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This study aims to delineate the synthesis of eugenol derivatives, starting with hydroxyl group protection and then the subsequent oxidation stages. Initially, eugenol underwent conversion into acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol during the protection phase. Subsequently, a kinetic oxidation of acetyleugenol with KMnO4 via GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of four compounds. The kinetic investigation indicated the primary formation of diolacetyleugenol, succeeded by aldehyde eugenol, which further gets converted into its respective carboxylic acid. Additionally, acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol underwent oxidation with CrO3 , yielding the corresponding carboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to delineate the synthesis of eugenol derivatives, starting with hydroxyl group protection and then the subsequent oxidation stages. Initially, eugenol underwent conversion into acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol during the protection phase. Subsequently, a kinetic oxidation of acetyleugenol with KMnO4 via GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of four compounds. The kinetic investigation indicated the primary formation of diolacetyleugenol, succeeded by aldehyde eugenol, which further gets converted into its respective carboxylic acid. Additionally, acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol underwent oxidation with CrO3 , yielding the corresponding carboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer‐related morbidity and mortality among women globally. It arises from the abnormal proliferation of cells within breast tissue and can manifest in several subtypes, classified by the expression of hormone receptors. The main objective of this work is to assess the effect of solvent on 2‐methoxy‐4‐allylphenol's (2M4AP) in quantum chemical calculations and ability of 2M4AP to bind with the proteins associated with breast cancer. The non‐toxic nature of 2M4AP was initially validated through drug‐likeness studies and it complies with Lipinski's criteria. The optimization of 2M4AP structure was carried out in gas and liquid phase in DFT technique with B3LYP/6‐311++G (d, p) level. Then the electronic spectrum was calculated in TD‐DFT technique and the transition was determined to be n → σ*. The steadiness, charge dispersal and electronic properties were assessed and the band energy value was calculated to be 5.58 eV (gas) and 5.64 eV (liquid), exhibiting a stable confirmation of 2M4AP structure. Topological characteristics exhibited the intermolecular connections of 2M4AP along with electronic features. From the simulated results, the effect of solvent (water) in 2M4AP was very minimal and the structure is stable in both gas and liquid phase. Further, the docking studies, 2M4AP exhibited highest binding score of −7.3 kcal/mol with progesterone receptor, confirming the better ability of 2M4AP to react in hormone‐positive breast cancer. The Ramachandran plot confirms the stability of interacted amino acids with the ligand molecule. Thus, 2M4AP can be considered as a potent candidate for treatment of breast cancer after clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study developed and validated a robust reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for a simultaneous estimation of Diltiazem HCl and Eugenol in nanoethosomes using analytical quality by design (AQbD) principles. The optimized method utilized a mobile phase of methanol and 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid (OPA) in a 50:50 % v/v ratio, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and isocratic elution on a Phenomenex Luna C‐18 column (5 µm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm) at 30°C. This setup resulted in retention times of 6.838 min for Diltiazem HCl and 23.135 min for Eugenol. Validation followed International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9982 for Diltiazem HCl and 0.9991 for Eugenol across the 5–25 µg/mL range. The limits of detection (LOD) were 1.341 µg/mL for Diltiazem HCl and 0.960 µg/mL for Eugenol, with limits of quantification (LOQ) at 4.065 and 2.912 µg/mL, respectively. Stability testing under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions adhered to ICH Q1A (R2) and Q1B guidelines. This AQbD‐based method is effective for routine analysis of Diltiazem HCl and Eugenol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, fully complying with ICH standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of molybdenum carbide catalysts by another transition metal has raised an increasing research interest due to the significant improvement of catalyst activity in hydrodeoxygenation of lignin derivatives. At par with the commonly used Co and Ni that add a strong hydrogenation functionality, it was found that the addition of the more oxophilic W restricts ring hydrogenation while allowing the deoxygenation of oxygenated compounds and thus yielding higher selectivity toward the formation of non‐oxygenated aromatic compounds. The coexistence of Mo2C with W2C along with metallic W altered the electronic properties of Mo2C which resulted in an increase of catalyst active site density and facilitated further total eugenol deoxygenation. Propyl‐benzene selectivity of up to 83 % was reached at close to 100 % eugenol conversion. These findings will allow a better overview of the effect of different metal phases of mixed carbides on the catalyst performance and raise the prospect of optimizing catalyst design for a hydrodeoxygenation processing of lignin depolymerization products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) has a wide host range. It has been the most important quarantine pest in many countries or regions. Currently, chemical control and bait trapping are mainly used in the monitoring, prevention, and control of B. dorsalis. However, chemical control will cause pollution of the environment and drug resistance of insects. Methyl eugenol, the main attractant currently used, can only attract males of B. dorsalis. Methods: This study focused on the attractant function and active substances of one key intestinal bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae, which was isolated from B. dorsalis. Results: First, the attraction of the E. cloacae autoclaved supernatant to male and female adults of 0, 6, and 15 days post-emergence was confirmed using a Y-type olfactometer. Subsequently, through metabolome sequencing and bioassays, L-prolinamide was identified and confirmed as the most effective attractant for B. dorsalis. Finally, the synergistic effect of L-prolinamide with the sex attractant ME was validated through field experiments. This study confirmed the attraction effect of E. cloacae on B. dorsalis and also proved the attraction effect of L-prolinamide, the metabolite of E. cloacae, on B. dorsalis. This laid a theoretical foundation for the development of a new attractant and safe, green, and efficient prevention and control technology of B. dorsalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenol-containing oligoorganosilsesquioxanes were synthesized by the method of hydrolytic polycondensation in an active medium under various reaction conditions. The obtained products were characterized by 29Si NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. It was shown that factors such as the reaction temperature, polycondensation duration, and molar ratio between the initial alkoxysilane monomer and acetic acid may affect the molecular weight characteristics and molecular structure of the formed oligomer, like the content of stressed cyclic units (T3, DTT, TDT) and unstressed silsesquioxane units TnDm. In particular, an increase in the ratio of the initial reagents led to an increase in the content of silsesquioxane Tn fragments from 28.2%mol to 41.7%mol, while the number of strained cyclic structures decreased by more than two times. An increase in the synthesis time is of no particular practical value since it was found that the composition of the oligomers synthesized for 6 h and 12 h was practically identical, as was that of the oligomers synthesized for 24 h and 48 h. A noticeable transition in the oligomer composition was observed only when the synthesis time was changed from 12 h to 24 h. Finally, it was shown that the choice of synthesis temperature had the strongest effect on the oligomer composition. The oligomer synthesized at 95 °C contained the highest amount of silsesquioxane Tn fragments, >77%mol, while a Tn fragment content of ~42%mol was observed during the synthesis at 117 °C. It was shown that silsesquioxanes are devitrified at room temperature (Tg from −6.4 to −10.6 °C), and their thermal stability in an inert atmosphere is 300 °C. The synthesized oligomers, due to the presence of hydroxyl-containing eugenol units, may be promising binders and additives for functional epoxy–silicone paints and coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a promising technology for increasing the shelf life of food, with minimal effects on the nutritional or sensory quality. However, there has been a concern that high-oil-content foods may protect food pathogens in HPP, and that HPP can affect the quality of lipids. We inoculated Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium into 34% and 54% oil-content pesto sauce, processed them either with HPP (600 MPa, 4 min) or thermal processing (82 °C, 5 min), and analyzed bacteria counts, pH, GC-MS (Terpene compounds), the time–kill kinetic study, and lipid oxidation value for 60 days in refrigerating storage (5 ± 2 °C). Our findings show that HPP significantly reduced the number of bacteria (more than 4-log) compared to thermal processing or non-processing. Additionally, we discovered terpene compounds (highest-level terpene: L-linalool, eugenol, and 1,8-cineol) in pesto oil that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Different oil content did not have any significant effect on bacteria levels. Regarding chemical results, all samples were of acceptable quality, and the processes did not show any negative effect on lipid oxidation (Peroxide and P-Anisidine value under 10 meq per kilogram of oil). In conclusion, our study indicates that HPP is a suitable method for high-oil-content pesto sauce. In addition, functional compounds naturally present in pesto may contribute to maintaining its microbial and chemical quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destruction of various structural materials and products in aggressive atmospheric conditions demands for the development of more resistant and improved oligomers and polymers for adhesive coatings with barrier properties, which could prevent corrosion and rapid aging of metals and polymers. In this article, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel polysilsesquioxane containing a covalently bonded eugenol, being a corrosion inhibitor of natural origin. The research demonstrates the synthesis of a monomer from eugenol and MPTMS by the UV‐initiated thiol‐ene reaction. Polysilsesquioxanes were synthesized by hydrolytic and acidohydrolytic polycondensation methods. The 29Si NMR spectroscopy shows the difference in the chemical structures of the obtained products. The synthesized polysilsesquioxanes have a glass transition temperature of −6.5 °C and −7.2 °C for hydrolytic and acidohydrolytic polycondensation, respectively. At the same time, rheokinetics shows a significant difference in the curing of polysilsesquioxanes obtained by two different methods in the temperature range of 150–190 °C. So, it was shown that the product obtained by acidohydrolytic polycondensation exhibited much lower ability for the formation of cross‐linked networks. The product, obtained by hydrolytic polycondensation, exhibited good coating performance, and the obtained coatings showed high anticorrosive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this in-vitro study was to explore the pro-apoptotic potential of eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) on Human Leukemia-60 (HL-60) cell line as a potent phytochemical in intensive care setting to leukemia patients. Methodology: After formal approval by all of the respective ethical committees, this study was simultaneously conducted at all respective institutional departments. The study included culturing HL-60 cell line and its treatment with serial concentrations of eugenol for calculation of subsequent IC50 values (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) via MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay, expression analysis of gene, comparative analysis of relative gene fold (Intrinsic Biomarkers Caspase-3, Caspase-9) as apoptosis mediator markers followed by RT-qPCR. Cellular apoptotic morphology was confirmed via Hoechst 333258 staining. Results: For HL-60 cell line, the IC50 of eugenol (14.1 uM) showed high gene expression of pro-apoptotic biomarkers (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Hoechst 333258 staining showed prominent apoptotic bodies leading to nuclear fragmentations. Conclusion: Eugenol proved to possess robust pro-apoptotic potential leading to diagnostic efficacy against leukemia HL-60 cell line. Further studies would help in identifying key mechanisms by which eugenol exhibits anti-cancer potential against HL-60 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eugenol is a colourless or yellowish compound whose presence in clove essential oil surpasses the 75% of its composition. This phenylpropanoid, widely used as an antiseptic, anaesthetic and antioxidant, can be extracted by steam distillation from the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.). Due to its chemical instability in presence of light and air, it should be protected when developing a formulation to avoid or minimise its degradation. Methods: A promising approach would be encapsulation by spray drying, using natural coating products such as maltodextrin, gum arabic, and soy lecithin. To do so, a factorial design was carried out to evaluate the effect of five variables at two levels (inlet temperature, aspirator and flow rate, method of homogenisation of the emulsion and its eugenol:polymers ratio). Studied outcomes were yield and outlet temperature of the spray drying process, eugenol encapsulation efficiency, and particle size expressed as d(0.9). Results: The best three formulations were prepared by using a lower amount of eugenol than polymers (1:2 ratio), homogenised by Ultra-Turrax®, and pumped to the spray dryer at 35 m3/h. Inlet temperature and flow rate varied in the top three formulations, but their values in the best formulation (DF22) were 130 °C and 4.5 mL/min. These microcapsules encapsulated between 47.37% and 65.69% of eugenol and were spray-dried achieving more than a 57.20% of product recovery. Their size, ranged from 22.40 μm to 55.60 μm. Conclusions: Overall, the whole spray drying process was optimised, and biodegradable stable polymeric microcapsules containing eugenol were successfully prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Eugenol is the main antioxidant and antimicrobial component of essential oils, however, its volatility and water solubility limit its application. In this study, eugenol liposomes (Eug‐Lip) by the ethanol injection method. The average particle size of Eug‐Lip was measured to be between 40 and 70 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.2934, a potential between −30 and −60 mV, and an encapsulation rate of 87.12%. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based nanofiber membrane (Eug‐Lip‐NF) was prepared by the electrostatic spinning technique. This not only improved the water solubility and stability of eugenol, but also extended its release time and preserved its biological activity. The high‐voltage electric field facilitates the retention of the antioxidant ability of the membrane, as well as the inhibition of both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These results indicate that the combination of liposome and electrostatic spinning technology provides feasibility and promise for eugenol in food and medicine fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel bio-composite material that allow sustained release of plant derived antimicrobial compound was developed for the biomedical applications to prevent the infections caused by microorganisms resistant to commercial antimicrobials agents. With this aim, bacterial cellulose (BC)-p(HEMA) nanocomposite film that imprinted with eugenol (EU) via metal chelated monomer, MAH was prepared. Firstly, characterization studies were utilized by FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. Then antimicrobial assays, drug release studies and in vitro cytotoxicity test were performed. A significant antimicrobial effect against both Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (-) Escherichia coli bacteria and a yeast Candida albicans were observed even in low exposure time periods. When antimicrobial effect of EU compared with commercially used agents, both antifungal and antibacterial activity of EU were found to be higher. Then, sustained drug release studies showed that approximately 55% of EU was released up to 50 h. This result proved the achievement of the molecular imprinting for an immobilization of molecules that desired to release on an area in a long-time interval. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity experiment performed with the mouse L929 cell line determined that the synthesized EU-imprinted BC nanocomposite was biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In polymer materials technology, replacing synthetic stabilizers with natural antioxidants is a current and developing issue. Cloves have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which is why they are often used in medicine and in gastronomy. Eugenol – the main component of clove oil, is also a strong antioxidant. The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the anti-aging effects of eugenol and cloves in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) compositions. The 2,2′-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and CUPric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) tests showed the ability of plant materials to reduce free radicals, as well as iron and copper ions. ENR compositions with additives were characterized by a longer oxidation induction time (OIT). The samples after solar aging showed better resistance to elevated temperature and solar radiation, as evidenced by aging coefficients (K) calculated on the basis of mechanical properties and carbonyl indexes of samples with eugenol and cloves. Cloves and eugenol can be successfully used as natural stabilizers in elastomeric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ mucoadhesive gel provides the drug release at a controlled rate for prolong period of time directly to the target site which reduces side effects, thus improving patient compliance. The main advantages of the implants of formation in situ are as follows: they can easily be injected into periodontal pockets, harden to form a solid implant with customized geometry, the time-controlled release of drugs and no need to remove the empty remnants. For the formulation of Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion in-situ Mucoadhesive gel poloxamer-407 was used as thermo reversible agent and surfactant for nanoemulsion while carbopol-934 was used as mucoadhesive and pH sensitive agent. Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion in-situ Mucoadhesive gel were prepared and evaluated for zeta potential, globule size, size distribution, viscosity, syringeability, gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro release study. Batch F3 showed good in vitro drug release and also shown good result for all parameters when compared with all other formulations. Hence, Batch F3 was considered as the optimized formulations. Batch F3 was subjected for four different models viz. Zero order, First order, Higuchi matrix and Peppas model equations and the formulations best fit in to the Peppas model by giving the value of diffusion exponent (n) 1.596 for curcumin and 1.592 for Eugenol respectively, that indicate the formulation had release the drug by case II transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ mucoadhesive gel provides the drug release at a controlled rate for prolong period of time directly to the target site which reduces side effects, thus improving patient compliance. The main advantages of the implants of formation in situ are as follows: they can easily be injected into periodontal pockets, harden to form a solid implant with customized geometry, the time-controlled release of drugs and no need to remove the empty remnants. For the formulation of Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel poloxamer-407 was used as thermo reversible agent and surfactant for nanoemulsion while carbopol-934 was used as mucoadhesive and pH sensitive agent. Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel were prepared and evaluated for zeta potential, globule size, size distribution, viscosity, syringeability, gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro release study. Batch F3 showed good in vitro drug release and also shown good result for all parameters when compared with all other formulations. Hence Batch F3 was considered as the optimized formulations. Batch F3 was subjected for four different models viz. Zero order, First order, Higuchi matrix and Peppas model equations and the formulations best fit in to the Peppas model by giving the value of diffusion exponent (n) 1.596 for curcumin and 1.592 for Eugenol respectively, that indicate the formulation had release the drug by case II transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing need to develop alternative antimicrobials to replace currently used antibiotics. Phytochemicals, such as essential oils, have garnered significant attention in recent years as potential antimicrobials. However, the mechanisms underlying their bactericidal activities are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the bactericidal activity of eugenol oil against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) to elucidate its mechanism of action. We hypothesized that eugenol exerts its bactericidal effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately leads to cell death. The result of this study demonstrated that the bactericidal activity of eugenol against S. Typhimurium was significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated by thiourea (ROS scavenger) or iron chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl, supporting the hypothesis. This finding contributes to a better understanding of the killing mechanism by eugenol oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain species of true fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) cause tremendous damage to commercially important fruits and vegetables, and many countries operate continuous trapping programs which rely on male-specific lures such as trimedlure (TML), methyl eugenol (ME), and cue-lure (CL). Traditionally, these attractants have been applied as liquids to cotton wicks inside traps, although this results in high evaporative loss of the lure. Slow-release, polymeric plugs have been widely adopted for TML, but such devices are not widely used for ME or CL. Recent data, however, suggest that ME and CL plugs may be attractive for as long as 12 wk in the field. The present study investigates whether ME and CL plugs weathered for 18 or 24 wk are effective in capturing males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. For B. dorsalis , 6 g ME plugs were as effective as the control treatment (fresh liquid on a wick) after 12 wk of weathering but not after 18 or 24 wk. For Z. cucurbitae , 3 g CL plugs were as effective as the control treatment (fresh CL plugs) after 12 and 18 wk of weathering but not after 24 wk. The residual content and release rate of the 2 lures were also measured over time, but, with the exception of the residual content of ME, we did not find a direct correlation between these parameters and numbers of flies captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for cancer. At present, the development of photosensitizers has become a hot spot for research at home and abroad. In this study, 20 porphyrin‐butylphenol compounds were synthesized, and the structures of the target compounds were analyzed by means of 1H NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and other analytical methods. The quantum yield of the target compound as a photosensitizer for the production of singlet oxygen was determined by using a DPBF reactive oxygen probe (1,3‐diphenylisobenzofuran). The anticancer activity of the synthesized target compounds was studied using HepG2 cells and A549 cells. The results of the singlet oxygen experiments showed that the Zn metal chelated compound had better singlet oxygen production than the free‐base porphyrin. The cellular activity assays showed that the metal‐chelated compounds exhibited better in vitro antitumor activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background • Acute pulpitis poses a significant clinical challenge. Traditional root canal treatment has been a standard approach, and the incorporation of adjunctive therapies, such as eugenol cement, presents a potential avenue for enhanced efficacy and reduced complications. Objective • This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of root canal treatment combined with eugenol cement for acute pulpitis and its impact on inflammatory factor levels. Design • The study employed a parallel, randomized, controlled, experimental design. Setting • The research was conducted at Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital. Participants • A total of 92 patients diagnosed with acute pulpitis and seeking treatment at our hospital between August 2020 and November 2021 were included in the study. Interventions • Participants were randomly assigned to two groups with 46 patients in each group: the control group receiving traditional root canal treatment and the experimental group receiving root canal treatment combined with eugenol cement. Primary Outcome Measures • The primary outcomes assessed included (1) treatment efficiency, (2) masticatory function, (3) complications, and levels of inflammatory factors. Results • In the study, root canal treatment combined with eugenol cement showed superior efficacy (95.7% vs. 76.1%, P < .05) compared to root canal treatment alone. After one month, both groups exhibited reduced bleeding and gingival indices, with a more significant reduction in the experimental group (P < .05). The combined treatment significantly improved masticatory efficiency and occlusal strength (P < .05). The experimental group had a lower complication rate (6.5% vs. 26.1%, P < .05) and reduced inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, LTB4) compared to the control group (P < .05). Conclusions • Root canal treatment plus eugenol cement enhances masticatory function, reduces complications and inflammatory response in patients with acute pulpitis, alleviates dental pain and looseness, and mitigates inflammatory responses with fewer adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present an elegant and simple method for significant improvement of eugenol water solubility using the polymers Soluplus® and Lutrol F 127 as carriers and spray drying as an encapsulation method. The formulations were optimized by adding myo-inositol—a sweetening agent—and Aerosil® 200 (colloidal, fumed silica)—an anticaking agent. The highest encapsulation efficiency of 97.9–98.2% was found for the samples containing 5% eugenol with respect to the mass of Soluplus®. The encapsulation efficiencies of the spray-dried samples with 15% eugenol are around 90%. Although lowering the yield, the addition of Lutrol F 127 results in a more regular particle shape and enhanced powder flowability. The presence of Aerosil® 200 and myo-inositol also improves the rheological powder properties. The obtained formulations can be used in various dosage forms like powders, granules, capsules, creams, and gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pancreatic cancer is a challenging disease with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. This study aims to investigate whether eugenol, the main component of clove oil, can enhance the effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Eugenol is known for its anticancer properties, and we aim to determine if it can increase the expression of death receptors to reduce TRAIL resistance. By exploring the combination of eugenol and TRAIL, we seek to understand how effective this approach is in inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. The findings could offer a new strategy for treating pancreatic cancer and provide significant insights into therapeutic approaches for this aggressive disease within the research community. Pancreatic cancer is a refractory cancer with limited treatment options. Various cancer types are resistant to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Eugenol, the main component of clove oil, exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, no studies have reported that eugenol increases TRAIL sensitivity by upregulating death receptor (DR) expression. Here, we aimed to investigate eugenol as a potent TRAIL sensitizer. Increased apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in pancreatic cancer cells treated with eugenol and TRAIL compared with those treated with eugenol alone. Eugenol upregulated the expression of DR5, inhibited the FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an anti-apoptotic protein, and increased p53, a tumor suppressor protein. In addition, eugenol induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) knockdown using siRNA decreased the expression of DR5 and reduced the combined effects of eugenol and TRAIL. These results demonstrate that eugenol enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating DR5 through the ROS-mediated ER stress–CHOP pathway, which enhances ER stress by inducing p53 and downregulating FLIP expression. This suggests that eugenol has the potential to treat pancreatic cancer by increasing cell sensitivity to TRAIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chronic microbial infection that is mediated by the host's immune system is the cause of periodontal disease. As the world's population grows, phytotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that makes use of a renewable resource that can provide less costly medicines. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of eugenol administration on periodontitis by examining the effects of eugenol at different doses biochemically, histopathologically, and radiologically in rats with experimental periodontitis. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: 1. the healthy control group (CG), 2. The experimental periodontitis group (PG), 3. The experimental periodontitis+10 mg/kg eugenol group (EG10), and 4. the experimental periodontitis+20 mg/kg eugenol group (EG20). Alveolar bone loss was measured using micro-CT imaging. The TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, asprosin, and apelin levels were analyzed in the serum samples of rats. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The data were analyzed statistically. The serum TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, asprosin, and apelin levels were found to be statistically significantly lower in the eugenol-applied groups (EG10 and EG20) than in the PG (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, asprosin, and apelin levels between the EG10 and EG20 (p < 0.05). In the measurements made using micro-CT imaging, alveolar bone loss was found to be at the lowest FR1 level, and in histopathological analysis, the least inflammation was observed in the EG20. It was concluded that the application of 20 mg/kg eugenol in rats with experimental periodontitis was a safe dose, was beneficial in alleviating bone loss, and had a positive effect on the healing process. [Display omitted] • Eugenol reduced TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, asprosin and apelin levels. • Histologically, it was found that eugenol decreased inflammation in periodontitis. • Eugenol was observed to improve alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for shigellosis and bacterial dysentery. Despite using various synthetic antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, their efficacy is limited, prompting concerns over antibiotic resistance and associated health risks. This study investigated eugenol, a polyphenol with inherent antioxidant and antibacterial properties, as a potential alternative treatment. We aimed to evaluate eugenol’s antibacterial effects and mechanisms of action against S. flexneri and its impact on biofilm formation. We observed significant growth suppression of S. flexneri with eugenol concentrations of 8–10 mM (98.29%). Quantitative analysis using the Crystal Violet assay demonstrated a marked reduction in biofilm formation at 10 mM (97.01 %). Assessment of Cell Viability and morphology via Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed these findings. Additionally, qPCR analysis revealed the downregulation of key genes responsible for adhesion (yebL), quorum sensing (rcsC, sdiA), and EPS production (s0482) associated with bacterial growth and biofilm formation. The present study suggests eugenol could offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics for treating shigellosis caused by S. flexneri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenol, as a natural antibacterial agent, has been widely studied for its inhibitory effect on the common food-borne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). However, the widespread application of eugenol is still limited by its instability and volatility. Herein, γ-polyglutamic acid coated eugenol cationic liposomes (pGA-ECLPs) were successfully constructed by self-assembly with an average particle size of 170.7 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 36.2%. The formation of pGA shell significantly improved the stability of liposomes, and the encapsulation efficiency of eugenol only decreased by 20.7% after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. On the other hand, the pGA layer can be hydrolyzed by S. aureus, achieving effective control of release through response to bacterial stimuli. The application experiments further confirmed that pGA-ECLPs effectively prolonged the antibacterial effect of eugenol in fresh chicken without causing obvious sensory effects on the food. The above results of this study provide an important reference for extending the action time of natural antibacterial substances and developing new stimuli-responsive antibacterial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the influence of the thickness of oak alternatives on the composition and quality of red wines. A red wine was aged in control conditions and also in contact with oak chips, and with thin and thick oak staves for 12 months. As expected, all the wines aged in contact with all the oak alternatives were enriched in total polyphenols and had a higher colour intensity. In addition, the contact with all the oak alternatives enriched the wine in furfural and total furans, vanilla and total aldehydes and ketones, eugenol and total volatile phenols, and in β-methyl-γ-octalactones. However, the thickness of the oak alternative seems to play an important role in the composition and quality of the wine. Specifically, the wines aged in contact with the two types of staves had a more intense colour than the wine aged with oak chips, as well as a higher total phenolic index and higher eugenol concentration. Moreover, the β-methyl-γ-octalactones concentration was higher in the wine supplemented with thick staves. Finally, the wines supplemented with the two types of staves had a higher intensity of the spicy attribute than the wine aged with oak chips. The wine supplemented with thick staves had a higher intensity of candy/pastry, toasted, smoked, complexity, aromatic intensity, sweetness, structure, and persistence. Finally, the panel preferred the wine aged with thick staves followed by, in descending order, the wines aged with thin staves, oak chips, and the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental pulp inflammation, often initiated by Gram-negative microorganisms and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), can lead to pulpitis and, subsequently, dental pulp necrosis, compromising tooth structure and increasing susceptibility to fracture. Asiatic acid, derived from Centella asiatica, has demonstrated pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, making it a potential candidate for mitigating LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This in vivo study aims to investigate the impact of Asiatic acid on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in Rattus norvegicus with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Methods: This quasi-laboratory experimental in vivo study employed a post-test-only control group design to investigate the effects of Asiatic acid on LPS-induced pulp inflammation in Wistar rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups subjected to various interventions. LPS was administered to all groups for 6 h except the standard control group (CG, n = 5). The negative control group (NCG, n = 5) received only glass ionomer cement. The positive control group (PCG, n = 5) received Eugenol with glass ionomer cement. Intervention groups 1, 2, and 3 (IG1, IG2, IG3; n = 5 each) received Asiatic acid at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, with glass ionomer cement. Dental pulp inflammation was confirmed through immunological (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels), histopathological (inflammatory parameters), and physiological (pain assessment using the rat grimace scale) analyses. Additionally, Nrf2 levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Asiatic acid administration significantly influenced Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Nrf2 levels were significantly higher in groups treated with 0.5% (IG1) (8.810 ± 1.092 ng/mL; p = 0.047), 1.0% (IG2) (9.132 ± 1.285 ng/mL; p = 0.020), and 2.0% (IG3) (11.972 ± 1.888 ng/mL; p = 0.000) Asiatic acid compared to NCG (7.146 ± 0.706). Notably, Nrf2 levels were also significantly higher in the 2.0% Asiatic acid group (IG3) compared to the PCG treated with Eugenol (8.846 ± 0.888 ng/mL; p = 0.001), as well as IG1 (p = 0.001) and IG2 (p = 0.002). However, no significant difference was observed between administering 0.5% Asiatic acid (IG1), 1.0% Asiatic acid (IG2), and Eugenol (PCG). Conclusion: This research showed that Asiatic acid significantly impacted the Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This suggests that it has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for reducing dental pulp inflammation. These findings support the need to further explore Asiatic acid as a promising intervention for maintaining dental pulp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to chronic inflammation, elevated cyclooxygenase (COX-2) level leads to tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, suppression of COX-2 enzyme is a fascinating approach in cancer treatment. In the present study, natural product eugenol was modified to develop new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as antiCOX-2 and antiproliferative agents. The structures of newly prepared derivatives were established using sophisticated analytical techniques. The antiproliferative result showed compound 10 to be equipotent to doxorubicin towards MDA-MB 231 and PC-3 cancer cells with IC50 1.42 and 5.69 μM, respectively and potent COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 0.28 μM. Compound 10 was also non carcinogenic, non mutagenic with good drug likeness property as depicted by in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic studies. The docking results against COX-2 protein showed highest binding energy for compound 10 which was found to be in consistent with the cytoxicity and COX-2 results. In conclusion, compound 10 could harness COX-2 and cell proliferation and could be a promising candidate in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 210 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used to investigate the effect of butyric acids glycerides (BAG) and eugenol (EU) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites and bacteriological examination in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Dietary treatments consisted of 2 supplemental BAG levels (0 and 0.2%) and 3 EU levels (0, 500, and 1000 ppm) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with five replicates and six birds in each group. The treatment groups were as follows: 1) basal diet, negative control group (NC); 2) basal diet + C. perfringens, positive control group (PC); 3) PC + 0.2% butyric acid glycerides (BAG); 4) PC + 500 ppm of eugenol (EU500); 5) PC + 1000 ppm of eugenol (EU1000); 6) PC + 500 ppm of eugenol +0.2% butyric acid glycerides (EU500+BAG); 7) PC + 1000 ppm of eugenol +0.2% butyric acid glycerides (EU1000+BAG). The addition of EU1000 and EU1000+BAG in the diet of challenged chickens increased the body weight compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). Also, adding EU at 500 or 1000 ppm + 0.2% BAG in the diet significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of challenged birds compared to the NC and PC control groups. The lowest cholesterol was observed for the challenged groups that supplemented EU1000+BAG compared to NC and PC controls. Supplementation in the diet with high or low-level EU and 0.2% BAG increased the carcass weight compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). The Thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius weight in the PC group decreased compared to the NC birds (P < 0.05). Counts of the Lactobacillus subgroup were not affected by treatments, but C. perfringens in NC birds was higher compared to the PC group (P < 0.05). Generally, our results showed that adding 1000 ppm EU+0.2% BAG effectively controlled experimental Eimeria and C. perfringens coinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seseli yunnanense appertains to the Apiaceae family. S. yunnanense is known as an herbal remedy to treat several illnesses in Chinese traditional medicine. In this research, the essential oil (EO) of the aerial part of S. yunnanense (SYEO) was isolated by hydro-distillation apparatus. The chemical composition of the volatile oil was recognized using Gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detector and GC-Mass spectrometry methods. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and MTT assays were carried out to investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanoma cancer activity of the oil. The chromatography results showed SYEO was dominated by sesquiterpenes of α-bisabolol 40.19%, β-eudesmol 13.12%, and the phenolic compound eugenol 12.06%. SYEO scavenged the free radical of DPPH by IC50 of 454.66 ± 7.25 μg/mL. In the MTT assay, SYEO showed a dose depending on the viability of the melanoma cell lines of HMV-II, SK-ML-2, G-361, and HT144. The highest activity was obtained against the HMV-II cell line with IC50 of 116.82 ± 2.34 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity of SYEO was examined against HUVEC cell lines. The results exhibited the safety of EO for the human normal cells. The results showed the EO of S. yunnanense is a potent agent for treating melanoma cancer.

Abstract This paper focuses on the reactive extraction of levulinic acid (LA) from aqueous solution by reactive extraction. This goal is achieved using eugenol, a green alternative in the industry, as a solvent in the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) measurements for the ternary system of LA + Eugenol + H2O and quaternary systems of LA + Eugenol/ Methanol (MeOH) + H2O + Tri-n-octylamine (TOA) at T = 293.15 K. Additionally, the distribution coefficients (K D) were calculated for LA using the two diluents. Also, the ability of different diluents with TOA, in the extraction of LA were compared. The distribution coefficient of eugenol with TOA (K D = 9.44) is compared with other organic diluents which indicated that eugenol is a suitable option. MeOH, being the shortest chain alcohol, also turned out to be a diluent that could be utilized for extraction of LA with TOA. Furthermore, the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) excess Gibbs energy model was applied to correlate the measured phase equilibria. The obtained parameters were further validated using a decanter model.

Context: Breast cancer therapy currently presents several uncomfortable side effects in patients, including effects on non-malignant tissues, recurrence, and resistance, which restrict their utilization. Consequently, researchers have directed their attention toward studying plant-derived anticancer compounds that exhibit high efficacy and safety profiles. Eugenol, a major component found in clove plants, demonstrates promising potential as a therapeutic agent for both estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Aims: To predict the target of eugenol in estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis was performed using the Chemical Toxigenomic Database, STITCH, GeneCards, Cytoscape, Enrichr, and Stringdb. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed using protein targets obtained from the RCSB-PDB and analyzed using AutoDock software. Results: Network pharmacology study and molecular docking revealed the anticancer effect of eugenol against breast cancer estrogen receptor–positive, especially in cancer and apoptotic pathways, by acting on caspase-3 (CASP3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) signaling pathways. The docking results between the protein targets and eugenol showed that eugenol has the strongest binding with CASP3 (ligand binding energy: -5.78 kcal/mol), followed by eugenol binding with EGFR (ligand binding energy: -5.58 kcal/mol), and eugenol binding with PARP1 (ligand binding energy: -5.58 kcal/mol). Conclusions: Eugenol is a potential candidate for breast cancer therapy, especially for apoptosis mediated by CASP3 in breast cancer luminal A.

ABSTRACTVisual impairment associated with uveitis is among the potential complications in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Bioinformatics analyses have shown that some hub genes are closely associated with the molecular mechanisms underlying uveitis in EAE. This study evaluated whether 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol) can mitigate the pathogenesis of uveitis in EAE through the interruption of key uveitogenic gene expression. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 (MOG) peptide-immunized C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with eugenol. The eyeballs and spinal cords of EAE mice with or without eugenol treatment were collected simultaneously and immunohistochemical and molecular biological analyses were conducted. Eugenol treatment significantly ameliorated hindlimb paralysis. Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunohistochemistry showed that the inflammatory response was significantly reduced in the uvea of eugenol-treated EAE mice compared with vehicle-treated controls. Eugenol also significantly reduced the expression of key uveitogenic genes including C1qb and Tyrobp. The suppressive effect of eugenol on inflammation was also observed in the spinal cord, as determined by the suppression of Iba-1-positive microglial cells. Together, these results suggest that the ameliorative effect of eugenol against EAE uveitis is associated with the suppression of key proinflammatory genes, which may represent targets for the treatment of uveitis.

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Introduction: Candida albicans (C. albicans) has a virulence factor, like biofilm formation. Biofilm is a three-dimensional structure that plays a role in antimicrobial resistance, thus requiring antibiofilm agents to address this problem. One of them is Clove leaf (S. aromaticum). S. aromaticum has active phytochemicals (eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and others) that can inhibit biofilm formation in microorganisms, including fungi. This study aimed to prove the effect and to find a concentration of Clove leaf essential oil that affects the biofilm formation of C. albicans isolate. Methods: This study used a microtiter plate with a two-fold dilution technique. The tested concentrations were 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.5625%. The positive control was 200 µL of C. albicans biofilm suspension, and the negative control was 200 µL of tryptic soy broth media, and all were repeated four times. The biofilm was observed using crystal violet and evaluated using optical density. The data was analyzed statistically using the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, with a p0.05, The Kruskal-Wallis’s test was significant, and the Mann-Whitney test was not significant between test groups and positive control. Conclusion: Clove leaf essential oil has inhibitory effects on C. albicans biofilm isolates. However, statistically, there was no significant difference between the test groups and the positive control.

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of eugenol against Fusarium solani(F.solani)-induced fungal keratitis(FK)in mice and to preliminarily explore possible underlying mechanisms.METHODS: A modified epifluorescence microscopy method was used to prepare the FK mouse model. An equal amount of DMSO(0.05%)was applied to the conjunctiva of the right eye of rats in the dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)group. The eugenol group was prepared by applying eugenol(160 μg/mL)to the conjunctival sac of the right eye of mice. The insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)group was coated with the PI3K/AKT pathway activator IGF-1(10 nmol/mL)in the conjunctival sac of the right eye in addition to the administration of eugenol. The corneal morphology was observed under a slit-lamp microscope on days 1, 3, and 5 of inoculation with F.solani suspension, respectively. Hematoxylin eosin(HE)staining was used to assess corneal histopathological damage. The bacterial load of corneal tissue was determined. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot were used to analyze the levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and the expression of PI3K/AKT pathway proteins.RESULTS: Eugenol treatment improved the morphological symptoms of keratitis and inflammatory response in FK mice, and reduced corneal pathologic tissue damage and fungal load. At 3 d after F.solani infection, corneal tissue IL-6 levels were significantly higher and IL-1β levels were significantly lower in the eugenol group compared with the DMSO group(both P

The bromination of eugenol using molecular bromine (Br2) has been widely reported. However, the outcomes have been inconsistent, and as a result, the specific steps of the bromination process have not been definitively established. This research aims to synthesize various derivatives of bromo eugenol, incorporating bromine atoms either in the alkene group, the aromatic ring, or both. The synthetic approaches employed include: (1) direct bromination of eugenol using 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 equivalents (equiv) of Br2 in chloroform, (2) bromination of eugenyl benzoate with 2.4 equiv of Br2 in chloroform, and (3) debromination of the 1,2-dibromide functionality in selected bromination products using an excess of zinc in ethanol. The bromination steps of eugenol were then proposed based on the composition of the products obtained. Alkene bromination of eugenol predominated with 1.2 equiv of Br2, followed by aromatic bromination with excess Br2 (2.4 and 3.6 equiv). Aromatic substitution primarily occurred at position 6 (ortho to the hydroxyl group) and subsequently at position 5 (para to the methoxy group). Based on these results, we propose that the bromination of eugenol with Br2 proceeds initially through electrophilic addition to the alkene group, followed by electrophilic substitution on the aromatic ring. Protection of the phenol as a benzoyl ester shifted the regioselectivity of the first aromatic bromination from position 6 to 5. Furthermore, the 1,2-dibromide group has been successfully removed by zinc, resulting in derivatives containing bromine atoms only at the aromatic ring. This is by far the first comprehensive report on the bromination of eugenol with Br2 and the first one reporting the bromination of alkene as the main route of bromination with a nearly equimolar amount of Br2.

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a consequence of living in today's stressful society. Patients have difficulty forgetting traumatic events. lead pollution has many effects on the nervous system, one of which is memory and learning disorders. The herbal medicine Eugenol has a beneficial effect on memory. Aim: This study aims to investigate the protective effect of Eugenol on lead-induced memory impairments in stressed rats. Methods: In the first experiment, the animals were divided into three groups: SPS+Saline, SPS+Pb, and naïve. The SPS+Saline, SPS+Pb groups received normal saline and lead through gavage for 21 days, while the sham group remained untreated. Rats were subjected to the modified single prolonged stress model. Memory tests were conducted one week later, evaluating freezing levels in three consecutive tests over three days. In the second experiment, rats were divided into a SPS+Pb+Saline and three treatment groups. The SPS+Pb+Saline group received daily saline injections, while the other groups received different doses of Eugenol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Memory tests similar to the first experiment were conducted. Results: The results showed significantly higher immobility levels in the SPS+Saline and SPS+Pb groups compared to the sham. Additionally, the SPS+Pb group had a significant higher immobility compared to the SPS+Saline group. In the second experiment, the SPS+Pb+EU 25 group showed a significant lower freezing compared to the SPS+Pb+Saline group. Additionally, freezing in the SPS+Pb+EU 50 and SPS+Pb+EU 100 groups was significantly higher than in the SPS+Pb+EU 25 group. The SPS+Pb+EU 50 group showed a significant higher freezing compared to the SPS+Pb+Saline group. Conclusion: lead acetate exacerbated memory impairments in stressed rats and Eugenol, particularly at a dose of 25 mg/kg, improved these impairments. Therefore, Eugenol has the potential to partially reduce the negative effects of lead on memory in individuals with PTSD.

Simple Summary: In this study, we compared the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), in consecutive administrations on zebrafish. We evaluated zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Eugenol induced anesthesia more quickly than MS-222 but had longer recovery times. Additionally, swimming frequency decreased after eugenol anesthesia. The buffered version of MS-222 was more effective than the non-buffered one. We recommend using buffered MS-222 for studies requiring repeated, brief-duration anesthesia. The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and MS-222, in consecutive administrations and evaluate the zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Thus, several zebrafish were anaesthetized with eugenol, MS-222, and buffered MS-222 three times repeatedly with a 24-h interval between each exposure. The induction and recovery periods were also timed. Their swimming frequency was determined after each exposure to assess their behaviour after the anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was quicker with eugenol compared to MS-222. However, eugenol presented longer recovery times, which were prolonged after each exposure. Also, the swimming frequency was reduced after each anesthesia with eugenol. The buffered version of MS-222 was more efficacious than the non-buffered one. Both versions of MS-222 did not affect the swimming frequency. Based on these findings, we recommend the utilization of MS-222 buffered rather than eugenol when repeated, brief-duration anesthesia is necessitated for a study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on the preparation, characterization and application onto cotton fabrics of different topical oil-in-water emulsions based on chitosan, eugenol and copaiba essential oil for potential topical applications. Different amounts of copaiba essential oil (oil phases) and eugenol were used, while the water phase consisted of hamamelis water. The designed formulations were evaluated via optical microscopy and rheological parameters assessment. The textile materials treated with the developed emulsions were analyzed in terms of antibacterial efficiency and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The rheological measurements have shown that the emulsions' stability was dependent on their viscosity and structure of the colloidal systems. The emulsions remained stable at temperatures equal to or below 35 °C, but an increase in temperature led to droplet flocculation and creaming. The emulsion-treated textiles exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and in vivo biocompatibility on the skin of guinea pigs without sensitization effects. Our study revealed that eugenol and copaiba essential oil-based emulsions loaded on cotton textile materials could be promising candidates for developing skin-friendly textiles designed for different topical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the effects of olfactory receptors (ORs) on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation using HEK293T cells co-expressing TRPV1 and OR51E1. We demonstrate here that the effect of OR51E1 on TRPV1 activation varies depending on the two TRPV1 ligands: capsaicin and eugenol. Notably, both of these ligands are vanilloid analogs. OR51E1 enhanced the response of TRPV1 to capsaicin but diminished that to eugenol. OR51E2 also showed similar effects. Based on the susceptibility to the OR's modulatory effects, various TRPV1 ligands could be classified into capsaicin and eugenol types. Activation of OR51E1 enhanced cAMP production. In addition, forskolin exhibited almost identical effects as ORs on TRPV1 responses to both types of ligands. These results suggest that OR51E1-induced cAMP elevation leads to a modification of TRPV1, presumably phosphorylation of TRPV1, which amplifies the susceptibility of TRPV1 to the two types of ligands differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural compounds have been used since the earliest civilizations and remain, to this day, a safer alternative for treating various dental problems. These present antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antimutagenic effects, making them useful in the prophylactic and curative treatment of various oral diseases such as infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, and even cancer. Due to the high incidence of unpleasant adverse reactions to synthetic compounds, natural products tend to gradually replace conventional treatment, as they can be just as potent and cause fewer, milder adverse effects. Researchers use several methods to measure the effectiveness and safety profile of these compounds, and employing standard techniques also contributes to progress across all medical disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum tamala or Indian bay leaf is a widely used spice in the Asian subcontinent. The aim of this study was to assess the contents and composition of essential oils and volatiles internal pool in C. tamala leaves obtained from different drying practices such as, sun drying, freeze drying, shade drying and simultaneous oven drying at 60°C and 40°C, when compared with market-available dry leaves. Out of five different practices tested, leaves when oven dried at 60°C performed best in terms of free-radical scavenging capacities, internal pool of volatile contents (257.25 ± 37.57 μg/g of dried leaf tissue) and yields of essential oils (0.25%). This was followed by freeze-dried leaves, which showed 0.2% essential oils yield. Among the natural drying, sun dried leaves exhibited high yield of essential oils (0.16%). Performance of shade dried leaves was shown to be lowest i.e. 0.11% essential oils yield but was comparable with the yield of market-available leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]