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The article discusses a case of Cushing disease presenting with hypertension in a 33-year-old woman. The patient had a history of easy bruising and a unilateral adrenal adenoma, leading to investigations for hypercortisolism. The diagnosis was confirmed as Cushing disease due to a pituitary microadenoma, which was successfully treated with transsphenoidal surgery. The article emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for hypercortisolism and secondary hypertension, highlighting the impact of timely intervention on weight and metabolic health. [Extracted from the article]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder and metabolic abnormality disease that mainly affects women of reproductive age. LINC00173, a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), has emerged as an important factor in the development of PCOS. However, the role of LINC00173 in PCOS development and its specific upstream and downstream mechanisms remain to be further clarified. Here, we found that LINC00173 was significantly upregulated in granulosa cells (GCs) of PCOS patients, and played a crucial role in promoting apoptosis of GCs. Mechanistically, we observed the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the GCs of PCOS patients, and the ER stress sensor ATF4 could directly induce LINC00173 expression by binding to its promoter. LINC00173 further upregulated the expression of Harakiri (HRK) and subsequently inhibited downstream PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusions, our study uncovered that ER stress-induced upregulation of LINC00173 leads to increased HRK expression and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby promoting the progression of PCOS. These findings provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (AAI) is a rare disease. This research evaluates three patients with AAI, including autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 2. Two patients had APS or AAI during childhood, and one had a history of endocrine autoimmune disease, indicating a possible hereditary basis of the condition. Trio-based exome sequencing and high-resolution HLA typing were employed to analyze patients and their parents. Benign or likely benign variants of the AIRE gene were identified in all participants of the study. These variants, coupled with clinical data and the results of antibody studies to type I interferons, helped to exclude APS-1. Patients with APS-2, in contrast to patient with AAI, inherited distinct variants of unknown significance in the CLEC16A gene, which is associated with autoimmune diseases, including AAI. Various risk alleles in other genes associated with autoimmunity were identified in all patients. HLA typing of class II loci revealed alleles related to APS. Nevertheless, the frequencies of the haplotypes identified are substantial in the healthy Russian population. Immunological tests can detect antibody carriers and assess the risk of autoimmune disease development. In the future, to identify genetic predictors of autoimmune endocrinopathies, it is recommended to analyze the whole genome of patients and their relatives, examining clinically relevant variants in non-coding regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children diagnosed with endocrine disorders may exhibit atypical development and may encounter challenges in language, academic, and cognitive skills, as well as social-emotional issues. The objective of this study was to identify potential therapeutic requirements in the areas of language, cognition, and mathematical skills among children with endocrine disorders who experience school failure. This will enable an early evaluation of speech and language disorders and the planning of interventions to be possible. Methods: In this study, children with endocrine disorders were compared with their normally developing peers in terms of language, cognition, mathematical skills, and psychosocial characteristics. In this study, 15 children diagnosed with endocrine disorders (8 females, 7 males; mean age: 10, SD: 2) and 15 children with normal development (8 females, 7 males; mean age: 10, SD: 2) participated. The participants were subjected to the Test of Language Development-Primary: Fourth Edition Turkish Revision (TOLDP-4:T), the Turkish Nonword Repetition Test (TNRT), the Turkish Multilingual Sentence Repetition Test (LITMUS-TR), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R), the Problem-Solving Test (PST), the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS-CV), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: The findings of the study indicate that children with endocrine disease have lower performance in language, cognition, and mathematical skills compared to their healthy peers. Otherwise, they do not differ in terms of social-emotional status assessed by psychological scales. Discussion: These findings suggest that while children with endocrine disorders face challenges in academic and cognitive domains, their social-emotional development remains relatively unaffected. Early identification and intervention in language, cognition, and mathematical skills may help address the academic struggles of these children, potentially improving their school performance and overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, and presents a significant challenge to the global population. This review provides comprehensive evidence of interventions, including food and dietary supplements, aimed at reversing PCOS and improving fertility outcomes. Various dietary supplements are known to cause metabolic changes and hormonal regulation and have a potential impact on increasing pregnancy rates. Although some biochemical alterations have been observed, these metabolic changes do not directly reverse the disorder. Moreover, the lack of sufficient evidence does not convince clinicians to standardize dietary supplements as alternatives to medical or pharmacological interventions. This calls for a study of women with PCOS taking dietary supplements. In addition, unbiased studies of combinations of treatment options for supplements, including large cohort clinical trials, will lead to evidence-based medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread and complex hormonal disorder occurs in women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances and ovarian dysfunction. Current approaches to treating PCOS often address specific symptoms, highlighting the demand for innovative therapeutic agents that can tackle its multifaceted nature. The present study endeavors to investigate the potential of new chromen‐2‐one derivatives in the management of PCOS. A total of 30 derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory effects on 5‐α reductase and antioxidant activities. Based on the promising in vitro activity and acute toxicity profile of 4‐methoxy‐N‐(3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐6‐yl) benzamide (29), it was selected for subsequent in vivo investigation in experimental animal models of PCOS. The study also includes molecular interaction analysis through docking and dynamic studies of compound (29). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unknown etiology Background: Chylous ascites is defined as the development of lipid-rich ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The formation of chylous ascites revolves around non-portal-based and portal-based etiologies, and the diagnosis is made via paracentesis revealing an elevated triglyceride level and milky-white appearance. Chylous ascites is often reported as a postoperative complication in surgical procedures, but it has also been documented in cases of cirrhosis, malignancy, and tuberculosis. However, chylous ascites is rarely seen in chronic pancreatitis and noncirrhotic portal hypertension. This report presents the case of a 65-year-old man with a history of necrotizing pancreatitis and portal hypertension amidst an incidental finding of chylous ascites upon elective umbilical hernia repair. Case Report: We present the case of a patient with chylous ascites discovered during hernia repair. A 65-year-old man with no alcohol or tobacco use and a history of recurrent episodes of acute necrotizing pancreatitis was admitted for umbilical hernia repair. However, upon entering the abdominal cavity, an enlarging mass of ascitic fluid was encountered and tracked into the hernia sac. The fluid was drained via paracentesis and cytology revealed chylous ascites. The patient was discharged in stable condition and was advised to consume a high-protein, lowfat diet. Postoperative computed topography (CT) demonstrated an unchanged necrotic mass in the head of the pancreas. Conclusions: This report demonstrates that when dealing with unexpected findings, it is important to consider the existence of multiple pathologies as the driving cause. We describe a complex cause of chylous ascites, along with a review of the literature on the relationship between chylous ascites and chronic pancreatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document explores the impact of warfare on cardiovascular health, emphasizing the devastating effects it has on individuals, families, communities, and the environment. It discusses how the use of various weapons in warfare can lead to significant human casualties and long-term health implications. Both civilians and veterans are at a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors due to war-related stressors and traumatic injuries. The document also highlights the long-term effects of wartime stress on mental and physical health. The authors advocate for global efforts to de-escalate armed conflicts and prioritize the health of affected populations through comprehensive healthcare systems and peace-building initiatives. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and potentially lethal disease. Approximately 10–20% of the patients progress to necrotizing pancreatitis (NP). The step-up approach is the gold standard approach to managing an infected necrotizing pancreatitis with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) has been described as a safe and feasible approach with high success rates. Multiple studies in the American, European, and Asian populations evaluating the outcomes of VARD have been published; nevertheless, outcomes in the Latin American population are unknown. This study aims to describe a single-center experience of VARD for necrotizing pancreatitis in Colombia with a long-term follow-up. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2016 and 2024. All patients over 18 years old who underwent VARD for necrotizing pancreatitis were included. Demographic, clinical variables, and postoperative outcomes at 30-day follow-up were described. Results: A total of 12 patients were included. The mean age was 55.9 years old (SD 13.73). The median follow-up was 365 days (P25 60; P75 547). Bile origin was the most frequent cause of pancreatitis in 90.1% of the patients. The mean time between diagnosis and surgical management was 78.5 days (SD 22.93). The mean size of the collection was 10.5 cm (SD 3.51). There was no evidence of intraoperative complications. The mean in-hospital length of stay was 65.18 days (SD 26.46). One patient died in a 30-day follow-up. One patient presented an incisional hernia one year after surgery, and there was no evidence of endocrine insufficiency at the follow-up. Conclusion: According to our data, the VARD procedure presents similar outcomes to those reported in the literature; a standardized procedure following the STEP-UP procedure minimizes the requirement of postoperative drainages. Long-term follow-up should be performed to rule out pancreatic insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyponatremia is a common complication following endoscopic endonasal resection (EER) of pituitary adenomas. We report a single-center, multisurgeon study detailing baseline clinical data, outcomes, and factors associated with postoperative hyponatremia. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing EER for pituitary adenoma at Tufts Medical Center. Most procedures were performed by the senior author (C.B.H.). Cases were included if at least 1 postoperative sodium value was available and pathology confirmed pituitary adenoma. Hyponatremia was defined as a postoperative sodium level <135 mEq/L. A total of 272 patients underwent 310 EER procedures that met the study inclusion criteria. The mean patient age was 53.3 years, and mean tumor size was 18.8 mm. Postoperative hyponatremia occurred in 12.6% of cases, with 3.6% developing hyponatremia prior to discharge. Lower preoperative sodium level was associated with an increased risk of developing any postoperative hyponatremia. Older age, prolactinoma pathology, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were associated with moderate to severe hyponatremia (≤129 mEq/L), and lower preoperative sodium was associated with mild hyponatremia (130–134 mEq/L). Hyponatremia-related readmissions within 30 days occurred in 3.9% of patients. Both African-American race and postoperative hyponatremia were associated with an increased risk of 30-day readmission. The mean nadir sodium for hyponatremic patients was 129.9 mEq/L. Growth hormone–secreting pathology was associated with lower postoperative nadir sodium, whereas higher preoperative sodium was associated with higher postoperative nadir sodium. Hyponatremia is a common postoperative complication of EER for pituitary lesions that can cause significant morbidity, increased readmissions, and increased healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the intricate relationship between women's health, hormones, and the microbiome. Topics discussed include the biological and structural differences that contribute to health disparities between men and women, the influence of sex hormones on immune function and autoimmune disorders, and the interplay between gut microbiota and hormone regulation, emphasizing how dysbiosis can impact overall health and hormonal balance.

Simple Summary: Hyperadrenocorticism in dogs is a condition characterized by excess cortisol and can disrupt overall health. This study examined its impact on gut bacteria, which is crucial for health. Compared to healthy dogs, the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism had less diverse gut bacteria and an increase in Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, and Proteus, alongside a decrease in Firmicutes (Bacillota). These imbalances continued even after treatment, suggesting ongoing health risks. Understanding these gut changes can improve treatments for affected dogs. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, which is associated with diverse metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesized that elevated cortisol levels in dogs with HAC disrupt the gut microbiome (GM), and this disruption persists even after trilostane treatment. This study explored GM composition in dogs with HAC. We included 24 dogs, 15 with HAC and 9 healthy controls, and followed up with 5 dogs with HAC who received trilostane treatment. The GM analysis revealed significant compositional changes in dogs with HAC, including reduced microbiome diversity compared to healthy controls, particularly in rare taxa, as indicated by the Shannon index (p = 0.0148). Beta diversity analysis further showed a distinct clustering of microbiomes in dogs with HAC, separating them from healthy dogs (p < 0.003). Specifically, an overrepresentation of Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, and Proteus populations occurred alongside a decreased Firmicutes (Bacillota) population. Despite trilostane treatment, gut dysbiosis persisted in dogs with HAC at a median of 41 d post treatment, suggesting its potential role in ongoing metabolic issues. We identified GM dysbiosis in dogs with HAC by examining key bacterial genera, offering insights into potential interventions like probiotics or fecal microbiota transplants for better HAC management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepidium peruvianum—an edible herbaceous biennial plant distributed in the Andes—has been used for centuries as food and as a natural medicine in treating hormonal disorders, as an antidepressant, and as an anti-osteoporotic agent. The presented study aims to prove its beneficial cosmetic and chemopreventive properties by testing the antiradical, whitening, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties of differently colored phenotypes that were extracted using three solvents: methanol, water, and chloroform, with the help of the chemometric approach to provide evidence on the impact of single glucosinolanes (seven identified compounds in the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis) on the biological activity of the total extracts. The tested extracts exhibited moderate antiradical activity, with the methanolic extract from yellow and grey maca phenotypes scavenging 49.9 ± 8.96% and 48.8% ± 0.44% of DPPH radical solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively. Grey maca was the most active tyrosinase inhibitor, with 72.86 ± 3.42% of the enzyme activity calculated for the water extract and 75.66 ± 6.21% for the chloroform extract. The studies in cells showed no cytotoxicity towards the human keratinocyte line HaCaT in all studied extracts and a marked inhibition of cell viability towards the G361 melanoma cell line, which the presence of pent-4-enylglucosinolate, glucotropaeolin, and glucoalyssin in the samples could have caused. Given all biological activity tests combined, the three mentioned compounds were shown to be the most significant positive contributors to the results obtained, and the grey maca water extract was found to be the best source of the former compound among the tested samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and multifactorial endocrine disorder predominantly affecting premenopausal women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Hyperandrogenism, a central pathogenic factor, negatively influences metabolism through its effects on various tissues and organs, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver. The redistribution of adiposity towards visceral and intraperitoneal fat depots, driven by androgens, is correlated with an increased risk of abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. In skeletal muscles, hyperandrogenism induces a decrease in insulin sensitivity by disrupting insulin signaling and mitochondrial function, thereby contributing to the metabolic dysfunctions associated with PCOS. At the hepatic level, women with PCOS exhibit a higher prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a relationship largely mediated by chronic inflammation and the proinflammatory effects of androgens. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between hyperandrogenism and metabolic dysfunctions in PCOS, with significant implications for the development of innovative and personalized therapeutic strategies. Given the high prevalence and significant impact of PCOS on metabolic health, future research should focus on elucidating these mechanisms and identifying more effective therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Obesity often exacerbates the clinical manifestations of PCOS, contributing to insulin resistance, metabolic disturbances, and reproductive issues. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a period of aerobic exercises on sexual hormones and appetite in obese women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Methods: This semi-experimental study involved 30 obese women with PCOS, divided into an aerobic exercise group and a control group (15 participants each). The exercise group underwent a supervised 12-week aerobic training program, consisting of three 60-minute sessions per week. Hormonal levels (prolactin, luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], total testosterone, hydroxyprogesterone, LH/FSH ratio) and appetite scores were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using ANCOVA to assess the impact of the exercise intervention, adjusting for pre-test scores. Results: Significant improvements were observed in the experimental group postintervention. Prolactin levels decreased from 20.95 ± 2.63 ng/mL to 18.50 ± 1.82 ng/mL (P < 0.001), LH levels from 9.47 ± 2.35 mIU/mL to 6.02 ± 1.45 mIU/mL (P < 0.001), FSH levels from 5.21 ±1.09 mIU/mL to 4.21 ±1.22 mIU/mL (p < 0.001), total testosterone levels from 59.19 ± 20.20 g/mL to 40.62 ± 14.81 g/mL (P < 0.001), and hydroxyprogesterone levels from 4.83 ± 1.65 Mol/L to 3.98 ± 0.95 Mol/L (P < 0.001). The LH/FSH ratio improved from 1.87 ± 0.54 to 1.52 ± 0.47 (p = 0.025), and appetite scores decreased from 7.53 ± 1.50 to 6.33 ± 1.18 (P< 0.001). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise significantly improves hormonal profiles and reduces appetite in obese women with PCOS, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic intervention. Regular aerobic training can address both reproductive and metabolic aspects of PCOS, enhancing overall health and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Rehabilitation Interventions for Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury in the Community (RIISC) team aimed to develop and evaluate innovative rehabilitation interventions to identify endocrine metabolic disease (EMD) risk, intending to reduce the frequency and severity of EMD related morbidity and mortality among adults living with chronic spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D). Materials and Methods: An interprovincial team from Ontario and Quebec reviewed available EMD literature and evidence syntheses and completed an inventory of health services, policies and practices in SCI/D care. The review outcomes were combined with expert opinion to create an EMD risk model to inform health service transformation. Results: EMD risk and mortality are highly prevalent among adults with chronic SCI/D. In stark contrast, few rehabilitation interventions target EMD outcomes. The modelled solution proposes: 1) abandoning single-disease paradigms and examining a holistic perspective of the individual's EMD risk, and 2) developing and disseminating practice-based research approaches in outpatient community settings. Conclusions: RIISC model adoption could accelerate EMD care optimization, and ultimately inform the design of large-scale longitudinal pragmatic trials likely to improve health outcomes. Linking the RIISC team activities to economic evaluations and policy deliverables will strengthen the relevance and impact among policymakers, health care providers and patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Living with a spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D) increases endocrine metabolic disease (EMD) risk. EMD-related outcomes include fracture; type II diabetes; and cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke), directly contributing to higher morbidity and mortality. Single-disease paradigms are not the ideal strategy to address multimorbidity contexts experienced in SCI/D. Practice-based research could be an alternative/adjunct to randomized control trials at generating evidence on current and emerging rehabilitation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior pituitary ectopia is a very rare entity in the development of the pituitary gland. Several factors and multiple genes are associated with this entity causing both pituitary and extrapituitary abnormalities. Pituitary abnormalities can be various endocrine problems and extrapituitary abnormalities can be optic nerves and cerebellar hypoplasia, heterotopia, and abnormal vessels. This pictorial review represents the imaging manifestations of extrapituitary intracranial anomalies that can be associated with posterior pituitary ectopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is one of the common endocrine disorders generally characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar. It can originate either from the inability of the pancreas to synthesize insulin, which is considered as an autoimmune disorder, or the reduced production of insulin, considered as insulin resistivity. A wound can be defined as a condition of damage to living tissues including skin, mucous membrane and other organs as well. Wounds get complicated with respect to time based on specific processes like diabetes mellitus, obesity and immunocompromised conditions. Proper growth and functionality of the epidermis gets sustained due to impaired diabetic wound healing which shows a sign of dysregulated wound healing process. In comparison with synthetic medications, phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides have gained enormous importance relying on their distinct potential to heal diabetic wounds. Flavonoids are one of the most promising and important groups of natural compounds which can be used to treat acute as well as chronic wounds. Flavonoids show excellent properties due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure, which makes this class of compounds different from others. Based on the novel principles of nanotechnology via utilizing suitable drug delivery systems, the delivery of bioactive constituents from plant source amplifies the wound-healing mechanism, minimizes complexities and enhances bioavailability. Hence, the encapsulation and applicability of flavonoids with an emphasis on mechanistic route and wound-healing therapeutics have been highlighted in the subsequent study with focus on multiple drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoglycemia in critical care is a well-documented phenomenon, linking both physiological and clinical evidence to harmful outcomes and an increased risk of mortality. Its implications span medical and non-medical consequences, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, and escalated health care expenses and hospitalization duration. Mitigation measures for modifiable risk factors and education for both patients and health care providers on hypoglycemia can effectively prevent the onset of inpatient hypoglycemia. This concise clinical review offers a brief overview of hypoglycemia in critically ill patients, encompassing its pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Early discontinuation of endocrine therapy (ET) is higher among patients with early breast cancer (EBC) compared to patients with metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (MBC). In our clinical experience the reasons for this may include a significant burden of ET side effects impacting quality of life (QOL) in patients with EBC. We hypothesized that QOL is lower in patients with HR + EBC compared to patients with HR + MBC on ET. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study to assess QOL utilizing FACT-ES & EORTC QLQ C30 tools among patients with EBC and MBC receiving ET across 5 Irish hospitals. Results A total of 417 patients were enrolled—EBC (79% n  = 331) and MBC 21% (n  = 86). Using the FACT-ES, we found no difference in overall QOL by stage (139.2 vs 141, P  = .33). Patients with HR + MBC had a lower symptom burden from ET compared to HR + EBC (61.4 vs 54, P  < .01). In adjusted multivariate linear regression models, there was no difference in QOL for patients with EBC and MBC receiving ET. Conclusions There was no significant difference in overall QOL for patients with EBC and MBC. However, patients with EBC experienced more endocrine symptoms. In adjusted multivariate linear regression models, the stage did not predict QOL. Our results suggest that endocrine symptoms are significant contributors to impaired QOL for patients with EBC but the role of other determinants of QOL (eg, stage) is less clear. Future work could include the development of stage-specific QOL tools and utilization of electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) to identify and manage emergent toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular conduits that provide a direct pathway between neighboring cells, which are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as cellular differentiation, cell growth, and metabolic coordination. The effect of gap junctional hemichannels in folliculogenesis is particularly obvious, and the down‐regulation of connexins is related to abnormal follicle growth. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a ubiquitous endocrine disorder of the reproductive system, affecting the fertility of adult women due to anovulation. Exciting evidence shows that gap junction is involved in the pathological process related to PCOS and affects the development of follicles in women with PCOS. In this review, we examine the expression of connexins in follicular cells of PCOS and figure out whether such communication could have consequences for PCOS women. While along with results from clinical and related animal studies, we summarize the mechanism of connexins involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Key Findings: Gap junctional channels contribute to oocyte growth, oocyte maturation, and the proliferation of granulosa cells.Surrounding cumulus cells exerted a restraining effect on oocyte meiosis via functional gap junctions.Gap junction composed of connexin 43 contributes to the differentiation of granulosa cells.Aberrant expression of connexins may contribute to PCOS development and progression.Connexin 43 is involved in PCOS‐relevant pathological processes such as apoptosis of granulosa cells, hyperandrogenism, and IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple changes occur in hormonal regulation with aging and across various endocrine organs. These changes are associated with multiple age-related disorders and diseases. A better understanding of responsible underling biological mechanisms could help in the management of multiple endocrine disorders over and above hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Cellular senescence is involved in multiple biological aging processes and pathologies common in elderly individuals. Cellular senescence, which occurs in many older individuals but also across the lifespan in association with tissue damage, acute and chronic diseases, certain drugs, and genetic syndromes, may contribute to such endocrine disorders as osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs that selectively induce senescent cell removal, "senolytics,", and drugs that attenuate the tissue-destructive secretory state of certain senescent cells, "senomorphics," appear to delay the onset of or alleviate multiple diseases, including but not limited to endocrine disorders such as diabetes, complications of obesity, age-related osteoporosis, and cancers as well as atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and many others. More than 30 clinical trials of senolytic and senomorphic agents have already been completed, are underway, or are planned for a variety of indications. Targeting senescent cells is a novel strategy that is distinct from conventional therapies such as HRT, and thus might address unmet medical needs and can potentially amplify effects of established endocrine drug regimens, perhaps allowing for dose decreases and reducing side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder with profound implications for the reproductive and metabolic health of women. The utilization of anthropometric measures in the diagnosis and management of PCOS has gained increasing attention due to their practicality and predictive capacity for associated conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. This review rigorously explores the application of various anthropometric indices, including body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and advanced metrics such as the body shape index and body roundness index, wrist circumference, neck circumference. These indices offer critical insights into body fat distribution and its association with the metabolic and hormonal perturbations characteristic of PCOS. The review underscores the necessity of addressing obesity, a prevalent comorbidity in PCOS, through lifestyle modifications and personalized therapeutic approaches. By incorporating anthropometric evaluations into routine clinical practice, healthcare professionals can enhance diagnostic precision, optimize treatment strategies, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. This integrative approach not only facilitates the management of the metabolic challenges inherent in PCOS but also contributes to the development of more individualized therapeutic interventions, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life for women affected by PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a well-functioning mitochondrial network through the mitochondria quality control (MQC) mechanisms, including biogenesis, dynamics and mitophagy, is crucial for overall health. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress and further exacerbated by impaired quality control can trigger inflammation through the release of the damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs). mtDAMPs act by stimulating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Recently, aberrant signalling of the cGAS-STING axis has been recognised to be closely associated with several sterile inflammatory diseases (e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity). This may fit the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder characterised by the reduction of thyroid hormone production associated with impaired metabolic fluxes, oxidative balance and inflammatory status. Both 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-tyronine (T3) and its derivative 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), are known to mitigate processes targeting mitochondria, albeit the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we used a chemically induced hypothyroidism rat model to investigate the effect of 3,5-T2 or T3 administration on inflammation-related factors (inflammatory cytokines, hepatic cGAS-STING pathway), oxidative stress, antioxidant defence enzymes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, release and repair, and the MQC system in the liver. Hypothyroid rats showed: i) increased oxidative stress, ii) accumulation of mtDNA damage, iii) high levels of circulating cytokines, iv) hepatic activation of cGAS-STING pathways and v) impairment of MQC mechanisms and autophagy. Both iodothyronines restored oxidative balance by enhancing antioxidant defence, preventing mtDNA damage through the activation of mtDNA repair mechanisms (OGG1, APE1, and POLg) and promoting autophagy progression. Concerning MQC, both iodothyronines stimulated mitophagy and dynamics, with 3,5-T2 activating fusion and T3 modulating both fusion and fission processes. Moreover, only T3 enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. Notably, 3,5-T2, but not T3, reversed the hypothyroidism-induced activation of the cGAS-STING inflammatory cascade. In addition, it is noteworthy that 3,5-T2 seems more effective than T3 in reducing circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1B and in stimulating the release of IL-10, a known anti-inflammatory cytokine. These findings reveal novel molecular mechanisms of hepatic signalling pathways involved in hypothyroidism, which could be targeted by natural iodothyronines, particularly 3,5-T2, paving the way for the development of new treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While insulin resistance and diabetes shine as the central stars in the constellation of obesity-related conditions, other common endocrine diseases are also closely associated with obesity and high body mass index. Main body: This review aims to illuminate the hormonal imbalances associated with obesity, beyond diabetes. It covers the prevalence, clinical presentation, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of some of these conditions. Conclusion: In obese patients, physicians must pay attention to hormonal disorders that may be associated with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid disease is a global health problem and the most common type of endocrine disorder next to diabetic mellitus, accounting for around 30–40% burden of the endocrine disorders. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess patterns, treatment outcome and associated factors of surgically treated thyroid disease at Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted among surgically treated patients for thyroid disorders using a retrospective cross-sectional study design by reviewing all patients' charts. A data abstraction sheet was used to collect relevant data, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: The study was conducted on 200 patients' medical records who had complete information. Out of this, 84.5% were female and 66.5% of patients' age was between 20 and 40 years. Toxic goiter was the most common thyroid disease which accounted for 49.5%. Hemorrhage and Hypocalcemia were the most common complications after surgery. Anterior neck swelling of greater than 15 years [(AOR: 52.892 CI = 95% (6.087–459.5.68) (P-0.000)], Total/ near total thyroidectomy [(AOR: 20.139 CI = 95% (4.059–99.931) P-00.000] were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course, while female sex [(AOR: 0.124 CI = 95% (0.34–0.494) P- 0.003)] was associated with lower risk of developing post-operative complications. Conclusion: This study showed that 9.5% of operated patients with thyroid disease had complicated post-operative course. Long standing goiter and total/ near total thyroidectomy were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder in which surgery is the only curative therapy. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the pyriform sinus resulting from a pathological migration of parathyroid glands along the embryological development is a rare cause of PHPT. We describe a case of a persistent primary hyperparathyroidism after previous unsuccessful surgery due to an ectopic parathyroid adenoma within the pyriform sinus and we review the previous reports on this issue. Case presentation: A 62-year-old woman was referred for persistent hypercalcemia following unsuccessful cervical exploratory surgery. Cervical ultrasound did not detect any parathyroid abnormalities. At variance, 99mTcsestamibi SPECT/CT and CT scan of the neck identified a parathyroid adenoma in the left pyriform sinus, which was confirmed by endoscopy. The patient was successfully treated by transoral robotic resection and the pathology confirmed a parathyroid adenoma. Conclusions: The ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the pyriform sinus is so uncommon that only fourteen cases have been reported. However, the pyriform sinus should be considered a possible location of ectopic parathyroid glands, especially in the setting of persistent or recurrent PHPT after parathyroid surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is globally recognized as a significant health concern, with diabetic foot (DF) identified as a severe long-term complication that can lead to tissue death or amputation. The discovery of the impact of mycobiota, a diverse group of multicellular eukaryotes in the gut microbiome, on the onset of endocrine disorders holds great significance. Therefore, this research aimed to examine variations in fungal mycobiome and identify potential biomarkers for T2DM and T2DM-DF. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 33 individuals with T2DM, 32 individuals with T2DM-DF, and 32 healthy individuals without any health conditions (HC). Blood samples were used for laboratory parameters analysis, while total DNA was extracted from fecal samples and sequenced using Illumina 18s rRNA. Bioinformatics tools were employed to analyze fungal abundance and diversity, revealing differentially expressed fungal species and signature fungi that distinguished between T2DM, T2DM-DF, and HC groups. Firstly, significant alterations in some laboratory parameters were observed among the three groups, which also differed between T2DM and T2DM-DF. The diversity of gut fungi in T2DM and T2DM-DF significantly differed from that of the HC group; however, more pronounced changes were observed in T2DM-DF. Additionally, two significantly altered phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, were identified with higher Ascomycota abundance but lower Basidiomycota abundance in both the T2DM and T2DM-DF compared to the HC group. Furthermore, the top 15 fungi showing significant changes at the species level included a notable decrease in Rhodotorula_mucilaginosa abundance in patients with T2DM compared to HC and a substantial increase in unclassified_g_Candida abundance specifically seen only among patients with T2DM-DF, but not among those diagnosed with T2DM or HC. Thirdly, KEGG was employed to analyze enzyme expression across the three groups, revealing a more pronounced alteration in gut fungal function within T2DM-DF compared to T2DM. Subsequently, to accurately identify signature fungi in each group, a random forest was utilized to rank the top 15 significant fungi. Notably, 11 fungi were identified as potential biomarkers for distinguishing T2DM or T2DM-DF from HC, while eight fungi could discriminate between T2DM and T2DM-DF. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated enhanced accuracy of predicted outcomes. These findings suggest that changes in fungal mycobiome are closely associated with the progression and complications of T2DM and DF, offering promising prospects for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research trends in hyperprolactinemia from 2011 to 2023. This analysis aims to provide researchers with insights into the current hotspots and frontiers related to hyperprolactinemia. It is worth noting that there are currently no existing reports on bibliometric analyses of hyperprolactinemia. The Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) databases of the Web of Science Core Collection were systematically searched for "articles" and "review articles" related to the topic of hyperprolactinemia from 2011 to 2023. VOSviewer was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, aiming to analyze the research trends in hyperprolactinemia over the past 13 years. A total of 1865 eligible articles were retrieved, with contributions from 9544 scholars representing 83 countries in the field of research. The United States had the highest number of publications, followed by China. The keywords were categorized into six clusters: (1) etiology of hyperprolactinemia and other related endocrine and metabolic diseases. (2) Hyperprolactinemia and mental illness. (3) Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. (4) Treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma. (5) Detection of macroprolactin and macroprolactinemia. (6) Symptoms of male hyperprolactinemia. Over the past 13 years, there has been a consistent and slightly increasing trend in the number of research papers focusing on hyperprolactinemia. The primary areas of research focus are centered around the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia caused by antipsychotic drugs or prolactinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many causes of secondary osteoporosis have been identified; endocrine types (such as those linked to male hypogonadism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis, primary hyperparathyroidism, etc.) represent one of the most challenging ailments since a personalized approach of the endocrine disease is simultaneous required. We aimed to introduce the case of a senior lady who was diagnosed with secondary osteoporosis that was associated with primary hyperparathyroidism and a conservative approach was decided, from anti-osteoporosis drug and calcium lowering agents to the physical rehabilitation and lifestyle recommendations. She also presented double unilateral adrenal incidentaloma and a pituitary incidentaloma as well as a suspected ovarian cyst that she further declined to investigate. Mitigating the non-surgical management in primary hyperparathyroidism showcase (in addition to the zoledronic acid for both osteoporosis and hypercalcemia) a complex program of rehabilitation that included a diet intervention in terms of an adequate hydration and a personalized nutrition for kidney stones primary and secondary prevention, mild physical exercise, avoidance of calcium supplements and keeping a daily chole-calciferol replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder caused by thyroid dysfunction found to be more prevalent globally in females than in males. Young females are more prone to subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The study aimed to estimate the different types of hypothyroidism based on the clinical profile of thyroid hormone and to detect various comorbidities in correlation with age in women. In female patients with hypothyroidism, there is a significant association between age groups and the type of hypothyroidism (subclinical, clinical, overt), with younger age groups showing a higher prevalence of SCH. Additionally, comorbidities, such as polycystic ovarian disorder (PCOD), are more prevalent in hypothyroidism patients, particularly in those with SCH. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study executed in a tertiary care hospital for one year with an inclusion of female hypothyroid patients above 18 years of age. An informed written consent form was received from each patient with clarification of the protocol. Results: A total of 44.6% women were in the 18–28 years of age group (young females) and 42.8% of women with SCH. PCOD (38.2%) was a predominant comorbid condition among hypothyroidism women. In the age group of 18–28 years, there were significantly more patients 114 (81.4%) with SCH (p < 0.01) than those with clinical 22 (18.4%) and overt hypothyroidism 10 (14.7%). The hypothyroidism of women with PCOD 95 (67.8%) was significantly (p < 0.01) more in subclinical than clinical 28 (23.5%) and overt hypothyroidism 2 (2.9%). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is uncertain in females, bulges to complications of maternal and fetal outcomes, and is associated with other comorbidities, leading to an increase in the mortality rate. Hypothyroidism is a growing burden for other comorbidities. Pharmaceutical care by healthcare professionals is to be adopted with prompt diagnostic and screening techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a medical condition that causes hormonal disorders in women in their childbearing years. The hormonal imbalance leads to a delayed or even absent menstrual cycle. Women with PCOS mainly suffer from extreme weight gain, facial hair growth, acne, hair loss, skin darkening, and irregular periods, leading to infertility in rare cases. Doctors usually examine ultrasound images and conclude the affected ovary but are incapable of deciding whether it is a normal cyst, PCOS, or cancer cyst manually. OBJECTIVE: To have access to the high-risk crucial PCOS and to detect the condition and the treatment aimed at mitigating health hazards such as endometrial hyperplasia/cancer, infertility, pregnancy complications, and the long-term burden of chronic diseases such as cardiometabolic disorders linked with PCOS. METHODS: The proposed Self-Defined Convolution Neural Network method (SD_CNN) is used to extract the features and machine learning models such as SVM, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression are used to classify PCOS images. The parameter tuning is done with lesser parameters in order to overcome over-fitting issues. The self-defined model predicts the occurrence of the cyst based on the analyzed features and classifies the class labels effectively. RESULTS: The Random Forest Classifier was found to be the most reliable and accurate among Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Logistic Regression (LR), with accuracy being 96.43%. CONCLUSION: The proposed model establishes better trade-off compared to various other approaches and works effectually for PCOS prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common skin disease characterized by clear pigmented patches on the folds of the skin. However, the AN research field lacks scientific and comprehensive bibliometric analysis. This article aims to use bibliometric methods to summarize and visualize the distribution patterns, research hotspots, and development trends of AN literature. Methods: Literature from 1900 to 2024 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database through AN's thematic search. Using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Excel 2019, conduct a comprehensive analysis of the number of publications, countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, highly cited literature, keywords, and so on, and sort out the hotspots and directions of AN. Results: From 1900 to 2024, 1675 publications were included in the bibliometric analysis, showing a steady annual increase in the number of publications. The United States leads in this research field, with the University of Texas System being a key research institution. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism has the highest number of published papers. The most cited article is "Syndromes of Insulin Resistance and Acanthosis Nigricans: Insulin‐Receptor Disorders in Man" (1976). The author Taylor, SI, has published the most papers. "Acanthosis nigricans" is the most frequently occurring keyword. The main research hotspots and frontier areas in AN research are as follows: (1) The relationship between AN and other diseases is a popular research topic; (2) The connection between AN and insulin resistance (IR) is a current research focus; (3) Treatment of AN, with an emphasis on addressing the underlying causes and improving local skin conditions, represents the cutting edge of this field. Conclusion: This study summarizes the research trends and hotspots in the field of AN, offering valuable information and insights for scholars focused on AN scientific research, and providing a reference for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus are prevalent endocrine disorders that often coexist and influence each other. The role of spexin (SPX) in diabetes and obesity is well documented, but its connection to thyroid function is less understood. This study investigates the influence of exercise (EX) and SPX on thyroid hypofunction in obese type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were divided into normal control, obese diabetic sedentary, obese diabetic EX, and obese diabetic SPX groups, with subdivisions for M871 and HT-2157 treatment in the latter two groups. High-fat diet together with streptozotocin (STZ) injection induced obesity and diabetes. The EX group underwent swimming, and the SPX group received SPX injections for 8 wk. Results showed significant improvements in thyroid function and metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory states with EX and SPX treatment. The study also explored the involvement of galanin receptor isoforms (GALR)2/3 in SPX effects on thyroid function. Blocking GALR2/3 receptors partially attenuated the beneficial effects, indicating their interaction. These findings underscore the importance of EX and SPX in modulating thyroid function in obesity and diabetes. Comprehending this interplay could enable the development of new treatment approaches for thyroid disorders associated with obese type 2 diabetes. Additional research is necessary to clarify the exact mechanisms connecting SPX, EX activity, and thyroid function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: This study proves, for the first time, the beneficial effects of SPX on thyroid dysfunction in obese diabetic rats and suggests that SPX mediates the EX effect on thyroid gland and exerts its effect mainly via GALR2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) occurs in the craniofacial bones. CFD is characterized by painless and progressive single or multiple non-inflammatory masses on the head and face. The involvement of different craniofacial tissues and organs may result in facial deformities, impaired vision, sinus infections, hearing impairment, and displaced missing teeth, which seriously affect the patient's appearance, quality of life, and physical and mental health. Patients with specific types of CFD may also have extra-skeletal manifestations such as skin and/or endocrine system disorders. Due to the complex disease spectrum and diverse clinical phenotypes of CFD, the treatment strategy for CFD is still in the exploratory stage. We have discussed how to balance conservative and surgical treatment, develop individualized surgical plans at the appropriate time of surgery, and establish multidisciplinary teams for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder with high prevalence in women around the world. The identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through genome-wide association studies has classified it as a polygenic disease. Most studies have independently evaluated the contribution of each SNP to the risk of PCOS. Few studies have assessed the effect of epistasis among the identified SNPs. Therefore, this exploratory study aimed to evaluate the interaction of 27 SNPs identified as risk candidates and their contribution to the pathogenesis of PCOS. The study population included 49 control women and 49 women with PCOS with a normal BMI. Genotyping was carried out through the MassARRAY iPLEX single-nucleotide polymorphism typing platform. Using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method, the interaction between SNPs was evaluated. The analysis showed that the best interaction model (p < 0.0001) was composed of three loci (rs11692782-FSHR, rs2268361-FSHR, and rs4784165-TOX3). Furthermore, a tendency towards synergy was evident between rs2268361 and the SNPs rs7371084–rs11692782–rs4784165, as well as a redundancy in rs7371084–rs11692782–rs4784165. This pilot study suggests that epistasis may influence PCOS pathophysiology. Large-scale analysis is needed to deepen our understanding of its impact on this complex syndrome affecting thousands of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the prevalence of physical morbidities between older aged patients with bipolar disorder (OABD) and non-psychiatric comparisons (NC), and to analyze sex differences in prevalence. OABD was defined as bipolar disorder among adults aged ≥50 years. Outcomes analyzed were the prevalence of diseases affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, renal, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems. The analysis used cross-sectional data of OABD participants (n = 878; mean age 60.9 ± 8.0 years, n = 496 (56%) women) from the collaborative Global Aging & Geriatric Experiments in Bipolar Disorder (GAGE-BD) dataset and NC participants recruited at the same sites (n = 355; mean age 64.4 ± 9.7 years, n = 215 (61%) women). After controlling for sex, age, education, and smoking history, the OABD group had more cardiovascular (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.12 [1.38–3.30]), renal (5.97 [1.31–43.16]), musculoskeletal (2.09 [1.30–3.43]) and endocrine (1.90 [1.20–3.05]) diseases than NC. Women with OABD had more gastrointestinal (1.56 [0.99–2.49]), genitourinary (1.72 [1.02–2.92]), musculoskeletal (2.64 [1.66–4.37]) and endocrine (1.71 [1.08–2.73]) comorbidities than men with OABD, when age, education, smoking history, and study site were controlled. This replication GAGE-BD study confirms previous findings indicating that OABD present more physical morbidities than matched comparison participants, and that this health burden is significantly greater among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Craniopharyngiomas (CPG) have complex treatment challenges due to their proximity to vital structures, surgical and radiotherapeutic complexities, and the tendency for recurrence. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of endocrine and metabolic comorbidities observed during initial diagnosis and long-term follow-up in a nationwide cohort of pediatric CPG patients. A further aim was to highlight the difficulties associated with CPG management. Methods: Sixteen centers entered CPG patients into the ÇEDD NET data system. The clinical and laboratory characteristics at presentation, administered treatments, accompanying endocrine, metabolic, and other system involvements, and the patient's follow-up features were evaluated. Results: Of the 152 evaluated patients, 64 (42.1%) were female. At presentation, the mean age was 9.1±3.67, ranging from 1.46 to 16.92, years. The most common complaints at presentation were headache (68.4%), vision problems (42%), short stature (15%), and nausea and vomiting (7%). The surgical procedures were gross total resection (GTR) in 97 (63.8%) and subtotal resection in 55 (36.2%). Radiotherapy (RT) was initiated in 11.8% of the patients. Histopathological examination reported 92% were adamantinamatous type and 8% were papillary type. Postoperatively, hormone abnormalities consisted of thyroid-stimulating hormone (92.1%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (81%), antidiuretic hormone (79%), growth hormone (65.1%), and gonadotropin (43.4%) deficiencies. Recombinant growth hormone treatment (rhGH) was initiated in 27 (17.8%). The study showed hesitancy among physicians regarding rhGH. The median survival without relapse was 2.2 years. Median (range) time of relapse was 1.82 (0.13-10.35) years. Relapse was related to longer followups and reduced GTR rates. The median follow-up time was 3.13 years. Among the last follow-up visits, the prevalence of obesity was 38%, but of these, 46.5% were already obese at diagnosis. However, 20% who were not obese at baseline became obese on follow-up. Permanent visual impairment was observed in 26 (17.1%), neurological deficits in 13 (8.5%) and diabetes mellitus in 5 (3.3%) patients. Conclusion: Recurrence was predominantly due to incomplete resection and the low rate of postoperative RT. Challenges emerged for multidisciplinary regular follow ups. It is suggested that early interventions, such as dietary restrictions and increased exercise to prevent obesity, be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors located in the anterior hypophysis. Its appearance is associated with the development of parameters related to metabolic syndrome; therefore, surgical treatment could reduce associated morbimortality. Methods: Pre- and post-surgical MRI, using the Hardy–Wilson and Knosp classification, and clinical data according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) criteria for metabolic syndrome: all the patients were followed-up until 208.57 days were reviewed on 217 consecutive patients with pituitary surgery. Results: Seventy-four patients were included in this study. There was a significant reduction in tumor size in mm3 [average pre- and post-surgery respectively: 12,362 mm3 (±12,397); 3,910 mm3 (±7,160)], (p < 0.0001). This was confirmed by the Hardy–Wilson and Knosp classification, where most patients went from grade IV C (33.7%) to grade 0 (12.1%), IA (20.2%), IIB (21.36%), and IIC (16.2%); as well as from grade 4 (24.3%) to grade 0 (45.9%), respectively. After surgery, there were statistically significant reductions in total serum levels of glucose [average pre- and post-surgery, respectively: 116 mg/dL (±26.9); 90 mg/dL (±10.2)], (p < 0.001), triglycerides [average pre- and post-surgery, 240 mg/dL (±102); 171 mg/dL (±60.5)], (p = 0.001); and HDL-c [average pre- and post-surgery, respectively: 39 mg/dL (±11.8); 44.6 mg/dL (±8.4)], (p = 0.029). The other parameters remained unchanged. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the relationship between the presence of pituitary adenoma and significative changes in serum glucose, triglycerides and c-HDL related to metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 18-year-old male with adrenal insufficiency, characterized by dizziness, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Topics discussed include the diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency, treatment with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and the importance of screening for additional autoimmune endocrine disorders.

Objective: The authors compared the associated risk of incident depression between first-time users of low-, medium-, and high-dose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs). Methods: This national cohort study was based on Danish register data on first-time users of LNG-IUSs, 15–44 years of age, between 2000 and 2022. Cox regression and a G-formula estimator were used to report 1-year average absolute risks, risk differences, and risk ratios of incident depression, defined as initiation of an antidepressant or receipt of a depression diagnosis, standardized for calendar year, age, education level, parental history of mental disorders, endometriosis, menorrhagia, polycystic ovary syndrome, dysmenorrhea, leiomyoma, and postpartum initiation. Results: In total, 149,200 women started using an LNG-IUS, among whom 22,029 started a low-dose one (mean age, 22.9 years [SD=4.5]), 47,712 a medium-dose one (mean age, 25.2 years [SD=6.2]), and 79,459 a high-dose one (mean age, 30.2 years [SD=5.6]). The associated subsequent 1-year adjusted absolute risks of incident depression were 1.21% (95% CI=1.06–1.36), 1.46% (95% CI=1.33–1.59), and 1.84% (95% CI=1.72–1.96), respectively. For the users of high-dose LNG-IUSs, the risk ratios were 1.52 (95% CI=1.30–1.74) and 1.26 (95% CI=1.10–1.41) compared with users of the low- and medium-dose LNG-IUSs, respectively. For users of medium-dose LNG-IUSs, the risk ratio was 1.21 (95% CI=1.03–1.39) compared with users of low-dose LNG-IUSs. Conclusions: First-time use of an LNG-IUS was positively associated with incident depression in an LNG-dose-dependent manner across low-, medium-, and high-dose LNG-IUSs. Although the observational design of the study does not permit causal inference, the dose-response relationship contributes to the body of evidence suggesting a relationship between levonorgestrel exposure and risk of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender medicine is also becoming increasingly more important in the field of surgery of endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases. Gender differences in the incidence, symptoms and disease progression are common to all (neuro)endocrine diseases. Understanding these special features, which include socioeconomic aspects as well as different anatomical and biological factors, is essential for the selection of optimal diagnostics and treatment but in some cases further scientific research is required. To date, there is a paucity of gender-specific recommendations in established guideline recommendations. There is an enormous potential in all areas of endocrine surgery to take advantage of differences between men and women in the diagnostics, surgical treatment and perioperative management. Individualized approaches could lead to improved surgical outcomes, reduced perioperative complications and improved follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disease caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone, most commonly arising due to a pituitary adenoma. Diabetes mellitus is a common complication of acromegaly, occurring in approximately one-third of patients. The risk of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly is driven by increased exposure to growth hormone, which directly attenuates insulin signalling and stimulates lipolysis, leading to decreased glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Acromegaly is a unique human model, where insulin resistance occurs independently of obesity and is paradoxically associated with a lean phenotype and reduced body adipose tissue mass. Diabetes mellitus in patients with acromegaly is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, preventive measures and optimized treatment of diabetes mellitus are essential in these patients. However, specific recommendations for the management of diabetes mellitus secondary to acromegaly are lacking due to limited research on this subject. This Review explores the underlying mechanisms for diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and its effect on morbidity and mortality. We also discuss treatment modalities for diabetes mellitus that are suited for patients with acromegaly. Improved understanding of these issues will lead to better management of acromegaly and its associated metabolic complications. Patients with acromegaly are commonly affected by diabetes mellitus, which occurs as a complication of growth hormone hypersecretion. This Review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and explores management options in these patients. Key points: Diabetes mellitus is a common complication of acromegaly, occurring in approximately 30% of patients. Diabetes mellitus has an important effect on outcomes in acromegaly; patients with acromegaly and associated diabetes mellitus have 60% higher overall mortality and a twofold higher cardiovascular mortality than those without diabetes mellitus. Measures aimed at preventing diabetes mellitus and optimizing its treatment are of crucial importance for reducing cardiovascular risks and possibly improving long-term outcomes in patients with acromegaly. In managing patients with acromegaly and associated diabetes mellitus, a multimodal personalized approach is needed to achieve biochemical, tumour, symptom and metabolic control, ultimately preventing comorbidities. Data on management of acromegaly-related diabetes mellitus are limited; treatment options with a favourable effect on acromegaly-related complications are preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Weight Reduction: Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces body weight in women with PCOS. • Improved Insulin Resistance: Cinnamon helps lower insulin resistance, as indicated by decreased HOMA-IR scores. • Lower Fasting Blood Sugar: Cinnamon intake significantly reduces fasting blood sugar levels. • Cholesterol Benefits: Cinnamon supplementation lowers total cholesterol and LDL levels. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder in women associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Cinnamon, a Chinese herbal medicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, making it a potential therapeutic agent for PCOS-related cardiovascular complications. This systematic review and meta -analysis aimed to assess the impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiovascular risk markers in women diagnosed with PCOS. Twelve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes assessed were body weight, insulin resistance measured by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The meta -analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of cinnamon on reducing weight. Under the random-effects model, the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) was −0.47 kg (95 % CI: −0.80 to −0.15, p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0 %). There was also a beneficial impact on insulin resistance, with reduced HOMA-IR scores following cinnamon supplementation (SMD=0.5015, 95 % CI: 0.2496 to 0.7533, p < 0.0001). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in FBS levels (pooled WMD: −7.72 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −12.33 to −3.12, p < 0.001; I2 = 91.3 %). The meta -analysis indicated a tendency towards reduced total cholesterol (WMD: −11.12 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −19.06 to −3.18, p = 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %) and LDL levels (WMD: −11.11 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −18.22 to −4.00, p < 0.01; I2 = 0.0 %) following cinnamon intervention. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies, indicating the need for further research with larger sample sizes and standardized methodologies. Cinnamon supplementation demonstrates promising effects on body weight, blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL, and insulin resistance in women with PCOS, indicating its potential in mitigating cardiovascular risk factors associated with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatology is an important specialty in veterinary medicine, focusing on the skin and its appendages. Therefore, the present study highlighted the percentage of skin disorders, as well as their associated risk factors, from cases received at the Parasitology-Dermatology clinic of the Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV Hassan II), Rabat, Morocco for two years. A total of 1561 dogs (1450 dogs were in 28 different pure breeds and 111 dogs were mongrels, 805 males, and 756 females, with an average age of 6.5 years old) were presented at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UVTH) of the IAV Hassan II from the end of October 2020 to the end of May 2022 (including vaccinations) and 125 dogs were assessed and 161 skin diseases were found (a few dogs had more than one skin disease). Dermatological examinations represented an average of 8.00% (125/1561) of all canine cases received at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The most common clinical signs were pruritus, alopecia, erythema, onychogryphosis, and visible ectoparasites. Parasitic dermatoses were the most frequent, representing 44.10% of all dermatological cases, followed by allergic dermatoses (25.47%) and fungal skin infections (19.25%). Bacterial skin infections and dermatological manifestations of endocrine disorders were infrequent, representing 8.70% and 2.48%, respectively of all observed cases. Risk factors contributing to the occurrence of canine skin disorders included age and lifestyle for sarcoptic mange. An apparent predilection for the living environment was observed in the case of canine leishmaniosis, and an apparent predilection for sex regarding otodectic mange was also demonstrated. Similar results were found for the living environment and lifestyle concerning canine atopic dermatitis. Data reported herein fill gaps in knowledge of skin disorders and their associated risk factors in dogs in Morocco, demonstrating the dominance of skin diseases of zoonotic interest, including flea bite allergy dermatitis (FBAD), dermatophytosis, and canine leishmaniosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormonal disorders like PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, male hypogonadism are commonly encountered in clinical practice in the US and worldwide, with rising frequency. These typically affect patients during young or middle age, compared with other common chronic illnesses like type 2 diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, where onset may usually be in middle or older age. Multiple studies point to the role of disordered lifestyle health behaviors as contributory to these endocrinopathies, and conversely therapeutic lifestyle changes leading to improvement in signs, symptoms, biochemical markers, and sequelae of these conditions. This article presents 3 different real life case studies of the conditions enlisted above and documents the positive impact of lifestyle improvements on their disease condition. Therapeutic lifestyle behaviors are an extremely useful and important component of management of these familiar endocrinologic disorders, and clinicians need to routinely counsel their patients about healthy lifestyle interventions when treating these common syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 80 million people in the United States are affected by hair loss, also known as alopecia. Nonscarring alopecias are categorized as diffuse, patterned, or focal. Diffuse alopecias include telogen and anagen effluvium, are usually self-limited, and depend on stopping the underlying cause (e.g., stress). Patterned hair loss, specifically androgenetic alopecia, is the most common form of alopecia; it is typically genetic, and first-line treatment is minoxidil. Oral finasteride is another treatment available for male patients. Focal hair loss includes alopecia areata, which is typically self-limited and treated with intralesional corticosteroid or oral immunosuppressant therapy; tinea capitis, which is treated with oral antifungals; and traction alopecia, which is treated by decreasing tension on the hair. Hair loss can be caused by several systemic diseases. A comprehensive history and physical examination, with targeted laboratory testing, may elucidate malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, and endocrine disease. Patients with moderate to severe hair loss are more likely to have accompanying anxiety, depression, and lower work productivity and quality-of-life scores. Educating patients about expected hair changes, treatment options, and realistic outcomes can help patients feel that they are being listened to and that their hair loss is being taken seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized hair loss is a problem associated with the loss of the entire coat and is one of the main causes of veterinary visits to animals. In most cases, it is an acquired condition, although there are also congenital forms of hair loss, caused by abnormal development of hair follicles. This article discusses both types of causes of hair loss in dogs. Congenital hair loss can occur in the first weeks of puppies' life, but it does not progress with age. Although not always, most often congenital hair loss has a genetic basis. Dysplasia with bleaching of hair color and follicular dysplasia of black hair are examples of congenital skin neuroectodermal disorders. Acquired hair loss is usually caused by hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and hyperestrogenism, and occurs in dogs at a later age associated with hormonal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination, particularly against pneumococcus and influenza, is a low-cost primary prevention, useful to avoid hard complications, particularly among frail older people. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the effect of a strategy for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination for outpatients mainly affected by cognitive or endocrinological conditions, evaluating what could stimulate or demotivate vaccination among older people. This study was conducted during the 2023–2024 influenza season at the outpatient clinics in Palermo, Italy. A total 76 patients were included. More than half of the patients could be considered as pre-frail and about 20% frail, according to a comprehensive geriatric evaluation. Among patients, 46.05% received only vaccination against pneumococcus, 28.95% both vaccinations, and 25.0% only against influenza. Compared with the previous seasons, a 19.5% increase of influenza and 90.2% of pneumococcal vaccine uptake was observed. Side effects of vaccination were the main reason of the previous rejection, namely 76.9% for influenza and 53.8% for anti-pneumococcal vaccination. In conclusion, our study indicates how a new vaccination strategy in different settings could be feasible. Proposing influenza and pneumococcal vaccination for frail older outpatients could be an effective instrument to improve immunization coverage that is still low among older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]