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Muscari vanensis (Asparagaceae) is described and illustrated from East Anatolia, Turkey. This species is distributed in slopes of stony rocky areas facing south of Lake Van (B5 Van Province). Muscari vanensis an endemic confined to East Anatolia, is related to mainly with M. botryoides and M. armeniacum. Diagnostic morphological characters have been discussed and compared with those of closely related taxa. At the first glance, the new species is easily separated from its relatives in its dwarf appearance and patent leaves, shorter scape, densely globose-oblong raceme, globose urceolate and swollen fertile flowers. Additionally, karyological, molecular and palynological data were used to support this diagnostic characters and to strengthen the taxonomic background of the new species.

Muscari pallens (M.Bieb.) Fisch. Muscari pallens (M.B) Fischer. [Type specimen: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), E00326157], Hyacinthus pallens No: 8520 [Syntype: Herbarium Universitatis Mosquensis (MW), MW0591727]. Muscari pallens [Geneva Herbarium���Boissier���s Flora Orientalis (G-BOIS), G00753346, G00753347]., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240

Muscari vanensis Uysal sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3 and 6) (Subgen. Botryanthus (Kunth) Rouy) M. vanensis is partly similar to M. botryoides and at less with M. armeniacum, but the former differs in its dwarf appearance and patent leaves, shorter scape, densely globose-oblong raceme, globose urceolate and swollen fertile flowers (Table 2). Type:��� TURKEY. B9 Van: Gevaş, Deveboynu Peninsula, southeastern slopes facing the lake, stony rocky openings, 1750 m, T. Uysal 4261 & A. Aksoy (Holo.: KNYA). Bulb 15���25 mm long, 15���20 mm wide, without bulblets; outer tunic papery, dark or blackish brown; inner cream or beige and with white dots over, membranous. Leaves (2���)4���5(���8), patent or erect-falcate, linear, 5���16 cm long, 1���4(���6) mm wide, usually longer than scape or rarely equal, canaliculate, apex subacute to acute, upper surface glaucous, outer shiny, without a median line and green and reddish suffused at margins. Scape 1 or 2, 4���8(���12) cm long, sometimes slightly flexuous and pale reddish upwards. Raceme �� ovoid-oblong, dense, rarely globose, 1���2.5 cm long, 0.8���1.5 cm wide in flower, with (10���)20���30(���40) flowers, slightly elongated in fruit. Sterile flowers mostly concolorous, globose or obconic to oblong, 1.2���1.5(���2) mm long, 1���1.4 mm wide; pedicels 0.1���0.5 mm long, white or ice blue. Fertile flowers 10���28, globose-urceolate to swollen ovoid-urceolate, 2.8���3(���3.2) mm long, 1.5���2(���2.2) mm wide, constricted distally, white or whitish lilac, ice blue, sky or pale blue; lobes whitish, minute, slightly recurved and having rarely longitutionally blue midvein in outer; pedicels pendulous, 1���3 mm in flower, 3���4(���5) mm in fruit. Stamens subuniseriate or biseriate, arising the middle of the tube; filaments 0.5���0.8 mm long, anthers 0.5���0.6 mm long, 0.4���0.5 mm wide, blackish purple. Gynoecium 2.3���2.7(���3.2) mm long, ovary 1.3���1.5(���2) mm long, 1.1���1.3(1.6) mm wide, ovoid, trigonous at ventral part, yellow or yellowish-green; style 1���1.2, whitish; stigma capitates and purple. Capsule 3���4 mm long, 4���5 mm wide, obcordate, somewhite compressed, with triangular valves. Seed subglobose, 1���1.2 mm long, 1 mm wide, bright black. Flowering in May. Eponymy: ���The name of the new species was given to the province of Van, which is a city with unique natural and historical beauties in our Eastern Anatolia Region in Turkey. The Turkish name of the new species is Van S��mb��l�� which name is suggested according to the guidelines of Menemen et al. (2016). Distribution and ecology: ��� Muscari vanensis is a local endemic species restricted to the Gevaş district of Van, East Anatolia (Turkey). It is a geophyte species of the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. It is specific to the calcareous soils (marble recrystallized limestone) at elevations between 1700 and 1750 m. It grows together with Acantholimon caryophyllaceum Boissier, Aethionema grandiflorum Boissier & Hohenacker, Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boissier, Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus, Astragalus pinetorum Boissier, Astragalus zohrabi Bunge, Astracantha microcephala (Willd.) Podlech, Atraphaxis billardieri Jaubert & Spach, Campanula stevenii M. Bieb. subsp. beauverdiana (Fomin) Rech. f. & Schiman-Czeika, Cruciata laevipes Opiz, Daphne kurdica (Bornm.) Bornm��ller, Fritillaria minuta Boissier & No��, Gagea bulbifera (Pall.) Salisbury, Galium incanum Sm. subsp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrendorfer, Holosteum umbellatum Linnaeus, Hypericum scabrum Linnaeus, Juniperus excelsa M. Bieberstein, Juniperus oxycedrus Linnaeus, Linum austriacum Linnaeus, Melica persica Kunth, Minuartia juniperina (L.) Maire & Petitmengin, Ononis spinosa L. subsp. leiosperma (Boiss.) ��irjaev, Polygala anatolica Boissier & Heldreich, Puschkinia scilloides Adams, Ranunculus damascenus Boissier & Gaillardot, Salvia virgata Jacquin, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. Karyology: ���According to our counts, Muscari vanensis has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 18 and its karyotype formula is 14 m + 2 sm+2 smsat (Table 3). According to Lima De Faria (1980), the new species has 2 pairs of medium and 7 pairs of small chromosomes in its karyogram and from medium to small ones their chromosomes suddenly minimize and seven pairs small ones get by degrees shorter. (Fig. 7). According to the indices used herein, it has both symmetric and asymmetric chromosomes (Table 4; AI: 4.19, A 1: 0.24, A 2: 0.36, CV CL: 36.9 and CV CI: 11.37). R: Range, SC: shortest chromosome length, LC: longest chromosome length, p: mean length of the long short arm, q: mean length of the long arm, CL: mean chromosome length, TCL: total haploid complement length, CI: mean centromeric index, SD: standart deviation, KF: karyotype formula, m: metacentric, sm: submetacentric, st: subtelocentric. A 1: intrachromosomal asymmetry index, A 2: interchromosomal asymmetry index, CV CL: coefficient of variation of chromosome length, CV CI: coefficient of variation of centromeric index, AI: karyotype asymmetry index, M CA: mean centromeric asymmetry. The conservational status: ���According to our observations, the population area of Muscari vanensis is small and the number of mature individuals is less than 1000 in total. To reach a certain judgement with regards to the conservation status of the species, it is necessary to known whether the presence of other populations of M. vanensis might throughout the Deveboynu Peninsula or not. According to the herbarium records, it is thought that the new species may have a distribution between Altınsa��, G��r��nd�� and İnk��y�� villages and this partial distribution may be along a line of approximately 8���10 kilometers as the Bird���s Flight. However, the similarity of the records reported by different collectors and the similar altitudes given suggest that there may be a single location. During our field studies, the distribution of the species was not found between Altınsa�� and Ink��y, and the species could only be collected throughout a line which extent from calcerous slopes to Juniperus formations marked on the map (Fig. 2, B). In this situation, it is not possible to make very comprehensively an evaluation about the threat category of the species, merely it can be inferred that the distribution area of the species is less than an area of 5 square kilometers and it is known from a single locality. It is expressed that ���Overgrazing��� is the major cause of soil degradation worldwide (Oldemann et al. 1991) and may be resulted in the damage or even disappearance of a preferred plant or vegetation cover (Bardgett et al. 1995). As mentioned above, the population of the new species is quite open to anthropogenic and grazing pressures, as it is located both close to the villages and on the slope facing the road connecting the villages. Therefore, we can suggest that the species might be potentially critically endangered (CR), but need more fieldwork to measure or estimate its actual conservation status., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on pages 55-59, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240, {"references":["Stuart, D. C. (1966) Muscari and allied genera. A Lily group discussion. The Lily Year Book 29: 123 - 128.","Karlen, T. (1987) Muscari sandrasicum (Liliaceae), a new species from Turkey. Willdenowia 16: 375 - 382.","Menemen, Y., Aytac, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2016) Turkce Bilimsel Bitki Adlandirma Yonergesi. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 3: 1 - 3. [in Turkish]","Lima De Faria, A. (1980) Classification of genes, rearrangements and chromosomes according to the chromosome field. Hereditas 93: 1 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1601 - 5223.1980. tb 01043. x","Oldemann, L. R., Hakkeling, R. T. A. & Sombroek, W. Cl. (1991) World Map of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note, 2 nd revised edn. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Nairobi / United Nations Environment Programme, Wageningen.","Bardgett, R. D., Marsden, J. H. & Howard, D. C. (1995) The extent and condition of heather moorland in the uplands of England and Wales. Biological Conservation 71: 155 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 (94) 00042 - O"]}

Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker Konya, Seydişehir - Manavgat Yolu, Madenli K��y�� girişi, 1430 m, T . Uysal 3312 (KNYA!). Konya, Tınaztepe - Bozkır yayla yolu, Pinus nigra orman a��ıklıkları, T . Uysal 3315 & K . Ertuğrul, M . Bozkurt (KNYA!). Konya, G��neysınır, Yılanlı T . Uysal 3916 (KNYA!). Antalya Konya altı, T��bitak g��zlem evinin g��ney doğusu 1839 m, 20 iv 2018, T . Uysal 3542 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Antalya, Gevne vadisi, Cırlasun mevkii, Pinus nigra orman a��ıklıkları, 1320 m, T . Uysal 3330 & K . Ertuğrul, M. Bozkurt (KNYA!). Antalya, Ibradı- ��z��mdere vadisi-Kumcak arası, 580 m, T . Uysal 3362 & K . Ertuğrul, M. Bozkurt (KNYA!). Antalya, Şakıroğlu-Ibradı tozluk kayalık yama��lar Ardı��-katran orman a��ıklığı 1364 m, T . Uysal 3479 (KNYA!). Isparta, Eğridir-Aksu yolu, Eğridir���den 8-10 km meşe a��ıklıkları 1040 m, T . Uysal 3788 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Kayseri, Develi, Kulpak k��y��nden Erciyes Dağına ��ıkarken batı yama��ları, ıslak nemli eğimli ��ayırlıklar, 1850m, T . Uysal 4248 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Malatya, Ak��adağ, Levent kanyonu, ��ay��z�� k��y��n��n Doğu yama��ları, 1170 m - 1200 m, T . Uysal 3614 (KNYA!). Kahramanmaraş, G��ksun-Elbistan arası, Malatya yolu, yolun 500 m. i��erisinde kalan Asar tepeler seki a��ıklıkları, 1277 m, T . Uysal 3601 (KNYA!). Denizli, Denizli-Honaz dağı, zirveye yakın 60 derece kayalık meyilli yama��lar, T . Uysal 3933 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Kastamonu, Taşk��pr��, Bekdemirekşi k��y��, kavak bah��eleri a��ıklıkları, 745 m, T . Uysal 3851 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Tunceli, Tunceli-Ovacık, Tunceli���den Ovacık���a 2-3 km, meşe a��ıklığı ��ayırlıklar, 907 m, T . Uysal 3878 (KNYA!). Artvin, Murgul, korucular k��y��, 716 m, bah��elikler, T . Uysal 3892 (KNYA!). Bartın, G��ğeren t��rbesine giden orman yolu, ��ayırlık alanlar, 1070 m, T . Uysal 3839 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Izmir, Izmir-Kemalpaşa, Yukarı Kızılcadan Mahmut dağına ��ıkış yolu, Akkaya altı, vadi i��i, P. brutia altları, 340 m, K . Ertuğrul 5660 (KNYA!)., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240

Bu çalışmada, Astragalus gilvus ve A. albertshoferi ile son yıllarda tanımlanan A. inaniae ve A. hamzae türlerinin taksonomik durumları morfolojik karakterlere dayanılarak tartışıldı. Astragalus albertshoferi’nin A. gilvus’un ve A. hamzae’nin ise A. inaniae’nin sinonimi olduğuna karar verildi. Ayrıca tür bazında yapılan bu tartışmaya dayanarak, Caprini, Astragalus, Myobroma ve Christiana seksiyonların bazı ayırt edici özellikleri yeniden değerlendirildi.

Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. strigosum ve A. strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. cedrorum (Schott & Kotschy) Dudley taksonlarının morfolojik, anatomik ve palinolojik özellikleri, bu çalışma ile ayrıntılı olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Köklerin enine kesitleri, iki alt türün, primer yapısında olduğu gibi benzer anatomik karakterlere sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Gövde bölümleri tipik dikotiledon gövde anatomik yapısını yansıtmış ve türlerin oval şekilli korteks parankimine sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Gövdede bulunan damar demetleri, incelenen türlerin her ikisinde de tek sıra halinde düzenlenmiştir. Mezofil türü eş yüzeyli olarak tespit edildi. İncelenen türler monad, isopolar, prolat ve trikolpat polen tanelerine sahiptir. İncelenen iki tür için ekzin heykel retikülat olarak gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Alyssum strigosum'daki anatomik ve palinolojik özellikler, alttürlerin ayrılmasını destekleyici niteliktedir., Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. strigosum and A. strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. cedrorum (Schott & Kotschy) Dudley, which are two subspecies of Alyssum strigosum with their morphological, anatomical, palynological traits, were presented in detail with this study. The anatomical analysis has been carried out using handmade sections. The transverse sections of roots showed that two subspecies have similar anatomical characters as with primer structure. The sections of stem were reflected the typical dicotyledonous stem anatomical structure and were determined that species have oval shaped cortex parenchyma. The vascular bundles in stem were arranged in one row both examined species. The mesophyll type was detected as equifacial. The examined species have monad, isopolar, prolate and tricolpate pollen grains. For two examined species, exine sculpture were observed as reticulate. As a conclusion, the characteristics of anatomical and palynological in Alyssum strigosum have been showed the supporting the separation of subspecies.

In the present research, anatomical, palynological and micromorphological characteristics of three endemic Bellevalia species (B. gracilis, B. malatyaensis and B. vuralii) for Turkey are carried out. This work reveals the descriptive characteristics of the examined species, and contribute to solving taxonomic problems. Anatomical studies were carried out on cross sections of root, scape and leaf. The metaxylem, the number of root cortex cells, and the number of cortex and sclerenchyma cells in the scape were found to be significant in terms of taxonomy. Pollen grains of all the examined species were monosulcate and heteropolar. In addition, seed and pollen surface ornamentation were photographed under SEM microscopy, which SEM micrographs showed that the exine sculpturing pattern is reticulate-perforate, and pollen muri walls of were different among the examined species. Conversely, seeds showed a general similarity of the surface among the studied species, all showing a reticulate faveolate ornamentation.

Bu makalede Türkiye için endemik olan Ak emcek (Onosma sieheana Hayek) türündekromozom sayısı ve karyomorfolojik özellikler ilk kez araştırılmıştır. Kök ucundan ezmeyöntemiyle Aseto-orsein kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, türün kromozom sayısı 2n 24, karyotip formülü ise 24 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Önceki çalışmalara göre Onosmacinsinin temel kromozom sayısı x6-11 arasında değişmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarınagöre, O. sieheana türünün tetraploid bir tür olduğu düşünülmektedir (2n 4x 24). Ayrıca,bu çalışmada kullanılan farklı kromozom indekslerine göre O. sieheana'nın simetrikkromozomlara sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir., In this study, chromosome number and karyomorphologic features of Onosmasieheana Hayek (Ak emcek in Turkish) which is the endemic taxon for Turkey wereinvestigated for the first time. Performed by squashing method in the root tips with Acetoorcein,the chromosome number were counted 2n24, and karyotype formula of the taxonwere determined to be and 24 m. Basic chromosome numbers of the genus Onosma rangedfrom 6 to 11. According to this finding, it is thought that the species would be tetraploid(2n4x24). Besides with, it is founded that the chromosomes of O. sieheana is symmetricaccording to the used different karyotype indices in this paper.

The seed exomorphic characteristics of four taxa (Cardamine graeca, C. impatiens subsp. impatiens, C. raphanifolia and C. uliginosa) belonging to Cardamine were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study presents exomorphic characteristics, including seed colour, shape, winged, measures, seed coat pattern. Four coat patterns were observed; regularly reticulate, irregularly-reticulate, blister and tuberculate-reticulate, and two shapes were distinguished; broadly oblong and oblong. The results showed that the morphological characteristics of seed could contribute as criteria to distinguish taxa. This is the first study in which the seed surface of any Cardamine taxa growing in Turkey is studied with SEM.

Aethionema Aiton Brassicaceae familyasının taksonomik açıdan en zor cinslerinden biridir ve son zamanlarda yayımlanan çok sayıda yeni taksonlarla cins Türkiye’de 33’ü endemik yaklaşık 52 takson ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Aethionema coridifolium tür kümesi içerisinde değerlendirilen, Ae. coridifolium, Ae. armenum ve Ae. grandiflorum türleri ile bu türlerle yakın ilişkili Ae. huber-morathii ve Ae. karamanicum türleri arasındaki filogenetik ilişkiler ITS gen bölgesi kullanılarak ortaya çıkarıldı. Küme içerisindeki taksonların akrabalık ilişkilerini belirlemek için ITS gen dizileri hizalanarak bir veri matrisi oluşturulmuş ve filogenetik bir ağaç üretilmiştir. Verilere göre Ae. coridifolium kümesi monofiletiktir (BS:%91, PP:1). Oluşturulan ağaca göre Ae. coridifolium kümesinde yer alan taksonların farklı türler olarak değerlendirilmesi kuvvetlice desteklenmektedir.

Draba (kayadolaması) cinsine ait olan dört taksonun [Draba bruniifolia Steven subsp. bruniifolia (kaya dolaması), Draba heterocoma Fenzl (tüylü dolama), Draba haradjianii Rech. f. (Hatay dolaması) ve Draba nemorosa L. (orman dolaması)] tohum morfolojileri, taramalı electron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenerek taksonomik karakter olarak önemleri belirlendi. Makro- ve mikromorfolojik karakterleri, tohum rengi, şekli, kanatı, ölçüsü ve tohum yüzey modeli incelendi. İki tohum yüzeyi modeli (düzensiz-retikulat, düzenli-retikulat ve çukurcuklu) gözlendi ve dört tane de tohum şekli (ovat, dar ovat, eliptik ve geniş eliptik) tespit edildi. Sonuçlar tohumların morfolojik karakterlerinin taksonların ayrımına katkı sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir.

Barbarea cinsine ait olan dört taksonun (Barbarea auriculata var. auriculata, Barbarea trichopoda, Barbarea verna ve Barbarea vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) tohum morfolojileri, taramalı electron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelendi. Bunların taksonomik karakter olarak önemleri belirlendi. Makro- ve mikromorfolojik karakter olarak tohum rengi, şekli, ölçüsü ve yüzey modeli incelendi. Düzensiz-retikulat ve tüberküllü-retikulat olarak iki tohum yüzeyi modeli ve geniş oblong, oblong ve geniş eliptik olarak üç tohum şekli tespit edildi. Sonuçlar Barbarea cinsinde tohumların morfolojik karakterlerinin taksonların ayrımına katkı sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir., The seed macro- and micromorphologies of four taxa (Barbarea auriculata Hausskn. ex Bornm. var. auriculata, Barbarea trichopoda Hausskn. ex Bornm., Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. and Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. subsp. vulgaris) belonging to Barbarea R. Br. were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Significance of seed features as taxonomic characters including seed color, shape, winged, measures, seed coat pattern were determined. Two coat patterns were observed; irregularly-reticulate and tuberculate-reticulate, and three shapes were distinguished; broadly oblong, oblong and broadly elliptic. The results showed that the morphological characteristics of seed could be contribute as criteria to distinguish taxa. This is the first SEM study about seed surface of any Barbarea taxa.

Bu araştırma l999-2003 yılları arasında ülkemizin önemli bitki alanlarından birisi olan Sütsüz Dağı veçevresinde yayılış gösteren endemik bitkileri tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Antalya il sınırları içerisindeyer alan araştırma alanının kuzey ucu Konya - Antalya il sınırını oluşturur. Araştırma alanı Davis’in karelemesistemine göre C4 karesinde yer almaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda bölgeden 25 familya ve 60 cinse ait 92 taksontespit edilmiştir. Çalışma alanındaki endemik taksonlar IUCN kategori 3.1 versiyonuna göre değerlendirilmiştir.Değerlendirme sonucunda 1 taksonun (% 1.09) CR (Çok tehlikede), 5 taksonun (% 5.44) EN (Tehlikede), 10taksonun (% 10.87) VU (Zarar görebilir), 23 taksonun (% 25.0) NT (Tehdit altına girebilir) ve 53 taksonun (%57.60) LC (En az endişe verici) kategorisinde yer aldığı belirlenmiştir., This study were carried out between 1999 and 2003 to determine the endemic plants of Sütsüz Mountain and itssurrounding that is one of the most important plant area in Turkey. The study area is located in northern part ofAntalya province and it forms aborder between Konya and Antalya provinces. According the Davis’s Gridsystems it placed in C4 square. According to the results of study, 25 families, 60 genera and 92 taxa wereidentified in study area. Endemic plants of study area were evaluated by IUCN Catagories Version3.1.According to results, the rates of IUCN categories as follows; CR (Critically endangered) 1 taxon (1.09 %),EN (Endangered) 5 taxa (5.44 %), VU (Vulnerable) 10 taxa (10.87 %), NT (Near threatned) 23 taxa (25.0 %)and LC (Least corcern) 53 taxa (57.60 %) repectively.