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Our paper analyzes the causality link between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in selected Euro-Area countries. We conduct our analysis for Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and the Netherlands in the period from 1990 to 2020 by employing a recent panel causality test that takes structural breaks into account. First, we examine the stationary characteristics of data by employing a panel unit root test proposed by Bahmani-Oskooee (2014). In the second stage, we use the panel Fourier Toda Yamamoto (PFTY) test proposed by Yilanci and Gorus (2020). We find a one-way causal link between economic growth and renewable energy consumption for the panel supporting the evidence of the validity of the conservative hypothesis. Similarly, there are one-way causality runs from economic growth to renewable energy consumption in Spain, Italy, and Netherlands. Furthermore, there is a one-way causality run from renewable energy consumption to economic growth only in Finland supporting the evidence of the validity of the growth hypothesis. Nevertheless, we could not find any causality connection between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for the panel and also for Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Portugal on a country basis, thus supporting the evidence of the validity of the neutrality hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a systematic presentation of public opinion on the euro: the expected consequences, the advantages, and also the fears people have about introducing the single currency. The research also aims to identify the economic variables that may influence citizens’ attitudes towards the euro. The econometric analysis indicates that a higher level of development and higher earnings have a positive impact on public support for the euro, while the unemployment rate and corruption have a negative effect. People think that the euro will have a positive effect; the majority of citizens in the non-euro area are in favour of adopting the euro (but as late as possible); the majority were afraid of losing control over the national economic policy; people expect abuses and cheating on prices during the changeover, and increased inflation following the adoption of the euro. The two countries most opposed to the euro are Poland and the Czech Republic due to political issues. The two countries that have announced the start of the euro adoption process are Croatia and Bulgaria.

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The paper extends a standard two‐country international real business cycle model to include financial intermediation by banks of loans and government bonds. The paper contributes an explanation for both the United States relative to the Euro‐area, and the United States relative to China, of cross‐country correlations of loan rates, deposit rates, and the loan premia. It shows a type of financial retrenchment for the United States relative to both Europe and China following a negative bank productivity shock, such as during the 2008 crisis. After 2008, results suggest that the Euro‐area has been more financially integrated with the United States, and China less financially integrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)