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Divorce—terminating a pair bond whilst both members are alive—is a mating strategy observed in many socially monogamous species often linked to poor reproductive success. As environmental factors directly affect individual condition and reproductive performance, they can indirectly influence divorce. Given current climate change, understanding how environmental fluctuations affect partnership stability has important implications, including for conservation. Yet, the relationship between the environment and divorce remains largely unstudied. We examined the influence of temporal environmental variability on the prevalence of within‐ and between‐season divorce and the possible underlying mechanisms in a socially monogamous passerine. Analysing 16 years of data from a longitudinal dataset, we investigated the relationship between rainfall and divorce in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). First, we performed climate window analyses to identify the temporal windows of rainfall that best predict reproductive success and divorce. Then, we tested the effects of these temporal windows of rainfall on reproductive success and divorce and the influence of reproductive success on divorce whilst controlling for covariates. Annual divorce rates varied from 1% to 16%. The probability of divorce was significantly associated with the quadratic effect of 7 months of total rainfall before and during the breeding season, with divorce increasing in years with low and high rainfall. This quadratic relationship was driven by a heavy rainfall event in 1997, as excluding 1997 from our analyses left a significant negative linear relationship between rainfall and divorce. Although the same temporal window of rainfall predicting divorce significantly influenced reproductive success, we found no significant correlation between reproductive success and divorce. Our findings suggest that rainfall impacts divorce. Given that this effect is likely not directly mediated by reproductive success, we discuss other possible drivers. Although the 1997 super El Niño event shows how heavy rainfall may affect socially monogamous partnerships, more data are required to estimate the robustness of this effect. By adding to the growing body of literature showing that environmental conditions influence the stability of socially monogamous partnerships, we provide novel insights that may also be important for conservation efforts in times of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf-associated fungi, the fungi that depend on leaves to sporulate, have a rich Cenozoic record, however their earlier diversity is poorly characterized. Here we describe Harristroma eboracense gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Jurassic leaf-associated fungus colonizing the leaf cuticle of Nilssonia tenuicaulis (cycadophyte). To place our newly described species into a picture of the diversification of Mesozoic fungi, we reassess fossils with leaf-associated stromata in the context of fungal molecular phylogeny. Being melanized, with radiate stromata, and on leaves, H. eboracense and other fossils from the Jurassic and earlier periods are probably related to filamentous Ascomycota in the superclass Leotiomyceta. Characters needed for further resolution of leaf-associated fungal biology and classification, such as the presence of an ostiole for spore discharge and appressoria for entry into leaf tissue first appear in the Mesozoic fossil record. Among Early Cretaceous fossils, Spataporthe taylorii represents the oldest unambiguous evidence of perithecial Sordariomycetes while Protographum luttrellii and Bleximothyrium ostiolatum are the oldest Dothideomycetes thyriothecia. Environmental observations show that broad leaved gymnosperms (especially cycadophytes) growing in warm temperate wet forests might have been the first environment for the radiation of Leotiomyceta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the factors that influence senior high students' decisions to enroll in agriculture courses in college. Specifically, this sought answers to the socioeconomic profile of senior high school students and determined the environmental condition of the senior high school students in terms of external factors (family income and parents' educational attainment) and internal factors (type of school as public or private, and strand taken). A quantitative technique using descriptive causal research design was utilized to attain its objectives. 1645 Senior High School students from the 11 municipalities or cities in Davao del Norte were respondents to the study. Generally, a self-made survey questionnaire was used in gathering the data. The data were tallied and treated with appropriate statistical tools. It was found that the environmental conditions of SHS in terms of family income and parents' educational attainment as external factors were sometimes evident and in terms of the type of school and strand taken, these internal factors were sometimes evident. It was found out that in terms of social learning, this factor was sometimes evident, in terms of cognitive, this factor was oftentimes evident, in terms of affective, this factor was oftentimes evident, in terms of subjective norm, this factor was sometimes evident, and in terms of perceived behavioral control, this factor was oftentimes evident. It was found that there existed a positive significant influence of environmental, cognitive, and subjective norms factors towards SHS's decision to enroll in an agriculture course in college, however, no significant influence existed on social learning, affective and perceived behavioral control factors towards SHS choice to enroll on agriculture course in college. Finally, the researcher recommends that similar studies may be conducted using other theories and methods, to be conducted in different locales and considering the limitations of this study to further validate its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of different single lap joint configurations with different adhesive types, environmental conditions and bonding methods were investigated experimentally. Using M21/40%/285T2/AS4C-6K and M91/34%/UD194/IM7-12K carbon/epoxy prepregs as adherent, Solvay FM300K as film adhesive, and Loctite EA9394 as paste adhesive, eight different configurations of single-lap specimens (three configurations of environmental conditions as cold/dry, room temperature/dry and hot/wet, two configurations of adhesive as film and paste, and two configurations of bonding methods as co-bonding and secondary bonding) were manufactured for experimental studies. It was found that low and high temperatures and moisture effect negatively on shear strength, co-bonding method is better than secondary bonding, and film adhesive is more structural than paste adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flagella is a well-known bacterial structure crucial for motility, which also plays pivotal roles in pathogenesis. Arcobacter butzleri, an enteropathogen, possesses a distinctive polar flagellum whose functional aspects remain largely unexplored. Upon investigating the factors influencing A. butzleri motility, we uncovered that environmental conditions like temperature, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability play a significant role. Furthermore, compounds that are found in human gut, such as short-chain fatty acids, mucins and bile salts, have a role in modulating the motility, and in turn, the pathogenicity of A. butzleri. Further investigation demonstrated that A. butzleri ΔflaA mutant showed a reduction in motility with a close to null average velocity, as well as a reduction on biofilm formation. In addition, compared with the wild-type, the ΔflaA mutant showed a decreased ability to invade Caco-2 cells and to adhere to mucins. Taken together, our findings support the role of environmental conditions and gut host associated compounds influencing key physiological aspects of the gastrointestinal pathogen A. butzleri, such as motility, and support the role of the flagellum on bacterial virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry, a profitable crop, adapts well to diverse environments. This study evaluated the stability of fruit quality in different strawberry varieties produced as green plants without chilling during the harvest season in northern Uruguay. The focus was on understanding the impact of harvest date versus agricultural practices (different orchards and growers) on key fruit quality variables such as color, firmness, sugars, and acidity. Results indicated that the INIA Yrupé variety showed greater stability in external coloration and sugar content across harvest dates, suggesting that standardizing fruit coloration is viable under challenging conditions. INIA Guapa consistently met minimum requirements for soluble solids and ratio, with stable acidity and red coloration. Firmness was positively correlated with ratio (r = 0.81) and negatively impacted by rainfall 2–3 days before harvest. The findings suggest that harvest date has a more significant impact on INIA Yrupé fruit quality than growing conditions or practices, with variability observed in firmness and ratio but minimal variation in fruit coloration. These insights highlight the importance of harvest timing for maintaining stable fruit quality traits, which is crucial for breeding programs and ensuring consistent sensory quality and crop profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an organic waste reducer, Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are an alternative in overcoming organic waste problems. Environmental conditions, larval density, amount of waste, time of waste application, and type of waste are reasons why the existing organic waste treatment with BSF larvae still needs to be improved. The main objective of this research is to develop the potential of black soldier fly larvae in reducing various types of organic waste (vegetable, fruit, restaurant waste, and mixed waste). To achieve the main objective of this study, the steps taken were analyzing the environmental conditions at the research site, the density of larvae in the reactor, the amount of organic waste, and the time of waste feeding on larval survival and the effectiveness of organic waste reduction. To implement the stage, sample preparation, selection of waste samples, making reactors, starting waste treatment, and measuring the results were carried out. It was found that BSF larvae at temperatures up to 34 °C, pH 8 with a larval density of 200 larvae, feeding 100--200 mg/larvae/day for 21 days were able to reduce organic waste by 84.5% with a waste reduction index value of 4.02%, a digested feed conversion efficiency value of 16.15% and a larval survival rate of 100%. Environmental conditions, larval density, amount of waste, time of waste feeding, and type of waste fed succeeded in reducing organic waste quickly compared to other organic waste treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively characterize convective precipitation in the central Amazon region, we utilize the Python FLEXible object TRacKeR (PyFLEXTRKR) to track mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed through satellite measurements and simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a convection‐permitting resolution. This study spans a 2‐month period during the wet seasons of 2014 and 2015. We observe a strong correlation between the MCS track density and accumulated precipitation in the Amazon basin. Key factors contributing to precipitation, such as MCS properties (number, size, rainfall intensity, and movement), are thoroughly examined. Our analysis reveals that while the overall model produces fewer MCSs with smaller mean sizes compared to observations, it tends to overpredict total precipitation due to excessive rainfall intensity for heavy rainfall events (≥10 mm hr−1). These biases in simulated MCS properties could vary with the constraints on the convective background environment. Moreover, while the wet bias from heavy (convective) rainfall outweighs the dry bias in light (stratiform) rainfall, the latter can be crucial, particularly when MCS cloud cover is significantly underestimated. A case study for 1 April 2014 highlights the influence of environmental conditions on the MCS lifecycle and identifies an unrealistic model representation in both stratiform and convective precipitation features. Plain Language Summary: We tracked large‐size rain storms called mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the central Amazon during the wet seasons of 2014 and 2015. Data generated from the MCS tracking helps us understand how rainfall is produced as a function of the number of storms, as well as their size, rain intensity, and motion, and how those can be better simulated by weather and climate models. We found that the model produces fewer and smaller MCSs than in reality, but the total rainfall amount is often overestimated. This is because simulated MCSs produce unrealistically intense heavy rainfall events. On the other hand, light rainfall events are mostly underrepresented by the model. Thus, the model error in total precipitation is determined by how these two counterbalance each other. Our analysis also suggests model representation of the background environment can be critical for simulating realistic MCS properties. Key Points: Simulated and observed mesoscale convective system (MCS) clouds and precipitation are tracked during the 2014/15 wet seasons in the central AmazonExcessive heavy rain intensity (≥10 mm hr−1) of simulated MCS lead to an overprediction of precipitationDry bias in stratiform rainfall can also drive MCS precipitation bias when stratiform cloud cover is substantially underpredicted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the response mechanisms of groundwater microbial‐toxicological indicators, specifically total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC), to water quality indicators and environmental conditions. Using data from a water source in the western plateau of China, a predictive model focusing on TBC and TCC was developed. An orthogonal experimental design was employed to manipulate environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and porosity, facilitating laboratory experiments. These experiments measured pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), TBC, and TCC at varying depths and environmental conditions. Principal component analysis elucidated the mechanisms by which water quality indicators and environmental conditions affect groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators. A prediction model for these indicators in plateau regions was established based on a backpropagation neural network (BP‐NN), using TBC and TCC as target variables and the newly extracted principal components as influencing factors. The results demonstrate that environmental conditions and water quality indicators primarily influence the evolution of groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators by altering the ionic charge quantities, redox conditions, and temperature of the groundwater. The predictive model for groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators shows trends consistent with experimental outcomes, with an average relative error of less than 15%, meeting engineering requirements. Practitioner points: The values of total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) under different conditions were obtained by column experiments.The influence mechanism of environmental conditions and groundwater indicators on TBC and TCC was elaborated by principal component analysis.TBC and TCC prediction models were established through the investigation of water sources in a plateau area and laboratory experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the water management and environmental situation in the Ural River basin was rather tense. This is true for its parts both in the Russian Federation, where the major portion of water resources is formed, and in Kazakhstan. The quantitative and qualitative depletion of water resources in the following years and the abrupt deterioration of the environmental conditions in many parts of the river make it necessary to carry out a large-scale study of the problems at a geosystem level. The article presents the results of studying small rivers in the part of the Ural River basin within the Russian Federation territory, where river runoff and environmental conditions vary under the effect of a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The methodological base of the study is the geosystem approach and the basin principle, which enable a comprehensive study of the effect of a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of variations of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of watercourses and the ecological conditions in them. The methods of study include generalization and analysis of the data of earlier studies, field studies and observations, sampling water and bottom sediments, zoning of the area under study by the types and levels of anthropogenic load, determination of the character of pollution of watercourses and changes in the ecological conditions in them, depending on the effect of specific types of economic activity. The study revealed specific features of the effect of human economic activity on small rivers and the natural complexes in their drainage areas. The characteristics of the space and time variations in the factors that cause changes in the slope and river runoff are determined. The features of the effect of anthropogenic factors on water quality in water objects and the ecological conditions in them are studied; proposals for ecological rehabilitation, preservation, and recovery of small rivers—tributaries of different orders of the transboundary Ural River—are substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sap flow method is widely used to estimate forest transpiration. However, at the individual tree level it has spatiotemporal variations due to the impacts of environmental conditions and spatial relationships among trees. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the coupling effects of these factors is important for designing sap flow measurement methods and performing accurate assessments of stand scale transpiration. This study is based on observations of sap flux density (SFd) of nine sample trees with different Hegyi's competition indices (HCIs), soil moisture, and meteorological conditions in a pure plantation of Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii during the 2021 growing season (May to September). A multifactorial model of sap flow was developed and possible errors in the stand scale sap flow estimates associated with sample sizes were determined using model-based predictions of sap flow. Temporal variations are controlled by vapour pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (R), and soil moisture, and these relationships can be described by polynomial or saturated exponential functions. Spatial (individual) differences were influenced by the HCI, as shown by the decaying power function. A simple SFd model at the individual tree level was developed to describe the synergistic influences of VPD, R, soil moisture, and HCI. The coefficient of variations (CV) of the sap flow estimates gradually stabilized when the sample size was > 10; at least six sample trees were needed if the CV was within 10%. This study improves understanding of the mechanisms of spatiotemporal variations in sap flow at the individual tree level and provides a new methodology for determining the optimal sample size for sap flow measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Strawberry is a rich source of antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (ASA) and polyphenols, which have numerous health benefits. Antioxidant content and activity are often determined manually using laboratory equipment, which is destructive and time‐consuming. This study constructs a prediction model for antioxidant compounds utilizing machine learning (ML) and multiple linear regression based on environmental, plant growth and agronomic fruit quality‐related parameters as well as antioxidant levels. These were studied in three farms at two‐week intervals during two years of cultivation.During the ML model screening, artificial neural network (ANN)‐boosted models displayed a moderate coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.68–0.78 and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) at 3.8–4.8% in polyphenols and total ASA levels, as well as a high R2 of 0.96 and low RRMSE at <3.0% in antioxidant activity. Additionally, we developed variable selection models regarding the antioxidant activity, and variables two and five (environmental parameters and leaf length, respectively) with high accuracy were selected. The linear regression analysis between the actual and predicted data of antioxidants in the ANN‐boosted models revealed high fitness with all parameters in almost all training, validation and test sets. Furthermore, environmental parameters are essential in developing such reliable models.We conclude that ANN‐boosted, stepwise and double‐Lasso regression models can predict antioxidant compounds with enhanced accuracy, and the relevant parameters can be easily acquired on‐site without the need for any specific equipment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites can be subjected to different environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, hydrothermal cycle, acidic and alkaline solution in environments where they operate. These environmental conditions cause different damage mechanisms in composites such as pore formation, micro‐cracks, delamination, fiber breakage, fiber/matrix interface separation, plasticization, swelling and surface color change. In this study, wear properties of hybrid glass fiber reinforced polymer composites exposed to various environmental conditions for constant load (60 N), speed (500 rpm) and 2 h were examined comprehensively, depending on material content and environmental conditions. In this experimental study, the service conditions in glass fiber reinforced composites were simulated using different artificial aging environments such as acidic environment, hydrothermal cycle and UV radiation. In addition to the material content, it appears that the environmental conditions to which composites are exposed has a significant effect on friction coefficient. Considering environmental conditions, it is seen that the acid environment and hydrothermal cycle have reduced wear resistance of GFRP composites, while UV radiation improved wear resistance of the composites. In C2 sample, the wear rates under different conditions are 1.87 × 10−14 m3/Nm in non‐treated sample, 6.05 × 10−14 m3/Nm in acid environment, 4.79 × 10−14 m3/Nm in hydrothermal cycle and 0.59 × 10−14 m3/Nm in UV radiation. Friction coefficient of glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) is higher under aged condition compared to non‐treated. Glass fibers used in correct proportions can reduce friction coefficient in GFRP. GFRP exposed to environmental conditions has an important effect on wear. Acid environment and hydrothermal cycle has reduced wear resistance of GFRP. UV radiation improved wear resistance of GFRP composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate sweating rate and the morphological changes of sweat gland of Kangayam cattle during different climatic conditions of Tamilnadu (India). Six adult Kangayam cattle in the age range of 3 to 5 years were selected from farmer's house in the vicinity of Namakkal and Sathyamangalam districts of Tamil Nadu. The skin biopsy samples were collected during winter (December-February) and summer (April-June) seasons. The sweating rate was calculated using a Cobalt Chloride Disk (CCD) method during both seasons. Histological measurements like, sweat gland length, sweat gland diameter, depth of sweat gland and sweat gland density were measured with the help of trinocular microscope (Leica DM 1000) with image analyzer (Leica application suit) software. The results revealed significant (p<0.01) increase in sweating rate and length, diameter and number, with significant (p<0.01) reduction in depth, of sweat glands during summer than winter season. The observations clearly indicated the greater evaporative cooling capacity of indigenous cows to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein amyloid aggregation is linked with widespread and fatal neurodegenerative disorders as well as several amyloidoses. Insulin, a small polypeptide hormone, is associated with injection-site amyloidosis and is a popular model protein for in vitro studies of amyloid aggregation processes as well as in the search for potential anti-amyloid compounds. Despite hundreds of studies conducted with this specific protein, the procedures used have employed a vast array of different means of achieving fibril formation. These conditions include the use of different solution components, pH values, ionic strengths, and other additives. In turn, this variety of conditions results in the generation of fibrils with different structures, morphologies and stabilities, which severely limits the possibility of cross-study comparisons as well as result interpretations. In this work, we examine the condition–structure relationship of insulin amyloid aggregation under a range of commonly used pH and ionic strength conditions as well as solution components. We demonstrate the correlation between the reaction solution properties and the resulting aggregation kinetic parameters, aggregate secondary structures, morphologies, stabilities and dye-binding modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the significant weather report, CG lightning, composite radar reflectivity, and ERA5 reanalysis data, we first studied the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of four types (only severe convective wind (SCW); SCW and hail; SCW and short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR); and SCW, hail, and SDHR) of convective weather events related to SCW during the warm season (May to September) from 2011 to 2018 in North China. Second, severe convective cases producing SCW were selected to statistically analyze the initiation, decay, lifetime, and organizational characteristics of convective systems. Finally, using ERA5 reanalysis data and conventional surface observation data, preconvective soundings were constructed to explore the differences in environmental conditions for initiating convective systems between SCW and non-SCW. The results indicate that mixed-type of SCW and SDHR events occur more frequently over plains, while other types of convective weather occur more frequently over mountains. The frequency peak of SCW occurs in June, while mixed convective weather peaks in July. The initiation time of convective systems is concentrated between 1000 and 1300 BST, with apeak at 1200 BST. Over mountains, the daily peaks of ordinary and significant SCW generally occur at 1700–1800 BST and 1600–1700 BST, respectively, while over plains, the peak of ordinary SCW typically lags behind that of mountains by 1–2 hours. Additionally, SCW systems are mainly initiated over mountains, with most lifetimes lasting 7–13 hours. Nonlinear convective systems produce the most SCW events, followed by trailing-stratiform convective systems. The convective available potential energy (CAPE), downdraft convective available potential energy, and the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa can all distinguish between SCW systems and non-SCW systems occurring over plains. Compared to non-SCW convective systems, SCW convective systems over mountains are more likely to occur in environments with less precipitable water, while SCW convective systems over plains are more likely to occur in environments with higher CAPE and stronger deep-layer wind shear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are well recorded in local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients. Location: North‐eastern China. Time Period: 2017. Major Taxa Studied: Woody plants. Methods: We define multifunctionality using both averaged and modified multiple‐threshold approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill–Chao numbers. Using variance decomposition, linear mixed models and structural equation modelling, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers. Results: We found that both α‐ and β‐diversity are critical for regional community multifunctionality, while the relationships between species, functional and phylogenetic diversity and multifunctionality decoupled across spatial scales and thresholds of ecosystem functioning. Phylogenetic β‐diversity and species α‐diversity are, respectively, more important for promoting high‐ and moderate‐threshold multifunctionality (e.g. EMFT90 and EMFT50) in regional communities. Environmental drivers typically have stronger effects than biodiversity on multifunctionality. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality or indirect ones mediated by species α‐diversity. Environmental heterogeneity is important for high‐threshold multifunctionality, exerting directly and indirectly through phylogenetic β‐diversity. Latitude not only directly influences multifunctionality but also modulates it through species α‐diversity and phylogenetic β‐diversity. Main Conclusions: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously proposed that the optical centroid efficiency (OCE) might be a preferred figure-of-merit to the enclosed energy of a rectangular pixel (EOD) for an instrument subject to unpredictable environmental jitter and alignment conditions. Here we follow the same symbols for the corresponding quantities, particularly the width of the pixel as being equal to 2d. Here we analyze the performance of the OCE vs. the EOD for the three Seidel primary aberrations of an optical component: spherical, coma, and astigmatism, plus defocus. We show that the OCE has an approximate U-shape when graphed against the EOD, for the aberrations ranging from 0 to 1.25λ. We conclude that for pixels larger than 2d = 3λF/#, a small pixel will feature better performance when expecting jitter, misalignment, and other environmental and unpredictable conditions. When evaluating the performance of low-aberration instruments in dynamic and unpredictable environments, the choice of the lager pixel 2d = 7λF/# might be advantageous. Its selection will result in the deterioration of image resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results on experimental cultivation of seedlings of laminaria kelp Saccharina japonica are considered. Growing of this species was conducted in the first time in the Center of Mariculture located on Popov Island in the coastal Japan Sea. Data on equipment of the modules for cultivation of early stages of algae and on environmental conditions for their optimal growth are presented. Diatoms influence on the growth of kelp seedlings is shown. The optimal dates for seeding the spores on artificial substrate frames and for the frames transplantation into the sea are determined that provides the most rational growing cycle in a forced mode.

Abstract Background information Mexico faces a great challenge in producing, storing, and distributing food to guarantee the food security of its population. Natural disasters, climate change and changes in land cover are dynamic drivers affecting food production. In this study, we propose a method for assessing food security by evaluating the amount of food in Mexico that is available to meet the demand of its population. An indicator of food availability based on environmental, social, production and food supply variables is proposed. Methods Food availability in Mexico's 2471 municipalities was assessed using five sub-indicators covering environmental and social conditions of production, food supply, caloric and protein sufficiency, and food supply. A database of 19 variables was integrated to calculate an index of food availability by municipality. Spatial analysis techniques were used to identify areas with specific needs and to formulate public policy recommendations. Results The availability of food is not a problem at all in 90% of the municipalities in the country. We found that the environmental and social conditions are suitable for producing food from agriculture and livestock and there are sufficient food outlets. The caloric demand and protein requirements of the population can be met in at least 87% of the municipalities. Thus, the environmental and social conditions are good in more than 85% of the municipalities. If food production and availability are sufficient; then, the problem of food insecurity may be due to other causes. Conclusions and recommendations The conclusion is that food insecurity in Mexico is influenced by additional factors. An urgent intervention is needed, including public policies to provide economic support to the most affected segments of the population.

As an organic waste reducer, Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are an alternative in overcoming organic waste problems. Environmental conditions, larval density, amount of waste, time of waste application, and type of waste are reasons why the existing organic waste treatment with BSF larvae still needs to be improved. The main objective of this research is to develop the potential of black soldier fly larvae in reducing various types of organic waste (vegetable, fruit, restaurant waste, and mixed waste). To achieve the main objective of this study, the steps taken were analyzing the environmental conditions at the research site, the density of larvae in the reactor, the amount of organic waste, and the time of waste feeding on larval survival and the effectiveness of organic waste reduction. To implement the stage, sample preparation, selection of waste samples, making reactors, starting waste treatment, and measuring the results were carried out. It was found that BSF larvae at temperatures up to 34oC, pH 8 with a larval density of 200 larvae, feeding 100-200 mg/larvae/day for 21 days were able to reduce organic waste by 84.5% with a waste reduction index value of 4.02%, a digested feed conversion efficiency value of 16.15% and a larval survival rate of 100%. Environmental conditions, larval density, amount of waste, time of waste feeding, and type of waste fed succeeded in reducing organic waste quickly compared to other organic waste treatments.

The intraspecific variability of the anatomical and hydraulic characteristics of xylem in the undergrowth in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been assessed during natural regeneration in the felling areas and under the canopy of a middle taiga blueberry pine forest in the conditions of the European North (Republic of Karelia). The influence of habitat conditions on the formation of structural elements of wood cells has been revealed. In felling areas under conditions of higher illumination, air and soil temperatures, the transition of pine undergrowth to the category of large with a height of more than 1.5 m occurs at the age of 6 years, whereas under the canopy of a mature stand the undergrowth reaches this category no earlier than 15 years. At the same time, in the 1st decade of growth under felling conditions, the growth of pine in diameter has been 4 times higher than that of pine under the canopy of a mature stand due to the formation of a larger number of rows of tracheids in the early and late zones. In addition, the pine undergrowth in the felling area has the highest potential hydraulic conductivity of the xylem, and, on the contrary, the lowest specific density of tracheids, the basic wood density and late wood content relative to the pine undergrowth under the canopy of the stand. The latter exhibited a significant decrease in the structural and functional characteristics of wood, with the exception of the thickness of the cell membranes of late tracheids. In the interanual dynamics, more stringent linear regression dependencies between the indices of early and late tracheids have been observed in pine undergrowth under the forest canopy. The results obtained indicate a greater correspondence of the environmental conditions in the felling area to the optimum for the growth and formation of wood of young pine trees relative to the conditions under the canopy of a mature blueberry pine forest. Inhibition of the growth activity of undergrowth under the canopy occurs due to high intraspecific competition from the dominant pine stand for light, moisture and soil nutrition.

Tribological machine elements, such as rolling element bearings and gears, are often used in mechanical components and various industrial applications. The contact interfaces and sliding parts fundamentally consist of two solid and one liquid lubricant, and they are operated under a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) condition. The TEHL solution characteristics depend on the operating conditions and lubricant physical properties, as well as the surrounding environment, including the temperature along the solid surfaces and pressure adjacent to lubricated contact. Herein, we numerically examine the influence of both solid temperature and ambient pressure on TEHL solutions at the nominal line contact and discuss the synergistic effects. Any changes in the physical properties of the lubricants are considered either together or separately as functions of temperature and pressure. The high ambient pressure enhances the effects of the solid temperatures on the resultant TEHL solutions. Regardless of the solid temperature and ambient pressure conditions, the TEHL solutions for all the lubricant models are grouped into two in terms of thermal conductivity.

Purpose. Study of the technological processes and results of the cultivation of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) in floating cages at the natural water temperature of the forest-steppe of Ukraine to ensure caviar production. Methodology. The study was conducted in the conditions of the cage area of the industrial-type farm (limited liability company - the agricultural aquaculture enterprise “Osetr”) located in the right-bank part of the Kaniv Reservoir on the Dnipro River. Different age groups of sturgeon were grown in floating cages with an area of 24 m2 (4×6 m). The walls of the cages were submerged in water for 2.5–3.0 m. Depending on the fish age, cages with mesh sizes of 10–24 mm were used. Fish of different ages were fed at a water temperature not lower than 5.5–6.0°C with compound feed containing 45–52% crude protein and 12–15% crude fat. Individual and average body weight (g, kg), relative and absolute annual weight gains (%, kg) and fish survival rate (%) were determined. The amount of fish yield per unit area of cages (kg/m2) and the average daily consumption of feed per average body weight of fish (%) were calculated. The study of productive parameters and physicochemical factors of water was carried out according to generally accepted methods in ichthyology and hydrochemistry. Findings. Average monthly values of water temperature in the summer season during 2018–2023 were within 20.9–25.3°C. The period with a water temperature of 15–25°C did not exceed 160 days. The duration of the fish feeding period was 225–260 days. The dissolved oxygen content in the summer ranged from 3.8 to 9.4 mg O2/dm3. Average seasonal oxygen concentration in water were in the range of 5.8–6.3 mg O2/dm3. During the cultivation of different age groups of sturgeon, periodic moderate exceedances of the normative values for certain hydrochemical parameters were registered. No mass death of fish was detected. Feed consumption per day, depending on the age of the sturgeon, was on average within 0.7–2.5% of the fish weight. The average seasonal gains of age-1+ to age-10+ sturgeon were in the range of 0.47–1.11 kg, with maximum values for age-3+ fish. The average weight of age-10+ sturgeon reached 6.8 kg. High survival rates of fish of various ages were recorded (93.5–100.0%). The fish yield of cages with different age groups of sturgeon were 5.7-12.9 kg/m2. Originality. Peculiarities of the formation of the brood stock of Siberian sturgeon with the use of floating cages installed in a reservoir with natural water temperature of the forest-steppe of Ukraine for caviar production were studied. Practical value. The results of the study are of interest for the development of the sturgeon caviar aquaculture in Ukraine in the conditions of industrial-type farms, primarily using water bodies with a natural temperature regime.

The revitalisation of post-harbour and waterfront areas is an issue that has been subject to intensive public discussion over the recent years. The topic is becoming increasingly popular due to the high value of post-harbour areas. They are distinguished by their aesthetic, environmental and recreational qualities. The possibilities for developing such areas are considerable: residential development, waterfront park areas, public spaces, a variety of service developments. So far, many successful projects of such transformation have been carried out. This article focuses on an analysis of the conditions and potential of the Port of Zeran in Warsaw and the possibilities for its transformation. The study was carried out by desk research using available spatial data and information provided in scientific publications. A survey was also carried out on a group of 146 Zeran residents. The results of the analyses showed that the local environment is under heavy anthropopressure and the social and technical infrastructure is in very poor condition, while the area also has many advantages and significant development potential. The most important of these include the convenient location, the favourable ownership situation, the multitude of areas not yet developed and the presence of elements related to former activities. The current condition of the harbour offers opportunities for development in both recreational and leisure and residential directions. It is also possible to create a mixed-use neighbourhood, and the potential development would have a positive impact on the entire neighbourhood.

The study's objective is to create a method to select the best course of maintenance action for each state of ship propulsion system degradation while considering both the present and future costs and associated carbon intensity indicator, CII, rates. The method considers the effects of wind and wave action when considering fouling and ageing. The ship resistance in calm, wave, and wind conditions has been defined using standard operating models, which have also been used to estimate the required engine power, service speed, fuel consumption, generated CO2, CII, and subsequent maintenance costs. The maintenance takes into consideration the effects of profit loss because of lost opportunities and efficiency over time. Any maintenance choice has total costs associated with it, including extra fuel, upkeep, and missed opportunities. Using a discrete-time Markov chain, the ship's propulsion system maintenance schedule is optimized. A decision has been reached regarding the specific maintenance measures to be undertaken for each state of the Markov chain among various alternatives. The choice of optimal maintenance is related to a Markov decision process and is made by considering both the current and future costs. The developed method can forecast the propulsion system's future states and any required maintenance activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors such as extreme temperatures, humidity, wind, pollution, altitude, and diving can significantly impact athletes' cardiovascular systems, potentially hindering their performance, particularly in outdoor sports. The urgency of this issue is heightened by the increasing prevalence of climate change and its associated conditions, including fluctuating pollution levels, temperature variations, and the spread of infectious diseases. Despite its critical importance, this topic is often overlooked in sports medicine. This narrative review seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive, evidence-based evaluation of how athletes respond to environmental stresses. A thorough assessment of current knowledge is essential to better prepare athletes for competition under environmental stress and to minimize the harmful effects of these factors. Specifically, adaptative strategies and preventative measures are vital to mitigating these environmental influences and ensuring athletes' safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inland oil spill accidents pose a negative impact on the health of the soil ecological system and human beings. The oil infiltration process is the main behavior of spilled oil, and its infiltration is influenced by many environmental factors like root netting and rainfall. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of these two important factors on the infiltration process and reduce the pollution of inland oil spill accidents. For root nettings, they can change the soil permeability and pore volume distribution, which are important in liquid infiltration, while rainwater can change the soil water content, thereby affecting the pressure, capillary force, and buoyancy force of spilled oil in the infiltration process. In the present study, these two unique factors of oil infiltration were investigated by detecting the infiltration front head and concentration distribution of spilled oil in soil layers with various root netting structures as well as the rainfall modes. It is found that root netting and surface rainfall critically affect oil infiltration in soil. The nettings with a finer mesh size and denser plant roots show a more significant effect on the infiltration process, particularly when their pore size is smaller than that of the soil. The netting's position and soil particle size also play crucial roles, influencing where oil accumulates within soil layers. Rainfall timing and intensity further modify oil movement, with prior rainfall reducing infiltration, while subsequent rain can increase it. The findings can help better understand the transport of spilled oil transport and implement emergency response measures for inland oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nematode community was studied at eight stations in the eastern part of the East Siberian Sea shelf (43 m), along the slope, and at a deep-sea site (1350 m). All samples (depth range 43–1350 m) were collected with a MUC corer in the northeastern part of the East Siberian Sea during cruise ARA10C of the R/V Araon in 2019. The taxonomic composition of the nematode community is typical of the Siberian Arctic seas in summer–autumn. The nematode diversity of the East Siberian Sea is poor in comparison with other Russian Arctic seas. Nematode genera typical of the shelf and deep sea were identified. The nematodes density in the uppermost sediment layer increases from the southernmost station along the shelf, amount a maximum on the outer shelf, and decreases downhill with the minimum at the deepest site. It is suggested that the high nematode abundance and diversity on the outer slope was provided by high organic matter fluxes at the boundary of water masses, increasing the oxygen and silt content in sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllosticta citricarpa, the citrus black spot causal agent, requires both mating types, designated as MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, to produce ascospores. Mating‐type ratio in some citrus‐growing areas has been characterized but remains little known in the São Paulo (SP) citrus belt, the largest sweet orange producer worldwide. A protocol for in vitro ascospore production was developed recently; however, there are few studies regarding the optimal conditions for their production. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mating‐type ratio in SP and quantify ascospores produced under different conditions in vitro. The mating types were identified by duplex PCR, and ascospore production was assessed in five culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), ½ PDA, malt extract agar (MEA), oatmeal agar (OMA) and citrus agar (CA), and at temperatures from 10 to 30°C. The ratio of MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 was similar to 1:1. Ascospore production reached peaks of 8.0, 7.0 and 3.0 × 103 ascospores/mL in MEA, PDA and ½ PDA, respectively. There were no ascospores observed in OMA and CA. P. citricarpa ascospores were observed only at 15, 20 and 25°C in PDA, with peaks of up to 2.0 × 103 ascospores/mL at 42, 35 and 21 days, respectively. There were no ascospores observed at 10 and 30°C. Both mating types are similarly distributed in the SP citrus belt, and in vitro ascospore production may be optimized by using MEA at 25°C. These data provide a better understanding of P. citricarpa sexual reproduction and a background for further studies with ascospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic relationships with the majority of land plants and are an important part of the soil microbial community in natural and agricultural ecosystems. These fungi promote water and nutrient acquisition by their host plant and regulate the allocation of photosynthetic carbon to soil. Both crop variety and environment affect naturally occurring mycorrhizal abundance in roots, but the relative importance of those factors for mycorrhization is largely unknown. In a field study covering a large pedoclimatic gradient across four European sites, we (i) compared the abundance of AM fungi in the roots of 10 modern winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, (ii) evaluated the relative importance of variety and site for the variability in root colonization by AM fungi and (iii) tested the relationship between mycorrhizal abundance and grain yield. Root colonization by arbuscules and hyphae ranged from 10% to 59% and 20% to 91%, respectively, across all samples and varied by 8% and 18%, respectively, among varieties when averaged across sites. Variance decomposition analysis revealed a 10 times higher importance of site than variety for AM fungal root colonization. Specifically, we found the highest mycorrhizal abundance on the site with the most arid conditions and the lowest on the sites with low soil pH and high nutrient availability. Despite the low variability in mycorrhizal abundance among varieties, there were significant differences in both arbuscular and hyphal root colonization. However, this did not translate into an increase in yield as no significant relationships between mycorrhizal abundance at flowering and grain yield were detected. The consistent differences between wheat varieties in root colonization by AM fungi across European field sites underline that genetic drivers of mycorrhization are to some extent independent of the site. This highlights the relevance of breeding practices to shape a wheat variety's capacity for mycorrhizal symbiosis across a range of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit development and maturation rely on intrinsic genetic programs involving hormone biosynthesis and signalling and environmental cues, integrating phenological cycles and climatic issues encompassing abiotic stresses and climate change. In persimmon trees, environmental inputs strongly influence fitness and agricultural performance, and fruit yield can be severely compromised by them. We have grown two persimmon accessions ('Rojo Brillante' and 'Fuyu') under contrasting meteorological conditions of two locations in Spain and Japan. Fruit size, colour change, and firmness parameters were followed during fruit development from 30 days after fruit set until commercial ripening, and the expression of genes related to ethylene production and signalling, gibberellin response, carotenoid biosynthesis, cell wall dynamics, and oxidative stress were reported. Genes depending on intrinsic developmental programs (ethylene and ripening variables, mostly) showed common expression trends in both cultivars and locations, whereas gibberellin and abiotic stress-related genes mimicked reduced fruit growth and abiotic stress associated with higher summer temperatures (>35 °C) and lower rainfall reported in the Spanish location. The expression pattern of these genes is consistent with a growth–defence trade-off that explains fruit differential growth through hormonal and stress tolerance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene editing tools for banana crop improvement necessitates efficient embryogenic cell suspensions, which are derived through embryogenic calli (EC). Although many factors are known to influence EC formation, the roles of seasonal effects and environmental factors in EC induction of banana remain unclear. We therefore examined the formation of EC from immature male flower buds (IMFB) collected in each month of the years 2020 and 2022. Among 12 batches examined, IMFB initiated between January and April produced the highest percentage of EC in both years. In 2020, the percent of EC ranges from 8.22 to 12.14, whereas in 2022 the EC percentage ranges from 2.50 to 4.47. IMFB initiated from May to August produced moderate response and those initiated between September and December gave the lowest percentage of EC in both the years. Plants that generated highest percentage of EC underwent transition from vegetative to reproductive phase in autumn and flowered in winter. During this period, environmental factors such as global radiation, relative humidity and temperature were relatively low compared to summer. In contrast, plants that underwent vegetative–reproductive transition under extreme summer conditions and flowered at the end of summer and autumn yielded lowest percentage of EC. Exposure to high temperature and radiation during this period might have altered inflorescence development. Our results indicate that seasonal alterations in environmental factors influence the rate of EC induction.Key Message: We explored the optimum months for EC induction. During January to April, the percentage of EC induction was highest. The seasonal impact of environmental factors on EC induction discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The presence of plant species in each region is influenced by the environmental and biological factors of that region. Therefore, to establish the coverage and distribution of plant species and the factors affecting their growth and development, it is necessary to research the ecological requirements of the species and the environmental characteristics of the studied area. This information can be used for planning and implementing basic management plans for the restoration and modification of habitats and the protection of water and soil resources. This research aims to identify the habitat conditions of Prunus scoparia (Spach) C.K.Schneid. Methodology: This research was conducted in Razavi and South Khorasan provinces across six habitats: Qaen, Bajestan, Ferdows, Khaf, Bardaskan, and Sarayan. In each representative area, a site was selected, and three transects of 100 meters were established, each with a distance of 20 meters. Along each transect, 10 plots of four square meters were established (a total of 30 plots in each habitat). In each plot, the percentage of canopy cover, density of a single plant species, litter percentage, and bare soil percentage with pebbles were determined. Additionally, for each habitat, two soil samples were collected from the beginning and end of each transect, resulting in a total of 36 soil samples. The soil texture, electrical conductivity, saturation moisture, pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, lime, organic carbon, and organic matter were analyzed using conventional methods. After collecting all the climate, soil, topography, and vegetation data related to the six habitats of wild almond in Khorasan province, the scope of the ecological expansion of the studied species based on the studied factors was first determined. Then, using principal component analysis (PCA), the environmental factors affecting the distribution of wild almond species were identified. Results: The results showed that the Ferdows habitat exhibited the highest percentage of vegetation cover, while Bardaskan had the highest canopy cover percentage, density, and mean height for wild almond. The lowest percentage of vegetation cover, canopy cover, and density of the species was found in Bajestan, and the lowest mean height of the species was recorded in Khaf. Soil physical properties, such as soil texture components including the percentage of clay, sand, slope, and calcium, showed the largest contribution to explaining the variance of axis 1 and are more important than soil chemical properties. In the Bardaskan habitat, calcium and slope had a positive effect on the distribution of wild almond, but the percentage of clay showed a negative effect. Organic carbon is effective in the species distribution in this habitat. Altitude and rainfall are effective in the distribution of wild almond in Qaen. In general, clay, calcium, slope, sand, and maximum temperature play the biggest role in the distribution of the species in all the studied areas. There are many variations in the soil properties of the habitats. The two habitats of Khaf and Bardaskan are similar to each other in terms of soil characteristics, and wild almond is distributed in these habitats with high slopes and a high percentage of sand and calcium. In general, considering all the climatic, soil, and altitude characteristics, wild almond habitats are placed in three clusters. Khaf and Bardaskan habitats were in the first group, Sarayan and Bajestan habitats were in the second group, and Qaen and Ferdows habitats were in the third group. Conclusion: The range of distribution of wild almond in the studied areas was around 1480 to 1700 meters above sea level, generally in southern directions, with slopes ranging from 10% to 66%, and annual rainfall between 130 to 187 mm. The soil texture of the habitats is loamy to sandy-loam, and the soil is non-saline. Among the studied factors, soil calcium, soil texture, slope percentage, and maximum temperature had the most significant effects on the distribution of wild almond in the studied areas. Considering the distribution of this plant in a wide range of environmental conditions, including climate, physiography, and soil, and its positive effect on controlling soil erosion on slopes, it is recommended to cultivate this species in degraded mountainous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there have been individual cases of damage to the revetments of the German North Sea estuaries due to clogging by precipitated ochre products. This process is defined as ochre clogging and has been extensively explained in the literature. The primary aim of the investigations was to better understand the clogging process under in situ conditions and the causative environmental conditions surrounding the filters. Extensive in situ investigations were therefore carried out. It was found that a permeability reduction in geotextile filters can be strongly accelerated by ochre clogging, which appears to be a biogeochemical process. This describes a combined action of the chemical precipitation of iron and manganese, precipitation by microorganisms, and physical clogging. A further aim of this study was to establish limit values for the decisive ochre clogging parameters, which could be used to quantify the susceptibility to ochre clogging. It was shown that the determination of the iron and manganese content of the groundwater, as well as the redox capacity of the groundwater, is sufficient to assess the tendency for ochre clogging. To minimise the negative impact on filter performance, recommendations for an adapted filter design have been developed as a guide for planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical analyses are presented for two generations of a floating heaving point absorber wave energy converter (WEC) installed with different farm array layouts. The wave farm configurations are based on WECs developed by Waves4Power. The numerical models are developed in the DNV software package, Sesam. Parametric studies of the isolated WEC configurations and farm array layouts are conducted under typical environmental conditions and various incident wave directions to understand the hydrodynamic power performance and the levelised cost of energy (LCoE). Hexagonal layouts are proposed for deploying the WEC units and compared with a 10-unit layout termed StarBuoy, which has been reported in previous work. The results of the present study confirm that the interactions between arrayed units in a farm can have either positive or negative effects on the LCoE, which is dependent on the array layout and environmental conditions. The hexagonal array layouts lead to lower LCoE owing to constructive interaction effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we aimed to investigate superficial skin temperature of racehorses' distal limbs after training in a racetrack. Male and female Thoroughbred racehorses were investigated in summer, after light training, and in the winter, after light and intense training. Horses were exercised (Exercise group, EG) under trainers' protocol while others were maintained inside their stalls (Control group, CG). Thermographic images were obtained from the front (fetlock, cannon, and carpus) and hindlimbs (fetlock, cannon, and tarsus), before exercise and 45, 60, 120 and 180 min after exercising. Images were analyzed using the Flir Tools® program. Temperatures of different moments of each group were compared using Anova for repeated measures and each moment of EG versus CG using Student t test. Horses of the CG maintained steady temperature in the winter, but in summer temperature increased at M45 until M180 (P < 0,01). EG increased temperatures after exercises that remained higher than M0 even at 180 min post-exercise (P < 0,0001), for most of the regions in winter and summer. EG temperatures were higher than CG at most of the time points after exercise. There was positive correlation between all regions' temperature and the atmospheric temperature for the CG during the summer (P = 0,003, r2 = 0,9622), observed for the front fetlock and carpal regions for the EG (P = 0.035, r2 = 0,8166). This pilot study demonstrates that, after race exercising under natural conditions skin temperature might take more than 180 min to return to basal values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas), is a significant economic species off Peru. The abundance and distribution of the species are highly susceptible to fluctuations in marine environmental conditions. The evolution of mesoscale eddies represents one of the dynamic processes in the ocean, exerting varying degrees of influence on regional biogeochemical processes from generation to dissipation. However, the mechanisms governing the regulation of abundance and spatial distribution of D. gigas off Peru during this evolution remain unclear. Therefore, this study employed normalization techniques and the habitat suitability index (HSI) model, utilizing data from the D. gigas fishery, mesoscale eddies, and marine environmental factors (including sea surface temperature, temperature at 50 m depth, and chlorophyll-a concentration) to analyze the environmental changes and the abundance, spatial distribution, and habitat changes of D. gigas during the evolution of mesoscale eddies. The results indicate that eddies undergo four stages: formation, intensification, maturity, and decay. During eddy evolution, the abundance of D. gigas exhibited an initial increase and a subsequent decrease within cyclonic eddies (CEs), whereas, within anticyclonic eddies (AEs), abundance showed a gradual decline. The outcome of the HSI model revealed that, the habitat suitability and the proportion of suitable habitat areas within eddies were highly consistent with the abundance of D. gigas during all stages of the eddies other than the intensification stage of AEs. The study speculated that both CEs and AEs can create favorable environmental conditions during the maturity stage, thereby leading to an increase in suitable habitat and abundance of D. gigas. These findings emphasize the significant impact of mesoscale eddy evolution on the abundance and habitat distribution of D. gigas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]