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This article presents a novel passive direct binary amplitude modulator (AM) integrated with two frequency multipliers (FMs) and a drive amplifier. Both FMs are composed of a harmonic generator and a modified cascode buffer, along with an additional single-to-differential amplifier added in front of the first FM. The input frequency band (1.5-1.75 GHz) is up-converted to the intermediate frequency band of 4-5 GHz by the first FM, while the second FM up-converts the IF band to the target millimeter wave band of 24-28 GHz. Furthermore, the mm-wave amplitude is directly modulated by a capacitor ladder whose ratio is digitally programmable. This unique capacitor-ladder structure AM is employed to attain uniformly distributed constellation points and improve the output signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed modulator is fabricated on a 65-nm CMOS with a die size of 0.73 mm2. When applying the modulator to I/Q paths, 1.33% error vector magnitude for 256-QAM was measured at 26 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenfield mining construction projects present unique challenges and opportunities, requiring strong project management to ensure success. This paper explores Earned Value Management (EVM) in these projects, showing how it effectively combines schedule, cost, and scope management. By evaluating different progress measurement methods, the study identifies the best approach and highlights the importance of prompt payments to maintain a neutral cash flow and avoid delays. Using NDIA schedules and cost matrices further improves project tracking and forecasting. Additionally, motion study techniques are used to streamline workflow and increase efficiency. Real-world examples from "Gold Rush" episodes provide practical insights and illustrate common challenges. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the research demonstrates how adopting EVM can significantly boost productivity in greenfield mining projects. The findings offer valuable advice for project managers to allocate resources better, manage risks, and achieve project goals on time and within budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During construction, uncontrolled resources impact project performance. Earned Value Management (EVM) is a widespread method used for project management based on time and cost control. Advances in Information Technology (IT) provide options to improve the EVM method. The EVM is a project-level method that excludes detailing the behavior of project parameters at the level of construction operations, they are handled in aggregated economic terms over time. Thus, this work studies the improvement of EVM using IT to express the handling of operational variables. This article uses a road construction project as a case study, to evaluate three approaches (i.e., Bayesian Network (BN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Hybrid EVM-ANN) as improvement options for the EVM method. It was found that the ANN provides the best improvement of EVM results. The use of ANN and project parameters improves the handling of EVM. By mayor forecast effectiveness, is expected to improve the quality and availability of data for decision making, a condition which in turn may improve agility and adaptability of the project as-built outcomes. The model EVM-ANN uses parameters that influence project implementation completion, making it easier to assess project time performance based on various conditions in the field so that the project can obtain the best strategy to ensure project completion on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic voting is an efficient way of conducting the voting process, which has the characteristics of real-time data and massive data and demands high security. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for electronic voting that utilizes decentralized network architecture with Blockchain and Hybrid cryptography techniques. Our system aims to address the challenges faced in administering EVMs and ensuring high security in strong rooms, which can lead to privacy and security flaws in the voting system. Our proposed model utilizes a wireless mesh topology to enlist vote details and modernize the chain of blocks, resulting in improved data confidentiality and reduced human resources. A customized UDP packet structure is designed to avoid port scanning and network traces, while the use of port numbers is eliminated for increased security. We also incorporate a three-layer encryption stack for secure key exchanges, which ensures perfect forward secrecy and an uncompromised state of the packet. By reducing the number of threads needed for Transport layer Protocol (TCP) connections; our proposed model improves the speed and security of the existing architecture. Overall, our approach offers a highly secure and efficient electronic voting system that meets the demands of secrecy, accuracy, and neutrality in the process of voting and counting. Our proposed system has the potential to prevent poll rigging by trespassers, ensuring a fair and trustworthy electoral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, incredible progress has been achieved in creating radio frequency (RF) carriers for millimeter wave (30–300 GHz) optical communication systems with ultrahigh data rates. Using a constant-composition distribution matcher (CCDM) to achieve probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) is a practical way to improve the efficiency and adaptability of coded modulations that use minimal bandwidth. Therefore, in this research article, a 100 Gbps–100 GHz radio over fiber (RoF) system is presented by incorporating PAS-CCDM in 32-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (32-QAM) system over a 160-km link distance. A comparative analysis is presented between the proposed system and conventional-32-QAM-based RoF system at different link lengths and input power levels in terms of symbol error rate and Q factor. Performance comparison of the presented system and reported RoF systems revealed that the proposed system has carried maximum RF signal, highest data rate, and prolonged distance without using any amplifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual polarization quadrature phase shifting keying (DP-QPSK) modulation format along with coherent receiver helps in increasing the data carrying capability of existing optical networks without any major change in existing transmission infrastructure. The various linear and nonlinear fiber effects, frequency and phase errors are corrected in electrical domain at the receiver end with digital back propagation algorithms (DBP) instead of in-line compensation. In such a case the selection of optimum values of system parameters make the task easier for DBP algorithms. This paper highlights the importance of finding optimum operating point of continuous modulus algorithm (CMA) for better adaptive equalization (AE). The paper also discusses the optical pulse shaping using Gaussian optical band-pass filter to improve the spectral characteristics of DP-QPSK signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Power Amplifier (PA) is proposed for WiFi-6E applications, specifically designed to support WLAN 802.11ax standard to achieve significant linear power. The proposed PA is designed to operate in the entire 5 GHz and 6 GHz frequency bands. The design involves a two-stage configuration, initial stage adopts a linear driver, while the subsequent amplification stage is structured as a differential cascode. UMC 65 nm CMOS process technology is used to design a PA in commercial Cadence platform. The layout occupies core area of 0.24 mm2. Proposed PA delivers a power gain of 20 dB, Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of 19% and 1 dB compression point (P1dB) is of 24.5 dB is achieved for continuous wave (CW) signal. For the 802.11ax source, the recorded average power output (Pavg) is 17.1 dBm at an Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) ≤−35 dB, across the 5–7 GHz. The PA delivers Pavg of 10 dBm at worst corner case in PVT variation analysis. While the majority of recent works in WLAN PA confines the investigation to 5 GHz band, this paper broadens the scope by extending the study by up to 7.050 GHz in 6 GHz band. The incorporation of 6GHz band enables WiFi-6E to utilize up to 1,200 MHz of unencumbered spectrum, significantly enhancing the available bandwidth relative to earlier WiFi standards. The increased bandwidth facilitates high data rate applications, such as streaming and gaming.

An electronic democratic framework can also fulfill all the rules and regulations of any governing body. The election is one of the important events for a robust democratic system in a country, but still, many people are not thinking of it as major concern for democracy. There are several issues of vote fraud, hacking of EVM (Electronic Voting Machine), election manipulation, and booth capturing within the current electoral system. In this paper, we proposed a framework for E-voting (Electronic Voting) which might resolve these issues. This framework uses Blockchain technology as a service along with an E-Voting system that addresses all restrictions. Blockchain advancements proposed a wide scope of different applications to reduce the sharing of monetary economies. The proposed framework uses proof of voter's identity (PoVI) consensus algorithm that makes the proposed system more secure and differentiates this model from other models of E-voting systems. The objective of this paper is to clarify the utilization of Blockchain innovation as assistance for an authentic electronic democratic framework. The proposed framework evaluates the capability of distributed record advances with the assistance of illustrative contextual analysis, specifically the cycle of a political decision that improves security and minimizes the expense of facilitating a cross-country casting a ballot framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerabilities in Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) may lead to serious problems for the Ethereum ecosystem. With lots of techniques being developed for the validation of smart contracts, the testing of EVM has not been well‐studied. In this paper, we propose EVMFuzz, the first that uses the differential fuzzing technique to detect vulnerabilities in EVM. The core idea of EVMFuzz is to continuously generate seed contracts for different EVMs' execution, so as to find as many inconsistencies among execution results as possible, and eventually discover vulnerabilities with output cross‐referencing. First, we present the evaluation metric for the internal inconsistency indicator. Then, we construct seed contracts via predefined mutators and employ a dynamic priority scheduling algorithm to guide seed contract selection and maximize the inconsistency. Finally, we leverage different EVMs as cross‐referencing oracles avoiding manual checking. For evaluation, we selected four widely used EVMs for the test, conducted large‐scale mutation on 36,295 real‐world smart contracts, and generated 253,153 smart contracts as initial seeds. Accompanied by manual root cause analysis, we found five previously unknown security bugs and all had been included in the common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) database. This paper proposes EVMFuzz, the first that uses the differential fuzzing technique to detect vulnerabilities in Ethereum virtual machine (EVM). EVMFuzz found five previously unknown security bugs in four widely used EVMs, and all had been included in the common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development of 5G networks encourages researchers to improve the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique in order to reach 10 Gbps data transmission rates, to increase bandwidth and range, while reducing latency and implementation cost. This paper evaluates an analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) technique that is compatible with long-distance communication systems. We demonstrate a long distance transmission of a 28 GHz 64 QAM signal via a single mode fiber (SMF) after modulating it with the use of two parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators, without any optical amplifiers. The results show that our prototype solution is capable of transferring data over distances of up to 140 km, via SMF, with a 10 Gbps data rate. The error vector magnitude (EVM) was found to be 7.709%. The proposed system offers exceptional capabilities in terms of supporting high bitrates, while ensuring that EVM remains within the 3GPP limits. Compared to other works, the proposed solution proves to be superior in terms of performance, making it an ideal choice for next generation long-haul communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practiced by pastoralists along the transhumance routes in southwestern Angola. Within the framework of three cooperation projects, we conducted 434 interviews, collecting information on 89 taxa used for treating 16 livestock diseases. The most cited species was Ptaeroxylon obliquum (132 citations), followed by Salvadora persica (59) and Elaeodendron transvaalense (49). Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was the disease most cited (223 citations; 44 species), followed by wounds (95; 20) and Newcastle (86; 14). We found that 30 species and 48 uses have not been previously reported in the ethnoveterinary literature. Jaccard index (mean value = 0.13) showed a greatly diversified knowledge among the ethnic groups: Kuvale and Nyaneka were the most knowledgeable and should be included in the various strategies for disseminating EVM in the area. Most informants recognized that abundance of some species decreased in the last years as a result of human activities and climatic changes. Finally, we discuss challenges in preserving the EVM in the area. Our findings suggest that preservation of the EVM in southwestern Angola is widely impacted by the access to biomedicine. Future studies should investigate the opportunity to integrate traditional medicine into mainstream development projects, which is crucial for decolonizing the veterinary sector in Angola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development of 5G networks encourages researchers to improve the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique in order to reach 10 Gbps data transmission rates, to increase bandwidth and range, while reducing latency and implementation cost. This paper evaluates an analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) technique that is compatible with long-distance communication systems. We demonstrate a long distance transmission of a 28 GHz 64 QAM signal via a single mode fiber (SMF) after modulating it with the use of two parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators, without any optical amplifiers. The results show that our prototype solution is capable of transferring data over distances of up to 140 km, via SMF, with a 10 Gbps data rate. The error vector magnitude (EVM) was found to be 7.709%. The proposed system offers exceptional capabilities in terms of supporting high bitrates, while ensuring that EVM remains within the 3GPP limits. Compared to other works, the proposed solution proves to be superior in terms of performance, making it an ideal choice for next generation long-haul communication systems.

This paper addresses the escalating threat of malicious jamming in next-generation communication systems, propelled by their continuous advancement in speed, latency, and connectivity. Recognizing the imperative for communication security, we propose an efficient jamming detection method with distinct innovations and contributions. Motivated by the growing sophistication of jamming techniques, we advocate the adoption of the error vector magnitude (EVM) metric, measured in IQ symbols, deviating from traditional received signal strength and bit error rate-based measurements. Our method achieves enhanced jamming detection sensitivity, surpassing existing approaches. Furthermore, it introduces low complexity, ensuring resource-effective detection. Crucially, our approach provides vital jammer frequency information, enhancing counteraction capabilities against jamming attacks. It demonstrates stable results against varying system parameters, such as modulation type and code rate, thereby contributing to adaptability. Emphasizing practicality, the method seamlessly integrates into 5G and LTE systems without imposing additional overhead. Versatility is demonstrated through successful operations in diverse scenarios that are run by extended simulation conditions. Theoretical analysis substantiates these advantages, reinforcing the validity of our methodology. The study's success is further validated through laboratory experiments, providing empirical evidence of its effectiveness. The proposed method represents a significant step toward fortifying next-generation communication systems against evolving jamming threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting the actual cost of the implementation of a construction project is of great importance in the case of technical management and enables financial resources to be initially maintained in a controlled manner and in a way that is as close as possible to the actual state. Based on the analysis of the developed knowledge base, which contains data from 612 reports of the Bank Investment Supervision regarding 45 construction projects from 2006 to 2023 with a total value of over PLN 1,300,000,000, best-fit curves were determined, and the expected area of the cumulative actual cost of selected construction projects was specified. The obtained polynomial functions and graphs of real areas of cost curves (in the form of nomograms) constitute a reliable graphical representation that enables the application of research results in typologically similar groups/sectors of the construction industry. The elaborated course of the cumulative cost curve (CCCC) as a method of CAPEX prediction in selected construction projects stands for a combined approach of the S-curve, polynomial functions, and the best-fit area of cumulative earned cost. The research used scientific tools that can be practically and easily used by both managers and participants of the investment process.

The hybrid radio over fiber (RoF) and polarization division multiplexed (PDM) networks are indispensable to satisfy the exigencies of 5th-generation (5G) networks. In this work, an ultra-high-capacity dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) RoF system is presented over 80 km using PDM-128-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), digital signal processing (DSP), and matched filters. Three different scenarios are considered in this work such as (1) an integrated 16-channel DWDM and 40 GHz RF-enabled RoF system (2) an integrated 16-channel DWDM and 24 GHz RF-enabled RoF system, and (3) an integrated 8-channel DWDM and 40 GHz RF-enabled RoF system. The results are analyzed in terms of error vector magnitude percentage (EVM%), log symbol error rate (SER), quality (Q) factor, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and bit error rate (BER). Further, the effects of the DSP on system performance are explored, and a performance comparison of existing single polarization (SP)-QAM and dual polarization (DP)-QAM is also established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its many advantages, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is frequently utilised in optical wireless systems to achieve rapid data transmission. Hybrid asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (HACO-OFDM) is a widely utilised approach in OFDM-based visible light communication (VLC) systems because it allows for high-rate burst transmission while maintaining reliability in a multi-path fading environment. Meanwhile, the congenital nonlinear characteristic of LEDs is a critical hindrance in VLC OFDM systems due to the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM signals. The high PAPR necessitates a large input back-off power to operate LEDs in the linear zone, lowering the BER of OFDM-based optical devices. In order to reduce PAPR and ameliorate non-linearity in the HACO-OFDM system, this work offers a hybrid precoder with μ -law compander approach. The auto-correlation association of modulated data symbols is suppressed by pre-processing in the frequency domain using a preset precoder matrix (PM), resulting in a low PAPR score. PAPR is further reduced by compressing the precoded signal in the time domain with the μ -law compressor. The PAPR of the proposed design is just 5.1 dB. It also reduces the non-uniform SNR spread among data symbols and mandates a low SNR for a 10 - 5 reference bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, with a reference BER of 10 - 3 , the hybrid approach reduces the optical bit energy required for high-speed data transmission. The metric used to calculate the system's non-linearity is the percentage error vector magnitude (EVM %). For 0 dB input back-off (IBO), the hybrid technique has an EVM of 5.59%, compared to 30% for a traditional HACO system. The reduction in LED nonlinearity reduces in-band and out-of-band distortion, allowing high-data-rate services to be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional techniques for smart contract vulnerability detection rely on fixed expert criteria to discover vulnerabilities, which are less generalizable, scalable, and accurate. Deep learning algorithms help to address these issues, but most fail to encode true expert knowledge and remain interpretable. In this paper, we present a smart contract vulnerability detection mechanism that operates in phases with graph neural networks and expert patterns in deep learning to mutually address the deficiencies of the two detection approaches and improve smart contract vulnerability detection capabilities. Experiments show that our vulnerability detection mechanism outperforms the original deep learning model by an average of 6 points in detecting vulnerabilities and that the second stage of the checking mechanism can also block contract transactions containing dangerous actions at the Ethernet Virtual Machine (EVM) level and generate error reports for submission. This strategy helps to construct more stable smart contracts and to create a secure environment for smart contracts.

This study delves into the ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practiced by pastoralists along the transhumance routes in southwestern Angola. Within the framework of three cooperation projects, we conducted 434 interviews, collecting information on 89 taxa used for treating 16 livestock diseases. The most cited species was Ptaeroxylon obliquum (132 citations), followed by Salvadora persica (59) and Elaeodendron transvaalense (49). Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was the disease most cited (223 citations; 44 species), followed by wounds (95; 20) and Newcastle (86; 14). We found that 30 species and 48 uses have not been previously reported in the ethnoveterinary literature. Jaccard index (mean value = 0.13) showed a greatly diversified knowledge among the ethnic groups: Kuvale and Nyaneka were the most knowledgeable and should be included in the various strategies for disseminating EVM in the area. Most informants recognized that abundance of some species decreased in the last years as a result of human activities and climatic changes. Finally, we discuss challenges in preserving the EVM in the area. Our findings suggest that preservation of the EVM in southwestern Angola is widely impacted by the access to biomedicine. Future studies should investigate the opportunity to integrate traditional medicine into mainstream development projects, which is crucial for decolonizing the veterinary sector in Angola.

Objectives Accurate evaluation of residual cancer burden remains challenging because of the lack of appropriate techniques for tumor bed sampling. This study evaluated the application of a white light imaging system to help pathologists differentiate the components and location of tumor bed in specimens. Methods The high dynamic range dual-mode white light imaging (HDR-DWI) system was developed to capture antiglare reflection and multiexposure HDR transmission images. It was tested in 60 specimens of modified radical mastectomy after neoadjuvant therapy. We observed the differential transmittance among tumor tissue, fibrosis tissue, and adipose tissue. Results The sensitivity and specificity of HDR-DWI were compared with x-ray or visual examination to determine whether HDR-DWI was superior in identifying tumor beds. We found that tumor tissue had lower transmittance (0.12 ± 0.03) than fibers (0.15 ± 0.04) and fats (0.27 ± 0.07) (P <.01). Conclusions HDR-DWI was more sensitive in identifying fiber and tumor tissues than cabinet x-ray and visual observation (P <.01). In addition, HDR-DWI could identify more fibrosis areas than the currently used whole slide imaging did in 12 samples (12/60). We have determined that HDR-DWI can provide more in-depth tumor bed information than x-ray and visual examination do, which will help prevent diagnostic errors in tumor bed sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Combining RF with photonics, RoF provides a simpler pathway offering low transmission loss, high bandwidth, electrical insulation, security, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), easy installation, and maintenance that can replace systems based on copper transmission cables. • A bi-directional link including fiber to the antenna (FTTA) for the downlink connecting the base-station to the powerless antenna nodes. • The uplink photonic ROF link (from the antenna site to the base-station) is driven by a phase modulator making the uplink at the antenna site independent of power requirements. • All RF processing and power is handled centrally at the base station. • Powerless antenna site for bidirectional transmission using RF over fiber showing an error vector magnitude (EVM) of less than 2% for BPSK and QPSK modulation. • The architecture can be used for powering a hybrid access network with radio-over-fiber and power-over-fiber for signal transmission to fiber links between central stations and remote antenna units. Radio over fiber (RoF) systems take advantage of optical fibers for radio signal transmission with low attenuation, high bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, RoF systems require optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversion at the antenna site, which requires electrical power. To overcome the power requirement challenge issue, the technique of power over fiber is extensively utilized within RoF links. In this paper, we propose a hybrid bi-directional link consisting of a direct modulated laser at the base- station (downlink) and a phase-modulated link with a Mach Zehnder interferometer for the antenna site (uplink) powered by a laser present at the base station. The antenna site comprises of a low-cost unbiased photodiode and phase modulator that doesn't require any DC bias, making the antenna site null power consuming. To assess the feasibility of this technique, a set of transmission measurements based on gain, noise figure, and data transmission for different modulation formats has been investigated for an uplink over a link length of 3.2 km and a direct back-to-back downlink system. These measurements show good link performance with high-quality signal transmission having an error vector magnitude (EVM) of less than 2 % for an RF power of −30 dBm at different data rates at various optical powers for BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM modulation formats. Transmission of 256-QAM data was also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error vector magnitude (EVM) and out-of-band emissions are key metrics for evaluating in-band and out-band distortions introduced by all potential non-idealities in the transmitters of wireless systems. As EVM is a measure of the quality of the modulated signal/symbols, LTE/LTE-A and 5G systems specify mandatory EVM requirements in transmission for each modulation scheme. This paper analyzes the influence of the mandatory satisfaction of EVM requirements on the design of radio resource management strategies (RRM) (link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination), specifically in the downlink (DL). EVM depends on the non-idealities of the transmitter implementations, on the allocated power variations between the subcarriers and on the selected modulations. In the DL of LTE, link adaptation is usually executed by adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) instead of power control, but some flexibility in power allocation remains being used. LTE specifies some limits in the power dynamic ranges depending on the allocated modulation, which ensures the satisfaction of EVM requirements. However, the required recommendations concerning the allowed power dynamic range when inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and enhanced ICIC (eICIC) mechanisms (through power coordination) are out of specification, even though the EVM performance should be known to obtain the maximum benefit of these strategies. We perform an experimental characterization of the EVM in the DL under real and widely known ICIC implementation schemes. These studies demonstrate that an accurate analysis of EVM is required. It allows a better adjustment of the design parameters of these strategies, and also allows the redefinition of the main criteria to be considered in the implementation of the scheduler/link adaptation concerning the allocable modulation coding scheme (MCS) in each resource block.

Earned value management (EVM) is widely used when monitoring and estimating operations related to construction projects. As the scope and complexity of construction projects expand, traditional EVM is sometimes ineffective and even results in conclusions that are contrary to the actual situation. Additionally, the estimate produced by EVM is a deterministic value that does not account for the uncertainty of activities involved in a construction project. This study proposes an estimation approach that combines an improved EVM, critical path method (CPM), program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The contribution is threefold. Firstly, a path-based schedule measurement approach is described using network diagrams and CPM to capture the logical relationships among activities. Secondly, the resource input categorizes activities to improve the accuracy of the duration and cost estimates. The remaining duration and cost will be estimated based on the execution performance of the activities in the same category. Thirdly, PERT and MCS approaches are used to reveal the uncertainty of estimates upon completion by replacing a deterministic value with a possible completion range. An experimental research study was used to apply the proposed approach. The result displayed that the commercial expansion project faced serious schedule delays and cost overruns. Based on the result, the project manager should focus highly on activities J, H, and G (in order of priority) and take corrective actions. In conclusion, the proposed approach demonstrates good performance when identifying deviations, estimating precise results, and determining the importance (priority) of activities that need to be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two stage cascode Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is designed in 130 nm SiGe HBT. The work focuses on achieving a low Noise Figure (NF), high linearity, and high gain for the LNA in the frequency band of 57.24 GHz-65.88 GHz to be operated in all the four channels of IEEE 802.11ad standard. A modified Derivative SuperPosition technique is used in the first stage of the cascaded LNA to improve the linearity of the circuit. Post layout Electromagnetic (EM) simulation results of the proposed LNA achieves a peak gain of 20.19 dB at 59.5 GHz, linearity (I I P 3) of 2 dBm at the maximum gain and also achieved a NF of 4.1 dB - 4.8 dB in the operating band of frequency. DC power consumption of the proposed circuit is 9.2 mW from a supply voltage of 1.2 V, with an area occupancy of 311 μ m × 298 μ m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although signal distortion-based peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction is a feasible candidate for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to meet standard/regulatory requirements, the error vector magnitude (EVM) stemming from the PAPR reduction has a deleterious impact on the performance of high data-rate achieving multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Moreover, these systems must constrain the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) to comply with regulatory requirements. Several recent works have investigated the mitigation of the EVM seen at the receivers by capitalizing on the excess spatial dimensions inherent in the large-scale MIMO that assume the availability of perfect channel state information (CSI) with spatially uncorrelated wireless channels. Unfortunately, practical systems operate with erroneous CSI and spatially correlated channels. Additionally, most standards support user-specific/CSI-aware beamformed and cell-specific/non-CSI-aware broadcasting channels. Hence, we formulate a robust EVM mitigation problem under channel uncertainty with nonconvex PAPR and ACLR constraints catering to beamforming/broadcasting. To solve this formidable problem, we develop an efficient scheme using our recently proposed three-operator alternating direction method of multipliers (TOP-ADMM) algorithm and benchmark it against two three-operator algorithms previously presented for machine learning purposes. Numerical results show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm under imperfect CSI and spatially correlated channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio over fiber (RoF) is an empowering technology for the next-generation wireless networks including fifth generation cloud radio access networks. In this paper, we propose a new fronthaul interface which has been demonstrated for a 20-MHz LTE signal having 64-Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation over 50 km of standard single-mode fiber. The proposed methodology potentially reduces the overall bandwidth requirement of the link. The performance analysis has been demonstrated for conventional analog RoF (A-RoF) and proposed digital RoF (D-RoF). As a figure of merit, the performance evaluation of the two architectures is reported by analyzing error vector magnitude (EVM), signal-to-noise ratio and eye-opening penalty. It is shown that digital optical links can mitigate the impairments present in A-RoF links and can support the transmission up to 50 km. Moreover, it is shown that efficient D-RoF links can be obtained with a relatively low amount of analog-to–digital-converter resolution bits. For the D-RoF link, the EVM was measured to be less than 2 % at 50 km. This is within the LTE specifications, proving it as a cost and power effective solution for next-generation wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]