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This paper provides an overview of the current state of academic research in event-tourism and its impact on the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Through a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 159 articles, this study reveals a moderate alignment between the literature on sustainable event tourism and the UN SDGs. However, certain SDGs, such as No Poverty, Zero Hunger, and Gender Equality, have limited research attention in this context. This study also sheds light on under-researched stakeholders including sponsors, associations, and academic institutions. Drawing on the theory of change proposed by the UN Development Group and stakeholder analysis, the findings presented in this study serve as a bridge between theoretical frameworks and real-world applications. This study provides tangible solutions and strategies for aligning event-tourism practices with the principles and targets outlined in the UN SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess the climatic temporal suitability over the year and identify the appropriate season for open-air tourism in ten Romanian cities. It was evaluated using the Enhanced Tourism Climatic Index on a temporal scale of one day and then aggregated to 10 days over 61 years (1961–2021). Daily mean and maximum temperature, mean and minimum relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and sunshine hours were employed in the investigation. The Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope were used for trend detection in the frequency, season duration, and first/last suitable day during the year for outdoor tourism. Acceptable or better weather conditions usually begin in the last part of April and end in mid-October, with Good or better conditions lasting between 260 and 310 days/year. The trend shows a shift of Good conditions earlier in the year (0.3–9.0 days/decade), resulting in a longer season duration (0.8–13.0 days/decade) for open-air activities. The trend is statistically significant mainly for the extra-Carpathian regions. Big differences in open-air events number during the climatically suitable season have been identified among the cities considered (2–19 events/year). This study is useful for better planning open-air events and activities for tourism and recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, various tourism crisis events have negatively impacted the global tourism industry. This study proposes a research model grounded in the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory to explore how external stimuli influence individuals and help identify factors influencing elderly individuals' willingness to participate in forest-based health tourism during and after tourism crisis events, considering the global aging trend. From 20 December 2023 to 15 January 2024, we collected 429 valid questionnaires from Chinese older adult participants engaged in forest-based health tourism in Guizhou Province. Structural equation modelling (SEM) and bootstrapping techniques were employed to analyze data. The results indicate that tourism crisis events, primarily in the form of geological disasters, are significant antecedent variables influencing the willingness of Chinese older adults to engage in forest-based health tourism. Furthermore, destination image and perceived value serve as individual mediators and function as chained mediators. The results enhance our understanding of the complex relationship between tourism crisis events and the willingness of older Chinese adults to travel while also revealing deeper underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to investigate how smart tourism technology usage helps in creating memorable experiences during a visit and whether it leads to building a positive image toward the destination, creating future intentions to revisit and recommend to others. The study is conducted in the context of Kochi Muziris Biennale. Data was collected through questionnaires from a total of 221 event participants. The study has applied PLS-SEM to test the research model with the help of SmartPLS4. The results reveal that smart tourism technology leads to creating memorable experiences, and the memorable experience mediates the enhancement of destination image and revisit intentions. It shows that smart tourism technology is not solely creating an impression on the destination but it is a factor in building the same. The study provides practical and theoretical implications to the literature of event tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism resort events allow mass tourists to intervene to establish resort reputations among other destinations. From the locus of attribution theory perspective, this paper is the first to explore tourists defending behavior toward resorts' reputations through destination social responsibility and information adequacy lenses. Through questioning 240 tourists in the Red Sea resorts, the study found that defending is a post-attribution behavior. The study found that tourists who internally (vs. externally) attribute the event outcomes tend (vs. ignore) to defend the Red Sea resorts' reputation. Nevertheless, resorts' reputation could maintain defending behavior in case of external attribution with the presence of their perception of resorts' social responsibility and information adequacy. Such defending behavior approach enables crucial managerial implications for the Red Sea resort managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to investigate the motivations and perspectives of festival tourism in Northern Cyprus, emphasizing its economic, cultural, and social impacts in the post-pandemic era. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative approach was used to find out themes from semi-structured face-to-face interviews with twenty visitors who attended various festivals in North Cyprus. Findings: The results of this research uncover that festivals considerably contribute to the local economy by attracting tourists, which boosts sales for local businesses and promotes traditional Cypriot cuisine. Additionally, festivals play a crucial role in preserving and promoting cultural heritage through traditional music, dance, and crafts, fostering community engagement and cultural exchange. The study also identifies key challenges and opportunities, such as the need for improved marketing strategies, enhanced infrastructure, and sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts. Originality/value: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of festival tourism in Northern Cyprus, offering novel insights into its economic, cultural, and social impacts while proposing innovative strategies to enhance its post-pandemic recovery and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the international literature on sports events published between 1981 and 2024 within the framework of specific parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The data were analyzed using quantitative and bibliometric analyses. Studies related to sports events were scanned through the Scopus database, and 1,072 studies were evaluated. Findings: It has been revealed that the highest number of studies related to sports events were published in 2021, with Tichaawa, T.M. being the author with the most publications. Griffith University conducted the most studies on this topic, and the United States had the highest number of publications. Additionally, the findings indicate that the number of studies on sports events is increasing, with more studies being conducted in business and social sciences. Regarding keyword usage frequency, the studies focus on destination image, economic impact, and sustainability. Clustering analysis results show that the studies are divided into four clusters, focusing on sports, tourism, and tourism development. Research limitations/implications: Due to methodological limitations, the results of bibliometric analysis generally focus on metrics related to articles, sources, and authors. Another limitation is the examination of studies in the context of tourism that are published in the international literature and accessible only through the Scopus database in English. An additional limitation is that the publications analyzed in this study are specifically on sports events. This study aims to fill a gap in the field by examining sports event studies in the international literature, thereby providing researchers with a holistic perspective. It is considered significant as it will offer a different viewpoint on bibliometric studies related to sports events and sports tourism in the international literature, both in terms of the parameters used in the study and the study's focus. Originality/value: It is believed to be important because it is the first bibliometric study explicitly conducted on sports events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural events and festivals play a key role in shaping the world's cultural tourism landscape. This article examines the multifaceted impact of cultural events and festivals on cultural tourism in economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions. A comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies highlights the important contribution of cultural events and festivals to the tourism industry and local communities. Cultural events and festivals have become important drivers of cultural tourism, offering unique experiences that attract tourists while shaping the identity and vitality of local communities. This article examines the multifaceted impact of cultural events and festivals on both cultural tourism and local communities, focusing on economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions. Through extensive literature and case studies, this study highlights the various ways in which cultural events and festivals contribute to tourism development and community well-being, addressing the challenges and opportunities of sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Legitimacy is a classic theme, quite present in organisational studies in general, but in the field of tourism it still has room to advance. For that reason, this research seeks to delimit the concept of legitimacy and adapt it to the context of tourism events; and seeks to validate a measurement instrument that allows to evaluate of its recognition in the imagination of residents, and to evaluate the impacts of this construct on residents' trust in the organisers of Brazilian Oktoberfest, on the negative externalities of those events and, ultimately, on the achievement of residents' loyalty. Design/methodology/approach: The locus of the research are the cities of Blumenau, Santa Catarina and Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Catarina, both located in southern Brazil, whose residents answered an online questionnaire about the legitimacy of the Oktoberfest held there. A total of 365 valid questionnaires were collected, tabulated in statistical software and interpreted using exploratory-confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings: The results show that festival legitimacy is a theoretical construct that can be measured as either a first-order or second-order factor, consisting of three factors, called moral legitimacy, pragmatic legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy. Originality/value: This research provides a valid and reliable tool for assessing local residents' acceptance of ethno-cultural festivals. It also shows variations in the perception of legitimacy, demonstrating that this can influence other aspects of residents' perception of ethnocultural events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event portfolios are a useful way for destination managers to holistically manage their community's collection of events and, through strategic integration and common objectives, more effectively produce benefits. However, regular sport events such as those played by professional sport teams in a sport league have received little attention from event portfolio managers and researchers. Understanding the value and utility of sport team event assets can inform the successful integration of these events into event portfolios. This research used qualitative methods to examine how team asset components can contribute to achieving event portfolio objectives. The results have significance for event tourism researchers and practitioners and demonstrate that contributions are largely founded on the focal professional sport league structure, which provides constant content and regular communications with key target markets. Analysis of the findings led to the development of a model on the utility of including team events in an event portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban marketing with culture-led urban development has a growing importance for contemporary cities. In a global competition, cities must stand out and attract tourism, investment, and cultural activities. Consequently, their image should be constantly improved. City branding provides strategies for enhancing a city's public image – thus, becoming more and more attractive. Events and festivals, like popular music festivals, offer valuable opportunities for promoting cities and boosting tourism. The aim of this research is to explore the potential of music festivals in building city image and integrating it into the broader branding processes. The results are based on semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. The findings support the hypothesis that festivals can significantly raise destination awareness, and shape image, and through them, a wider audience can be reached. Festival uniqueness and appropriate venue choices facilitate seamless integration into the host city 's tourism – thus decision-makers should pay attention to this issue and facilitate coordination between stakeholders.

To maximize the economic benefits, a priori, the destination's strategic objectives must be defined, and the design of actions to achieve them through the event must be planned, implemented, and analyzed. Therefore, this investigation aimed to analyze the strategic economic leverage developed for two international open water events considering the profile of their nonresident spectators (NRS). This study adopted a mixed research methodology, performing a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Data collection combined documental research, direct observation, semistructured interviews, and questionnaires. The actions implemented in the events covered the short- and long-term economic strategic objectives. Yet, none of the events' attributes was associated with NRS' city recommendation. Additionally, accommodation and food/beverage categories concentrated most of NRS??? expenditures. To activate NRS' spending in entertainment and local commerce, more creativity is needed than the simple distribution of tourist services information. Also, strategic economic leverage should design actions to increase local companies networking, and develop programs to extend the spectators' stay through a bundling approach, amplifying the activation of the local resources. This study combined the organizational perspective of strategic economic leverage and the profile of NRS, allowing a more comprehensive knowledge to create strategies consistent with the specificities of NRS' consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Japan, Japanese hospitality or omotenashi is seen as distinct from 'western' hospitality, which is seen as a transactional service, focusing on the provision of food and beverages. Omotenashi, on the other hand, is based on the cultivation of a relationship between host and guest and an anticipation of needs. This article examines the role that volunteers played in delivering omotenashi and in co-creating a hospitable environment at the 2019 Rugby World Cup (RWC) in Japan. To welcome visitors, 13,000 volunteers were mobilized in host cities across the country, the highest number of volunteers in the history of the RWC. As a social event, the tournament offered many opportunities for interaction between the hosts and visitors, allowing for a co-created experience. Employing a walking methodology and participant–observation conducted within the event spaces, this article demonstrates how the engagement of the local communities through hosting, volunteering and direct interaction with visitors contributed to the co-creation of the event experience, and how omotenashi was embedded in the experiencescape. The research finds that although visitors were provided with a space in which their service needs were met, the hospitable environment was largely created through interactions between visitors and volunteers and between visitors and other visitors, both domestic and international. Significantly, volunteers displayed omotenashi, engaging with visitors in (fleeting) relationships, rather than as service providers, contributing to a clear sense of communitas and welcome that would not be found in typical transactional hospitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event tourism has become popular in recent decades, with an increasing number of tourists attending music festivals every year, attracted by various concerts in different international destinations. Given the magnitude these music festivals have reached, it is relevant to analyze the sustainability of such events. While most of the studies have focused on how this tourist movement affects environmental sustainability, in this article a deeper reflection is made, moving toward another dimension of sustainability: social sustainability. Three different surveys were carried out to analyze the social sustainability of a music event. A survey about the degree of acceptance from residents was used in the social sustainability analysis. A panel of experts measured the opinions about the social impact of the event. Finally, the assistants' survey included questions such as type of tourist, expenditure profile, and satisfaction. The attendance of tourists at a festival must maintain harmony with the destination and its inhabitants; in this relationship both parties should benefit. The residents of the destination expect to obtain an improvement in their standard of living thanks to what the tourists bring them, which through their socially sustainable behavior describes a model that generates prosperity. The model that represents social sustainability is the one that will be developed after confirming the hypotheses put forward from the perspective of the prosperity of the residents and the contribution of the tourists themselves to social sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports and tourism are connected in various parts of economies, cultures, and nations. However, there has been a limited understanding of sports event tourism involving disabled athletes. This study explored the behavioral and socio-demographic implications of the disabled sports event tourism and investigated the motivational factors involved. An in-person survey was administered to 108 disabled athletes who attended the summer and winter Paralympics. A Structural Equation Model was used to determine the association between the factors of life satisfaction, emotional happiness, escapism, perceived value, and future intention, using the Monte Carlo parametric bootstrapping method to test significance of direct and indirect effects. Cronbach was acceptable because it exceeds 0.70 which satisfies the cut-off of confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the individual values of average variance extracted (AVE), were greater than 0.50 (0.72) which meets the requirement and the convergent validity of all the constructs. The results showed that life satisfaction had a significant direct effect on future intentions. Emotional happiness had a significant direct effect on the perceived value of an event. Escapism had significant direct effects on perceived value and future intentions. Perceived value significantly influenced future intentions. The relationship between emotional happiness and future intention was fully mediated by perceived value. However, the relationship between escapism and future intention was only partially mediated by perceived value. The results of this study are valuable for developing future management and marketing policies for disabled athletes and tourists to advance the existing sports event tourism and disabled athlete's behavior studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity and the quality of content are becoming progressively more distinguishing characteristics for affirming destinations. Globalization has promoted cultural exchange, and Japanese pop culture is an example. Due to its diverse elements that captivate different audiences, it has spread worldwide, causing fan movements, and influencing various events. This article examines the relationship between tourism, events, and Japanese pop culture, assessing the tourism potential of this trend and its effects on the destination and source. Through direct and participant observations at some of the most prominent events on this subject, questionnaires to participants from different nationalities, and interviews with Japanese pop culture event organizers, researchers in this field, enthusiastic participants, and other stakeholders, the optimal understanding of the relationship between this trend and events and tourism, still few explored, was achieved. It is disclosed that these events contribute significantly to the promotion of content tourism, the fostering of strong international relations, and the connection of cultures. The success of events conducted beyond one's home region is notably influenced by a multitude of continuous impacts and opportunities. These include the dynamic and social atmosphere of the events, which facilitates travel both within and between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of storytelling is becoming increasingly widespread in the event and tourism industry. However, despite the growing popularity of the storytelling strategy, to date, limited research has examined how festival organizers effectively utilize this strategy. Consequently, this research aims (a) to examine whether storytelling influences visitors??? engagement and behavioral intention, (b) to investigate how such impacts differ according to when visitors hear the story (i.e., temporal distance), and (c) to explore whether gender moderates the impact of the storytelling format. Study 1 indicates that storytelling positively influences visitors??? engagement. The results also reveal that visitors show a significantly higher level of behavioral intention when they heard the festival story more than 3 months before the festival. Study 2 finds that women have higher engagement and intention to visit when storytelling is delivered in video rather than image format, while men exhibit no such difference in engagement and intention to visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Urban marketing with culture-led urban development has a growing importance for contemporary cities. In a global competition, cities must stand out and attract tourism, investment, and cultural activities. Consequently, their image should be constantly improved. City branding provides strategies for enhancing a city's public image – thus, becoming more and more attractive. Events and festivals, like popular music festivals, offer valuable opportunities for promoting cities and boosting tourism. The aim of this research is to explore the potential of music festivals in building city image and integrating it into the broader branding processes. The results are based on semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. The findings support the hypothesis that festivals can significantly raise destination awareness, and shape image, and through them, a wider audience can be reached. Festival uniqueness and appropriate venue choices facilitate seamless integration into the host city 's tourism – thus decision-makers should pay attention to this issue and facilitate coordination between stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport management researchers have utilized the concept of brand image to understand sport consumers' experiences. However, this concept has rarely been applied in a participatory sport event context. In this study, we proposed a conceptual framework of event brand image for distance running events, and explored how international sport tourists' perceived event brand image generates event and destination loyalty. The data of the study were collected from international participants (N = 441) of 36th Reykjavik Marathon in 2019. Of the respondents, 52.6% were male, 73.3% aged between 30 and 59 years old, and 84.6% held a bachelor's degree or higher. Most of the respondents (91.2%) came from Europe and North America. A behavioral profile revealed that 48.4% of respondents ran the full marathon, 36.3% the half marathon, 13.9% the 10 km, and 1.5% the 3 km. The results indicate that three attributes (i.e. course, organization, and atmosphere) and two benefits (i.e. achievement and escape) were positively associated with participants' event attitude. Event attitude was directly positively associated with event loyalty, destination image, and destination loyalty. Finally, destination image mediated the relationships between event attitude and event loyalty, and between event attitude and destination loyalty. This study contributes to the literature by applying a conceptual framework of brand image in a participatory sport event context, and identifying the mediating role of the destination image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watching sport events at tourist destinations is an appealing attraction for tourists because it generates excitement and direct understanding of the event, as well as the destination. Thus, a good event image can motivate people to re-attend sport events, make priority choices among similar games and even attach their personal feelings to the events. However, few researchers have explored the factors affecting sport event images and its consequential effects, particularly in the post-pandemic era. In the current study, 417 valid questionnaires were collected by convenience sampling during the 68th Macao Grand Prix, and analysed by structural modelling, via SPSS23 and AMOS26. The results showed that travel motivation, tourist-resident interaction and event quality are all important factors that positively influence the event image, with event quality having the most significant effect. Subsequently, event images positively affect event attachment and loyalty. Considering that the continued coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic travel risk still exist, it was incorporated as a moderator, which revealed that it negatively moderated the relations between event images, attachment and loyalty. This study supplements theoretical defects in sport event tourism by enriching the causes and effects of event images, and provides practical suggestions for sport event policymakers, planners and tourism managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the significance of user-generated content in tourism events and its impact on engagement. The study utilizes questionnaires and analysis of conversations on Twitter during the "Fira d'Onda" festivities in Spain to investigate this relationship. The findings reveal a strong correlation between engagement and user-generated content, with positive feedback being shared online. The article emphasizes the importance of social media in tourism marketing and suggests the need for additional research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Tourism is an important economic phenomenon in both developed and developing countries. Event tourism, specifically centered on cultural activities, is a niche market that has been gaining importance and has been researched for the last thirty years. There is remarkable agreement in the scientific literature that cultural events have a significant positive impact on the deseasonalization and rejuvenation of a tourist destination while promoting local culture. Among the most popular cultural events in the world, film festivals constitute a distinct modality. This article is focused on contrasting two festival experiences with different levels of consolidation, San Sebastian (Spain) and Fajr (Iran), analyzing their main features and differences from a tourism point of view. The first one has achieved worldwide prestige; while the second one is still in a consolidation phase, in an institutional and socioeconomic context comparable to the one the Spanish festival went through several decades ago. The article tries to point out the main shortcomings and challenges that the Fajr Festival must face, especially in the coordination of the venues and the corresponding sectors of the festival, in order to advance towards a high-level event with a touristic value that can benefit the locals and open the doors towards international tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent United Nations World Tourism Organisation publication, Regional report on women in tourism in the Middle East identified that the representation of women working in tourism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is significantly below the global average. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabian (KSA) government is seeking to address this imbalance. The purpose of this research is to support this initiative, by determining how women's workforce participation in the event sector can be encouraged. A qualitative study using a mix of case studies and semi-structured interviews with twelve personnel from within the event sector in KSA was conducted. Additional qualitative data was gathered from the authors' participation in virtual gender-related tourism events and conferences. Thematic analysis indicated key findings which include the need for the KSA government and the corporate sector to promote a positive attitude towards women in the workplace. The cessation of activity in the sector, due to COVID-19, requires government and business leaders to develop a recovery plan that will continue to foster the empowerment of women in the sector. Without a recovery plan, there is a real risk that the gains in the empowerment of women in the sector will be lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cocreation of the tourist experience in sporting events has received little scientific attention. This study aimed to analyze the influence of cocreation of the tourist experience on the memorability of the experience through the attention and involvement of sporting event tourists, and to verify whether this influence changes with the type of experience (i.e., active participant vs. spectator). A total of 356 questionnaires was collected at two international cycling events held in Portugal in 2021. The data were analyzed with structural equation analysis and a Mann???Whitney test. Cocreation influences attention and involvement, which, in turn, help to explain the relationship between cocreation and memorability, highlighting differences between the two types of experience. For the first time, the on-site cocreation model was applied to sport tourism events. In this touristic context, experiences must be developed through a customized approach based on the creation of hedonic and eudaimonic experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increased adoption of immersive technologies in tourism events, there is a need to understand how to best implement such technologies and their effects on visitors. Thus, the present study examined the antecedents and effects of using augmented reality (AR) when spectating a mega-sport event. Data obtained from 204 participants that used AR during the attendance of the Beijing Winter Olympics showed that, indeed, there is an effect on event experience–physical, cognitive, and affective engagement and future revisit intention, as well as positive word of mouth. Additionally, the success of the AR implementation depended on the effective visual design of the AR platform that would significantly influence users??? perceived ease of use and usefulness of the AR. Results obtained to add to the existing body of knowledge in the field of event tourism and provide specific managerial implications to enhance event experience using AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOver the past few decades, the event industry has witnessed massive growth worldwide. This, however, has come with considerable environmental costs. Improper management of any type of event can indeed lead to significant environmental impacts, including increased carbon emissions, waste generation, and resource consumption. To establish a common knowledge base on the topic, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review and critically examined the current state of academic research regarding environmental sustainability in events. Our analysis reveals a fast-growing and interdisciplinary field, with 247 articles coming from multiple geographic locations and addressing multiple event types – from mega-events to small-scale festivals. We identify four thematic areas on which scholars have focused: (1) Events’ Environmental Impacts, namely the evaluation of the environmental impacts and legacy of events; (2) Green Event Management, the organization of environmentally friendly events across multiple perspectives (e.g., strategic, operational); (3) Environmental Policy & Guidelines, the contribution of policymakers and other industry stakeholders for a greener event sector; (4) Environmental Psychology of Event Stakeholders, the factors affecting perceptions and behaviours of event stakeholders in relation to environmental issues. We provide an in-depth review of these areas, identify gaps in our current understanding, and draft a comprehensive agenda to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates web-accessibility problems of global trade show websites based on WCAG 2.0 (Study 1), and the quantitative results are compared with the qualitative document analysis of various web-accessibility policy-related documents treated as complementary data to support the triangulation of study findings and theory-building (Study 2). Ultimately, based on specific mentions of People with Disabilities (PWDs) in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study takes the perspective of macro-level social capital to connect the dots between web accessibility issues identified in the trade show industry and achieving the relevant SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The study is devoted to the specifics of applying public relations tools in the promotion of the Republic of Tatarstan as a tourist destination. The features of PR technologies concerning the promotion of the territory are considered. Particular attention is paid to a retrospective analysis of the use of PR in managing the image of a tourist region and the attention of its potential target audience under the influence of macroeconomic, social, and geopolitical changes based on the example of Tatarstan. Objective: This study examines the regulatory and legal aspects of promoting Tatarstan as a tourist destination. It aims to assess the effectiveness of PR strategies within the framework of existing regulations and legal frameworks governing tourism promotion. Methods: The research employs a multifaceted approach, combining a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic, social, and political factors with an assessment of the legal and regulatory environment governing tourism promotion in Tatarstan. Data sources include official reports, statistical data, social network analysis, case studies, and a literature review. Results: Tatarstan has demonstrated success in promoting tourism and adapting its strategies in response to external challenges. Legal and regulatory frameworks have supported these efforts. Key findings include the region's pivot toward domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, effective engagement with media and digital platforms, and a focus on event tourism. The study also highlights the importance of continuous adaptation to changing circumstances for sustainable tourism promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious festivals represent potential for religious tourism, offering unique cultural and spiritual experiences at destinations. Among the methods for promoting religious festivals as a driver for religious tourism is the use of Photo-based essay tools. While this method is not widely explored in academic research, it holds great promise for tourism and events studies. Photographs have a great value in catching the minds of tourists and creating motivation to travel. This photo essay focuses on the religious ministers at the Christmas celebration in Lalibela, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Ethiopia. Six photo categories were identified. Each category has its own message about the religious festival ceremony. In Lalibela, more than nine hundred religious ministers are found, their vibrant and unforgettable Christmas celebrations at Lalibela's rock-hewn churches exemplify the enduring allure of religious festivals and underscore the potential for further research to drive development in religious festival tourism at sacred sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Digital Transformation and Innovation in Tourism Events" edited by Azizul Hassan explores the increasing influence of technology in event tourism and the importance of digital innovation for planning, promotion, and marketing. The book consists of 18 chapters written by 34 contributors from academia and industry, covering topics such as destination branding, sustainable tourism development, and the impact of COVID-19 on tourism events. It provides real-life experiences from various countries and encourages critical thinking through its Questions for Thought and Discussion section. The book is recommended for practitioners in IT, tourism, hospitality, digital marketing, and destination planning, as well as researchers and policymakers in these fields. [Extracted from the article]

The study of tourism destination evolution has been enriched in recent years by the adoption of concepts from Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG). The aim of this article and those constituting this special section is to further develop this field of research by discussing recent developments within EEG and Tourism Studies, paying special attention to the nature and impact of trigger events and transformative moments that represent a turning point in the evolution of destination development paths. We consider the role of reproductive and transformative agency, and different types of destination path plasticity. Three key issues and areas for future research are identified: the role of human agency, the co-evolution of tourism with other development paths, and the importance of utilising political economy perspectives, including legitimation and discursive practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Events based on food from various cultures are often promoted as multicultural and as opportunities for establishing insights into other cultures. They are also highlighted as springboards for recently immigrated food entrepreneurs and as spaces for labour market integration. However, with such events often having underlying social agendas and sometimes being free of charge, such aims risk being undermined. Generally being linked to minority cultures, food events also risk leading to exotification where individuals are made into symbols of multiculturalism, which consolidates the idea that cultural diversity is an offer for an ethnic majority to enjoy. This paper aims to open a critical debate on multicultural food events by exploring barriers to inclusion and the influence of prejudice. Criticism aimed at misuses of multiculturalism in relation to food events and tourism is used as a theoretical lens for the analysis of two types of food events. The findings illustrate how shallow interpretations of multiculturalism still influence tourism products and reinforce the norms they claim to counteract. Thus, tourism stakeholders need to gather critical insights about the influence of white hegemonies, whilst recognising the effect of their own bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the lens of liveability and Buen Vivir, I explore how local actors form their acceptance of the physical impact on nature caused by a trail marathon in north-central Sweden, particularly given trail and soil erosion. With a qualitative multi-method research approach, the findings reveal that the local actors minimise the impacts by getting involved in various activities both inside and outside the event. Different knowledge and practices foster sustainability and create acceptance. While the growth of tourism creates unease and feelings of inadequate control, this event is seen as a distinct phenomenon. I show that liveability goes beyond perception and requires integration of the local environment into local practices. Current acceptance may however be eroded if more or larger events occur in the future. Policies and planning must therefore acknowledge and incorporate these local practices to create sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of research was Compilation of a comprehensive model of tourism nostalgia for tourism in Golestan province based on Turkmen International Horse Festival and and international Sofian, s traditional hours festival. Methods: The research was exploratory mixed method. In qualitative phase, with snowball sampling, 20 research-related experts and in a quantitative phase, 350 active sports tourists, experts from travel agencies, marketers, owners, coaches, media representatives and operational managers of spring course organizers and Sofian, s traditional hours festival in the research were selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including two dimensions of human potential and natural potential in the form of 8 subscales. After confirmation of good fit index of the model (Fornell and Larker triple indices), data were analyzed using Smart PLS and SPSS Software. Results: Factor analysis of data showed that in the dimension of human potentials, two factors of infrastructure and socio-cultural component and in the dimension of natural-sports potentials, the factor of environmental attractions and the factor of environmental management have a high impact on horse tourism development. Conclusion: Managers and institutions in charge of horse tourism in Golestan province can develop services provided in horse riding complexes, such as creating equestrian experience for tourists, Also, with consider to the cultural commonalities of local residents with domestic and foreign tourists and the construction of amusement parks and paying attention to the indicators of green tourism and environmentally friendly tourism make Golestan province the center of horse tourism in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current sports tourism market focuses on sports events. In terms of economic benefits, it does not simply create tourism output, but also increases consumption to further boost the economy and increase employment opportunities. Sports tourism present great influence on modern life, and hosting sports events allows the organizers enhancing exposure and visibility as well as resulting in considerable tourism receipts for the place. Sports events would increase tourists' consumption in host places and create new job opportunities and considerable income. Selecting people in Fujian Province, with experience in sports event tourism, as the research samples, total 800 copies of questionnaire are distributed. After removing ones without participating in sports event tourism and invalid/incomplete copies, 423 copies are valid, with the retrieval rate 53%. The research results show that sports tourists could feel the service provided by sports event organizers through actual participation and perceive certain value to achieve satisfaction and further promote social imagery and socioeconomic benefit and sports tourists perceiving quality and complete tangible products or intangible services in the activity and consistent sports tourism activity to the expectation before participation would present the worthy feeling and value and further positively affect the social imagery. According to the results to propose discussions and suggestions, it is expected to affect the social imagery and social benefit of host places in the future events to present good service quality and benefit domestic relevant events in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how leisure organisations developed entrepreneurial practices to enable innovation for the post-covid-19 pandemic era. Whilst entrepreneurship and innovation have been the subject of academic scrutiny in mainstream sport, there is a relative paucity of studies within the broader holistic context of leisure. Semi-structured interviews, conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), provide insights from nine high profile, globally recognised industry practitioners from across the leisure industry including the sport, entertainment, health and fitness, leisure, hospitality, arts and culture, events and tourism sectors. Four key themes emerged from the data including extending capabilities through (i) research and development (R&D) and (ii) digitalisation, and changing culture through (iii) diversification, and (iv) sustainability. These practices were shown to enable leisure organisations to create new customer value within an increasingly competitive environment. The paper concludes with an overview of theoretical and managerial implications and provides approaches for developing more entrepreneurial practices in leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]