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Rawa Singkil Wildlife Sanctuary currently has various threats such as conversion of forest functions to oil palm plantations, encroachment and other deforestation activities, so this has an impact on the loss of original habitat and ecosystems in it, according to Geographic Information System (GIS) data, encroachment on the Singkil Wildlife Reserve area. reached 4,273 ha. This study aims to inventory orchid species and environmental factors. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach to identify the orchids found. The results of the inventory found 13 species of orchid species from 9 genera consisting of 5 genera of terrestrial orchids, namely Calanthe, Bromheadia, Arudina, Neuwedia and Eulophia. The 4 genera of epiphytic orchids are Dendrobium, Bulbopyhllum, Papilionanthe and Cymbidium. The species Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f) Schltr is the most dominant orchid with a relative frequency of 21.27% and is classified in the low category B class, while the relative frequency of other orchids ranges from 2.12-17.02% with a very low category. The results of the analysis of environmental conditions pH ranged from 6-6.8, air humidity 75-80%, soil moisture 27-32 and air temperature 27-31 °C

Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 1: 112. 1910. Voucher: L.O. Williams & A. Molina R. 17842 (EAP)., Published as part of Vega, Hermes, Cetzal-Ix, William, Mó, Edgar, Romero-Soler, Katya J. & Basu, Saikat K., 2022, An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras, pp. 1-80 in Phytotaxa 562 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.562.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073693

Eulophia speciosa (R.Br. ex Lindl.) Bolus Bas.: Lissochilus speciosus R.Br. ex Lindl. Terrestrial perennial herb, in wooded savannah, bushland, grassy savannah; also disturbed sites. F.Monteiro 1355 (LUAI, LISC), Published as part of Monteiro, Francisca, Costa, Esperança Da, Kissanga, Raquel, Costa, José Carlos & Catarino, Luís, 2022, An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Quiçama National Park, Angola, pp. 1-67 in Phytotaxa 557 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.557.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6985699

Eulophia myanmarica Naive, K.Z.Hein & Kumar, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) New species differs from Eulophia andamanensis Reichenbach (1872: 276) in having longer floral bract, 5-veined petals and sepals, narrowly oblong dorsal sepal with acute, slightly cucullate apex, obliquely narrowly oblong-elliptic lateral sepals, obliquely triangular with obtusely acute apex on lobules of the sidelobes, sidelobes longer than half of the length of labellum, and a shorter spur. Type:— MYANMAR, Sagaing Region, Monywa District, Budalin Township, elev. ca. 80 m, cultivated, 7 May 2021, K. Z.Hein 41 (holotype TTM!; isotype TTM, spirit!). Erect terrestrial herb, ca. 40 cm tall. Pseudobulb partly buried in ground, greenish, obliquely conical or ovoid or irregular in shape, with 8–10 nodes, 5.0–5.5 × 4–5 cm, 8- or 10–leaved, enclosed by several sheaths. Roots several from the base of pseudobulb, velamenous. Leaves sessile, lamina linear to linear-lanceolate, 11.5–43.0 × 2.3–3.3 cm, coriaceous, glabrous, upper surface green, glossy, lower surface light green, veins parallel, margin repand, apex acute. Inflorescences synanthous, arising from the base of the pseudobulb, erect, 16–35-flowered; peduncle 43–59 cm long, 0.4–0.5 cm in diameter at base, cylindrical, green; rachis 15–31 cm long; floral bracts narrowly triangular ovate, acute, 0.5–1.3 cm long, green, membranous, persistent. Pedicel and ovary subclavate, 1.3–1.5 cm long, sulcate, glabrous, light green, resupinate. Flowers widely opening, 2.0– 2.3 cm across. Dorsal sepal 5-nerved, narrowly oblong, 0.9–1.1 × 0.3–0.4 cm, lemon green suffused with red at the base of the dorsal side, convex, glabrous, margin entire, apex acute, slightly cucullate. Lateral sepals 5-nerved, adnate to column foot, obliquely narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute, 1.0–1.2 × 0.3–0.4 cm, lemon green suffused with red at the base of the dorsal side, spreading, glabrous, margins entire. Petals 5-nerved, narrowly oblong, obtuse to acute, 0.9–1.1 cm × ca. 0.3 cm, lemon green suffused with red at the base of the dorsal side, glabrous, margins entire. Lip 3–lobed, broadly obovate, strongly recurved on the front, shortly spurred as the base, 0.9–1.1 × 0.6–0.7 cm (when flattened), with 3 divergent lamellae, central lamella arising from the junction of column-foot and ending just near the apex of midlobe, lateral lamellae starting near the mouth of the spur and ending before the central lamella on the midlobe, basal half of the lamellae smooth, front half wavy; side lobes erect, 0.6–0.7 × ca. 0.2 cm, obliquely triangular, obtuse to acute, pale whitish-green, glabrous, margin entire; midlobe 0.5–0.6 × 0.6–0.7 cm (when flattened), orbicular, emarginate, pale whitish-green with red veins, glabrous, margins strongly undulate and curved upwards; spur conical, retuse, connected to the column at the base of the foot, 0.15–0.2 × 0.15–0.2 cm, greenish to brown in colour, inconspicuously 2-chambered on the inner wall. Column slender, somewhat curved, 0.4–0.5 × 0.2–0.25 cm, white to yellowish white, glabrous; column foot short, ca. 2 mm long; stigma ca. 1 × by 1.5 mm; anther cap ovoid, ca. 1.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, with a pair of horn like divergent protuberances, reddish lemon; pollinia 2, subglobose, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, golden yellow, attached to a broad, trapezoid connective with a discoid viscidium at posterior end. Capsule not seen. Distribution:—The species is currently known only from its type locality. Ecology:—It was found growing in tropical dry forest at elevation of around 80 m a.s.l. Phenology:—Flowers in cultivation from April to May. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to Myanmar, where this species was discovered. Vernacular name:— (myanmar saydi gamone). Provisional conservation status:—The distribution area, population size and possible threats to the habitat of Eulophia myanmarica are not known, as it is only known from one cultivated specimen. It is most likely that more individuals of this hardy species exist in the wild. Hence, it is herein provisionally considered as ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), following the Red List criteria of the IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2019). Notes:—Based on overall morphology, Eulophia myanmarica is very close to E. andamanensis (Fig. 2). However, it differs significantly in length of floral bract which is more than half of length of ovary (vs. less than half of length of ovary in E. andamanensis); narrowly oblong, 5-veined (vs. linear to lanceolate, 3-veined in E. andamanensis) dorsal sepal with acute, slightly cucullate apex (vs. acute to acuminate, sometimes mucronate apex in E. andamanensis); obliquely narrowly oblong-elliptic, 5-veined (vs. obliquely linear to lanceolate, 3-veined in E. andamanensis) lateral sepals; narrowly elliptic labellum, sidelobes triangular lobules bearing obtusely acute apex and overall length of the side lobe greater than half of the length of labellum (vs. broadly elliptic to almost rounded side lobes bearing obtuse to round apex and overall length of sidelobes less than half of length of the labellum in E. andamanensis) and 0.15–0.2 cm long (vs. 0.3–0.4 cm long in E. andamanensis) spur., Published as part of Naive, Mark Arcebal K., Hein, Khant Zaw, Kumar, Pankaj & Ormerod, Paul, 2022, Eulophia myanmarica (Orchidaceae), a new species from Myanmar and notes on Geodorum densiflorum, pp. 288-294 in Phytotaxa 548 (2) on pages 289-292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.548.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/6597569, {"references":["Reichenbach, H. G. (1872) Neue Orchideen gesammelt von G. Mann. Flora oder Botanische Zeitung 55 (18): 273 - 278.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria ver. 14. Available at: https: // cmsdocs. s 3. amazonaws. com / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed on 18 May 2021)"]}

Eulophia horsfallii (Bateman) Summerh. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF; up to 2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Thiba Fishing Camp, Alt. 1 850 m, 31 Jul. 1977, Gilbert & Rankin 4810 (EA). References: Cribb (1989b), Bussmann (1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Cribb, P. (1989 b) Orchidaceae (Part 3). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 239 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Eulophia hians Spreng. var. inaequalis (Schltr.) S.Thomas — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF; 1 600–2 500 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Fries et al. (1924a)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E., Fries, T. C. E. & Christensen, C. (1924 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. V. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 9 (81): 16 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994426"]}

The present research was aimed to develop Metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablet by wet granulation using novel polymersEulophia herbacae and Remusatia vivipara tuber mucilage as release ret...

Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) has been found in molecular phylogenetic studies to be non-monophyletic. Here, we propose to combine it with Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia and discuss the characters that have been used previously to discriminate among these genera, demonstrating that none of them is without exceptions. Given the incongruence found in the molecular phylogenetic studies between plastid and nuclear results, a broader circumscription of Eulophia is more likely to be stable. In total, 35 new combinations/names are required for the expansion of Eulophia to include these other genera.

In healthcare system, the development and modernization of phytomedicine in phytochemistry play a central and important role in drug development. Isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from naturally occurring substance is of prime importance. A sensitive and reliable high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed to estimate gallic acid in ethanolic extract of Eulophia ochreata Lindl. Ethanolic extract prepared as applied on silica gel G 60 F254plate. The plate was developed using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid(6:6:0.4:1.6) as a mobile phase and detection and quantification were performed by densitometric scanning at 275nm. The system was found to give well resolved bands for alcoholic extract having Rf values as 0.8 was matched with the standard Rf values like 0.82. The densitometric chromatogram of HPTLC fingerprint of the alcoholic extract, isolate and standard gallic acid was obtained. The calibration curve of gallic acid was linear over a concentration range (0.2- 2 microg/ml) with a good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.9986) and coefficient of variation as CV- 2.4663%. The method was validated for linearity, precision, specificity and it was found to be precise, reliable, and suitable. The proposed method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate. The method was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of gallic acid in the alcoholic extract of Eulophia ochreata Lindl.

Background and aims – The genus Eulophia (Orchidaceae) is revised for Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. The aims are: to present a morphological characterization of the main vegetative and reproductive features of Eulophia to clarify the delimitation of the taxa within the genus in the studied countries; to provide an updated identification key and an updated checklist of the genus with nomenclatural data, distribution maps, ecological information, and preliminary conservation status. This revision may serve as a basis for future studies of the genus in other regions of Africa.Material and methods – Relevant material kept in BM, BR, FHI, HBG, K, MA, P, and WAG was examined, using standard practices of herbarium taxonomy. Vegetative and reproductive structures were analysed. MapMaker was used to produce the distribution maps.Key results – A total of 24 species are recognised in the study area. The variability of perennating organs, leaves, sepals and petals, lip (including ornamentation), spur, and anther cap are described and depicted, and were found to be informative for species recognition. A taxonomic treatment is given with an identification key, synonymy, distribution maps, preliminary conservation status, and specimen citations. Eulophia galeoloides is neotypified, E. brevipetala, E. leonensis, E. penduliflora, and Lissochilus elatus are lectotypified. According to our study, we consider E. parvula a synonym of E. pyrophila. E. sordida is considered as a doubtful species in the study area.

The primary objective of the study was to investigate the mucoadhesion and gelling behaviour of mucilage isolated from the tubers of Eulophia herbacea (Orchidaceae), and to search the possibility o...

Eulophia macrobulbon (E.C.Parish & Rchb.f.) Hook.f. contains a natural PDE5A1 inhibitor, phenanthrene, 1-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-4,8- dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,7-diol (HDP), a potential agent for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The aim of this study was to improve the extraction efficiency of HDP from E. macrobulbon by using a more environmentally friendly extraction method, subcritical liquid dimethyl ether extraction (sDME), instead of classical solvent extraction (CSE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The efficiency and quality of the extracts obtained were evaluated using the following criteria: %process yield; solvent amount; extraction time; temperature; %HDP content by LC–MS, bioactivity as inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5A1 (PDE5A1) by radio-enzymatic assay; and chemical profiles by LC-QTOF-MS. sDME provided the highest content of HDP in the extract at 4.47%, much higher than the use of ethanol (0.4–0.5%), ethyl acetate (1.2–1.7%), or dichloromethane (0.7–1.4%). The process yield for sDME (1.5–2.7%) was similar to or lower than the other solvents (0.9–17%), but as long as the process yield is not prohibitively low, the concentration is a more important measure for clinical use. The optimal conditions for sDME extraction were: Extraction time, 40 min; 200% water as co-solvent; sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:8; temperature, 35 °C. Phenanthrene aglycone and glycoside derivatives were the major constituents of the sDME extracts and lesser amounts of phenolic compounds and sugars. The inhibition of PDE5A1 by sDME (IC50 0.67 ± 0.22 µg/ml) was tenfold more potent than ethanolic extract and other extraction methods, suggesting a high probability of clinical efficacy. Thus, sDME was a more efficient, faster, solvent-saving and environmentally friendly extraction method and more selective for phenanthrene when extracted from E. macrobulbon.

Eulophia bicolor described by Blume is an illegitimate name for a species that has generally been considered synonymous with E. nuda. The former should be recognized as a distinct species, as it differs in having different spur characteristics, a narrower column, and an anther cap with an elongated protuberance. It is here given a new name, E. lagaligo.

Eulophia furcata (Bosser & Morat) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Oeceoclades furcata Bosser & Morat, Adansonia, s��r. 3, 23: 14 (2001)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia angustifolia (Senghas) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Eulophidium angustifolium Senghas, Adansonia, n.s., 6: 557 (1966). Homotypic synonym: Oeceoclades angustifolia (Senghas) Garay & P.Taylor, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 24: 258 (1976). Heterotypic synonym: Eulophidium angustifolium subsp. diphyllum Senghas, Adansonia, n.s., 6: 561 (1967)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia peyrotii (Bosser & Morat) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Oeceoclades peyrotii Bosser & Morat, Adansonia, sér. 3, 23: 11 (2001).

Eulophia callmanderi (Bosser) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Oeceoclades callmanderi Bosser, Adansonia, s��r. 3, 28: 46 (2006)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia eulophioides (Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Geodorum eulophioides Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 70 (1921).

Eulophia duperreana (Pierre) M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Geodorum duperreanum Pierre, Rev. Hort. (Paris) 54: 501 (1882).

Eulophia splendida (Koop. & P.J.Cribb) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Oeceoclades splendida Koop. & P.J.Cribb, Orchid Digest 80: 41 (2019)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia elisabethae (Linden & Rolfe) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Eulophiella elisabethae Linden & Rolfe, Lindenia 7: t. 325 (1891). Heterotypic synonym: Eulophiella perrieri Schltr., Orchis 14: 27 (1920)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia bolusii (Rolfe) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Acrolophia bolusii Rolfe, Orchid Rev. 19: 198 (1911).

Eulophia rauhii (Senghas) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Eulophidium rauhii Senghas, Orchidee (Hamburg) 24: 61 (1973). Homotypic synonym: Oeceoclades rauhii (Senghas) Garay & P.Taylor, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 24: 270 (1976)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia hebdingiana (Guillaumin) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Lissochilus hebdingianus Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., s��r. 2, 35: 521 (1964). Homotypic synonym: Oeceoclades hebdingiana (Guillaumin) Garay & P.Taylor, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 24: 263 (1976)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia recurva (Roxb.) M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Limodorum recurvum Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1: t. 39 (1795). Homotypic synonym: Geodorum recurvum (Roxb.) Alston in H.Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (Suppl.): 276 (1931). Heterotypic synonyms: Geodorum dilatatum R.Br. in W.T.Aiton, Hortus Kew. 5: 207 (1813). Geodorum regnieri Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., s��r. 2, 4: 712 (1932)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia attenuata (Griff.), M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Geodorum attenuatum Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 358 (1845). Heterotypic synonyms: Geodorum pulchellum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50: 138 (1908). Geodorum cochinchinense Gagnep., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., s��r. 2, 4: 711 (1932)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

Eulophia zanzibarica (Summerh.) M.W.Chase & Schuit., comb. nov. Basionym: Eulophidium zanzibaricum Summerh., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 417 (1927). Homotypic synonym: Oeceoclades zanzibarica (Summerh.) Garay & P.Taylor, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 24: 273 (1976)., Published as part of Chase, Mark W., Schuiteman, Andr�� & Kumar, Pankaj, 2021, Expansion of the orchid genus Eulophia (Eulophiinae; Epidendroideae) to include Acrolophia, Cymbidiella, Eulophiella, Geodorum, Oeceoclades and Paralophia, pp. 47-56 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5753985

This chapter highlights some of the most important discussions on the ecological significances and conservation needs of the threatened species of plants in Bhutan that prioritizes 13 critically endangered, 20 endangered, and 15 vulnerable and the under-represented or lesser known bryophytes and the timber species of Bhutan. As assessed in the previous chapter, a total of 35 vascular plants species were either critically endangered or endangered with extinction that warrant immediate conservation actions, comprising ten species in Orchidaceae, three species in Asclepiadaceae, two species in Papaveraceae, two species in Rosaceae, two species in Scrophulariaceae, and one species each in the following families: Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Schisandraceae, Actinidiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Boraginaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Hypericaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Solanaceae, Taxaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and Valerianaceae. A monolytic species Brugmansia suaveolens (an herb) also known as Datura suaveolens under the family Solanaceae is considered extinct as discussed earlier; and the extinction of such species appears to be driven by low genetic diversity (Spielman D, Brook BW, Frankham R. Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(42): 15261–15264, 2004). However, there are reports from India that some species that were considered possibly extinct actually re-emerged in different locations, even after some 80 years of the plant having been presumed extinct (Yadav SR, Chandore AN, Nimbalkar MS, Gurav RV. Reintroduction of Hubbardia heptaneuron Bor, a critically endangered endemic grass in Western Ghats. Curr Sci 96(7): 879–880, 2009). Such records certainly provide possibilities of re-emergence of the one extinct orchid species Eulophia stenopetala Lindl and the other narcotic species (extinct in wild) normally used as ornamental plant Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl. The extinct orchid species used to be found in the dry hills of Thinleygang area in Punakha District at 1800 m elevation used to be flowering in May (Pearce NR, Cribb PJ. The orchids of Bhutan: flora of Bhutan volume 3 part 3. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan, Edinburgh and Thimphu, p 57, 2002), while the species that is extinct in wild, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, used to be located in southern Bhutan at low elevation and subtropical climate, previously spotted in Samchi District Chipuwa Khola) and Sarbhang District in Surey village of Geylegphu area (Grierson AJC, David Long DG. Flora of Bhutan volume 2, part 3. RBGE and RBG, Edinburgh and Thimphu, p 1068, 2001).