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In July 1939, when the French military discovered the possibility of breaking Enigma thanks to revelations from the Polish Cipher Service, it came as a complete surprise. Although the French secret services had known about the German machine for almost ten years, the military cryptologists based in Paris had quickly concluded that it was impossible to break it. Only the forced exile of Polish mathematicians in France after the 1939 campaign enabled the French to decipher Enigma from January 1940 until the June defeat. While the story of the Polish and British cryptological successes is now well known through academic and mainstream literature, the French failure has received virtually no attention until now. Using unpublished archives held at the Defense Historical Service in Vincennes, this study analyzes the reasons for this fiasco and paints a picture of French military cryptanalysis in the 1930s, quite different from the past success of French codebreakers in the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The brain age gap (BAG), calculated as the difference between a machine learning model‐based predicted brain age and chronological age, has been increasingly investigated in psychiatric disorders. Tobacco and alcohol use are associated with increased BAG; however, no studies have compared global and regional BAG across substances other than alcohol and tobacco. This study aimed to compare global and regional estimates of brain age in individuals with substance use disorders and healthy controls. Design: This was a cross‐sectional study. Setting: This is an Enhancing Neuro Imaging through Meta‐Analysis Consortium (ENIGMA) Addiction Working Group study including data from 38 global sites. Participants: This study included 2606 participants, of whom 1725 were cases with a substance use disorder and 881 healthy controls. Measurements: This study used the Kaufmann brain age prediction algorithms to generate global and regional brain age estimates using T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We used linear mixed effects models to compare global and regional (FreeSurfer lobestrict output) BAG (i.e. predicted minus chronological age) between individuals with one of five primary substance use disorders as well as healthy controls. Findings Alcohol use disorder (β = −5.49, t = −5.51, p < 0.001) was associated with higher global BAG, whereas amphetamine‐type stimulant use disorder (β = 3.44, t = 2.42, p = 0.02) was associated with lower global BAG in the separate substance‐specific models. Conclusions: People with alcohol use disorder appear to have a higher brain‐age gap than people without alcohol use disorder, which is consistent with other evidence of the negative impact of alcohol on the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning can be used to define subtypes of psychiatric conditions based on shared clinical and biological foundations, presenting a crucial step toward establishing biologically based subtypes of mental disorders. With the goal of identifying subtypes of disease progression in schizophrenia, here we analyzed cross-sectional brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 4,291 individuals with schizophrenia (1,709 females, age=32.5 years±11.9) and 7,078 healthy controls (3,461 females, age=33.0 years±12.7) pooled across 41 international cohorts from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group, non-ENIGMA cohorts and public datasets. Using a machine learning approach known as Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn), we implemented a brain imaging-driven classification that identifies two distinct neurostructural subgroups by mapping the spatial and temporal trajectory of gray matter (GM) loss in schizophrenia. Subgroup 1 (n=2,622) was characterized by an early cortical-predominant loss (ECL) with enlarged striatum, whereas subgroup 2 (n=1,600) displayed an early subcortical-predominant loss (ESL) in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, brain stem and striatum. These reconstructed trajectories suggest that the GM volume reduction originates in the Broca's area/adjacent fronto-insular cortex for ECL and in the hippocampus/adjacent medial temporal structures for ESL. With longer disease duration, the ECL subtype exhibited a gradual worsening of negative symptoms and depression/anxiety, and less of a decline in positive symptoms. We confirmed the reproducibility of these imaging-based subtypes across various sample sites, independent of macroeconomic and ethnic factors that differed across these geographic locations, which include Europe, North America and East Asia. These findings underscore the presence of distinct pathobiological foundations underlying schizophrenia. This new imaging-based taxonomy holds the potential to identify a more homogeneous sub-population of individuals with shared neurobiological attributes, thereby suggesting the viability of redefining existing disorder constructs based on biological factors.

Only a small number of studies have assessed structural differences between the two hemispheres during childhood and adolescence. However, the existing findings lack consistency or are restricted to a particular brain region, a specific brain feature, or a relatively narrow age range. Here, we investigated associations between brain asymmetry and age as well as sex in one of the largest pediatric samples to date (n = 4265), aged 1–18 years, scanned at 69 sites participating in the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis) consortium. Our study revealed that significant brain asymmetries already exist in childhood, but their magnitude and direction depend on the brain region examined and the morphometric measurement used (cortical volume or thickness, regional surface area, or subcortical volume). With respect to effects of age, some asymmetries became weaker over time while others became stronger; sometimes they even reversed direction. With respect to sex differences, the total number of regions exhibiting significant asymmetries was larger in females than in males, while the total number of measurements indicating significant asymmetries was larger in males (as we obtained more than one measurement per cortical region). The magnitude of the significant asymmetries was also greater in males. However, effect sizes for both age effects and sex differences were small. Taken together, these findings suggest that cerebral asymmetries are an inherent organizational pattern of the brain that manifests early in life. Overall, brain asymmetry appears to be relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence, with some differential effects in males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Specific phobia is a common anxiety disorder, but the literature on associated brain structure alterations exhibits substantial gaps. The ENIGMA Anxiety Working Group examined brain structure differences between individuals with specific phobias and healthy control subjects as well as between the animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) subtypes of specific phobia. Additionally, the authors investigated associations of brain structure with symptom severity and age (youths vs. adults). Methods: Data sets from 31 original studies were combined to create a final sample with 1,452 participants with phobia and 2,991 healthy participants (62.7% female; ages 5–90). Imaging processing and quality control were performed using established ENIGMA protocols. Subcortical volumes as well as cortical surface area and thickness were examined in a preregistered analysis. Results: Compared with the healthy control group, the phobia group showed mostly smaller subcortical volumes, mixed surface differences, and larger cortical thickness across a substantial number of regions. The phobia subgroups also showed differences, including, as hypothesized, larger medial orbitofrontal cortex thickness in BII phobia (N=182) compared with animal phobia (N=739). All findings were driven by adult participants; no significant results were observed in children and adolescents. Conclusions: Brain alterations associated with specific phobia exceeded those of other anxiety disorders in comparable analyses in extent and effect size and were not limited to reductions in brain structure. Moreover, phenomenological differences between phobia subgroups were reflected in diverging neural underpinnings, including brain areas related to fear processing and higher cognitive processes. The findings implicate brain structure alterations in specific phobia, although subcortical alterations in particular may also relate to broader internalizing psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter examines the enigma of Sub-regional economic integration in the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Central (CEMAC) zone. The sub-regional integration idea was born out of the need for a united Africa during the immediate independence period, to be achieved through a gradual, but steady process. Although instituted in 1994, CEMAC was a re-make of the Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) created in 1964. CEMAC was established, to promote sub-regional integration among central African states that shared a common legal tender, the CFA franc, through the promotion of trade, a genuine common market and greater solidarity. Albeit recording some inroads, CEMAC lagged behind its objectives, due to tardiness and overall poor implementation of policies, limited technical capacity, divergent attitudes of member states towards integration and absence of sanctions against states that disrespect community norms. The chapter sustains that such diverse political, economic, and socio-cultural impediments could only be halted through a joint approach, for remedial renewal by all stakeholders for a truly integrated economic CEMAC sub-region. This investigation shall be based on secondary and primary data, interpreted qualitatively and presented thematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miloš Kordić (1944) belongs to writers who have been on the stage for more than half a century and his oeuvre includes poetry, poetry for children, essays, short stories, novels, nonfiction. Kordić's creative attention is constantly focused on the emerging phenomena of the world and the manifestations of life, in which he discovers the sublimation of the new, the world rich in symbols and meanings. He advocates for a non-anthropocentric picture of the world, for surrealist representations of fluid realities and mystical connections between things and phenomena, in which the "realm of meaning" is revealed. His poetry is characterized by a metaphysical obsession with sensations of the miraculous in the sphere of the everyday; creative absorption of the outside world and interweaving of different spheres of physical and metaphysical reality. Kordić very often moved in the spaces of memory and primordial memory or pre-memory (both mythological and historical), spaces of dream - oneiristic and, especially, spaces of metaphysics, observing and sensory perceiving the invisible world in visible, manifest forms; and, perhaps more importantly, in contemporary events. The collection Grlo u rebrima (2023) offers a world of shades and appearances, vague knowledge and undefined spaces, filled with paradoxes, contrasts, illogical images and astonishment. His landscapes are metaphysical, whether they are made up of images of everyday life (images and smells of childhood from Banija, Sunja and Sisak, on the one hand, and images of chaotic daily life in Belgrade caught by war and bombing, on the other hand), or, on the other hand, images of epic and the mythical past, with which, through symbols and dreams, it is constantly called. The motifs and images of his poems carry elements of surrealist poetics, mystery, mysticism, ambiguity and suggestiveness, which is why they can easily be linked to the metaphysical painting of George De Chirico and his famous painting "The Secret and Melancholy of the Street".

Enigma protein, encoded by the PDLIM7 gene, is overexpressed in thyroid cancer in a stage-dependent manner, suggesting a potential involvement in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. The Enigma interacts with several cellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MDM2, and BMP-1. The Enigma is regulated by microRNAs. Specifically, we showed that the Enigma protein upregulation corresponds to the downregulation of Let-7 family genes. There is limited research on the interactions and regulation of the Enigma with other proteins/genes in thyroid cancer tissues, indicating a gap in current knowledge. Our aim is to establish the Enigma as a biomarker. We also aim to study the interacting partners of the Enigma signaling pathways and their probable miRNA regulation in thyroid cancer progression. Using Western blotting, densitometric analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP), and reverse IP, we detected the protein expression and protein–protein interactions in the corresponding papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Utilizing real-time qPCR assay and Pearson’s correlation test, we highlighted the correlation between PDLIM7 and Let-7g gene expression in the same tissues. The results showed the differential upregulations of the Enigma protein in different stages of PTCs compared to benign tissues along with AKT, VDR, BMP-1, and MDM2 proteins. Loss of DBP was observed in a subset of PTCs. Strong interactions of the Enigma with PI3K/AKT and MDM2 were noted, along with a weaker BMP-1 interaction. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis between PDLIM7 and let-7g gene expression was significant (p < 0.05); however, there was a weak inverse correlation (r = −0.27). The study suggests the potential utility of the PDLIM7-qPCR assay as a biomarker for thyroid cancer. The Enigma’s interactions with key signaling pathways may provide valuable insights into the development of thyroid cancer. The study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms involving the Enigma protein in thyroid cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker.

Mild Traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a signature wound in military personnel, and repetitive mTBI has been linked to age-related neurogenerative disorders that affect white matter (WM) in the brain. However, findings of injury to specific WM tracts have been variable and inconsistent. This may be due to the heterogeneity of mechanisms, etiology, and comorbid disorders related to mTBI. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a data-driven approach that detects covarying patterns (components) within high-dimensional data. We applied NMF to diffusion imaging data from military Veterans with and without a self-reported TBI history. NMF identified 12 independent components derived from fractional anisotropy (FA) in a large dataset (n = 1,475) gathered through the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Military Brain Injury working group. Regressions were used to examine TBI- and mTBI-related associations in NMF-derived components while adjusting for age, sex, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and data acquisition site/scanner. We found significantly stronger age-dependent effects of lower FA in Veterans with TBI than Veterans without in four components (q

Enigma protein, encoded by the PDLIM7 gene, is overexpressed in thyroid cancer in a stage-dependent manner, suggesting a potential involvement in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. The Enigma interacts with several cellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MDM2, and BMP-1. The Enigma is regulated by microRNAs. Specifically, we showed that the Enigma protein upregulation corresponds to the downregulation of Let-7 family genes. There is limited research on the interactions and regulation of the Enigma with other proteins/genes in thyroid cancer tissues, indicating a gap in current knowledge. Our aim is to establish the Enigma as a biomarker. We also aim to study the interacting partners of the Enigma signaling pathways and their probable miRNA regulation in thyroid cancer progression. Using Western blotting, densitometric analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP), and reverse IP, we detected the protein expression and protein–protein interactions in the corresponding papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Utilizing real-time qPCR assay and Pearson's correlation test, we highlighted the correlation between PDLIM7 and Let-7g gene expression in the same tissues. The results showed the differential upregulations of the Enigma protein in different stages of PTCs compared to benign tissues along with AKT, VDR, BMP-1, and MDM2 proteins. Loss of DBP was observed in a subset of PTCs. Strong interactions of the Enigma with PI3K/AKT and MDM2 were noted, along with a weaker BMP-1 interaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis between PDLIM7 and let-7g gene expression was significant (p < 0.05); however, there was a weak inverse correlation (r = −0.27). The study suggests the potential utility of the PDLIM7-qPCR assay as a biomarker for thyroid cancer. The Enigma's interactions with key signaling pathways may provide valuable insights into the development of thyroid cancer. The study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms involving the Enigma protein in thyroid cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review compares the main brain abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) determined by ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) consortium investigations. We obtained ranked effect sizes for subcortical volumes, regional cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities, comparing each of these disorders relative to healthy controls. In addition, the studies report on significant associations between brain imaging metrics and disorder-related factors such as symptom severity and treatments. Visual comparison of effect size profiles shows that effect sizes are generally in the same direction and scale in severity with the disorders (in the order SZ > BD > MDD). The effect sizes for 22q11DS, a rare genetic syndrome that increases the risk for psychiatric disorders, appear to be much larger than for either of the complex psychiatric disorders. This is consistent with the idea of generally larger effects on the brain of rare compared to common genetic variants. Cortical thickness and surface area effect sizes for 22q11DS with psychosis compared to 22q11DS without psychosis are more similar to those of SZ and BD than those of MDD; a pattern not observed for subcortical brain structures and fractional anisotropy effect sizes. The observed similarities in effect size profiles for cortical measures across the psychiatric disorders mimic those observed for shared genetic variance between these disorders reported based on family and genetic studies and are consistent with shared genetic risk for SZ and BD and structural brain phenotypes.

Aristóteles en su obra hace un uso amplio de la metáfora, aplicado a diferentes campos del saber, dando prueba de su capacidad epistemológica de síntesis de las dimensiones discursiva e intuitiva de la razón. Sin embargo, cuando trata la metáfora desde el punto de vista de la teoría de la ciencia, en particular modo desde su método propedéutico, la dialéctica, la descalifica y la estima incapaz de proporcionar conocimiento conforme los objetos presentan más abstracción, separación y por tanto exigencia de más precisión en definiciones y demostraciones.

Introduction: In the developing social, political and economic dynamics, the idea of extending the village head's term of office raises questions regarding orientation, legality and its impact in the context of the Indonesian constitution as well as implications for the principles of democracy and community participation in village governance. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to examine the enigma of the idea of extending the tenure of village heads in the context of village administration in Indonesia and identify the implications of this idea for aspects of democracy, community participation, and the balance of power from a constitutional perspective. Methods of the Research: This study uses a legal analysis and policy analysis approach to examine various laws and regulations related to village governance, including the relevance and implementation of extending the tenure of village heads in Indonesia. The document analysis method will be used to collect data from official sources such as government reports, academic journals, and other trusted publications. Results of the Research: The research results indicate that the enigma of extending the tenure of Village Chiefs in the context of village governance in Indonesia and its relationship with the principles of democracy and community participation as per the Constitution. While the performance of the Village Chief is a consideration, it is important to maintain community participation in the election of Village Chiefs. This extension of tenure has a significant impact on the principle of power rotation, which is essential in safeguarding democracy. Village governance is an integral part of Indonesia's political system, based on democracy and community participation. Although the Village Chief plays a strategic role, the idea of extending their tenure raises important questions related to constitutional principles.

The ENIGMA-DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) workgroup supports analyses that examine the effects of psychiatric, neurological, and developmental disorders on the white matter pathways of the human brain, as well as the effects of normal variation and its genetic associations. The seven ENIGMA disorder-oriented working groups used the ENIGMA-DTI workflow to derive patterns of deficits using coherent and coordinated analyses that model the disease effects across cohorts worldwide. This yielded the largest studies detailing patterns of white matter deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and 22q11 deletion syndrome. These deficit patterns are informative of the underlying neurobiology and reproducible in independent cohorts. We reviewed these findings, demonstrated their reproducibility in independent cohorts, and compared the deficit patterns across illnesses. We discussed translating ENIGMA-defined deficit patterns on the level of individual subjects using a metric called the regional vulnerability index (RVI), a correlation of an individuals brain metrics with the expected pattern for a disorder. We discussed the similarity in white matter deficit patterns among SSD, BD, MDD, and OCD and provided a rationale for using this index in cross-diagnostic neuropsychiatric research. We also discussed the difference in deficit patterns between idiopathic schizophrenia and 22q11 deletion syndrome, which is used as a developmental and genetic model of schizophrenia. Together, these findings highlight the importance of collaborative large-scale research to provide robust and reproducible effects that offer insights into individual vulnerability and cross-diagnosis features.

Patients with schizophrenia have patterns of brain deficits including reduced cortical thickness, subcortical gray matter volumes, and cerebral white matter integrity. We proposed the regional vulnerability index (RVI) to translate the results of Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Meta-Analysis studies to the individual level. We calculated RVIs for cortical, subcortical, and white matter measurements and a multimodality RVI. We evaluated RVI as a measure sensitive to schizophrenia-specific neuroanatomical deficits and symptoms and studied the timeline of deficit formations in: early (≤5 years since diagnosis, N = 45, age = 28.8 ± 8.5); intermediate (6-20 years, N = 30, age 43.3 ± 8.6); and chronic (21+ years, N = 44, age = 52.5 ± 5.2) patients and healthy controls (N = 76, age = 38.6 ± 12.4). All RVIs were significantly elevated in patients compared to controls, with the multimodal RVI showing the largest effect size, followed by cortical, white matter and subcortical RVIs (d = 1.57, 1.23, 1.09, and 0.61, all p

Neuroimaging has played an important part in advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). At the same time, neuroimaging studies of OCD have had notable limitations, including reliance on relatively small samples. International collaborative efforts to increase statistical power by combining samples from across sites have been bolstered by the ENIGMA consortium; this provides specific technical expertise for conducting multi-site analyses, as well as access to a collaborative community of neuroimaging scientists. In this article, we outline the background to, development of, and initial findings from ENIGMA's OCD working group, which currently consists of 47 samples from 34 institutes in 15 countries on 5 continents, with a total sample of 2,323 OCD patients and 2,325 healthy controls. Initial work has focused on studies of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes, structural connectivity, and brain lateralization in children, adolescents and adults with OCD, also including the study on the commonalities and distinctions across different neurodevelopment disorders. Additional work is ongoing, employing machine learning techniques. Findings to date have contributed to the development of neurobiological models of OCD, have provided an important model of global scientific collaboration, and have had a number of clinical implications. Importantly, our work has shed new light on questions about whether structural and functional alterations found in OCD reflect neurodevelopmental changes, effects of the disease process, or medication impacts. We conclude with a summary of ongoing work by ENIGMA-OCD, and a consideration of future directions for neuroimaging research on OCD within and beyond ENIGMA.

Structural hippocampal abnormalities are common in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, and variation in hippocampal measures is related to cognitive performance and other complex phenotypes such as stress sensitivity. Hippocampal subregions are increasingly studied, as automated algorithms have become available for mapping and volume quantification. In the context of the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis Consortium, several Disease Working Groups are using the FreeSurfer software to analyze hippocampal subregion (subfield) volumes in patients with neurological and psychiatric conditions along with data from matched controls. In this overview, we explain the algorithm's principles, summarize measurement reliability studies, and demonstrate two additional aspects (subfield autocorrelation and volume/reliability correlation) with illustrative data. We then explain the rationale for a standardized hippocampal subfield segmentation quality control (QC) procedure for improved pipeline harmonization. To guide researchers to make optimal use of the algorithm, we discuss how global size and age effects can be modeled, how QC steps can be incorporated and how subfields may be aggregated into composite volumes. This discussion is based on a synopsis of 162 published neuroimaging studies (01/2013-12/2019) that applied the FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation in a broad range of domains including cognition and healthy aging, brain development and neurodegeneration, affective disorders, psychosis, stress regulation, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, inflammatory disease, childhood adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder, and candidate and whole genome (epi-)genetics. Finally, we highlight points where FreeSurfer-based hippocampal subfield studies may be optimized.

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.

The FAIR principles, as applied to clinical and neuroimaging data, reflect the goal of making research products Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The use of the Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite Toolkit for Anonymized Computation (COINSTAC) platform in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium combines the technological approach of decentralized analyses with the sociological approach of sharing data. In addition, ENIGMA + COINSTAC provides a platform to facilitate the use of machine-actionable data objects. We first present how ENIGMA and COINSTAC support the FAIR principles, and then showcase their integration with a decentralized meta-analysis of sex differences in negative symptom severity in schizophrenia, and finally present ongoing activities and plans to advance FAIR principles in ENIGMA + COINSTAC. ENIGMA and COINSTAC currently represent efforts toward improved Access, Interoperability, and Reusability. We highlight additional improvements needed in these areas, as well as future connections to other resources for expanded Findability.

MRI-derived brain measures offer a link between genes, the environment and behavior and have been widely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). However, many neuroimaging studies of BD have been underpowered, leading to varied results and uncertainty regarding effects. The Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Bipolar Disorder Working Group was formed in 2012 to empower discoveries, generate consensus findings and inform future hypothesis-driven studies of BD. Through this effort, over 150 researchers from 20 countries and 55 institutions pool data and resources to produce the largest neuroimaging studies of BD ever conducted. The ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group applies standardized processing and analysis techniques to empower large-scale meta- and mega-analyses of multimodal brain MRI and improve the replicability of studies relating brain variation to clinical and genetic data. Initial BD Working Group studies reveal widespread patterns of lower cortical thickness, subcortical volume and disrupted white matter integrity associated with BD. Findings also include mapping brain alterations of common medications like lithium, symptom patterns and clinical risk profiles and have provided further insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of BD. Here we discuss key findings from the BD working group, its ongoing projects and future directions for large-scale, collaborative studies of mental illness.

Considering the growing public health significance of some forms of caffeine use, such as the consumption of energy drinks with high caffeine content that are currently largely unregulated or combinations of caffeine and methamphetamine, the International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11) separates caffeine from other stimulants. A stimulant and diuretic, caffeine is a bitter alkaloid that is mostly found in coffee, tea, cacao, and kola nuts. As a stimulant of the Central Nervous System(CNS) it boosts the body's flow of hormone like cortisol. Caffeine promotes relative brain hypoperfusion by increasing energy metabolism while simultaneously diminishing cerebral blood flow. Caffeine stimulates noradrenaline neurons, and appears to affect releaseof dopamine locally.Caffeine is quickly and nearly entirely (up to 99%) absorbed into the bloodstream after consumption.

The last sentence of Chapter 10 of the Analects describes a brief encounter between Confucius and a hen-pheasant, and it does so in puzzling terms, ridden with lexical difficulties. At the same time, intertextual references insert this fragment into the context of Confucius' life mission as well as of Chinese mythological narratives. This contribution assesses the fragment's meaning and significance: Confucius' reaction to the hen-pheasant unveils his evolving understanding of the Heavenly Mandate bestowed upon him. The fragment thus forcefully concludes the chapter in which it is inserted. Additionally, I put forward a hypothesis: the focus of this narrative, coupled with its positioning at the end of Chapter 10, induce us to postulate that it may have been purposefully located at the very center of the Analects, a proposition that reverberates on the way we look at the composition of the book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common among military personnel and the civilian population and is often followed by a heterogeneous array of clinical, cognitive, behavioral, mood, and neuroimaging changes. Unlike many neurological disorders that have a characteristic abnormal central neurologic area(s) of abnormality pathognomonic to the disorder, a sufficient head impact may cause focal, multifocal, diffuse or combination of injury to the brain. This inconsistent presentation makes it difficult to establish or validate biological and imaging markers that could help improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in this patient population. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe both the challenges and opportunities when conducting military-relevant TBI research and introduce the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Military Brain Injury working group. ENIGMA is a worldwide consortium focused on improving replicability and analytical power through data sharing and collaboration. In this paper, we discuss challenges affecting efforts to aggregate data in this patient group. In addition, we highlight how "big data" approaches might be used to understand better the role that each of these variables might play in the imaging and functional phenotypes of TBI in Service member and Veteran populations, and how data may be used to examine important military specific issues such as return to duty, the late effects of combat-related injury, and alteration of the natural aging processes.

The global burden of mortality and morbidity caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is significant, and the heterogeneity of TBI patients and the relatively small sample sizes of most current neuroimaging studies is a major challenge for scientific advances and clinical translation. The ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Adult moderate/severe TBI (AMS-TBI) working group aims to be a driving force for new discoveries in AMS-TBI by providing researchers world-wide with an effective framework and platform for large-scale cross-border collaboration and data sharing. Based on the principles of transparency, rigor, reproducibility and collaboration, we will facilitate the development and dissemination of multiscale and big data analysis pipelines for harmonized analyses in AMS-TBI using structural and functional neuroimaging in combination with non-imaging biomarkers, genetics, as well as clinical and behavioral measures. Ultimately, we will offer investigators an unprecedented opportunity to test important hypotheses about recovery and morbidity in AMS-TBI by taking advantage of our robust methods for large-scale neuroimaging data analysis. In this consensus statement we outline the working group's short-term, intermediate, and long-term goals.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children in both developed and developing nations. Children and adolescents suffer from TBI at a higher rate than the general population, and specific developmental issues require a unique context since findings from adult research do not necessarily directly translate to children. Findings in pediatric cohorts tend to lag behind those in adult samples. This may be due, in part, both to the smaller number of investigators engaged in research with this population and may also be related to changes in safety laws and clinical practice that have altered length of hospital stays, treatment, and access to this population. The ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Pediatric Moderate/Severe TBI (msTBI) group aims to advance research in this area through global collaborative meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. In this paper, we discuss important challenges in pediatric TBI research and opportunities that we believe the ENIGMA Pediatric msTBI group can provide to address them. With the paucity of research studies examining neuroimaging biomarkers in pediatric patients with TBI and the challenges of recruiting large numbers of participants, collaborating to improve statistical power and to address technical challenges like lesions will significantly advance the field. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this field of study.

The theme of the nightmare is not a very easy one to approach. Quite obviously, we are dealing with something highly unpleasant, but what contributes to the challenge is also the aspect of experience - the experience of the nightmare, and this is implies something that is lived. Thinking about experience, trying to get some knowledge out of it - some kind of knowledge about the worst - is already a means of distancing oneself from it. I suppose one of the ways in which we could define the distress proper to the nightmare is precisely that one cannot get out of it. And it is also what makes the vital need of a separation so urgent, the need expressed in awakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data.MethodsStructural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures).ResultsNo shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders.

ObjectiveSchizophrenia has recently been associated with widespread white matter microstructural abnormalities, but the functional effects of these abnormalities remain unclear. Widespread heterogeneity of results from studies published to date preclude any definitive characterization of the relationship between white matter and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Given the relevance of deficits in cognitive function to predicting social and functional outcomes in schizophrenia, the authors carried out a meta-analysis of available data through the ENIGMA Consortium, using a common analysis pipeline, to elucidate the relationship between white matter microstructure and a measure of general cognitive performance, IQ, in patients with schizophrenia and healthy participants.MethodsThe meta-analysis included 760 patients with schizophrenia and 957 healthy participants from 11 participating ENIGMA Consortium sites. For each site, principal component analysis was used to calculate both a global fractional anisotropy component (gFA) and a fractional anisotropy component for six long association tracts (LA-gFA) previously associated with cognition.ResultsMeta-analyses of regression results indicated that gFA accounted for a significant amount of variation in cognition in the full sample (effect size [Hedges' g]=0.27, CI=0.17-0.36), with similar effects sizes observed for both the patient (effect size=0.20, CI=0.05-0.35) and healthy participant groups (effect size=0.32, CI=0.18-0.45). Comparable patterns of association were also observed between LA-gFA and cognition for the full sample (effect size=0.28, CI=0.18-0.37), the patient group (effect size=0.23, CI=0.09-0.38), and the healthy participant group (effect size=0.31, CI=0.18-0.44).ConclusionsThis study provides robust evidence that cognitive ability is associated with global structural connectivity, with higher fractional anisotropy associated with higher IQ. This association was independent of diagnosis; while schizophrenia patients tended to have lower fractional anisotropy and lower IQ than healthy participants, the comparable size of effect in each group suggested a more general, rather than disease-specific, pattern of association.

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment (CM) plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to examine whether CM severity and type are associated with MDD-related brain alterations, and how they interact with sex and age.MethodsWithin the ENIGMA-MDD network, severity and subtypes of CM using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were assessed and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with MDD and healthy controls were analyzed in a mega-analysis comprising a total of 3872 participants aged between 13 and 89 years. Cortical thickness and surface area were extracted at each site using FreeSurfer.ResultsCM severity was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus as well as with reduced surface area of the middle temporal lobe. Participants reporting both childhood neglect and abuse had a lower cortical thickness in the inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal lobe, and precuneus compared to participants not exposed to CM. In males only, regardless of diagnosis, CM severity was associated with higher cortical thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, a significant interaction between CM and age in predicting thickness was seen across several prefrontal, temporal, and temporo-parietal regions.ConclusionsSeverity and type of CM may impact cortical thickness and surface area. Importantly, CM may influence age-dependent brain maturation, particularly in regions related to the default mode network, perception, and theory of mind.

El propósito del artículo es plantear una interpretación sobre la novela Cien años de soledad, del escritor Gabriel García Márquez, apoyándose en algunas de las variadas lecturas generadas sobre ella por parte de acreditados analistas iberoamericanos. Para lograr esta meta, primero nos orientamos con los principios del Pluralismo Hermenéutico que centra como clave la labor abductiva con elementos indiciales latentes en los textos; posteriormente, abreviamos tres lecturas de la empresa garciamarquiana. Finalmente, entretejemos tres lecturas más de la novela, dejando ver el eterno retorno de la violencia, que se despliega desde los orígenes para seguir azuzando el porvenir colectivo.

We examine Turing’s intriguing claim, made in the philosophy journal Mind, that he had created a short computer program of such a nature that it would be impossible “to discover by observation sufficient about it to predict its future behaviour, and this within a reasonable time, say a thousand years” (Turing, 1950, p. 457). A program like this would naturally have cryptographic applications, and we explore how the program would most likely have functioned. Importantly, a myth has recently grown up around this program of Turing’s, namely that it can be used as the basis of an argument—and was so used by Turing—to support the conclusion that it is impossible to infer a detailed mathematical description of the human brain within a practicable timescale. This alleged argument of Turing’s has been dubbed “Turing’s Wager” (Thwaites, Soltan, Wieser, Nimmo-Smith, 2017, p. 3) We demonstrate that this argument—in fact nowhere to be found in Turing’s work—is worthless, since it commits a glaring logical fallacy. “Turing’s Wager” gives no grounds for pessimism about the prospects for understanding and simulating the human brain.

As a word meaning "hidden, veiled, difficult to understand, a word or thing said by means of sign and remiz"; as a literary term, "enigma", which is the name of a genre that includes riddles organised for the purpose of concealing a name, is a literary skill that is thought to have emerged in Arabic literature according to the current information, from there it passed to Persian literature and became an independent science and its theory was put forward to the finest detail. In classical Turkish literature, the enigma, the first nuclei of which we see in the 15th century and which experienced its golden age in the 16th century, managed to become a genre that attracted the attention of the commentators. In particular, Emrī's enigmas, which are considered to be the cornerstone of classical literature in terms of writing enigmas, made a name for themselves both in his own period and in the following periods and were considered as verses worthy of commentary by the commentators. Muammâyî Ahmed Çelebi's Şerh-i Muammeyât-ı Emrî is one of the works written with this understanding. This work, which contains Emrî's enigmas, the first name that comes to mind when it comes to enigmas in Turkish literature, has an important place in terms of solving his enigmas and revealing their literary value. In our study, after briefly mentioning the information about the concepts of "commentary and enigma" in Turkish literature, Muammâyî Ahmed Çelebi's Şerh-i Mu'ammeyât-ı Emrî is introduced together with its copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine Turing's intriguing claim, made in the philosophy journal Mind, that he had created a short computer program of such a nature that it would be impossible "to discover by observation sufficient about it to predict its future behaviour, and this within a reasonable time, say a thousand years" (Turing, 1950, p. 457). A program like this would naturally have cryptographic applications, and we explore how the program would most likely have functioned. Importantly, a myth has recently grown up around this program of Turing's, namely that it can be used as the basis of an argument--and was so used by Turing--to support the conclusion that it is impossible to infer a detailed mathematical description of the human brain within a practicable timescale. This alleged argument of Turing's has been dubbed "Turing's Wager" (Thwaites, Soltan, Wieser, Nimmo-Smith, 2017, p. 3) We demonstrate that this argument--in fact nowhere to be found in Turing's work--is worthless, since it commits a glaring logical fallacy. "Turing's Wager" gives no grounds for pessimism about the prospects for understanding and simulating the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giorgio Colli ha sido uno de los autores contemporáneos que más han contribuido a revisar la figura de Apolo, entendiéndola como una potencia expresiva vinculada tanto a los designios asociados a su arco como a los coligados a su lira. Una ambigüedad expresiva que examinamos en este artículo y que, veremos, articulará simbólicamente la reforma histórica que Colli detectará en el paso de la sabiduría oral a la filosofía griega escrita, pero también la que se producirá entre una ontología-política arcaica de ámbito contingente y una politeia, ya clásica, ligada a la necesidad, y de carácter retórico, estetizado y comunicativo.

The purpose of this article is to present an interpretation of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel García Márquez, based on some of the varied readings generated about it by important Iberoamerican analysts. To achieve this goal, we first took the principles of Hermeneutic Pluralism as a guide which focuses on the abductive work with latent indicial elements in the texts as the key; after that, we abbreviated three readings of the garciamarquiana endeavor. Finally, let us interweave three more readings of the novel, showing the eternal return of violence, which unfolds from the beginning to continue shaping the collective future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of killings of Albanian soldiers during their military service in the People's Army of the former Yugoslavia, described as "suicide" and military trials with ethno-political motivation will be addressed in this paper. In the period 1981-1991 in the People's Army of the SFRY, in enigmatic circumstances many young Albanians lost their lives. There are several characteristics that identify the state terror of the Military Secret Service (KOS) and the State Security Service (UDB) of the former Yugoslavia against Albanian soldiers while performing military service. First, all murders have been described as "suicide", or accidents of various natures, and here the real perpetrators of these crimes have never been punished. Presence of the phenomenon of setups and convictions with lawsuits against Albanian soldiers, hastened and motivated by politics and ethnicity. One of its characteristics of state terror has been the staging of cases with the right to incite and inter-ethnic violence. The mosaic of state violence against Albanian soldiers during the years "81- 99" is characterized by interference and political influence in the crimes and processes carried out against Albanian soldiers in the People's Army of the former Yugoslavia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Miscelanea Comillas is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Staphylococcus aureus , a common human pathogen, has long been the focus of scientific investigation due to its association with various infections. However, recent research has unveiled a tantalizing enigma surrounding this bacterium and its potential involvement in carcinogenesis. Chronic S. aureus infections have been linked to an elevated risk of certain cancers, including skin cancer and oral cancer. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding this connection, examining epidemiological evidence, pathogenic mechanisms, and biological interactions that suggest a correlation. Although initial studies point to a possible link, the precise mechanisms through which S. aureus may contribute to cancer development remain elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that the chronic inflammation induced by persistent S. aureus infections may create a tumor-promoting environment. This inflammation can lead to DNA damage, disrupt cellular signaling pathways, and generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment conducive to cancer progression. Additionally, S. aureus produces a variety of toxins and metabolites that can directly interact with host cells, potentially inducing oncogenic transformations. Despite these insights, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the exact biological processes involved. This review emphasizes the urgent need for more comprehensive research to clarify these microbiological mysteries. Understanding the role of S. aureus in cancer development could lead to novel strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, potentially transforming therapeutic approaches. • Chronic S. aureus infections are associated with increased cancer risk. • S. aureus produces toxins that may induce cancerous changes. • Chronic inflammation from S. aureus infections can promote tumor growth. • Understanding S. aureus's role in cancer could lead to new treatment strategies. • Further studies are essential to understand S. aureus's role in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundOur understanding of the complex relationship between schizophrenia symptomatology and etiological factors can be improved by studying brain-based correlates of schizophrenia. Research showed that impairments in value processing and executive functioning, which have been associated with prefrontal brain areas [particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC)], are linked to negative symptoms. Here we tested the hypothesis that MOFC thickness is associated with negative symptom severity.MethodsThis study included 1985 individuals with schizophrenia from 17 research groups around the world contributing to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. Cortical thickness values were obtained from T1-weighted structural brain scans using FreeSurfer. A meta-analysis across sites was conducted over effect sizes from a model predicting cortical thickness by negative symptom score (harmonized Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores).ResultsMeta-analytical results showed that left, but not right, MOFC thickness was significantly associated with negative symptom severity (β std = -0.075; p = 0.019) after accounting for age, gender, and site. This effect remained significant (p = 0.036) in a model including overall illness severity. Covarying for duration of illness, age of onset, antipsychotic medication or handedness weakened the association of negative symptoms with left MOFC thickness. As part of a secondary analysis including 10 other prefrontal regions further associations in the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus and pars opercularis emerged.ConclusionsUsing an unusually large cohort and a meta-analytical approach, our findings point towards a link between prefrontal thinning and negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. This finding provides further insight into the relationship between structural brain abnormalities and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Toplumsal hayatın idamesi temel olarak toplumsal değerlere dayanır. Ancak bu değerlerin tezahürü de yine toplum içinde gerçekleşir. Buna göre toplumsal bir varlık olarak insanoğlunun kendisini gerçekleşmesi toplum içinde mümkün olup toplum dışı insan, felsefî anlamda “insan” değildir. Ancak toplumsal ilişkiler ağında kendisini gösteren insanî durumla, yaratılış gayesine ilişkin ahlakî değerler billurlaşır ve bir toplumsal paradigma inşası mümkün olur. Ne var ki, insanın kendisini bulduğu toplum da nihayetinde yabancısı olduğu bir “dış dünya” ile çevrilidir. Bu nedenle insanın kendisini gerçekleştirme sürecine bir yandan da içinde yaşadığı varlık âlemini tanıma süreci eşlik eder. Buna göre tarihin hangi döneminde olursa olsun insanoğlunun ideal toplum arayışına bir yandan da içinde yaşadığı varlık alemine ilişkin bir “kanaat” eşlik ettiği; “kümülatif” olan bu bilgiyle varlığın “indirgeme” bir simülasyonunun çıkarıldığı (kozmoloji) görülür. Aslında fizik bilimin konusu olan nedensellik de bu dolayımda felsefenin konusu haline gelir. Anlaşılacağı üzere burada önemli bir sorun, toplumsal paradigmanın özünü oluşturan sabit değerler (koşulsuz buyruklar) bu değerlerin tezahüründe kültürel olarak etkili olan değişken dış dünya bilgisi arasında oluşan bağıntıdır. Binaenaleyh, toplumsal düzende kurallar belirlenirken maddî dünyanın mutlak bilgisine sahipmişçesine değil, değerler esasınca hareket edilmelidir. Evrenin ister “yedi kat göklerden” oluştuğuna, “dünya merkezli” olduğuna inanalım, isterse Güneş merkezli; adalet, eşitlik, özgürlük gibi varoluşsal değerler her zaman ve zeminde esastır. Ancak tarih göstermektedir ki, gerçekte bu değerler dizgesi ile sorunlu olanlar, değerler yerine doğa bilgisi üzerinden itirazlar geliştirmişlerdir. Bu nedenle Orta Çağ Avrupa’sının sınıflı toplum düzeninde siyasi paradigmanın temelini oluşturan dünya merkezli evren algısı egemen sınıflar tarafından şiddetle sürdürülmek istenmiştir. Nihayetinde bu evren modeli çökmüşse de aynı siyasi nedenlerle insan hayatına ilişkin ahlaki çözümlemeler bundan sonra da sabote edilmeye devam etmiş, dezenformasyon başlamıştır. Böylece bilimsel çalışmalara ve hakikat arayışına (felsefe), “felsefe süsü” verilmiş bitmek bilmeyen polemikler eşlik etmiştir. Aslında bu durum ister Doğu’da olsun isterse Batı’da, tarihte sürekli kendisini tekrarlayan iki karşıt tavrın yansımasıdır: Paradigmacı tavır (paradigmism), enigmacı tavır (enigmatism). Bu iki tavrın iz düşümü olarak İslam dünyasında Batı modernleşmesini anlamaya dönük ilgiyi bile kategorik olarak sapkınlıkla suçlayan hâkim söylem yeri geldiğinde kaba bir pragmatizmle teyit edildiğini düşündüğü Batılı referanslara başvurmaktan da geri durmamıştır. Böylece Newton fiziği görmezden gelinir, ama kaba bir indirgemeyle klasik metinlerde örtüşme görülerek Aristo fiziğinden, direkt kuantum fiziğine atlanmaya çalışılır. Ne var ki doğa ile ilişkinin polemikten öte maddi sonuçları vardır. Bu sonuçların alınabilmesi, dahası insanın yaratılış gayesine ilişkin İslam’ın değerler dizgesinin modern çağda karşılık bulabilmesi için evrenin güncel bilgisine (modern kozmoloji) geçiş, Batı tecrübesi paranteze alınmadan felsefî ve tarihsel temellerinden görmeyi gerektirir.

Severe mental illnesses (SMI), including major depressive (MDD), bipolar (BD), and schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) disorders have multifactorial risk factors and capturing their complex etiopathophysiology in an individual remains challenging. Regional vulnerability index (RVI) was used to measure individual's brain‐wide similarity to the expected SMI patterns derived from meta‐analytical studies. It is analogous to polygenic risk scores (PRS) that measure individual's similarity to genome‐wide patterns in SMI. We hypothesized that RVI is an intermediary phenotype between genome and symptoms and is sensitive to both genetic and environmental risks for SMI. UK Biobank sample of N = 17,053/19,265 M/F (age = 64.8 ± 7.4 years) and an independent sample of SSD patients and controls (N = 115/111 M/F, age = 35.2 ± 13.4) were used to test this hypothesis. UKBB participants with MDD had significantly higher RVI‐MDD (Cohen's d = 0.20, p = 1 × 10−23) and PRS‐MDD (d = 0.17, p = 1 × 10−15) than nonpsychiatric controls. UKBB participants with BD and SSD showed significant elevation in the respective RVIs (d = 0.65 and 0.60; p = 3 × 10−5 and.009, respectively) and PRS (d = 0.57 and 1.34; p =.002 and.002, respectively). Elevated RVI‐SSD were replicated in an independent sample (d = 0.53, p = 5 × 10−5). RVI‐MDD and RVI‐SSD but not RVI‐BD were associated with childhood adversity (p <.01). In nonpsychiatric controls, elevation in RVI and PRS were associated with lower cognitive performance (p < 10−5) in six out of seven domains and showed specificity with disorder‐associated deficits. In summary, the RVI is a novel brain index for SMI and shows similar or better specificity for SMI than PRS, and together they may complement each other in the efforts to characterize the genomic to brain level risks for SMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we study the quality of permutations in historical cipher machines from Germany, Spain, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Russia and the United States. We show that numerous real-life rotors have been made in order to imitate or tend to a certain ideal property related to latin squares. Rotors from the same source and the same period have consistent properties deeply rooted in classical cryptography of polyalphabetical ciphers. We demonstrate this based on probabilities: random occurrence of permutations having such features is unlikely, or would amount to winning in a lottery several times in row. We put all this in the context of known historical sources on how cipher machines and cryptanalysis have developed on both German and Allied sides. We also exhibit strong linear and differential properties. The same occurs in Fialka cipher machines. Finally, a stronger property holds for the historical block cipher T-310. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]