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Ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer rubber, grafted with maleic anhydride functions (EPDM‐g‐MA) was organically reinforced by reactive extrusion from the in situ synthesis of a polyimide (PI) phase. The blends were reactively processed at 200°C in a twin‐screw extruder, with the PI content varying from 5 to 40 wt%. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed a very fine nodular dispersion of the PI phase with diameters ranging from 130 to 240 nm depending on the PI concentration. The reinforcement of the elastomer was evidenced with a sharp increase of the Young's modulus and the tensile strength, and the stiffness of the material was further increased with the PI content. The linear viscoelastic regime, as measured by the variation in storage modulus as a function of strain, was unaffected by this organic reinforcement, thus opening up an original way of controlling the Payne effect. Additionally, the cross‐linking of the blend with 20 wt% of PI with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) showed that the PI phase did not impact the creation of the cross‐linked network. The decrease of the swelling ratio and the improvement of the elastic recovery suggested that EPDM‐g‐PI copolymers can create a second network in the material, resulting in a higher apparent cross‐linking density. The mechanical properties of the cured blend showed a doubling of the Young's modulus and maximal stress values compared to those obtained for the pure matrix as well as a constant strain at break. Highlights: Ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer rubber, grafted with maleic anhydride functions (EPDM‐g‐MA) was organically reinforced by reactive extrusion.The reinforcement was obtained from the in situ synthesis of a polyimide (PI) phase.The Young's modulus of cross‐linked EPDM containing 20 wt% PI was doubled.The linear viscoelastic regime was unaffected by this organic reinforcement.This original way of reinforcement opens the control of the Payne effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of aging in methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) solution on cured rubber compounds comprising ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer rubber (EPDM), butyl rubber (IIR), and blends, utilizing nano (nZnO) and conventional (ZnO) zinc oxides as curing activators. The analysis reveals that MDEA solution induces degradation in the rubber matrix by grafting amine and amide groups onto the rubber backbone, particularly affecting unsaturated units in diene monomers in EPDM and isoprene units in IIR. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analysis validated the addition of these functional groups. Aging contributed to the formation of a thin rubber layer covering carbon black particles, likely due to un‐crosslinking and rubber chain scission, resulting in changes in bound rubber as observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Tensile strength and elongation at break typically decreased with aging, with EPDM compounds exhibiting the highest initial tensile strength and IIR compounds demonstrating superior initial elongation. Hardness remains largely unaffected by aging. This study showed the detrimental effects of MDEA exposure on rubber compounds, emphasizing the critical importance of material selection and property tailoring for specific applications in MDEA‐rich environments, such as gas refineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different concentrations of fly ash aluminosilicate cenospheres on the structure and properties of elastomeric composites is studied. Composite materials based on ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM-40) with different mass fractions of fly ash (10, 20, 30%) are obtained using laboratory rollers. The microstructure of mixtures of EPDM and aluminosilicate cenospheres is studied by optical microscopy. It is shown that the concentration of the filler of more than 30 wt % increases the concentration of larger cenosphere agglomerates in the structure, which indicates interfacial separation in the mixtures, which is probably associated with the fact that mechanical mixing on mixing equipment does not make it possible to achieve uniform distribution of the filler throughout the elastomeric matrix. The appearance of new absorption bands in the region of 1400–800 cm–1 that correspond to the stretching vibrations of Si–O–Si present in aluminosilicate cenospheres is detected in the IR spectra. According to the thermogravimetry data of the compositions under study, the introduction of aluminosilicate cenospheres promotes a slight increase in the thermal stability of the composition under study with the concentration of cenospheres of more than 30%. The influence of the concentration of aluminosilicate cenospheres on the resistance of the composites to aggressive media is analyzed, and it is found that the introduction of a cenosphere filler in the amount of 10 to 30 wt % into mixtures based on EPDM can increase the oil and petrol resistance of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This study assesses the effectiveness of a specially developed surface‐modified carbon black, both on its own and in combination with nano‐silica, as a hybrid filler for ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds. The modification process, which included treatment with a silane coupling agent, resulted in enhanced curing characteristics. The ∆Torque values for compounds incorporating the modified carbon black exceeded those of other formulations by 25.85%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated improved filler dispersion and better compatibility between rubber and filler due to the surface modification. The silane‐modified carbon black showed considerable enhancements in mechanical properties, particularly in tear resistance, with increases in tensile and tear strength of 22.46% and 34.86%, respectively, following surface treatment. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated the influence of both surface modification and filler type, revealing that the combination of modified carbon black and nano‐silica achieved a reduction in rolling resistance of 20.41% and enhanced ice and wet grip performance by 7.95%. Additionally, modified carbon black displayed varying effects on the glass transition temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that the thermal stability of the compounds was consistent, while solvent resistance improved with surface modification, as shown by swelling ratios. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the surface modification of carbon black positively influences the elasticity and chain mobility of the rubber compounds studied. In conclusion, the careful selection and optimization of filler materials and their modifications are essential for customizing the properties of rubber compounds to satisfy specific performance criteria and applications. Promising EPDM compounds were prepared with Silane‐Modified CB and Nano‐Silica. Silane‐modified CB effectively improved the curing properties of the EPDM compound. The ΔTorque and cross‐link density of modified CB/EPDM show the highest value. Modified CB/Nano‐Silica/EPDM exhibited significant improvement in tear strength. Modified CB/Nano‐silica/EPDM have lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper describes the development of new types of dynamically cross-linked thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber and low-density polyethylene, reinforced with plasticized starch and montmorillonite with a chemically modified surface. An octylphenolformaldehyde resin in the presence of stannous chloride dihydrate was used as a vulcanizing agent. The samples were obtained on a Brabender Plasti-Corder mixer, at appropriate temperatures and rotation speeds, using the dynamic vulcanization method and the melt intercalation technique. The mixtures obtained were modeled in the form of plates with standard dimensions using specific molds and a laboratory-scale electrical press. The obtained samples were analyzed from the point of view of the physical-mechanical properties, the melt flow index, as well as from the structural and morphological point of view. It was observed that the characteristics of the samples are influenced by both the composition and the methods of obtaining used. According to the obtained characteristics, the new elasto-plastic materials can be used in fields such as the footwear industry (for the production of: soles, heels, protective boots), in the rubber and plastics industry, the automobile industry, agriculture or construction (when making gaskets, technical items, hoses, etc.). They can be easily processed into different finished products by methods specific to plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin layer activation (TLA) is already routinely utilised for online wear monitoring of metallic components with the radioisotope concentration (RIC) method for various tribological applications. However, many components in tribological systems are made of carbon-based bulk material (e.g. polymers) or have carbon-based wear resistant coatings (e.g. diamond-like carbon). By utilising the nuclear reaction 12C(3He,x)7Be, TLA can thus be employed in carbon-containing components. To evaluate the applicability of this approach for TLA in combination with the RIC method, three materials EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), PEEK (polyether ether ketone) and DLC (diamond-like carbon), which are vastly utilised in tribology, were activated. Subsequently, the modulus of elasticity and hardness of the activated specimens were measured and evaluated if the material works for TLA. As EPDM developed cracks after the irradiation process, it is regarded to be not applicable for TLA and subsequent wear measurements. While the PEEK material revealed small changes in hardness values compared to non-irradiated samples, the irradiated DLC coating showed no detectable material changes. Both irradiated materials have been applied to representative tribological wear studies, for which the RIC results showed a good correlation with optical wear measurements.

This research evaluated the effects of hybrid fillers and mixing equipment on natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) properties with an 80/20 ratio. Silica (Si), carbon black (C), china clay (CC), and calcium carbonate (Ca) were used as hybrid fillers. Mixing techniques using two-roll mill and an internal mixer were compared. The study focused on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The study found that incorporating hybrid fillers significantly improved the curing process. Blends prepared by an internal mixer had more consistent mechanical properties such as modulus, tear strength, and hardness compared to those prepared by two-roll mill. Blends with Si and C (NE-SiC) showed significant enhancements in tensile and tear strength. Although adding multiple fillers did not accelerate curing, it enhanced the modulus, indicating a potential synergistic effect. The internal mixer method resulted in better elongation at break, except for the NE-SiC-CC.Ca blend, which had reduced flexibility. Thermal analysis revealed higher thermal stability for blends with hybrid fillers, decomposing at elevated temperatures with larger residues, particularly in NE-SiC-CC and NE-SiC-CC.Ca blends. These research findings highlight the critical role of filler types and mixing methods in optimizing the performance of NR/EPDM rubber blends.

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Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modification and improvement of aging resistance in nuclear power environment for the ethylene‐propylene‐diene (EPDM) rubber has been attracting the attention of scientists. In this article, graphite modified EPDM composites (ultrafine graphite [UG]/EPDM) were prepared, and effect of graphite with sizes of 13, 2.6, and 1.3 μm on the processability, vulcanization parameters, mechanical properties, stability of radiation aging of EPDM composites were investigated, respectively. The results showed that EPDM rubber was an irradiated crosslinked polymer. The Mooney viscosity and crosslinking density of EPDM gradually increased with increasing graphite content under the effect of physical and chemical cross‐linking of graphite. The lamellar structure of graphite particles in the rubber matrix is beneficial to improvement of the mechanical properties and aging resistance of the EPDM composites and play a reinforcing role, and the sp2 hybrid structure of graphite can trap and quench free radicals, delayed the irradiation aging of EPDM. UG/EPDM composites irradiation stability was improved with increasing graphite dispersion in EPDM matrix. Under the cumulative irradiation dose of 1000 kGy, the tensile strength of blank sample and UG‐2.6 μm−10 decreased by 51.1% and 17.7%, respectively, and the hardness increased by 8.7% and 4.9%, respectively. The energy storage modulus and the corresponding glass transition temperature (Tg) of UG/EPDM composites enhanced with graphite, while the thermal stability of the composites was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of silicone rubber (SR) and ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) could have an aggregate of their properties. High temperature vulcanized (HTV) is one of the most widely used SR type. This study explores the impact of montmorillonite Cloisite® layered silicate nanoclay on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical‐dynamical behavior, and thermal properties of the HTV/EPDM blend. For this purpose, varying ratios of the HTV/EPDM compounds were prepared in the range of 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, with 0, 3, and 5 wt% of Cloisite® using an internal mixer. The X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the mixing time, Cloisite® content and base polymer significantly influence the distance between Cloisite® layers. Cloisite® was found to accelerate the curing system and reduce the difference between minimum and maximum torque. The mechanical analysis of the prepared HTV/EPDM/clay nanocomposites revealed an increase in hardness, tensile strength, and modulus for samples with applied Cloisite® content. The degradation temperature was raised in HTV base samples by the presence of Cloisite®. On the other hand, the degradation temperature was dropped in the EPDM base samples as the amount of Cloisite® increased. In the HTV/EPDM/clay compounds, the degradation temperature was between the degradation temperatures of pure HTV and EPDM rubbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper two waste fillers, namely ground tire rubber (GTR) and coffee silverskin (CSS, a waste bio‐product from the coffee‐making process), have been used to produce sustainable ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds vulcanized on steel sheets to fabricate rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems for industrial roofing applications. The compounds have shown good mechanical performances, with elastic moduli in the range of 13–16 MPa, tensile strength of 13–20 MPa and elongation at break >400%, and strong adhesion to the metal substrate. Moreover, the rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems present good sound insulation properties (mean sound transmission loss [STL] of 39 dB and noise level reduction in simulated hailstones impact tests of 62 dB with respect to bare steel 73 dB). Accelerated UV‐ and thermal‐aging tests have shown excellent adhesion of the compounds to the metal substrate with the CSS acting as an antioxidant agent preventing excessive polymer degradation. The selected waste‐derived materials result in promising fillers for more sustainable rubber compounds. Highlights: Waste fillers were used to produce sustainable rubber compounds.Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems for roofing applications were produced.Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems have good sound insulation properties.Rubber‐to‐steel bonded systems have excellent adhesion.Coffee silverskin filler acts as an antioxidant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber widely used in industry and commerce due to its high thermal and chemical resistance. Nanotechnology has enabled the incorporation of nanomaterials into polymeric matrixes that maintain their flexibility and conformation, allowing them to achieve properties previously unattainable, such as improved tensile and chemical resistance. In this work, we summarize the influence of different nanostructures on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of EPDM-based materials to keep up with current research and support future research into synthetic rubber nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsaturated zinc carboxylate/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) composites were prepared by mechanical blending. The effects of hydroxy (2-methylprop-2-enoato-O)zinc (ZMMA) and zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) on the hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, ageing resistance, and electrical properties of the composites were studied. The results show that the mechanical properties, crosslinking rate, crosslinking density, and oil resistance of the composite are significantly improved with the increase of ZMMA and ZDMA content. The crosslinking density of EPDM filled with 15 phr of ZDMA composite material is 3.22 × 10−3 mol/cm3, compared with the samples without ZDMA filling, the improvement was 175.2%, and the tensile strength reaches 16.9 MPa, which increases by 33.6%. The addition of a small amount of unsaturated carboxylate has a positive effect on the electrical properties of EPDM matrix composites. The volume resistivity of the EPDM filled with 5 phr of ZDMA is 16.2 × 1013 Ω·m, an increase of 36.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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V‐belts are commonly used to transmit power between two distant pulleys. Therefore, a strong reinforcement for dimensional stability and thermomechanical properties are essential in power transmission belts. The influence of resorcinol formaldehyde resin (RFL) treated nylon short fibers in EPDM peroxide‐cured formulations was investigated, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr) in increments of five. The incorporation of nylon short fibers resulted in improved tensile and mechanical properties in EPDM vulcanizates. Specifically, the tensile stress at 100% elongation increased by 177% to (10.8 MPa), and the improvement in tear strength to 16.2% (75.7 N/mm) was observed. Among other functional requirements in a weak rubber like EPDM, enhanced tear strength is significant for its application in power transmission. Substantial reinforcement between the fiber‐elastomer matrix was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy, as evidenced by increased storage modulus (E′). Notably, there were no considerable effects on the curing rate or low‐temperature properties. Significant improvement in heat stability is observed through thermogravimetric analysis. These enhancements in mechanical and thermal properties might play a role in increased durability and performance in actual V‐ribbed belt applications. Highlights: This manuscript describes the effect of treated nylon 66 short fiber on EPDM V‐belt compound.A significant increase in storage modulus, tear strength, and thermal stability.A belt is made using the experimental formulation and it meets the performance requirement.Low fiber content (<15 phr) compounds are unsuitable for dimensional stability.High fiber content (>25 phr) compounds pose processing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the profound impact of vulcanization methods on ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) composites, with a particular focus on elucidating significant findings and achievements. Exploring eight composites, including sulfur and peroxide‐cured variations, we conducted an in‐depth evaluation of the crucial physico‐mechanical properties of the composites. The study extends to encompass the effects of vulcanization on heat aging parameters, providing a comprehensive understanding of the materials' resilience. Utilizing thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, our research delves into the processes, revealing critical insights into the thermal behavior and composition of the composites. Paint compatibility, a pivotal aspect in automotive applications, was rigorously examined through four different test methods. Surface morphology, investigated through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, yielded valuable findings on the role of vulcanization in shaping surface roughness and enhancing paint compatibility. Additionally, the quantitative measurement of surface energy using the sessile drop method provided a deeper understanding of the adhesion properties. The findings distinctly underscore the superiority of peroxide‐cured composites, marking a significant stride toward their potential to revolutionize automotive applications. This research not only contributes to the knowledge base but also sets a foundation for advancements in EPDM composite materials, positioning them as key players in driving innovation within the automotive industry. Highlights: Developed a peroxide‐cured EPDM rubber composite with a rough surface.A rough surface is more paint‐compatible than a smooth surface.The roughness of peroxide‐cured EPDM is greater than that of sulfur‐cured one.Peroxide curing introduces more polar functional groups and cross‐links.Peroxide‐cured EPDM has higher thermal stability than sulfur‐cured EPDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of polypropylene (PP)‐based blend‐nanocomposites comprising 30 wt.% ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) and 5 wt.% SiO2 nanoparticles. Different mixing sequences were employed to prepare the nanocomposites, and the resulting morphology development and dispersion states of modifiers were analyzed. Mechanical performance of the nanocomposites was evaluated through quasi‐static and high‐speed dynamic fracture tests. The dispersion and distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles within the nanocomposites were significantly influenced by the mixing protocol. In impact fracture tests, the presence of nanoparticles exhibited a beneficial efffect on fracture energy, demonstrating a synergistic toughening effect of the soft EPDM and rigid SiO2 particles. Conversely, adverse effects were observed in quasi‐static tests. Essential work of fracture (EWF) parameters indicated an increase in the yielding component and a decrease in the necking‐to‐tearing component with SiO2 incorporation into the PP/EPDM blends. During impact loadings, the highest improvement in crack propagation resistance was observed in nanocomposites with nanoparticles localized around the rubbery domains forming a network‐like structure of EPDM/SiO2‐nanoparticles. Morphologies where rubber domains and nanoparticles were separately distributed in the PP matrix resulted in the lowest fracture parameters. Energy dissipation mechanisms were elucidated, revealing multiple void formation followed by matrix shear yielding as the primary source under both quasi‐static and impact fracture conditions. In the latter case, stress‐concentrating percolated structures in the PP matrix facilitated the nucleation of dilatational bands evolving into highly stretched void‐fibrillar structures upon further loading. These findings contribute valuable insights into tailoring nanocomposite morphologies for enhanced mechanical performance in different loading scenarios. Highlights: Fracture behavior of PP/EPDM/SiO2 ternary systems was evaluated by EWF methodology and Izod impact test.Rubber particles surrounded by silica nanoparticles led to a percolated morphology and as a result to superior impact resistance.EWF parameters were mostly controlled by the tearing‐related parts regardless of phase morphology.The impact toughness was mainly controlled by the dispersion and distribution characteristics of the SiO2 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Increasing waste rubber recycling produces a specious range of products for many valuable applications. Waste Rubber/EPDM composite with different concentrations was prepared. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to identify the chemical composition. A water absorption test, Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were performed. The (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite exhibited the best behavior with the highest mechanical performance. Fe2O3 was added to (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite. Water absorption, FTIR, TGA, and DMA were investigated. The composite performance was improved with increasing Fe2O3 content. The linear attenuation coefficients (μ) were also measured as a function of the concentrations of Fe2O3 for γ-ray energy 662 keV by using 137Cs point source; the radiation shielding can be denoted by numbers of parameters like mass attenuation coefficient (μm), half value layer (HVL), Tenth value layer TVL and radiation protection efficiency (RPE%), radiation protection efficiency increased as Fe2O3 increased.

Increasing waste rubber recycling produces a specious range of products for many valuable applications. Waste Rubber/EPDM composite with different concentrations was prepared. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to identify the chemical composition. A water absorption test, Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were performed. The (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite exhibited the best behavior with the highest mechanical performance. Fe2O3 was added to (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite. Water absorption, FTIR, TGA, and DMA were investigated. The composite performance was improved with increasing Fe2O3 content. The linear attenuation coefficients (μ) were also measured as a function of the concentrations of Fe2O3 for γ-ray energy 662 keV by using 137Cs point source; the radiation shielding can be denoted by numbers of parameters like mass attenuation coefficient (μm), half value layer (HVL), Tenth value layer TVL and radiation protection efficiency (RPE%), radiation protection efficiency increased as Fe2O3 increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four vinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) with different functionalities and cage structures, monovinyl‐POSS (monov‐POSS), divinyl‐POSS (div‐POSS), trivinyl‐POSS (triv‐POSS), and tetravinyl‐POSS (tetrav‐POSS) were prepared and blended into fiber‐reinforced ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM—EPDM/AF) in the form of chemical cross‐linking to obtain four modified composites with various cross‐linked network structures and cage structures to investigate the influences and improvement of cross‐linking network and cage structures on the mechanical, thermal stability and ablation resistance of EPDM/AF. The results showed that the POSS of multi‐functionality with small steric hindrance, such as tetrafunctional tetrav‐POSS, can most significantly improve mechanical properties of EPDM/AF by forming denser crosslinking network structures, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of EPDM/AF/tetrav‐POSS can be increased 73.3% and 42.1% compared with EPDM/AF, respectively. POSS that has a complete cage structure and enables the modified composites to obtain a relatively dense cross‐linked network structure, such as difunctional div‐POSS can more substantially enhance the thermal stability and ablative resistance of EPDM/AF with the LAR and MAR of EPDM/AF/div‐POSS reduced by 25.2% and 10.5% compared to EPDM/AF, respectively. High‐temperature thermal transition of four modified composites at gradient temperatures was investigated to explain the relationship between the structure of POSS and ablation properties. Highlights: Four POSS with different functionalities and cage structures were designed.Mechanical and ablative properties were reinforced by four vinyl POSS.Multifunctional POSS can most significantly improve mechanical properties.Functionality and cage structure together influence ablative property.High‐temperature thermal transition of modified composites was investigated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the synergistic effect of carbon black/multi-wall carbon nanotube (CB/MWCNT) hybrid fillers on the physical and mechanical properties of Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) composites after exposure to high-pressure hydrogen gas. The EPDM/CB/CNT hybrid composites were prepared by using the EPDM/MWCNT master batch (MB) with 10 phr CNTs to enhance the dispersion of CNTs in hybrid composites. The investigation included a detailed analysis of cure characteristics, crosslink density, Payne effect, mechanical properties, and hydrogen permeation properties. After exposure to 96.3 MPa hydrogen gas, the hydrogen uptake and the change in volume and mechanical properties of the composites were assessed. We found that as the MWCNT volume fraction in fillers increased, the crosslink density, filler–filler interaction, and modulus of hybrid composites increased. The hydrogen uptake and the solubility of the composites decreased with an increasing MWCNT volume fraction in fillers. Moreover, after exposure to hydrogen gas, the change in volume and mechanical properties exhibited a diminishing trend with a higher MWCNT volume fraction. We conclude that the hybridization of CB and CNTs formed strong filler–filler networks in hybrid composites, consequently reinforcing the EPDM composites and enhancing the barrier properties of hydrogen gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS), fumed silica, and silica aerogel on the thermal insulation properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber were studied. On this basis, two kinds of fillers with good performances were selected to study the thermal insulation of an EPDM full-formula system. The results show that the addition of fumed silica or silica aerogel had a positive effect on the thermal insulation performance of EPDM rubber and its composite. A 30 wt% silica aerogel can be well dispersed in the EPDM rubber system and with a lower thermal conductivity compared with fumed silica. EPDM composite with 23.4 wt% fumed silica can produce more char residues at 1000 °C than at 500 °C in a burn-through test and formed the compact and porous char at 1000 °C, which had a lowest thermal conductivity. EPDM composite with fumed silica cannot be burned through 1000 °C burning, and comparison with silica aerogel revealed that it achieved the lowest back temperature and had a temperature of 388 °C after 800 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aromatised wine-based beverages and regular wines are commonly bottled on the same bottling line. Sealings installed in the bottling line absorb added aroma compounds from the aromatised wine-based beverages and a subsequent release of the absorbed aroma compounds from the sealings was monitored during cleaning sequences and in subsequent products. Such unintentional carryover is associated with the risk of violating the legal ban of any aromatisation of regular wine. If cleaning is carried out according to good manufacturing practice (GMP) and traces of aroma compounds in the subsequently bottled wine show no sensory significance, this unintended aroma carryover will be considered by the German Federal Ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture as technically unavoidable and has no legal consequences. The risk of aroma absorption and aroma carryover have been investigated in different foods (orange juice, milk, and wine) and simulated in model systems using a beaker, but no real bottling scenario had been investigated till now. To fill the knowledge gap we investigated the potential aroma carryover in a pilot plant, and in two different wineries during three bottlings of aromatised wine-based beverages and subsequent regular sparkling wine. Monitoring of installed sealings revealed the uptake of seven aroma compounds and further release of aroma compounds during a recommended cleaning sequence and subsequent contact with wine. A sensory significant aroma carryover into the subsequent wine that had been circulating for 24 hours in the pilot plant was observed only for α-ionone, which exceeded its odour detection threshold in white wine after 8 hours. Regarding the three bottlings of aromatised wine-based beverages and the subsequent sparkling wine, we recorded the uptake of γ-decalactone, eugenol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde in the sealings, and their further diminishment during the implemented cleaning of the wineries and subsequent bottling of a sparkling wine. During the short residence time of the product in the bottling line, no sensory and analytical differentiation of the pre-bottled and bottled sparkling wines was observed.

Excessive plasticizer migration to the insulation will have a serious impact on the safety of solid propellants. In this paper, the anti-migration EPDM insulation was prepared by introducing vinyl triethoxysilane functionalized GO (GS) as modifiers to prevent the migration of energetic plasticizers. The anti-migration performance at different temperatures was evaluated by immersion tests. The concentration of mixed plasticizers that migrated into the EPDM/GS-3 at 30 °C was decreased from 24.7% to 20.4% (17.4% decrease). The results confirmed that the introduction of GS prevented the migration of plasticizers to the EPDM insulation. The SEM results showed that GS was well-dispersed in the insulation, and there is strong interfacial interaction between GS and EPDM chains. Our research provided a new method to prepare EPDM insulation with excellent anti-migration performance.

Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation crosslinked linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites with different blending ratios were prepared using benzophenone (BP) as photoinitiator and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) as crosslinking agent. The irradiation time was determined, the effects of rubber‐plastic ratio on the crystallization behaviors, mechanical properties, crosslinking properties and electrical properties of LLDPE/EPDM composites were investigated. The results show that with the increase of EPDM content, the crystalline structure of LLDPE/EPDM composite become looser and the crystallinity decreased. The blending of EPDM and LLDPE results in two different aggregation states of the same crystalline form. With the increase of LLDPE content, the crosslinking efficiency, tensile strength, and energy storage modulus show a significant upward trend. When two polymers simultaneously exist in the material, if the difference between the contents of two polymers is large, the breakdown strength of the composite is relatively lower. The relaxation polarization of LLDPE/EPDM at low frequencies increases with the content of EPDM, thus leading to the increase of loss factor at low frequencies. A novel UV crosslinked modified EPDM insulating material with high production efficiency and improved insulation performances has been developed for use as an insulating layer for flexible power cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative aging is a significant deterioration process that affects the performance and durability of rubber materials in various applications. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of new antioxidants‐based on polyaniline for ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber to enhance its resistance to oxidative aging. The novel polyanilines were prepared using in situ polymerization method and characterized using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR illustrates the success synthesis of polyanilines as it shows their characteristic functional groups. The thermal stability of the formed polyanilines is discussed through TGA and derivative of thermogravimetry (DTG) curves. The curves prove the good thermal stability of the synthesized polymers. The prepared polyaniline compounds were mixed to carbon black filled‐EPDM rubber composites using a roll mill and then vulcanized using sulfur curing process. Accelerated aging tests for the prepared EPDM rubber composites were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the antioxidants. Moreover, their impact on rheometer, mechanical, and swelling properties was studied. The results showed that the EPDM samples with the prepared polyaniline compounds exhibited improved oxidative properties compared to the EPDM sample with commercial antioxidant 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline. These findings suggest that the novel antioxidants have the potential to enhance the durability and performance of EPDM rubber in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene propylene diene elastomer (EPDM) harbors diverse microbiota that form biofilms. Such biofilms may contaminate water and can increase drag force impacting the hydrodynamic performance of a ship, once it is used as fenders. Here, the EPDM surface is modified by radiation‐assisted grafting to prevent biofilm formation. Three different monomers, namely, methacrylic acid (MAA), isodecyl methacrylate (IDM), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA), are grafted on EPDM. The modified surfaces are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface wettability, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modified surfaces are subjected to biofouling by prominent biofilm adherents, that is, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The standard plate count and resazurin fluorescence assays are performed to observe the microbial load on these surfaces. The MAA‐grafted EPDM, which is hydrophilic in nature, shows a considerable decrease in bacterial adhesion compared to pure EPDM, but for IDM and LMA‐grafted EPDM, it is the opposite. The deterioration of the surface with bacteria by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) supports the findings. The tensile property of the modified EPDM is observed to be within satisfactory limits. After such modification, the EPDM is expected to expand its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the need to design sustainable polymeric materials that remain superior mechanical properties after recycling, this work is centred on the effect of multiple recycling of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs). Among thermoplastic elastomers, TPVs combine several favourable characteristics such as damping, light weight, ease of processing by means of injection moulding, design flexibility and recyclability. Multiple processing of a commercially available PP/EPDM TPV by shredding and injection moulding was followed by analytical investigations on rheological and thermo-mechanical properties using melt rheological measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and mechanical tests. The results show that key performance parameters of the TPV such as Young's modulus, stress at 100% strain as well as stress and strain at break only change slightly. Stress at 100% strain can be used as a quality indicator as it decreases linearly with every recycling step. This study opens new opportunities to increase the content of recycled PP/EPDM TPV and even manufacture technical components with 100% recycled material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cross‐linked network and dynamic viscoelastic properties of ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDMs)/polyamide elastomer (PAE) were systematically investigated by using equilibrium swelling test and rheological experiment. The filler network formed by single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the matrix of EPDM/PAE was studied and discussed in detail by virtue of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DIN abrasion test was conducted to derive the cross‐linked network dependence of the frictional wear performance of EPDM. The results indicated that the chemical cross‐linked network was contributed by EPDM and EPDM‐PAE macromolecular chains. In addition, the physical cross‐linked network consisted of the macromolecular entanglement of EPDM‐PAE and the interactions between EPDM/PAE and SWCNTs. Introducing PAE into EPDM matrix resulted in the change of the cross‐linked network, which was considered as the key factor to improve the abrasion resistance of EPDM. Furthermore, the physical cross‐linked network generated by PAE improved the strength of the EPDM matrix prominently. It is an innovative work in exploring the effect of microscopic structure on the macroscopic wear performance of EPDM vulcanizates. Highlights: Preparation of EPDM/PAE elastomer using new wear‐resistant material.Analysis on the effect of solubility parameters using Hansen solubility parameter (HSP).Flory–Huggins interaction parameter on three‐dimensional crosslink networks.Microscopic discussion on crosslink‐filling network structure.A new perspective on the discussion of wear resistance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure–properties relationship in complex rubber nanocomposites is a key for enlarging the performance window. Herein, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are added at variable content to ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) rubber blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted HNTs to evaluate cure characteristics, along with microstructure, and mechanical and swelling behavior. The crosslinking rate increased by HNTs loading, but the scorch time decreased. Moreover, a 45% rise in tensile strength was observed for systems containing 10 wt% HNTs. SEM and TEM micrographs revealed a rough fracture surface with proper dispersion of HNT within EPDM/NBR. The modulus of EPDM/NBR/HNTs nanocomposites is theoretically estimated by modified Kolarik model, demonstrating a good agreement with experimental value. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) revealed a higher storage modulus up to 2.27 GPa with the introduction of HNTs into EPDM/NBR compound. Correspondingly, lower solvent uptake (decreased by 38%) is reported. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed higher thermal stability for highly-loaded systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the industrial field, different kinds of parts are produced from rubber. Ethylene Propylene Diene (EPDM) and Acrylonitrile-butadiene Rubber (NBR) are the preferred rubbers in various fields. In this research, different types of hardness recipes were designed by using EPDM and NBR rubbers. Physical and mechanical values were analyzed. The results showed, with the increasing of carbon black amount, the hardness was increased, vulcanization time decreased and flow properties deteriorated. With increases carbon black, tensile strength changed from 8.8 MPa to 9.4 MPa for EPDM and 8.9 MPa to 13.7 MPa for NBR compounds. Opposite of tensile strength, the elongation values decreased 615% to 304% for EPDM and 511% to 221% for NBR. Tear resistance and density values increased with the increases in carbon black and the highest values belonged to N70 compounds for both. When physical values were analyzed, it was found that dimensional change decreased with the increasing of carbon black. With the polymer changes, it was seen that the dimensional change in NBR rubber is higher than EPDM rubber. When the effect of temperatures was examined, it was observed that high vulcanization and exposure temperature affects the dimensional changes badly for both rubber types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insulation is considered the weakest link in electrical equipment. The combined effects of special working conditions in coal mines and aging factors such as electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses make it difficult to determine the aging mechanism and evaluate the condition of EPDM insulation for high-voltage cables used in mines. This paper introduces the basic performance and aging factor types of EPDM insulation for high-voltage mobile flexible cables used in coal mines. Based on the physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of EPDM under the influence of multiple aging factors, the aging mechanism of EPDM is proposed. This paper summarizes the basic principles and existing problems of online monitoring methods for insulation resistance, partial discharge, dielectric loss factor, and temperature of mining high-voltage cables. The paper summarizes the current research status of insulation status evaluation methods for mining high-voltage cables. The paper introduces the evaluation methods for insulation status of multi parameter based on improved radar map and single parameter based on dielectric loss mining high-voltage cables. To cope with the development of coal mine intelligence, on the one hand, it is suggested to do research on intelligent perception and control of mining electrical equipment to compensate for the lack of state perception and state evaluation feature quantities. On the other hand, it is necessary to study lightweight models or algorithms to reduce the computational complexity, parameter quantity, and analysis time of intelligent terminals near devices. It improves the feasibility of state evaluation technology, and lays the foundation for achieving intelligent analysis and decision-making.

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber widely used in industry and commerce due to its high thermal and chemical resistance. Nanotechnology has enabled the incorporation of nanomaterials into polymeric matrixes that maintain their flexibility and conformation, allowing them to achieve properties previously unattainable, such as improved tensile and chemical resistance. In this work, we summarize the influence of different nanostructures on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of EPDM-based materials to keep up with current research and support future research into synthetic rubber nanocomposites.