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We report a CO(3-2) detection of 23 molecular clouds in the extended ultraviolet (XUV) disk of the spiral galaxy M83 with ALMA. The observed 1 kpc2 region is at about 1.24 R 25 from the disk center, where CO(2-1) was previously not detected. The detection and non-detection, as well as the level of star formation (SF) activity in the region, can be explained consistently if the clouds have the mass distribution common among Galactic clouds, such as Orion A – with star-forming dense clumps embedded in thick layers of bulk molecular gas, but in a low-metallicity regime where their outer layers are CO-deficient and CO-dark. The cloud masses, estimated from CO(3-2), range from 8.2×102 to 2.3×104M⊙. The most massive clouds appear similar to Orion A in SF activity as well as in gas mass. The common cloud mass structure also justifies the use of high-J CO transitions to trace the total gas mass of clouds, or galaxies, even in the high-z universe. This study is the first demonstration that CO(3-2) is an efficient tracer of molecular clouds even in low-metallicity environments. This study is published in the Astronomical Journal, entitled "First Detection of the Molecular Cloud Population in the Extended Ultraviolet (XUV) Disk of M83" by J. Koda, L. Watson, F. Combes, M. Rubio, S. Boissier, M. Yagi, D. Thilker, A. M Lee, Y. Komiyama, K. Morokuma-Matsui, and C. Verdugo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the COVID-19 threat to in-person voting in the November 2020 election, state and local election officials have pivoted to mail-in voting as a potential solution. This method of voting—while safe from a public health standpoint—comes with its own set of problems, as increased use of mail voting risks amplifying existing discrepancies in rejected mail ballots. While some mail ballot rejections are to be expected, a lack of uniformity in whose ballots get rejected among subgroups of voters—whether for mistakes on a ballot return envelope (BRE) or lateness—raise concerns about equal representation. We draw on official statewide voter file and mail-in ballot data from the 2018 midterm election in Georgia, a state that until the pandemic did not have widespread use of mail voting, to test whether some voters are more likely to cast a mail ballot that does not count. Most importantly, we distinguish between ballots rejected for lateness and those rejected for a mistake on the return envelope. We find that newly registered, young, and minority voters have higher rejection rates compared with their counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing the effect of business reply permits versus stamped envelopes on the return rate for mail surveys shows that even though stamps still produce a significantly higher response, the differential between the two options appears to be diminishing. The dramatic effect of recent changes in business reply permit rates on the cost effectiveness between the two alternative return mail forms is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of biochemistry in stamps. It mentions the use of postage stamp in post-office that are used on envelopes, and states the key roles of stamps education the general public on various topics like history, ecosystems and president of the republic. It also mentions the use of history of research on chemical processes on stamps.

In this paper, a spectral collection of over 150 ATR-FT-IR spectra of materials related to cultural heritage and conservation science has been presented that have been measured in the extended region of 4000-80 cm (mid-IR and far-IR region). The applicability of the spectra and, in particular, the extended spectral range, for investigation of art-related materials is demonstrated on a case study. This collection of ATRFT-IR reference spectra is freely available online () and is meant to be a useful tool for researchers in the field of conservation and materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the second registration envelopes issued by the British Central Africa (BCA) which are of standard British construction, with crossed blue lines on the front and back, and lined with a mesh of cotton threads to prevent theft.

As researchers increasingly use mail survey methods to collect health and other data, research focused on optimizing features of survey design and administration in cost-effective ways is needed. We conducted two studies to examine the effects of sequential prepaid incentives and envelope messaging on response rates, item nonresponse, and costs in two mail surveys using address-based samples. Sample members in study 1 were randomly assigned to groups that received a preincentive of $2 versus $5, a second incentive of $0 versus $2 (sent only to nonresponders), and an envelope bearing no message or a monetary-focused message. Results indicated that the $5 preincentive significantly increased response rates, but neither the second incentive nor the message had an effect. Informed by the results of study 1, study 2 delivered a $2 preincentive to all sample members, but increased the amount of the second incentive to $5. Study 2 also tested a health-focused envelope message. While envelope messaging again failed to motivate participation, the administration of a second incentive, valued at a larger amount than the preincentive, significantly increased response rates. With regard to their effects on item nonresponse, while none of the variables was associated with item-missing levels in study 2, a significant three-way interaction was found in study 1 such that missing data was higher in the presence of a monetary message when a $2 preincentive was paired with a $2 second incentive. Cost analyses indicated that while larger incentives increased response rates, they also increased costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given an inductive-like pointclass Γ ˜ and assuming the Axiom of Determinacy, Martin identified and analyzed a pointclass that contains the prewellorderings of the next scale beyond Γ ˜ if such a scale exists. We show that much of Martin's analysis can be carried out assuming only ZF + DC R and Δ ˜ Γ ˜ determinacy by adapting arguments of Kechris and Woodin [10] and Martin [13] . This generalization can be used to show that every set of reals is Suslin in the intersection of two divergent models of A D + , giving a new proof of a theorem of Woodin, as well as to show that every set of reals is Suslin in the derived model at an indestructibly weakly compact limit of Woodin cardinals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "The Gorgeous Nothings: Emily Dickinson's Envelope Poems" by Marta Werner and Jen Bervin is presented. It explores Dickinson's habit of writing on scraps and envelopes and examines how the relationship between text and medium is represented. It outlines object-poetics, discusses what Dickinson's envelope-writing reveal about her late poetics, and explains the question raised about fragments.

Based on a corpus of ego-documents (private letters, diaries, memoirs) from the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, this paper presents a variationist comparative study to determine the fate of the modal periphrasis haber de + infinitive in the history of modern Spanish. Detailed analysis of the envelope of variation enables us to show that, despite an abrupt decline in the selection of haber de relative to tener que, both ‘to have to’, grammatical environments that favor its use remain in the mid-20th century. Many of the factor groups and the hierarchy of constraints during this period are similar to those that operated in previous periods. Nevertheless, a generalized decrease in the explanatory power of these factor groups, as well as some divergent patterns within several of these groups are also observed, mainly as a result of the fact that haber de + infinitive is increasingly relegated to some restricted areas of the grammar and lexicon. Based on these results, some theoretical implications for changing rates and constraints in language change and grammaticalization are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information on publicity envelopes of Nairn Transport Company. It focuses on a number of publicity envelopes in addition to advertising and travel pamphlets. Nairn Transport Company was formed by Norman Nairn and driver/mechanic Gerald Nairn. Nairn transported mail across the desert and to make public awareness of the services of the company issued several advertising and travel pamphlets.

This study explored the quality and sustainability of test friction ridge deposits on standard envelopes that were sent through the postal system. The test envelopes were collected and chemically treated using 1,2-indanedione with ZnCl2 (IND-Zn) to develop latent fingerprint impressions. The test envelopes were assessed to determine the extent to which the deposit was present, the level of friction ridge detail, and whether any foreign superimposed fingerprints deposited during the distribution process had affected the quality of the deposit. The research provided a statistical overview whereby the greater number of deposits were strongly present (sustainable), and the majority of these deposits exhibited friction ridge detail that was suitable for comparison and identification purposes (quality). Only a relatively small number of deposits were affected by the physical handling of the test envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the asymmetrical variant of the two-envelope paradox, the amount in envelope A is determined first, and then the amount in envelope B is determined to be either twice or half the amount in A by flipping a fair coin. Contra the common belie that B is preferable to A in this case, I show that the proposed arguments for this common belief all fail, and argue that B is not preferable to A if the expected value of the amounts in the envelopes are infinite. Using the examples I deploy in my arguments against the common belief, I also refute certain proposed solutions to the two-envelope paradox and draw some general lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envelopes (aged less than I year to 21 year) were processed using I ,8-diazafluoren-9-one ( DFO), ninhydrin, and I ,2-indanedione. The latent prints that developed were scored according to ridge detail. The DFO produced print on 35% of the 20 envelopes processed and 10% had latent prints that were considered identifiable. The ninhydrin produced prints on 40% of the 20 envelopes processed and 15% had latent prints that were considered identifiable. The I ,2-indanedione produced prints on 95% of the 20 envelope processed and 50% were considered identifiable. These differences were statistically ignificant (P value < .05, chi-square test). Interestingly, there was no difference (P value >.05) in the ability to detect identifiable latent prints on the aged envelopes (16 to 19 years old, N=19; 11 to 14 years old, N =58) compared to the newer envelope (< 5 years old, 22). The 1,2-indanedione method was shown to be the best process to use for developing aged latent print on envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The examination of printing defects, or imperfections, found on printed or copied documents has been recognized as a generally accepted approach for linking questioned documents to a common source. This research paper will highlight the results from two mutually exclusive studies. The first involved the examination and characterization of printing defects found in a controlled production run of 500,000 envelopes bearing text and images. It was concluded that printing defects are random occurrences and that morphological differences can be used to identify variations within the same production batch. The second part incorporated a blind study to assess the error rate of associating randomly selected envelopes from different retail locations to a known source. The examination was based on the comparison of printing defects in the security patterns found in some envelopes. The results demonstrated that it is possible to associate envelopes to a common origin with a 0% error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between consumer attribution about direct mail based on their perception of envelope message, envelope characteristics, and consumer's intent to open direct mail. A content analysis of direct mail pieces along with an extensive literature review was undertaken to understand the underlying dimensions of envelope message appeals and envelope characteristics. After a pilot study, the main study consisting of 478 respondents was conducted and a structural equation model was used to test the relationships between the constructs. The results suggest that envelope message and envelope characteristics based attribution does influence intent to open direct mail. Specific message appeals shown to influence significantly recipients' intention to open direct mail include messages that evoke the feelings of importance, non-price incentive, and gratitude. Additionally, personalized, standardized and official envelope characteristics also influence the recipient's intention to open the direct mail. These findings provide new insight into the use of envelope message appeals and envelope characteristics for developing effective direct mail pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter proposes a novel channel-tracking scheme to improve the performance of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) systems affected by rapid fluctuations in channel envelopes. The proposed technique is called "iterative (turbo) compensation." It utilizes additional information extracted from the receivers output to further improve the accuracy of the channel estimation. Simulation results show that the iterative scheme performs better than noniterative techniques in higher constellation modulations at high vehicle speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Following a terrorist release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service, it was suggested that decontamination of spores in mail envelopes could be accomplished at home by utilizing the steam heat from a household iron. This study investigated the use of a standard household iron, in a dry heat mode, for sterilizing mail envelopes laced with bacterial spores. Methods: The Bacillus subtilis var. niger spore, a more heat resistant spore, was used as a surrogate for B. Anthracis spores. Standard mail envelopes containing 2.1 x 106 spores were sealed and subjected to various levels of dry heat from a standard household iron for periods of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Envelope contents were then cultured in soy broth for seven days to detect any bacterial growth, and in addition envelopes and contents were visually inspected for evidence of damage and readability of words. Results: At a temperature range of 160.01°C - 204.5°C for a period of 5 minutes, B. subtilis var. niger spores were effectively sterilized and, at 7 days, no bacterial growth was observed. No gross evidence of envelope damage was observed and the legibility of words was not compromised. Conclusions: Dry heat from a common household iron is capable of destroying Bacillus spores in mailing envelopes without grossly altering the envelope or affecting the legibility of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mailing envelopes containing pathogenic spores of bacillus anthraxes, which have recently been used by terrorists to infect humans, calls for a new investigation to identify a level of possible contamination of ambient air as a result of the opening of such envelopes. Here we show that opening an envelope and unfolding a letter aerosolize microbial particles located inside and create their cloud with the diameter equivalent to the length of the letter side along which it was folded. With no motion of an envelope recipient (first case study presented in this paper), the front of the cloud moves due to forced convection caused by the impulse at opening and reaches a human face (approximately 50 cm from the opening zone) in about 6 sec. The concentration of particles at that distance is about three times lower compared to the concentration in the source. Further spread of the cloud brings its front to the distances of 1 and 1.5 meters within 25 and 55 seconds with the corresponding concentrations of around 10% and 5% compared to the source respectively. The second case study presents the results for a more realistic scenario when an envelope recipient, after observing a dust cloud appearing as the result of the opening of the envelope, recoils in fright creating additional air flows significantly disturbing the aerosol propagation described in the former study. It was found theoretically and verified by experiments that the amount of particles captured by the letter recipient varies significantly depending on the geometrical characteristics of the human, distance to the opening zone, reaction time, and recoil velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers mechanisms capable of implementing the authorization functionality to be supported by the NHS Care Records Service. The patient-confidentiality model for the Care Records Service includes restricting access to data by placing the data in a Sealed Envelope; providing access to data based on Legitimate Relationship, and other concepts; and the overriding of access restrictions in extraordinary or emergency situations. We informally show through examples how the Tees Confidentiality Model, a sophisticated model of authorization, can be used to implement Care Records Service authorization functionality to the level currently proposed, and also to much greater levels if they ever were to be required. The mechanisms discussed include using a range of permission types, called Confidentiality Permission Types; processing Confidentiality Permissions in a defined order according to complexity of type; using negative permissions to deny access; and providing override mechanisms for negative permissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effects of electron beam irradiation on DNA typing in letter-sized envelopes. Total cellular DNA extracted from all envelopes; Short tandem repeat profiles; Mitochondrial DNA sequence haplotypes.

Abstract Aims: To determine the irradiation dose necessary to reduce the populations of Bacillus anthracis spores in a dry medium in postal envelopes. Methods and Results: Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2 spores were dispersed in non-fat dry milk and then placed into standard business postal envelopes. The spores were treated with a sequence of irradiation doses to determine the decimal reduction value (D10 ) in kiloGrays (kGy). The average D10 value was 3·35 ± 0·02 kGy. Conclusions: An irradiation dose of 40·2 kGy would be required to result in a process equivalent to the thermal canning process (12 D10 reduction) to eliminate Clostridium botulinum spores. Significance and Impact of the Study: Irradiation is an effective means of reducing or eliminating B. anthracis spores in a dry medium in postal envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]