Search

The temperature and drain current (ID) dependencies of sub-threshold swing (SS) values of Si n- and p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with different substrate impurity concentrations ranging from the 1015 to 1018 cm−3 ranges are systematically and experimentally evaluated at cryogenic temperatures. It is found that SS of p-channel MOSFETs tends to increase with decreasing temperature, which contrasts with saturation of SS of n-MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures, well reported by many previous works. To explain these SS behaviors quantitatively, we employ a density-of-state (DOS) model with tail states consisting of localized states in a deep energy range and mobile states in a shallow energy range, which are attributable to potential fluctuations caused by substrate impurities. It is shown that this model can quantitatively explain the temperature and ID dependencies of SS of both n-MOSFETs and p-MOSFETs. Then, we are assuming that the Si p-MOSFET has a higher density of localized states than the n-MOSFET. Thus, the increase in SS of the p-MOSFETs with decreasing temperature is explained by an increase in the density of localized states at the Fermi level with decreasing temperature, because the density of localized states increases with elevating the Fermi level position in the employed DOS model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural disorder in mesoporous solids gives rise to complex phase behavior for materials confined within their pore spaces. As a result, a wide spectrum of possible phase configurations associated with spatial distributions of thermodynamic phases throughout the pore networks can be realized in experiments. Despite their importance, quantifying these states remains largely unaddressed. By considering solid–liquid equilibria as a representative example and using a simple random network model, we investigate the spectrum of such states accessible in real experiments and relate this spectrum to the structural characteristics of porous solids. We classify these states by their free energies and demonstrate how network effects break degeneracies for specific phase compositions and temperatures. Furthermore, we identify the experimental conditions that delineate boundary free energy states, differentiating accessible from inaccessible states. The insights from this study on solid–liquid equilibria are also equally applicable to gas–liquid equilibria in confined spaces and contribute to a deeper understanding of relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved global potential energy surface (PES) for the electronic ground state of the HeLiH+ system is reported. The data points are calculated at the full configuration-interaction level of theory and extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The fitting procedure implements a combination of neural network and Aguado–Paniagua functional forms to fit the ab initio data points. The fitted surface reproduces the ab initio data points accurately in short as well as long ranges and has an overall root mean square error of 1.76 × 10−3 eV (14.21 cm−1) in energy space < 10 and 9.28 × 10−4 eV (7.48 cm−1) upto 2 eV. The optimized global minimum is also accurately reproduced using the fitted surface. To establish the accuracy of the new PES, dynamics investigation of the He + LiH+(v = 0, j = 0) → LiHe+ + H reaction is performed using the Coriolis coupled quantum mechanical and quasi-classical trajectory methods. The results, such as integral cross sections and rate constants, show the effect of the opening of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) channel at low collision energy and are significantly different from the earlier study of Tacconi et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 637–645 (2012)]. These discrepancies appear to be a result of the treatment of the CID channel in the dynamics calculations, which is excluded from the reactive channel in the current work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A massive expansion of renewable energy (RE) is underway to meet the worlds climate goals. Although RE serves to reduce threats from climate change, it can also pose threats to species whose current and future ranges intersect with RE installations. Here, we propose a Climate-Smart Siting framework for addressing potential conflicts between RE expansion and biodiversity conservation. The framework engenders authentic consultation with affected and disadvantaged communities throughout and uses overlay and optimization routines to identify focal areas now and in the future where RE development poses promise and peril as species ranges shift in response to climate change. We use this framework to demonstrate methods, identify decision outcomes, and discuss market-based levers for aligning RE expansion with the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework now and as climate change progresses. In the face of the climate crisis, a Climate-Smart Siting strategy could help create solutions without causing further harm to biodiversity and human communities..

In the present work, the electronic structure and chemical bonding of the MoC X3Σ− ground state and the six lowest excited states, A3Δ, a1Γ, b5Σ−, c1Δ, d1Σ+, and e5Π, have been investigated in detail using multireference configuration interaction methods and basis sets, including relativistic effective core potentials. In addition, scalar relativistic effects have been considered in the second order Douglas–Kroll–Hess approximation, while spin–orbit coupling has also been calculated. Five of the investigated states, X3Σ−, A3Δ, a1Γ, c1Δ, and d1Σ+, present quadruple σ2σ2π2π2 bonds. Experimentally, the predissociation threshold of MoC was measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy, allowing for a precise measurement of the dissociation energy of the ground state. Theoretically, the complete basis set limit of the calculated dissociation energy with respect to the atomic ground state products, including corrections for scalar relativistic effects, De(D0), is computed as 5.13(5.06) eV, in excellent agreement with our measured value of D0(MoC) of 5.136(5) eV. Furthermore, the calculated dissociation energies of the states having quadruple bonds with respect to their adiabatic atomic products range from 6.22 to 7.23 eV. The excited electronic states A3Δ2 and c1Δ2 are calculated to lie at 3899 and 8057 cm−1, also in excellent agreement with the experimental values of DaBell et al., 4002.5 and 7834 cm−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among lattice configurations of densely packed hard ellipses, Monte Carlo simulations are used to identify the so-called parallel and diagonal lattices as the two favorable states. The free energies of these two states are computed for several system sizes employing the Einstein crystal method. An accurate calculation of the free energy difference between the two states reveals the parallel lattice as the state with the lowest free energy. The origin of the entropic difference between the two states is further elucidated by assessing the roles of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for achieving rapid generation and annihilation of skyrmions is to apply local heating. However, the mechanism underlying heating-induced skyrmion formation is poorly understood, and achieving deterministic thermal excitation remains a major challenge. In this study, we utilized micromagnetic simulations to generate and annihilate individual skyrmions in a two-dimensional homogeneous ferromagnetic film with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions using a localized heating method without the assistance of an external magnetic field. By introducing pinning into the uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic background, the energy difference between the initial state and the skyrmion state is reduced, and the efficiency of generating skyrmions through local heating is improved. Additionally, deterministic annihilation of skyrmions can be achieved by exploiting the peculiarity that the energy of the skyrmion state is greater than that of the ground state. Based on this work, a practical application of skyrmions as a new type of information storage unit is proposed using a purely thermal approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonization plans depend on the rapid, large-scale deployment of batteries to sufficiently decarbonize the electricity system and on-road transport. This can take many forms, shaped by technology, materials, and supply chain selection, which will have local and global environmental and social impacts. Current knowledge gaps limit the ability of decision-makers to make choices in facilitating battery deployment that minimizes or avoids unintended environmental and social consequences. These gaps include a lack of harmonized, accessible, and up-to-date data on manufacturing and supply chains and shortcomings within sustainability and social impact assessment methods, resulting in uncertainty that limits incorporation of research into policy making. These gaps can lead to unintended detrimental effects of large-scale battery deployment. To support decarbonization goals while minimizing negative environmental and social impacts, we elucidate current barriers to tracking how decision-making for large-scale battery deployment translates to environmental and social impacts and recommend steps to overcome them.

This paper presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Along with the latest observations and simulation studies, we synthesize the time-series and event progressions during the accident across multiple disciplines, including in-plant physics and engineering systems, operators' actions, emergency responses, meteorology, radionuclide release and transport, land contamination, and health impacts. We identify three key factors that exacerbated the consequences of the accident: (1) the failure of Unit 2 containment venting, (2) the insufficient integration of radiation measurements and meteorology data in the evacuation strategy, and (3) the limited risk assessment and emergency preparedness. We conclude with new research and development directions to improve the resilience of nuclear energy systems and communities, including (1) meteorology-informed proactive venting, (2) machine learning-enabled adaptive evacuation zones, and (3) comprehensive risk-informed emergency planning while leveraging the experience from responses to other disasters.

New six-dimensional ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the N2–CO2 complex, which involve the stretching vibration of N2 and the Q3 normal mode for the ν3 asymmetric stretching vibration of CO2, were constructed using the CCSD(T)-F12/AVTZ method with midpoint bond functions. Two vibrational averaged 4D interaction potentials were obtained by integrating over the two intramolecular coordinates. It was found that both PESs possess two equivalent T-shaped global minima as well as two in-plane and one out-of-plane saddle points. Based on these PESs, rovibrational bound states and energy levels were calculated applying the radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm. The splitting of the energy levels between oN2–CO2 and pN2–CO2 for the intermolecular vibrational ground state is determined to be only 0.000 09 cm−1 due to the higher barriers. The obtained band origin shift is about +0.471 74 cm−1 in the N2–CO2 infrared spectra with CO2 at the ν3 zone, which coincides with the experimental data of +0.483 74 cm−1. The frequencies of the in-plane geared-bending for N2–CO2 at the ν3 = 0 and 1 states of CO2 turn out to be 21.6152 and 21.4522 cm−1, the latter reproduces the available experimental 21.3793 cm−1 value with CO2 at the ν3 zone. The spectral parameters fitted from the rovibrational energy levels show that this dimer is a near prolate asymmetric rotor. The computed microwave transitions as well as the infrared fundamental and combination bands for the complex agree well with the observed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a global and full-dimensional potential energy surface at the 2A″ ground state for the Al + O2 → AlO + O reaction was constructed, for the first time, based on extensive electronic structure calculations using the doubly hybrid functional XYG3 and potential energy surface fittings by neural networks. Details of the reaction paths have been analyzed. It was found that both two intermediates, the cyclic-AlO2 and the linear-OAlO, were able to dissociate to the AlO + O products, and the isomerization process between these two intermediates was controlled by conical intersections between two 2A″ states. Ro-vibrational state resolved integral cross sections have also been calculated at collision energies from 1.0 to 10.0 kcal/mol. The results support the harpooning mechanism in this metal-oxidant-involved reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional calculations of Rydberg excited states up to high energy are carried out for several molecules using an approach where the orbitals are variationally optimized by converging on saddle points on the electronic energy surface within a real space grid representation. Remarkably good agreement with experimental estimates of the excitation energy is obtained using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) when Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction is applied in combination with complex-valued orbitals. Even without the correction, the PBE functional gives quite good results despite the fact that corresponding Rydberg virtual orbitals have positive energy in the ground state calculation. Results obtained using the Tao, Perdew, Staroverov, and Scuseria (TPSS) and r2SCAN meta-GGA functionals are also presented, but they do not provide a systematic improvement over the results from the uncorrected PBE functional. The grid representation combined with the projector augmented-wave approach gives a simpler and better representation of diffuse Rydberg orbitals than a linear combination of atomic orbitals with commonly used basis sets, the latter leading to an overestimation of the excitation energy due to confinement of the excited states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric grid was designed to move large amounts of energy through space, but decarbonization goals will require it to also move energy through time--from days and seasons with a surplus of energy production to days and seasons with insufficient production. Long-duration energy storage technologies that can hold a large amount of electricity and distribute it over periods of many hours to days and even seasons will play a critical role in the clean energy transition. But creating an environment in which these nascent technologies can develop and thrive will require changes in how the grid is planned and built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy is perceived to play a vital role in climate mitigation, transition to renewable energy consumption, energy security, and local and rural socio-economic development. However, exploiting renewable bioenergy resources may need to be more sustainable in the current predominant paradigm. In this study, we raise two broad research questions: (1) what are the significant challenges to the current global bioenergy production and consumption system, and (2) what are the opportunities for a sustainable and circular bioenergy system? We qualitatively analyzed how the current bioenergy production and consumption system results in unintended negative consequences. Taking the example of biofuels, this research exemplifies some critical systemic flaws in how bioenergy is currently utilized in the transportation sector. We do this by broadening the system boundaries to identify the social, economic, and environmental consequences often distant in time and space. We conducted semi-structured interviews, workshops, and literature studies to gather data on the significant bioenergy production and consumption drivers, socio-economic factors, and ecological impacts. The causal loop diagram technique illustrates this broader system's systemic cause-effect and feedback relationships. In the current system of bioenergy production and consumption, negative socio-economic and ecological consequences limit the potential of exploiting bioenergy for climate mitigation. Firstly, bioenergy is neither carbon neutral nor renewable from a broader systems perspective, given that biomass cultivation, feedstock refining, and processing are closely coupled with natural resource use (e.g., water, energy, chemicals, and fertilizers) and other nutrient cycles (e.g., nitrogen, and phosphorus). Secondly, large-scale bioenergy developments negatively impact food security, land use change, ecosystem services, and biodiversity in certain regions. Thirdly, the current globalized bioenergy economy is fundamentally unsustainable due to the displacement of bioenergy production's negative social and ecological impacts from consumer to producer regions. We identify and discuss the critical system interventions to be placed throughout the system as significant leverages for managing the unintended negative consequences of the present dominant bioenergy production and consumption regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of a future decarbonized power grid based primarily on non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, the operation of industrial plants should be decarbonized and flexible. An innovative, novel concept combining industrial plants with (i) a water electrolysis unit, (ii) a hydrogen storage unit and (iii) a fuel cell unit would enable seasonal supply-demand balancing in the local power grid and storage of surplus energy in the form of stable solid products. The feasibility of this concept was demonstrated in a case study, taking into account the overall energy balance and economics. The characteristics of the local power grid and the hydrogen round-trip efficiency must be carefully considered when dimensioning the hydrogen units. It was found that industries producing iron and steel, cement, ceramics, glass, aluminum, paper and other metals have the potential for seasonal operation. Future research efforts in the fields of technology, economics and social sciences should support the sustainable flexibility transition of energy-intensive industries with solid products. [Display omitted] • Sustainable development will bring seasonal fluctuations in electricity supply. • An innovative method for balancing power supply and demand is proposed. • Energy-intensive industry sectors could adapt to utilize seasonal fluctuations. • Green hydrogen will serve as a short-term energy buffer. • Solid commodities will ensure stable storage of the seasonal energy surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed the accomplishments and shortcomings of an exhaustive collection of energy policies of Nepal over four decades, using a five‐dimensional energy security framework (availability, affordability, technology, sustainability and governance) for sustainable development. We adopted a mixed‐method approach involving thorough review of 70 policy documents (1984–2022), systematic review of 86 peer‐reviewed journal articles on Nepal's energy policy, and consultations with 11 experts. Our evaluation shows that while there is a progressive trend, Nepal's energy policies face challenges of political instability, governance issues, siloed development practices, lagging research and development, inefficient energy demand management, and heavy reliance on international support. Additionally, we offer four tailored recommendations for the related stakeholders: supply‐side management, demand‐side management, multi‐sector collaboration, and political stability and good governance. The insights and recommendations we provide have significant regional implications, particularly in the context of potential cross‐border clean electricity sharing in South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study re-examines the stationarity properties of per capita electricity consumption in 18 MENA countries from 1980–2021. We use a novel panel stationarity test with a Fourier approximation to capture structural breaks and nonlinearities in the data. This Fourier panel test accounts for cross-sectional dependence and allows heterogeneity across cross-sections in the panel. Moreover, we apply several new panel stationarity tests that complement the aforementioned Fourier test. The study finds strong empirical evidence supporting the stationarity of per capita electricity consumption in the MENA region when considering smooth structural breaks, and our results remain unchanged using sharp structural breaks panel stationarity test. Therefore, we conclude that policies to manage energy demand will have no long-run effect as per capita electricity consumption will, after a shock, return to its long-run trend path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinct rhetoric and approaches are used to communicate the facts and possibilities of the climate crisis and energy transitions. To better understand climate and energy-related communication practices and objectives at the national level, this research applies grounded theory analysis to transcripts of semi-structured interviews with intermediaries in Spain. The intermediaries interviewed include researchers, engineers, professionals with energy-related roles in government, and coordinators of electricity cooperatives. Our analysis produced two overarching results: (1) communication is seen as a means to raise awareness, change behavior, and engage the public, and each of these means is seen as a method to empower citizens; (2) the language of systemic change is used broadly to refer to changing political, economic, or technological systems; however, some systemic changes seem incomplete or incompatible with other systems. Further research is required to test these hypotheses and show how distinct communication approaches might be reconciled in energy transition policy and initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and the ongoing energy transition can increase energy poverty rates. To date, the main tool employed to alleviate energy poverty has involved income transfers to vulnerable households. However, measures that seek to improve a home's energy efficiency have recently gained increasing relevance. In this study we assess the effectiveness of these two types of policy, assuming universal coverage and optimal behaviour. Results points that income transfers and energy efficiency measures have the potential to decrease the proportion of households in energy poverty; however, the magnitude of their respective effects differs greatly. The average impact of energy efficiency measures provides for a greater reduction in energy poverty rates than income transfer policies. Although the greatest reduction in energy poverty is obtained by combining both measures, this combination of tools leads to overlapping effects with income transfers making only a marginal contribution once total retrofit have been implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meeting net zero emissions targets requires co‐operation of multiple actors across scales and sectors, including small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs); research on action by SMEs to improve energy efficiency of their buildings has however been limited. This article focuses on the work of local authorities in engaging SMEs in energy efficiency initiatives. Empirical findings are from systematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with local authorities participating in the Energy Efficient Scotland pilot programme for national scale retrofit. The modes of governance conceptual framework (self‐governing, governing by partnership, governing through enabling, governing by provision and governing by authority) is combined with a local government capacities framework (responsibility, political authority, finance, personnel, knowledge and energy materialities) to explore the different strategies available to local authorities. Findings reveal that local authorities utilise various modes of governing for engaging SMEs; however some governing modes (self‐governing, governing through authority and governing through provision) proved more effective than others (governing through partnership and through enabling). The results demonstrate that the modes of governance used to engage SMEs in energy efficiency depend on local authority capacities. However, Scottish local authority capacities are varied, resulting in differential ability to utilise the different modes of governing. Government policy for heat in buildings therefore needs to be sensitive to the specificities of different local authorities in order to extend their capacities for engage SMEs through both direct and enabling modes of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the disruption of gas supplies from Russia following the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, European politicians and public utilities appealed to citizens and customers to conserve natural gas. Moreover, they strengthened economic incentives for gas conservation. In fact, a substantial amount of natural gas was saved during the winter of 2022/23. This raises the question to what extent this success is attributable to government and corporate means to foster energy conservation in the crisis, including energy policies such as the German government’s “gas price brake,” gas-saving programs launched by public utilities, and consumers’ individual pricing schemes. We analyzed the effectiveness of these means using a survey and a field experiment with a German gas supplier and show that, while household savings during the crisis were substantial, economic incentives did not significantly change behavior. Indeed, demand for gas is largely price inelastic. A large majority of consumers do not understand the incentives arising from the gas price brake, and when they do, they do not respond. Likewise, consumers do not react to the design of the utilities’ gas-saving program. These findings suggest that i) citizens’ response to marginal individual economic incentives contributes little to overall gas savings, and ii) the crisis, along with the extensive societal engagement it generated, likely shifted the public’s mindset about energy consumption, making conservation a social priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the existence and multiplicity of stationary solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with concave-convex nonlinearities. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that zero lies in the boundary of the spectrum of the strongly indefinite Schrödinger operator. Our approach utilizes a novel perturbing method, specifically designed for cases where zero is situated within the spectral gap of the Schrödinger operator. By applying a generalized linking argument concerning the strongly indefinite functional, we establish the existence of two sequences of solutions to the perturbing equation, each corresponding to positive and negative energy states respectively. Finally, we employ the perturbing method to demonstrate the existence of two solutions to our equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past one decade has witnessed a tremendous growth in the field of carbene stabilized low‐valent silicon compounds unravelling very exciting properties of these molecules. Herein, we have employed a bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene, (MeBICAAC) to explore the low‐valent chemistry of silicon. The reduction of bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene‐SiCl4 complex, [(MeBICAAC)SiCl4] (1) with KC8 afforded low‐valent Si complexes, including Si(III) radical [(MeBICAAC)SiCl3] (2) and a complex with silicon center in a formal zero‐valent state, [(MeBICAAC)2Si] (3). Similarly, the reduction of in‐situ generated MeBICAAC adduct of Me2SiCl2 with one equivalent of KC8 led to the formation of [(MeBICAAC)SiMe2Cl] (4) complex having an unpaired electron. These complexes have been characterized by IR, UV‐Vis. NMR, HRMS, EPR and their solid‐state structures were also elucidated by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Further, DFT calculations revealed the lower energy singlet state for complexes 1, 3 and doublet state for complexes 2, 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's transition to a low-carbon economy faces significant challenges, including a dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuating energy costs, and limited policy clarity. This study conducts a comparative analysis of energy transition policies in Germany, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Singapore to derive actionable lessons that can be adapted to Thailand's socio-economic and energy contexts. Using the Integrated National Energy Planning (INEP) framework and Network Governance Theory, the research identifies key strategies, such as setting clear and achievable renewable energy targets, establishing robust legal frameworks, fostering multi-stakeholder engagement, and encouraging decentralized governance. The findings highlight the importance of long-term vision, inclusive governance, and targeted investments in renewable technologies to accelerate energy transitions. This paper presents policy guidelines to enhance Thailand's energy security and contribute to its climate goals by promoting public awareness and strengthening institutional capacities. By adapting these strategies, Thailand can align with global energy trends, reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, and advance toward a resilient and sustainable energy system, aligned with global energy trends while addressing its unique socio-economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microscopic variant of the Grodzins relation and the Quasiparticle Phonon Model are applied to predict the excitation energies of the 21+ states of neutron-deficient U and Pu isotopes. The P-factor systematics is used to determine the quadrupole deformation of nuclei under consideration. The excitation energies of the 41+ states are predicted based on the simple universal anharmonic vibrator-type relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intricate relationships among the evolution of the international political economy, the dynamics of business ecosystems, and the transformations in entrepreneurship within the European energy sector, with a specific emphasis on Greece, particularly the less developed region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The aim is to understand how geopolitical, economic, and technological dynamics interact across macro-, meso-, and microlevels, especially within the context of the ongoing global energy transition. A multi-method approach is employed, including interviews with 16 experts, a survey of 89 energy firms, and eight in-depth interviews with microfirm owners. A key finding is that an integrated and evolutionary macro–meso–micro framework is essential for understanding and addressing the complex dynamics across various sectors, especially in the energy sector. The study highlights the need for targeted support for smaller firms through a restructured energy policy to foster local entrepreneurship and innovation. It further emphasizes that understanding the evolution of the global energy system and its components is crucial for addressing sustainability in environmental and socioeconomic terms, as the emerging model of energy production and consumption is directly tied to the reshaping of socioeconomic development models in the new globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In analyzing the decoupling of emissions from economic growth, current literature foregoes the nonlinear complexities of macroeconomic systems, leading to ineffective energy transition policies, specifically for developing countries. This study focuses on the Indian energy–economy–emission nexus to establish a control system that internalizes inflation, trade openness, and fossil fuel imports with economic growth and macro-emissions to visualize the complex pathways of decoupling. Through long-term cointegration and vector error correction modeling, it was found that GDP and energy affect capital, inflation and energy imports, which are locked in a long-run negative feedback loop that ultimately increases emissions. Capital growth enables decoupling at 0.7% CO2 emissions reduction for every 1% capital growth, while 1% inflation growth inhibits decoupling by increasing CO2 emissions by 0.8%. A cybernetic fractional circuit of R-C elements and operational amplifiers was utilized to examine the delay of pulses from GDP to the loop elements, which revealed that capital is periodic with GDP pulses. However, inflation, being aperiodic with the clock pulses of GDP, causes the pulse-width of capital to decrease and fossil fuel imports to increase. Through the circuital model, it was possible to determine the exact policy intervention schedule in business cycle growth and recession phases that could build clean energy capital and limit inflation-induced recoupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Energy is the fundamental driving force for world economic and social development. However, the growth of carbon dioxide emissions and increasing environmental challenges are becoming increasingly problematic, limiting the pace of economic development. Methods: To optimize the energy consumption structure and promote the development of low-carbon economy, this study took Shaanxi Province as an example to analyze the impact of low-carbon economy policy variables on the energy consumption structure dominated by coal. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of policy variables on the evolution of energy consumption structure by constructing a system dynamics model. In addition, this study will explore policy optimization issues. Results: The error of simulation results was within ±10%. The consumption of non-fossil energy increased from 2,196,400 tons of standard coal in 2009 to 22.578 million tons in 2030, which is in line with the development trend. Under these four policy combinations, the share of coal will fall to 57.8 percent by 2030. In addition, the share of non-fossil energy sources will increase to 21 percent and the share of natural gas will reach 16 percent. Discussion: The policy suggestions put forward in this paper are of great significance to the optimization of energy structure led by coal. The model constructed can be effectively applied to practical policy simulation and adjustment, and can provide reference for the development of low-carbon economic policies in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realise the European Union's (EU) transition to clean and carbon‐neutral energy systems, various individual infrastructure systems and energy networks will have to coordinate and operate as an integrated energy system. Traditionally, these different infrastructure systems operate within their own sectors and are governed by separate legal regimes. The intersection of these different legal rules and interests creates regulatory uncertainty and risk for infrastructure operators and can dissuade operators from participating in system integration. This paper explores how infrastructure operators can overcome the legal uncertainty and regulatory risks of operating as an integrated system, whilst also ensuring that the policy objectives of the energy transition are realised. This paper argues that, by pursuing public values and energy justice principles, infrastructure operators will overcome the legal uncertainty surrounding system integration. By doing so, infrastructure operators will facilitate the realisation of an energy transition that is just, inclusive and in the public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the sunset clause of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). The ECT is a multilateral investor‐state arbitration treaty which allows for the use of investor‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) tribunals to arbitrate challenges arising from shifts in energy policy that lead to a loss in profits for relevant energy companies. The treaty has become controversial as climate activists have alleged it is slowing down efforts to transition away from fossil fuels. Withdrawal from the ECT does not necessarily solve the alleged issues as the treaty contains a sunset clause, allowing for the provisions of the ECT to remain in force for 20 years post withdrawal. This article seeks to analyse various mechanisms and strategies for neutralising the sunset clause as part of a wider effort to ensure the ECT does not interfere with the phasing out of fossil fuels. It will be argued that such neutralisation should be possible through the use of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), on the basis that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances since the inception of the treaty. This use of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine can be justified on the basis that a swift and substantial transition away from fossil fuels is now required to ensure states can meet their obligations under the Paris Agreement. This article will also explore alternatives to an Article 62 VCLT argument (i.e. a fundamental change in circumstances) that could nonetheless achieve the primary goal of ensuring that states are not bound to a pro fossil‐fuel treaty. Examples of alternatives include the insertion of a climate carve‐out to remove protections from investments that hinder climate action or the use of the defence of necessity in future ECT arbitration cases to argue that the state should not remain bound to the sunset clause. Regardless of whichever scenario is pursued by states, the article seeks to highlight that any and all efforts must be made to neutralise the sunset clause to ensure there is no interference with necessary efforts to pursue climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Visegrad Group, comprising Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has several common features, including their geographical proximity, membership in the EU and NATO, and similar levels of economic development. However, they also have significant differences. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has exposed new disagreements among them, particularly regarding how to ensure energy security amid a changing geopolitical landscape and the issue of sanctions on Russian energy supplies. Despite these differences, the Visegrad Group countries have shown unity in their approach to nuclear power. Although their use of nuclear technology varies, they have recently aligned their nuclear energy policies. Czechia and Slovakia have a long history with nuclear technology, dating back to the 1970s, while Hungary began its nuclear program in the 1980s. Poland, which had paused its nuclear program after the Chernobyl disaster, has recently resumed its nuclear energy efforts. All four countries aim to expand their nuclear energy capacity to either maintain or increase its share in their electricity mix. This paper provides a comparative analysis of their nuclear energy policies, focusing on the political initiatives driving advancements in this field. It argues that these nations see nuclear energy as crucial for creating a resilient, crisis-resistant, and secure energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately evaluating the effectiveness of the energy consumption "dual control" policy can effectively solve serious the current environmental pollution and promote ecological civilization. However, researchers have rarely considered the impacts on the regional "resource curse" of the energy consumption "dual control" policy. A dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE) was built to evaluate the impacts on the regional "resource curse" of the energy intensity control and total energy control policy. The results showed the following. (1) The energy consumption "dual control" policy changes the supply-and-demand relationship of factors and reduces the crowding-out effect of humans and capital. (2) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has restrained GDP growth, and the total output and total investment have declined. However, the impact in regions without the "resource curse" is remarkable. (3) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has a significant inhibitory effect on major pollutants and carbon emissions. (4) The energy consumption "dual control" policy has played a positive role in breaking the regional "resource curse". The areas with a high and low "resource curse" have become smaller, and the areas without the "resource curse" have increased significantly. The following suggestions are made: (1) increase the flexibility of the "dual control" policy of energy consumption, (2) establish an energy consumption budget management system, and (3) accelerate the establishment of a carbon footprint management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large CO2 emissions constitute a significant problem today due to their effect on climate change, and the need to design appropriate energy policies to mitigate their consequences and reduce emissions requires a detailed analysis of one of the main sources of such emissions: the electricity system. Thus, this paper presents a study on the effects of energy policies on decarbonization by comparing the detailed phase-out of coal-fired power plants across a range of cases with the implementation of a carbon tax to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The case study focuses on the Chilean electricity system, using a long-term generation and transmission expansion planning model (GTEP) that incorporates a wide range of generation technologies. The study examines the long-term effects of these policies, including costs, investments, and CO2 emissions, as well as their impact on consumer prices reflected in the marginal costs of the system. The transmission system modeling covers various regions of Chile and significant projections for renewable energy sources. It evaluates three economic scenarios based on generation technology costs, fuel prices, and electricity demand under four different closure schemes and fourteen different carbon tax levels. The results indicate that implementing a carbon tax can be more cost-effective for the system than the implementation of a phase-out schedule for coal plants, taking the form of reduced CO2 emission and overall system costs, with an optimal carbon tax value of 37 USD/tCO2. Additionally, the study reveals significant effects on consumer prices, showing that a carbon tax as an energy policy leads to lower prices compared to a phase-out scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition in the electricity sector is central to limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. Countries around the world rely on official planning documents, such as strategies, special programs, and action plans, to guide these efforts. However, there are few systematic approaches and tools that can help policy makers determine comprehensiveness, coherence, consistency, and coordination when designing these planning documents. This represents a risk to meet energy transition and climate change goals if the relationships of policies and actions included in these documents are not addressed properly. To this end, this paper proposes an approach to model hierarchical relationships using the theory of change, while causal relationships are allocated using policy makers' experience (yet can also be exogenously allocated using other models). As a case study, this work investigates Mexico's energy transition policy of the electricity sector over the 2013–2018 period. The results show that Mexico's official planning documents lack a good design since most policies and actions are not articulated in the right sequence and privilege clean centralized and distributed generation and energy efficiency, while others related to the modernization of electrical grids and climate and environmental policies are barely included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition is a national agenda, prioritised in many countries, to ensure public safety and achieve climate goals. Although enacting laws is a critical means of realising energy transition policy, legal scholarship has paid little to no attention to the role of law in a sustainable energy transition. Countries are currently experimenting with their legal frameworks to achieve sustainable and smooth energy transition policies that are most beneficial. The pivotal role of law in energy transition has led researchers to place a growing emphasis on introducing and analysing the recently enacted domestic laws in various countries, seeking implications and insights in this regard. This study draws on the example of Korea's legal framework for energy transition to argue that the voluntary nature of this agreement between the government and operator would have policy implications for many countries striving towards sustainable energy transitions. Unlike numerous other countries (eg Germany) that unilaterally force early closure of nuclear power plants by law, Korea tries to innovatively establish legal grounds that enable a voluntary agreement between the government and operators and the considerable efforts on just transition, while the government commits to contributex to bearing the costs of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy era is accelerating ahead of schedule. At the urban level, can large-scale utilization of renewable energy in cities promote energy consumption reduction and economic cost saving, improving energy economic efficiency (EEE)? Based on balanced panel data for 260 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2020, we used data envelope analysis (DEA) window analysis and difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to evaluate the effect of the New Energy Demonstration City Program on urban EEE. We found that the policy promoted the improvement of urban EEE. However, there is specific regional heterogeneity in the policy effects, with this policy having a more significant effect on EEE improvements in the Northeast, cities with high pollution levels, and cities with high-tech innovation levels. These findings have significant policy implications for supporting the country in promoting the development and utilization of new energy sources to improve EEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomass has played an important role in the India's energy requirement since ages. Followed by China and the US, India is the world's third-largest producer in terms of biomass energy. Nowadays, there is a visible increasing trend in the energy production from biomass. The primary causes for this are due to fewer options for alternative fuels and rising power demand in urban as well as rural areas. This review attempts to gather the different biomass resources from forests and other industries that are present and their ability to produce bioenergy. To utilize biomass into different energy products, a broad range of conversion technologies have been developed over time which has been overviewed in this review. The environmental, socio-economic and other impacts due to the use of bioenergy are also outlined in this review. Furthermore, it provides an overview of India's present bioenergy situation and the steps the government has taken to meet future demand for biomass-to-energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay responds to the central critiques of Philosophizing the Indefensible advanced by Nuti, Kapelner, and Garcia-Gibson. Nuti and Kapelner pose general challenges to the strategic method driving the book. Garcia-Gibson focuses on this method's application to green energy policies. I explain why I believe that both the general account of strategic theorizing presented in the book and its specific green-energy arguments withstand the critics' scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of several case law relating to environmental protection and energy relevant to European Union (EU) environmental law from decisions by the Court of Justice of the EU delivered in 2023. The cases include the application of Poland for interim measures in the context of the EU Emission Trading Scheme, infringement by Portugal of the annual limit value for nitrogen oxide emissions, and advertising of energy consumption labels on cookers.

This analysis examines the decision in Held v State of Montana by the Montana First Judicial District Court, in which 16 youth plaintiffs successfully argued that provisions within the state energy policy and the Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) violate their constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment. As the first climate case in the USA to be brought based on a constitutional right to a healthy environment, it has received considerable attention and is being hailed as a landmark victory. This analysis examines the case in the context of recent trends in climate change litigation and argues that whilst the decision is indeed noteworthy, the circumstances that led to the decision make it unlikely that a wave of similarly successful claims will follow in the USA. Nevertheless, the case could mark a so-called 'constitutional rights turn' in climate litigation, as the case bolsters support for stronger protections for environmental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Building energy regulations are essential for reducing energy consumption in the European Union (EU) and achieving climate neutrality goals. This data article supplements the "Overview of EU Building Envelope Energy Requirement for Climate Neutrality" by presenting a detailed dataset on building regulations across all 27 EU member states, with a focus on building envelope efficiency. The data include thermal transmittance limits for windows, walls, floors, and roofs, offering insights into regulatory differences and potential opportunities for harmonization. Information was sourced from the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) database, national reports, and scientific literature to ensure comprehensive coverage. Key aspects of each country's regulations are summarized in tables, covering both new constructions and renovations. The inclusion of Köppen–Geiger climate classifications allows for climate-specific analyses, providing valuable context for researchers, policymakers, and construction professionals. This dataset enables comparative studies, helping to identify best practices and inform policy interventions aimed at enhancing energy efficiency across Europe. It also supports the development of tailored strategies to improve building performance in different environmental conditions, ultimately contributing to the EU's energy and climate targets. Dataset: Data directly related to this article are provided in the Supplementary Materials. Dataset License: CC-BY 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat: Human & Social Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The perception of nuclear power, while central to energy policy and sustainability endeavors, remains a subject of considerable debate, in which some claim that the expansion of nuclear technology poses threats to global security, while others argue that its access should be shared for development and energy purposes. In this study, a total of 11,256 tweets were gathered over a three-month period using a keyword-based approach through the Twitter Standard Search API, focusing on terms related to nuclear energy. The k-means clustering algorithm was employed to analyze tweets with the aim of determining the underlying sentiments and perspectives within the public domain, while t-SNE was used for visualizing cluster separation. The results show distinct clusters reflecting various viewpoints on nuclear power, with 71.94% of tweets being neutral, 14.64% supportive, and 13.42% negative. This study also identifies a subset of users who appear to be seeking unbiased information, signaling an opportunity for educational outreach. By leveraging the immediacy and pervasiveness of X (formerly known as Twitter), this research provides a timely snapshot of the prevailing attitudes toward nuclear power and offers insights for policymakers, educators, and industry stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing influence of regional governments in shaping climate policy and driving the renewable energy transition in multilevel democracies like Spain provides incentives for parties in favor of decentralization to emphasize these issues. Recent research has shown that such parties act as climate pioneers at the regional tier of government, driven by their desire to assert stronger subnational authority. To investigate these dynamics at the national level, this article examines the manifestos of the parties that won seats in the 2016, 2019, and 2023 Spanish national elections. The empirical findings suggest that parties are more likely to prioritize climate change and the renewable energy transition if they are pro-decentralization. By emphasizing how multilevel governance strengthens these priorities through party competition and the quest for regional autonomy, this article fills an important gap spanning decentralization and policy preferences related to climate and renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic evolution of complexity and synchrony between the carbon market and the new energy market from 2019 to 2023, employing multiscale sample entropy and cross‐sample entropy methods. The study shows that, both in the long term and short term, the complexity of the new energy market consistently exceeds that of the carbon market. Additionally, the carbon and new energy markets exhibit higher synchronization on smaller scales. As the time scale increases, interactions between the carbon and new energy markets become more complex and diverse. According to these findings, it is recommended that policymakers improve the transparency of the new energy market, optimize the operational mechanisms of the carbon market, and ensure that carbon reduction strategies and new energy policies are mutually coordinated. This holds significant importance for both carbon reduction targets and the development of new energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]