ethanol on synaptic transmission in mouse visual cortex. However, A 1 Rs are necessary for development of mechanisms mediating facilitation at some excitatory synapses. Our results add evidence for the diversity of ethanol's effects and mechanisms of action on synaptic transmission in different brain structures, and even in the same brain area (visual cortex) in different species, rats vs mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a development and extension of the previous one (DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00882g). Here, H‐dimers of acridine (acridine orange—AO and proflavine—PF), thiazine (methylene blue—MB and thionine—TH), and oxazine (brilliant cresyl blue—BCB and Nile blue—NB) dyes were modeled using hybrid functionals with a large proportion of exact Hartree–Fock exchange and long‐range correction. It turned out that nine functionals (LC‐ωHPBE, M06HF, M052X, M062X, M08HX, M11, MN15, SOGGA11X, and ωB97XD) reliably stabilize these molecular aggregates in both the ground and excited states. In addition, these functionals ensure that the conditions for transition moments (M(dimer) ≈ 2$$ \sqrt{2} $$M(monomer) from strong coupling theory for H‐aggregates) and absorption maxima (λmax(dimer) < λmax(monomer) from Kasha exciton theory) are met. The S2 excited state stabilizes the H‐dimers more strongly than the ground state, while the S1 state stabilizes even more than S2. This is due to the large overlap between the corresponding molecular orbitals (LUMO > HOMO−1 > HOMO). When calculating the vibronic absorption spectra, the best agreement with the experiment for AO2, PF2, and NB2 showed the M08HX functional, and M11—for MB2 and BCB2. For dye monomers, these functionals gave the worst agreement, and MN15 demonstrated the closest similarity to the experiment. Vibronic absorption spectra for AO2, MB2, BCB2, and NB2 were calculated for the first time. The exciton splitting is calculated, which for MB2 is in good agreement with the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we provide the spectra data of borophosphate zinc tungstate glasses doped with Sm3+or Dy3+ ions based on alkali and mixed alkali oxides. In order to describe the spectroscopic properties of the manufactured Sm3+ and Dy3+ glasses, we used XRD, EDAX, FT-IR, FT-Raman, Absorption, and PL Spectra. The amorphous nature of glass has been studied by looking at its X-ray diffraction data. Glasses that have been doped with Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions have been shown to exhibit significant absorption bands at 401 nm in the Vis-NIR range, as well as three weak bands at 360, 373, and 473 nm, and bands centered at roughly 1079, 1216, 1363, and 1455 nm in the NIR area. Multiple absorption bands at various wavelengths, from 796 nm to 1667 nm, are present in both series C and D glasses. After being excited at 402 nm, the emission spectra of Sm3+ doped glasses show three emission transitions at 562, 598, and 645 nm. The transition at 598 nm has been proven to produce brilliant orange-red light. Excitation at 350 nm in the emission spectra of Dy3+ doped glasses causes three emission transitions to occur at 482, 574, and 664 nm. The 574 nm emission band offers the clearest evidence of yellow emission. Energy level diagrams have been used to describe the emission process that occurs in these glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the structural dynamics of multistage cyclic structures as linked components is required to model the interstage coupling. In turbomachinery, this can result in a collaboration between different compressor or turbine stages. This paper investigates the coupling between two rear drum blade integrated disk stages of an axial compressor to support the mechanical design process. Considering the vibration modeshapes of a multistage system, different components may coparticipate in the dynamics. For this reason, criteria to identify the modes affected by the coupling and to quantify this coupling are defined. This allows to distinguish between modes with interstage coupling, requiring the multistage system for their description, and uncoupled modes, involving a single stage. In addition, it is of interest to research methods to reduce the impact of the coupling on the vibrating system without drastically altering the geometry of the components. The vibration analyses of a two-stage compressor generalized geometry, representative of a compressor rear drum blisk, are presented as a study case. The use of a reducing method allows to describe the behavior of the nominal multistage system with a computationally efficient technique, enabling a parametric analysis of the stages' coupling. The investigation considers the effect of a set of geometrical and mechanical parameters on the dynamics, identifying the driving parameters of the coupled vibration characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder. The headache and sensory amplifications of migraine are attributed to hyperexcitable sensory circuits, but a detailed understanding remains elusive. A mutation in casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) was identified in non-hemiplegic familial migraine with aura and advanced sleep phase syndrome. Mice carrying the CK1δT44A mutation were more susceptible to spreading depolarization (the phenomenon that underlies migraine aura), but mechanisms underlying this migraine-relevant phenotype were not known. We used a combination of whole-cell electrophysiology and multiphoton imaging, in vivo and in brain slices, to compare CK1δT44A mice (adult males) to their wild-type littermates. We found that despite comparable synaptic activity at rest, CK1δT44A neurons were more excitable upon repetitive stimulation than wild-type, with a reduction in presynaptic adaptation at excitatory but not inhibitory synapses. The mechanism of this adaptation deficit was a calcium-dependent enhancement of the size of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles, and a resultant increase in glutamate release, in CK1δT44A compared to wild-type synapses. Consistent with this mechanism, CK1δT44A neurons showed an increase in the cumulative amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic currents, and a higher excitation-to-inhibition ratio during sustained activity compared to wild-type. At a local circuit level, action potential bursts elicited in CK1δT44A neurons triggered an increase in recurrent excitation compared to wild-type, and at a network level, CK1δT44A mice showed a longer duration of 'up state' activity, which is dependent on recurrent excitation. Finally, we demonstrated that the spreading depolarization susceptibility of CK1δT44A mice could be returned to wild-type levels with the same intervention (reduced extracellular calcium) that normalized presynaptic adaptation. Taken together, these findings show a stimulus-dependent presynaptic gain of function at glutamatergic synapses in a genetic model of migraine, that accounts for the increased spreading depolarization susceptibility and may also explain the sensory amplifications that are associated with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choline and folate are critical nutrients for fetal brain development, but the timing of their influence during gestation has not been previously characterized. At different periods during gestation, choline stimulation of α7‐nicotinic receptors facilitates the conversion of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors from excitatory to inhibitory and recruitment of GluR1‐R2 receptors for faster excitatory responses to glutamate. The outcome of the fetal development of inhibition and excitation was assessed in 159 newborns by P50 cerebral auditory‐evoked responses. Paired stimuli, S1 and S2, were presented 500 ms apart. Higher P50 amplitude in response to S1 (P50S1microV) assesses excitation, and lower P50S2microV assesses inhibition in this paired‐stimulus paradigm. The development of inhibition was related solely to maternal choline plasma concentration and folate supplementation at 16 weeks' gestation. The development of excitation was related only to maternal choline at 28 weeks. Higher maternal choline concentrations later in gestation did not compensate for earlier lower concentrations. At 4 years of age, increased behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 years were related to both newborn inhibition and excitation. The incomplete development of inhibition and excitation associated with lower choline and folate during relatively brief periods of gestation thus has enduring effects on child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TBS failed to induce LTP in pyramidal neurons or NGF interneurons in the CA1 hippocampus of male or female RTT mice. • STP did not differ in pyramidal neurons or NGF interneurons of the CA1 hippocampus of male or female RTT mice. • E/I balance is altered in CA1 NGF interneurons in male RTT mice, but not in pyramidal neurons or in female RTT mice. • Pyramidal neurons and NGF interneurons have increased intrinsic excitability in male RTT mice. Rett syndrome (RTT) is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene, resulting in severe deficits in learning and memory. Alterations in synaptic plasticity have been reported in RTT, however most electrophysiological studies have been performed in male mice only, despite the fact that RTT is primarily found in females. In addition, most studies have focused on excitation, despite the emerging evidence for the important role of inhibition in learning and memory. Here, we performed an electrophysiological characterization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in both males and females of RTT mouse models with a focus on neurogliaform (NGF) interneurons, given that they are the most abundant dendrite-targeting interneuron subtype in the hippocampus. We found that theta-burst stimulation (TBS) failed to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) in either pyramidal neurons or NGF interneurons in male or female RTT mice, with no apparent changes in short-term plasticity (STP). This failure to induce LTP was accompanied by excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances and altered excitability, in a sex- and cell-type specific manner. Specifically, NGF interneurons of male RTT mice displayed increased intrinsic excitability, a depolarized resting membrane potential, and decreased E/I balance, while in female RTT mice, the resting membrane potential was depolarized. Understanding the role of NGF interneurons in RTT animal models is crucial for developing targeted treatments to improve cognition in individuals with this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have prepared the RE3+(Sm, Dy): MgLa2V2O9 phosphors of different mol% by solid-state reaction approach. The obtained powder phosphors of RE3+(Sm, Dy): MgLa2V2O9 were analyzed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, EDAX, PL spectroscopy, and CIE chromaticity diagram of the color of different mol%. The XRD pattern of the powder phosphors exhibits the phosphor's crystalline nature. The obtained size of prepared phosphors is around the size of 500 nm was observed by analysis of SEM. The element's existence in the phosphors was obtained by analysis of EDAX. Functional groups were identified by FTIR analysis. From the PL analysis Sm3+: MgLa2V2O9 phosphors show intense orange-red emission at 599 nm, that is attributed to the 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition having an excitation λexci=404nm (6H5/2→4F7/2). It exhibits yellow emission for Dy3+: MgLa2V2O9at 574 nm having a transition of 4F9/2→6H13/2having an excitation wavelength λexci.= (6H15/2→4I15/2). The CIE diagram shows the orange and yellow emission for Sm3+: MgLa2V2O9 and Dy3+:MgLa2V2O9correspondingly. The CIE coordinates shows that the great purity of color of the phosphors powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physiological conditions, the intracellular chloride concentration is much lower than the extracellular. As GABAA channels are permeable to anions, the reversal potential of GABAA is very close to that of Cl−, which is the most abundant free anion in the intra- and extracellular spaces. Intracellular chloride is regulated by the activity ratio of NKCC1 and KCC2, two chloride-cation cotransporters that import and export Cl−, respectively. Due to the closeness between GABAA reversal potential and the value of the resting membrane potential in most neurons, small changes in intracellular chloride have a major functional impact, which makes GABAA a uniquely flexible signaling system. In most neurons of the adult brain, the GABAA reversal potential is slightly more negative than the resting membrane potential, which makes GABAA hyperpolarizing. Alterations in GABAA reversal potential are a common feature in numerous conditions as they are the consequence of an imbalance in the NKCC1-KCC2 activity ratio. In most conditions (including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and Down's syndrome), GABAA becomes depolarizing, which causes network desynchronization and behavioral impairment. In other conditions (neonatal inflammation and neuropathic pain), however, GABAA reversal potential becomes hypernegative, which affects behavior through a potent circuit deactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of the nerve fiber system of the spinal cord of animals in the THz wavelength range (0.1-3 THz) was experimentally studied using a time domain spectrometer. Terahertz wave transmittance of nerve tissue is investigated, when DC voltage is applied to the sample. It has been shown that when a constant voltage is applied along the nerve fibers (also in the absence of voltage), no noticeable changes occur in the transmitted THz wave, regardless of the orientation of the sample relative to the THz E-field vector. Significant changes in the electrodynamic properties of the sample were observed when the nerve fibers were parallel to the THz E-field vector and the applied voltage was perpendicular to the nerve fibers, particularly, resonant absorption was observed at frequencies of 0.6 THz and 2 THz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Breast-cancer metastasis to the brain is an intractable disease. To discover improved therapy for this disease, we developed a precise non-invasivelyimageable orthotopic nude-mouse model, using very-narrowband- width laser fluorescence excitation. Materials and Methods: Female nu/nu nude mice, aged 4-8 weeks, were inoculated through the midline of the skull with triple-negative human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (5×105) expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP). The mice were imaged with the Analytik Jena UVP Biospectrum Advanced at 520 nm excitation with peak emission at 605 nm. Results: Three weeks after injection of MDA-MB-231-RFP cells in the brain, noninvasive fluorescence images of the breast tumor growing on the brain were obtained. The images of the tumor were very bright, with well-defined margins with no detectable skin autofluorescence background. Images obtained at various angles showed that the extent of the tumor margins could be precisely measured. A skin flap over the skull confirmed that the tumor was growing on the surface of the brain which is a frequent occurrence in breast cancer. Conclusion: A precise orthotopic model of RFP-expressing breast-cancer metastasis to the brain was developed that could be non-invasively imaged with very-narrow-band-width laser excitation, resulting in an ultra-bright, ultra-low-background signal. The model will be useful in discovering improved therapeutics for this recalcitrant disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire rope breakage, as damage easily produced during the service period of wire rope, is an important factor affecting the safe operation of elevators. Especially in the high-speed elevator operation process, the problem of magnetization unsaturation caused by speed effects can easily lead to deformation of the magnetic flux leakage detection signal, thereby affecting the accuracy and reliability of wire breakage quantitative detection. Therefore, this article focuses on the problem that existing wire rope detection methods cannot perform non-destructive testing on high-speed elevator wire ropes and conducts design and experimental research on a high-speed running wire rope breakage detection device based on the principle of multi-stage excitation. The main research content includes simulation research on the multistage excitation, structural design, and simulation optimization of open–close copper sheet magnetizers and the building of a detection device for wire rope breakage detection experimental research. The simulation and experimental results show that the multistage magnetization method can effectively solve the problem of magnetization unsaturation caused by the velocity effect. The multistage excitation device has a good wire breakage recognition effect for speeds less than or equal to 3 m/s. It can detect magnetic leakage signals with a minimum of four broken wires and has good detection accuracy. It is a new and effective wire breakage detection device for high-speed elevator wire rope, providing important technical support for the safe and reliable operation of high-speed elevators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely used therapeutic tool in neurology and psychiatry, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Standardizing stimulus parameters, specifically electric field strength, is crucial in experimental and clinical settings. It enables meaningful comparisons across studies and facilitates the translation of findings into clinical practice. However, the impact of biophysical properties inherent to the stimulated neurons and networks on the outcome of rTMS protocols remains not well understood. Consequently, achieving standardization of biological effects across different brain regions and subjects poses a significant challenge.MethodsThis study compared the effects of 10 Hz repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) in entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures from mice and rats, providing insights into the impact of the same stimulation protocol on similar neuronal networks under standardized conditions.ResultsWe observed the previously described plastic changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength of CA1 pyramidal neurons in both mouse and rat tissue cultures, but a higher stimulation intensity was required for the induction of rMS-induced synaptic plasticity in rat tissue cultures. Through systematic comparison of neuronal structural and functional properties and computational modeling, we found that morphological parameters of CA1 pyramidal neurons alone are insufficient to explain the observed differences between the groups. Although morphologies of mouse and rat CA1 neurons showed no significant differences, simulations confirmed that axon morphologies significantly influence individual cell activation thresholds. Notably, differences in intrinsic cellular properties were sufficient to account for the 10% higher intensity required for the induction of synaptic plasticity in the rat tissue cultures.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate the critical importance of axon morphology and intrinsic cellular properties in predicting the plasticity effects of rTMS, carrying valuable implications for the development of computer models aimed at predicting and standardizing the biological effects of rTMS.

The present work is aimed at studying the effects of the magnetorheological finishing process, using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field, on the finishing performance of 6063 aluminum alloy. The study investigates the influence of key excitation parameters such as current, frequency, excitation gap, and iron powder diameter on the material removal and surface roughness (Ra) of the finished workpiece by experiments. This study employs a single-factor experimental method, and the finish surface is analyzed by a Zigo non-contact white light interferometer. The magnetic field strength in the processing area increases with the increase in the excitation current and decreases with the increase in the excitation gap. When the current frequency is set to 1 Hz, the circulation and renewal of abrasives in the magnetic cluster is most sufficient, resulting in the optimal surface roughness value for the workpiece. According to the experimental results of the excitation parameters, more suitable process parameters were selected for a two-stage finishing experiment. The surface roughness of 6063 aluminum alloy was improved from 285 nm to 3.54 nm. Experimental results highlighted that the magnetorheological finishing using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field is a potential technique for obtaining nano-scale finishing of the 6063 aluminum alloy.