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This study investigated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of Myrtus communis subsp. communis ethanol extract (MC) in aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and D-galactose (D-Gal) induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. MC was orally given to rats as a protective treatment for 90 days and, in other two groups starting from the 60th day MC (100-200 mg/kg) was administered, concomitantly with AlCl3 and D-Gal. Learning and memory functions were evaluated by the behavioral tests. Biological activities of MC treatment were examined in hippocampal tissues by ELISA tests. D-Gal and AlCl3-treated rats showed increased amyloid beta (Aβ) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG) levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased neprilysin, Na+-K+ATPase and SOD levels in parallel with a decrease in Novel Object Recognition Test, Morris Water Maze and Passive Avoidance Test scores. On the other hand, MC administration reversed the behavioral impairments and improved learning and memory. Moreover, MC treatment decreased Aβ and 8-OHdG levels and acetylcholinesterase activity and increased neprilysin levels, Na+-K+ATPase and SOD levels. Our results suggest that MC has beneficial effects on cognitive and neuronal functions through its anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties.

Kidney stone, also known as calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, is one of the most common diseases worldwide. Calculi usually forms when urine becomes supersaturated with particular calcium salts such as calcium oxalate. In the present study, we investigated the ameliorative potential of the root extract of the Common golden thistle, Scolymus hispanicus L. (SH) on rats with ethylene glycol (EG) induced kidney stone disease. Sprague-Dawley rats, each weighing 250-300 g, were divided into three groups (n=6 per group): (i) Control (C); (ii) EG; and (iii) EG+SH. To induce nephrolithiasis, the rats received 1% of EG with drinking water, while the C group received normal drinking water during the study. SH extract 2 g/kg was added to the treatment from the 4th week onwards in EG+SH group. At the end of each experiment, rats were decapacitated and serum levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed in all groups at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Oxalic acid and creatininelevels were measured in urine samples collected at 24 h in metabolic cages. Renal tissues were evaluated histopathologically at the end of the experiment. After 8 weeks, serum creatinine levels were found decreased in the SH group while increased in the EG group. Serum magnesium and AST levels were also found decreased in the EG group, however, SH treatment reversed these values. The SH treatment also increased urinary oxalic acid levels. When the kidney tissue of EG group was examined, there was a high level of crystal/stone, especially in the renal cortex. In kidney tissues of the SH group, only small amounts of crystal/stone were observed. Our experimental findings have demonstrated the ameliorative potential of the aqueous extracts of S. hispanicus roots and shells on EG-induced in the kidney stones in rats. Isolation of active compounds of SH would be desirable to understand the biochemical mechanism behind the process better.

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı antiinflamatuar ve antikolinesteraz etkinliği bilinen Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla (pazı) bitkisinin yapraklarının deneysel Alzheimer modelinde kognitif fonksiyonlar ve nöropatolojik parametreler üzerine olası tedavi edici etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 2-3 aylık erkek Sprague-Dawley (250-300 gram) sıçanlar kontrol, intraserebroventriküler streptozotosin (STZ) grubu, Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla ekstresi (STZ + BV) ve rivastigmin (STZ + Riv) uygulanan tedavi grupları olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Alzheimer modeli oluşturmak için tüm STZ gruplarına intraserebroventriküler yoldan STZ (3 mg/kg; bilateral) uygulaması yapılmıştır. Cerrahi uygulamadan sonra 3 gün hayvanlarda anksiyetinin olmaması adına beklenmiş ardından tedavi gruplarının 21 günlük tedavileri yapılmıştır. Deney sonunda hayvanların kognitif fonksiyonları yeni obje tanıma testi, pasif sakınma testi, Morris’in su tankı testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Hayvanlar dekapite edildikten sonra alınan hipokampus ve serebral korteks dokularında biyokimyasal, histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda Alzheimer modeli oluşturulan hayvanların öğrenme ve bellek fonksiyonlarının bozulmuş olduğu görülmüştür. Ek olarak bu grupta amiloid beta, tau, glikojen sentaz kinaz 3 beta, proinflamatuar sitokin düzeylerinde ve asetilkolinesteraz enzim aktivitesinde artış gözlemlenmiştir. İmmnohistokimyasal analizlere göre amiloid beta peptit ve tau peptid ekspresyonlarında artış olmuştur. Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla ekstresi tedavisi grubunda bilişsel performanslarda ve nöropatolojik parametrelerde iyileşme görülmüştür.Sonuçlar: Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla yapraklarının ekstresi deneysel Alzheimer modelinde kognitif ve nörokimyasal iyileşme sağlamıştır. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the possible therapeutic effect of the leaves of Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla (chard) plant, which has known anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activity, on cognitive functions and neuropathological parameters in an experimental Alzheimer's model.Material and Method: 2-3 months old male Sprague-Dawley (250-300 grams) rats were divided into 4 groups as control, intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) group, Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla extract (STZ + BV) and rivastigmine (STZ + Riv) treatment groups. To induced an Alzheimer's model, intracerebroventricular STZ (3 mg/kg; bilaterally) was administered to all STZ groups. After the surgical application, it was waited for 3 days for the animals to be free of anxiety, and then the treatment groups were treated for 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the cognitive functions of the animals were evaluated with the new object recognition test, passive avoidance test, and Morris water test. Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyzes were performed on the hippocampus and cerebral cortex tissues taken after the animals were decapitated.Results: As a result of the evaluations, it was observed that the learning and memory functions of the animals for which Alzheimer's model was created were impaired. In addition, an increase was observed in amyloid beta, tau, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, proinflammatory cytokine levels and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in this group. According to immunohistochemical analysis, there was an increase in amyloid beta peptide and tau peptide expressions. Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla extract treatment group showed improvement in cognitive performances and neuropathological parameters.Coclusion: Extract of Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla leaves provided cognitive and neurochemical improvement in experimental Alzheimer model.

Çalışmada, 18-49 yaş arası kadınlarda Aşırı Aktif Mesane Sendromu üzerine etkili faktörler ve yaşam kalitesini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Kesitsel tipteki bu araştırma, Ekim 2016-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Hastanesi Kadın-Doğum ve Üroloji Poliklinikleri’nde toplanmıştır. Araştırma hastaneye başvuran n=155 kadın üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri literatür incelenerek hazırlanan anket formu, Aşırı Aktif Mesane v8 Ölçeği (OAB-v8) ve Aşırı Aktif Mesane Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (OAB-q) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Kadınların OAB-v8 toplam puan ortalaması 19,7±7,6, OAB-q toplam puan ortalaması 42,8±19,7 olarak bulunmuştur. OAB-q “baş etme” alt boyutu 47,4±22,7, “kaygı” 45,0±26,5, “uyku” 47,7±23,3, “sosyal ilişkiler” 27,3±20,1 olarak belirlenmiştir. OAB-v8 toplam puan ortalaması ile OAB-q toplam ve alt boyut puan ortalamaları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur (p

Makrosiklik kimya son yıllarda önemli ölçüde gelişen bir dal olmakla birlikte özellikle fizik, kimya ve biyoloji bilim dallarında yaygın kullanım alanı bulunmaktadır. Biz bu tez çalışmamızda kloro asetil klorür, 4-4'bis(klorometil)-1,1'-bifenil,5-hekzinoik asit, 6-heptinoik asit gibi farklı bağlayıcı gruplar kullanarak kolestanol türevi taç eterlerin sentezini gerçekleştirdik. Taç eter bağlı kolestanol eldesinde nükleofilik yer değiştirme reaksiyonunda kloro asetil klorür, 4-4'bis(klorometil)-1,1'-bifenil bileşikleri kullanılırken, 5-hekzinoik asit, 6-heptinoik asit bileşikleri klik reaksiyonunda kullanıldı. Bu çalışma sonunda toplam yedi yeni bileşik sentezlenmiş olup bunlardan dört taç eter türevi, ikisi de terminal alkin türevi olan kolestanol türevleri ve biri de 4-kolestanoksimetil-4'-klorometil-1,1'-bifenil'dir. Elde edilen bu bileşiklerin yapıları 1H NMR, 13C NMR, kütle spektroskopisi gibi teknikler kullanılarak doğrulanmıştır. Macrocyclic chemistry is an improved branch in recent years and it has been widely used especially at physical, chemical and biological areas. In this thesis, we synthesized crown ether linked cholestanol compounds by using linkers such as chloroacetylchloride, 4,4'-bis (chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenil, 5-hexynoic acid and 6- heptynoic acid. As chloroacetylchloride and 4,4'-bis (chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenil was used as linker in nucleophilic substitution reaction, 5-hexynoic acid and 6- heptynoic acid was used in click reaction to obtaining crown ether linked cholestanol compounds. In this study we synthesized 7 novel compounds, which four of them are crown ether derivatives and two of them are terminal alkyne derivatives. The structure of these synthesized compounds were elucited by using MS,1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 87