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This chapter drawing on empirical work explores how mediation can enable conflict resolution in family cases, looking at developments in Argentina over the last decade. Mediation has been included in the legal framework, and judges and mediators now cooperate particularly when dealing with cases involving domestic violence.

Summary Triple difference has become a widely used estimator in empirical work. A close reading of articles in top economics journals reveals that the use of the estimator to a large extent rests on intuition. The identifying assumptions are neither formally derived nor generally agreed on. We give a complete presentation of the triple difference estimator, and show that even though the estimator can be computed as the difference between two difference-in-differences estimators, it does not require two parallel trend assumptions to have a causal interpretation. The reason is that the difference between two biased difference-in-differences estimators will be unbiased as long as the bias is the same in both estimators. This requires only one parallel trend assumption to hold.

What does science tell us about memory phenomena such as false and repressed memories? This issue is highly pressing as incorrect knowledge about these memory phenomena might contribute to egregious effects in the courtroom such as false accusations of abuse. In the current article, we provide a succinct review of the scientific nature of false and repressed memories. We demonstrate that research has shown that about 30% of tested subjects formed false memories of autobiographical experiences. Furthermore, this empirical work has also revealed that such false memories can even be implanted for negative events and events that allegedly occurred repeatedly. Concerning the controversial topic of repressed memories, we show that plausible alternative explanations exist for why people claim to have forgotten traumatic experiences; explanations that do not require special memory mechanisms such as the unconscious blockage of traumatic memories. Finally, we demonstrate that people continue to believe that unconscious repression of traumatic incidents can exist. Disseminating scientifically articulated knowledge on the functioning of memory to contexts such as the courtroom is necessary as to prevent the occurrence of false accusations and miscarriages of justice. ispartof: MEMORY vol:30 issue:1 pages:16-21 ispartof: location:England status: published

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the timing behavior and the adjustment toward the target of capital structure interact with each other in the capital structure decisions. Past literature finds that both timing and targeting are significant in determining the leverage ratio which is inconsistent with any standalone framework. This study argues that the preference of the firm for timing behavior or targeting behavior depends on the cost of deviation from the target. Since the cost of deviation from the target is likely to be asymmetric between overleveraged and underleveraged firms, the direction of the deviation from the target leverage is expected to alter the preference toward timing or targeting in the capital structure decision. Design/methodology/approach This study used the GMM system estimators with the Malaysian data for the period of 1992-2009 to fit a standard partial adjustment model and to estimate the speed of adjustment (SOA) of capital structure. Findings This study finds that Malaysian firms, on average, adjust their leverage at a slow speed of 12.7 percent annually and this rate increased to 14.2 percent when the timing variable is accounted for. Moreover, the SOA is found to be significantly higher and the timing role is lower for overleveraged firms compared with underleveraged firms. Overleveraged firms seem to find less flexibility to time the market as more pressure is exerted on them to return to the target regardless the timing opportunities because of the higher costs of deviation from the target leverage. Underleveraged firms place lower priority to rebalance toward the target compared with overleveraged firms as the costs of being underleveraged are lower and hence, these firms have more flexibility to time the market. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study support that firms consider both targeting and timing in their financing decisions. No standalone theory can interpret the full spectrum of empirical results. The empirical work is based on partial adjustment model of leverage; however, this model has been criticized by inability to distinguish between active adjustment behavior and mechanical mean reversion. This is an avenue for future research. Originality/value This study investigates if targeting and timing behaviors are mutually exclusive as theoretically expected or they can coexist. A theoretical explanation and an empirical investigation support the conclusion that firms consider both targeting and timing in their financing decisions. This study provides evidence from Malaysian firms that are characterized by concentrated ownership structure and separation of cash flow rights and control rights of the firm due to pyramid ownership structure. Therefore, it provides evidence on how environmental characteristics may affect the capital structure determinants of the firm.

We review work on the development of children's and adolescents’ achievement motivation, focusing on recent advances in the empirical work in the field and commenting on the status of current theories prominent in the literature. We first focus on the main theories guiding the field and the development of motivational beliefs, values, and goals; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation; identity and motivation; and motivation and emotion. We provide our views on future directions for theory development and what we believe are the critical next steps in developmental research. We then discuss the burgeoning intervention work designed to enhance different aspects of children's motivation: their competence beliefs and mindsets, intrinsic motivation, valuing of achievement, and growth mindsets. We also provide suggestions for next steps in this area in order to guide the field forward. We close with a brief consideration of neuroscience approaches to motivation.

English abstract: This article addresses the category of ecological-distributive conflict from The Global Environmental Justice Atlas project to explain the emergence of environmental justice movements as a response to a certain distribution of pollution burdens or access to environmental resources. The theoretical approach addresses environmentalism of the poor and adds a historical review to understand such an existing paradox. The empirical work was carried out in the Valle del Mezquital, where the discharge of wastewater generated in the Metropolitan Area of the Valle de Mexico presents a paradoxical situation: some farmers perceive the reception of contaminated water as positive. The analysis includes a reflection on the criteria for evaluating conflict since the emergence of COVID-19. Spanish abstract: Este articulo retoma la categoria de conflicto ecologico-distributivo del proyecto The Global Environmental Justice Atlas para explicar la emergencia de movimientos de justicia ambiental como una respuesta ante determinada distribucion de las cargas de la contaminacion o en el acceso a los recursos ambientales. El planteamiento teorico aborda el ecologismo de los pobres, mas una revision historica para comprender tal paradoja. El trabajo empirico se llevo a cabo en el Valle del Mezquital, cuyo vertimiento de aguas residuales generadas en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico presenta una situacion paradojica a la categoria senalada: algunos campesinos perciben como positiva a la recepcion de agua contaminada. El analisis incluye una reflexion de los criterios de valoracion del conflicto a partir de la emergencia del COVID-19. English abstract: This article addresses the category of ecological-distributive conflict from The Global Environmental Justice Atlas project to explain the emergence of environmental justice movements as a response to a certain distribution of pollution burdens or access to environmental resources. The theoretical approach addresses environmentalism of the poor and adds a historical review to understand such an existing paradox. The empirical work was carried out in the Valle del Mezquital, where the discharge of wastewater generated in the Metropolitan Area of the Valle de Mexico presents a paradoxical situation: some farmers perceive the reception of contaminated water as positive. The analysis includes a reflection on the criteria for evaluating conflict since the emergence of COVID-19. Spanish abstract: Este articulo retoma la categoria de conflicto ecologico-distributivo del proyecto The Global Environmental Justice Atlas para explicar la emergencia de movimientos de justicia ambiental como una respuesta ante determinada distribucion de las cargas de la contaminacion o en el acceso a los recursos ambientales. El planteamiento teorico aborda el ecologismo de los pobres, mas una revision historica para comprender tal paradoja. El trabajo empirico se llevo a cabo en el Valle del Mezquital, cuyo vertimiento de aguas residuales generadas en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico presenta una situacion paradojica a la categoria senalada: algunos campesinos perciben como positiva a la recepcion de agua contaminada. El analisis incluye una reflexion de los criterios de valoracion del conflicto a partir de la emergencia del COVID-19. French abstract: Depuis le projet The Global Environmental Justice Atlas, la categorie de conflit ecologique et distributif propose d'expliquer l'emergence de mouvements de justice environnementale comme une reponse a une certaine repartition des effets de la pollution ou a l'acces aux ressources environnementales. Dans la Vallee du Mezquital, le deversement des eaux usees de la Zone metropolitaine de la Vallee de Mexico presente une situation paradoxale par rapport a ce qui a ete signale dans le projet mentionne : certains paysans percoivent comme positive la reception d'eau polluee. Les apports de l'ecologisme des pauvres, ainsi qu'une revision de l'histoire permettent de comprendre ce parad xe. La question de savoir si l'emergence du Covid-19 peut modifier les criteres d'evaluation de ce conflit est egalement examinee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Regions & Cohesion is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why do some towns recover faster than others after intrastate conflict? Many important decisions about post-conflict recovery are made at the substate level, but little empirical work has investigated what causes differences in recovery outcomes within a country. This article suggests that proximity to ethno-religiously diverse neighbors slows a town’s post-conflict recovery. A town has ‘diverse neighbors’ if towns with different plurality ethno-religious groups are nearby. This hypothesis is tested by exploring variation in recovery speed among Iraqi towns after the 2014–17 Islamic State insurgency (ISIL). The article constructs 81-month panels of economic activity for 379 Iraqi settlements occupied by ISIL by using satellite-observed nighttime light emissions as a proxy for economic activity. The panels reveal large variation in post-conflict recovery among towns during the first year of peace. Village-level survey data are then used to construct a measure of neighbor diversity, which is combined with lighting-based recovery scores in spatial autoregression. The results show that greater neighbor diversity is robustly associated with slower settlement recovery. The neighbor diversity penalty cannot be fully explained by cleavages between groups ‘on opposite sides’ of the conflict; proximity to out-group neighbors appears to slow recovery even between wartime allies. Several explanations are considered, and this article suggests that the types of post-liberation controllers that arise in diverse areas – which tend to be substate militias rather than the government – may be one important mechanism.

espanolCuando nos referimos al “campo” del arte o de la salud mental, nos referimos a la nocion conceptual de campo como el espacio de encuentro entre los dos nucleos de conocimiento, un lugar donde las cosas se funden y se mezclan y, en general, donde ocurre el cambio. El trabajo artistico en el campo de salud mental no resulta algo novedoso. En este articulo buscamos explorar el encuentro entre el arte y las estrategias de intervencion del Trabajo Social en el universo especifico de la salud mental, area de la salud donde ese tipo de abordajes se torna cada vez mas comun. Optamos por realizar un analisis que conjuga la experiencia del trabajo empirico con el analisis teorico conceptual. Este trabajo surge a partir de la investigacion de campo realizada por la autora durante el proceso de elaboracion de su Tesis Doctoral en Trabajo Social. EnglishWhen we refer to the “field” of art or mental health, we refer to the conceptual notion of field as the meeting space between the two cores of knowledge, a place where things merge and mix and, in general, where the change occurs. Artwork in the field of mental health is not new. In this article we seek to explore the encounter between art and Social Work intervention strategies in the specific universo of mental health, a health area where this type of approach is becoming more and more common. We choose to carry out an analysis that combines the experience of empirical work with conceptual theoretical analysis. This work arises from the field research carried out by the author during the process of preparing her Doctoral Thesis in Social Work.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of increasing scholarly and policy interest. To help researchers, policymakers, and the public, this paper describes a novel dataset identifying AI in over 13.2 million patents and pre-grant publications (PGPubs). The dataset, called the Artificial Intelligence Patent Dataset (AIPD), was constructed using machine learning models for each of eight AI component technologies covering areas such as natural language processing, AI hardware, and machine learning. The AIPD contains two data files, one identifying the patents and PGPubs predicted to contain AI and a second file containing the patent documents used to train the machine learning classification models. We also present several evaluation metrics based on manual review by patent examiners with focused expertise in AI, and show that our machine learning approach achieves state-of-the-art performance across existing alternatives in the literature. We believe releasing this dataset will strengthen policy formulation, encourage additional empirical work, and provide researchers with a common base for building empirical knowledge on the determinants and impacts of AI invention.

Purpose This paper presents a review of research methodologies used in addressing problems in the financial management of property and construction journals from 2005 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis of 258 research papers published in the Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction was carried out, enabling the exploration of research approaches, epistemology, strategies, data collection and data analysis methods used in addressing problems researched in the area of financial management of property and construction Findings The findings show that quantitative approaches and methods dominate, whereas qualitative and mixed methods were prominent in-depth understanding of a topics were needed. Interestingly, almost a third of the publications did not adopt quantitative approaches. In some journal issues, there was relatively high use of qualitative and multi-method approaches and up to 12% of the articles published over the past 16 years could be described as based on pragmatism. Research limitations/implications An important implication of this paper is that a conventionally number-based area of research does not preclude the use of qualitative and mixed approaches. The findings are only generalisable to the Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction. Practical implications Financial management researchers could benefit greatly by considering pluralistic approaches more in the design of their studies. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is an original synthesis of the articles published between 2005 and 2020. It provides new insight into the use of research methodologies by authors and how they have been combined to address their research problems. It further investigates an old issue or question about methodological choice-making using new evidence and original empirical work.

This paper examines how digital technologies might be used to improve ethical attitudes towards nonhuman animals, by exploring the case study of nonhuman apes kept in modern zoos. The paper describes and employs a socio-ethical framework for undermining anti-ape prejudice advanced by philosopher Edouard Machery which draws on classic anti-racism strategies from the social sciences. We also discuss how digital technologies might be designed and deployed to enable and enhance rather than impede the three anti-prejudice strategies of contact and interaction, enlightenment, and individualization. In doing so, the paper illuminates the broad potential and limitations of digital technology to both harm and benefit animals via its effects on human ethical attitudes. This examination provides guidance for future projects and empirical work on using digital technologies to promote moral respect for a range of nonhuman animals in different settings.

Drawing on the seminal work of Goffman, Krackhardt and others, this paper argues that there is a crucial step in between participants’ perceptions and the collection and visualisation of data – i.e. what we call the presentation of the networked self. We employ examples from our own empirical work in the UK to argue that the presentation of the networked self requires researchers to adopt a highly reflexive approach. Framing our analysis within the context of contemporary society – including the impact of social media on a ‘networking mindset’ – we explore the range of ethical dilemmas which can emerge during a research encounter.

While research on misinformation in Africa has increased in recent years, and despite a growing body of theoretical and empirical work that considers the role of governments, platforms, and users in stopping misinformation globally, there is still a lack of empirical research addressing ways to curb its spread on the continent. Research has coalesced around the idea that no single approach will work in all contexts, and effective strategies need to include media literacy, fact-checking, changes in how news is produced and circulated, government oversight, and regulations as well as responses that take local contexts into account. Using data from 36 focus groups in six sub-Saharan African countries, we examine audiences’ experiences with misinformation and perceptions of institutional and personal roles and responsibility for both preventing and intervening in the spread of misinformation. First, we examine perceptions of misinformation with a particular focus on whether misinformation is perceived as “a problem.” Second, we examine perceived responsibility for addressing misinformation and possible solutions to the problem. Findings suggest that participants perceive misinformation as a problem if it has real or potential negative consequences and express a sense of shared responsibility among individuals and institutions for stopping the spread of misinformation.

Numerous researchers in the field of Islamic and Muslim Studies have proposed various typologies to categorize Muslims in relation to their understanding of and identification with Islam. However, to date few studies have conducted the necessary empirical work to determine the numbers of Muslims that identify with the typologies that have been constructed. This article is the first to present findings based on a comprehensive study of Muslims in relation to a spectrum of discursive typologies. The authors conducted a national survey of Islam in Australia among Muslim citizens and permanent residents in 2019. This article examines Muslim Australians across a spectrum of 10 typologies in relation to various demographic factors, questions concerning shariah and political Islam, sources of influence, preferences for interpreting the Qur’an, views on various ethical, social, and theological issues, engagement with non-Muslims, and openness to new knowledge about Islam. Contrary to stereotypical views of Islam and Muslims, the article’s findings point to a strong presence for liberal and progressive typologies and interpretations of the Islamic tradition among Muslim Australians.

When demand drops in an economic crisis, managers rely on an arsenal of demand-side responses to retain existing customers or attract new ones. However, some strategic responses are likely more effective than others. Furthermore, the most effective strategic response likely also depends on firm-specific characteristics that are often elided in theorizing and empirical work. We rely on a survey on strategic responses of Norwegian firms during the Great Recession and investigate demand-side responses of Norwegian CEOs. Findings indeed demonstrate that characteristics like the size of the demand shock and the pre-recession strategy determine demand-side responses during an economic recession.

Havi Carel suggested that to ‘fully understand illness it also has to be studied as a lived experience … [in its] existential, ethical and social dimensions’. This paper focuses on empirical work with those with Möbius syndrome on face perception and its implications, on their resilience and on their first person experiences. Möbius is characterized by the congenital absence of movements of the facial muscles; people with the condition cannot shut their eyes or mouths, or make facial expressions. Some also have reduced emotional experience as children. Fortunately, most do develop embodied emotional expression (through gesture and prosody, etc.) and learn that, by sharing these with others, they can also develop emotional experience within themselves. The mutual exchanges of embodied expression may facilitate and reinforce emotional experience.

Identity perception often takes place in multimodal settings, where perceivers have access to both visual (face) and auditory (voice) information. Despite this, identity perception is usually studied in unimodal contexts, where face and voice identity perception are modelled independently from one another. In this study, we asked whether and how much auditory and visual information contribute to audiovisual identity perception from naturally-varying stimuli. In a between-subjects design, participants completed an identity sorting task with either dynamic video-only, audio-only or dynamic audiovisual stimuli. In this task, participants were asked to sort multiple, naturally-varying stimuli from three different people by perceived identity. We found that identity perception was more accurate for video-only and audiovisual stimuli compared with audio-only stimuli. Interestingly, there was no difference in accuracy between video-only and audiovisual stimuli. Auditory information nonetheless played a role alongside visual information as audiovisual identity judgements per stimulus could be predicted from both auditory and visual identity judgements, respectively. While the relationship was stronger for visual information and audiovisual information, auditory information still uniquely explained a significant portion of the variance in audiovisual identity judgements. Our findings thus align with previous theoretical and empirical work that proposes that, compared with faces, voices are an important but relatively less salient and a weaker cue to identity perception. We expand on this work to show that, at least in the context of this study, having access to voices in addition to faces does not result in better identity perception accuracy.

Despite widespread belief in the extinction burst as a common occurrence, relatively little empirical work has focused directly on the phenomenon. In order to provide additional data on the topic, we report re-analyses of published extinction-control groups from our laboratory following training with a variety of schedules and reinforcers. In addition, two prospective experiments were conducted in which rats responded for food on FR 5 or FR 1 schedules prior to a within-session transition to extinction. The results of these re-analyses and experiments suggest that the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst was considerably greater when response rates in the first minute of the transition to extinction were considered as compared to when session-wide response rates were considered. In addition, when reinforcement time was included in baseline response-rate calculations, the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst was higher than when reinforcement time was omitted. These findings highlight the importance of measurement and definitional issues in the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst. Further, a closer alignment of such issues across basic and applied research would be desirable in terms of the development of future theories describing the processes giving rise to the extinction burst.

PurposeThis paper aims: to undertake a systematic literature review on SIEs, examining twenty years of literature published between 2000 and 2020, focusing on the most-cited empirical work in the field; to analyse the topics covered by these studies; and to propose a research agenda.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted a systematic literature review, identifying the 20 most-cited empirical articles through citation analysis during the period and, because citations accrue over time, the six most-cited empirical articles of the last three years. We then used content analysis to examine the main themes they address and identify the research gaps.FindingsThe most common themes addressed in the SIE literature are: analysis of the types and distinctions of SIEs, motivation to undertake self-initiated expatriation, SIEs' adjustment to the new country, and SIEs' careers and outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper provides a first opportunity to look back at 20 years of research into a relatively new topic, highlighting the main research themes and knowledge gaps, and setting directions for future research. The paper expands knowledge on SIEs, assisting SIE scholars and IHRM practitioners to develop a global, critical understanding of SIEs' issues, and hopefully energising future research in this field.

After releasing Capital au XXIe siecle in 2013, economist Thomas Piketty has become the world's best-known inequality researcher. For although many criticisms were directed at theoretical points in his work, there was, in general, positive consideration for the author's voluminous empirical work, who made a great effort to treat data on income and property from different countries, and presented clear evidence from distributive worsenings in central nations to the capitalist system at least since the 1980s.

This paper examines the challenges of leveraging big data in the humanitarian sector in support of UN Sustainable Development Goal 17 “Partnerships for the Goals”. The full promise of Big Data is underpinned by a tacit assumption that the heterogeneous ‘exhaust trail’ of data is contextually relevant and sufficiently granular to be mined for value. This promise, however, relies on relationality – that patterns can be derived from combining different pieces of data that are of corresponding detail or that there are effective mechanisms to resolve differences in detail. Here, we present empirical work integrating eight heterogeneous datasets from the humanitarian domain to provide evidence of the inherent challenge of complexity resulting from differing levels of data granularity. In clarifying this challenge, we explore the reasons why it is manifest, discuss strategies for addressing it and, as our principal contribution, identify five propositions to guide future research. 10.3030/824115 European Commission (HPC and Big Data Technologies for Global Systems: HIDALGO); EPSRC Studentship.

Policies supporting investment in renewable electricity have been a cornerstone of climate policy in many parts of the world. While previous empirical work explores the economic and environ...

This paper argues for two conclusions: (1) evaluating the success of engineered concepts necessarily involves empirical work; and (2) the Carnapian Explication criterion precision ought to be a methodological standard in conceptual engineering. These two conclusions provide a new analysis of the race and gender debate between Sally Haslanger and Jennifer Saul. Specifically, the argument identifies the resources Haslanger needs to respond to Saul’s main objections. Lastly, I contrast the methodology advocated here with the so-called “method of cases” and draw out some general implications for how we should think about concepts.

By exploiting a unique data set on aid allocation by major Arab donors, this paper explores the relationship between aid allocation and the strategic alignment of donors with recipients as well as the developmental need of recipients. To motivate our empirical work, we first develop a new theory of aid allocation, wherein a representative donor country's payoff depends on both the well‐being of the representative recipient country as well as its strategic alignment with the donor. Our theoretical model suggests that there exists a positive relationship between donor's aid allocation and the geopolitical and cultural alignment of the recipient country. Our model also predicts that donors allocate more aid to recipient countries with higher levels of country capacity. To test the prediction of our theory empirically, we construct a new measure of geopolitical and cultural alignment for recipient countries by using principal component analysis. We employ this measure and a set of control variables to show that the geopolitical and cultural alignment of a recipient country and its capacity to implement development projects are the key determinants of aid allocation from the Arab donors.

Panel data are often used in empirical work to account for fixed additive time and unit effects. The synthetic control estimator relaxes the assumption of additive fixed effects for comparative cas...

Are evaluation targets negotiable in China’s cadre evaluation system? If so, which ones and how are they negotiated? Little empirical work answers these questions, which reveals the reconciliation ...

We report on a comprehensive curricular reform aimed at communicating to students early in their study of economics the broad range of social issues that economists study while engaging them in active learning strategies. Overall, we find that the curricular reform increased interest in taking additional economics courses and majoring in economics, broadened students’ views of what economists do, imparted more content to students, but did not have a differential impact on interest in majoring in economics of female students, students of color, or first generation college students. A curriculum that engages students in empirical work on important social issues early in the major appeals to all students, resulting in more majors from both under and overrepresented groups, but generating little impact on the percentage of students who major in economics from underrepresented groups.

Examining psychopathic traits at the factor or facet level has revealed that various aspects of psychopathy may be differentially related, even in opposing directions, to important outcomes (e.g., intelligence, emotion regulation). Empirical work on relations between psychopathy and internalizing disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, has provided evidence for a positive association with antisocial traits. However, findings for the affective domain have been more equivocal. The current study (N = 732) sought to replicate past findings of the positive association of antisocial psychopathic traits with higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms, and to further explore associations between affective traits of psychopathy and these disorders using two measures of psychopathy. Results confirmed prior findings of a positive correlation between antisocial features and self-reported PTSD/Depression symptom severity, but they did not provide evidence for any association with affective traits. Future research using longitudinal designs is needed to begin establishing temporal ordering of the psychopathy–internalizing relationship.

In empirical work, researchers frequently test hypotheses of parallel form in several regressions, which raises concerns about multiple testing. One way to address the multiple-testing issue is to jointly test the hypotheses (for example, Pei, Pischke, and Schwandt [2019, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 37: 205–216] and Lee and Lemieux [2010, Journal of Economic Literature 48: 281–355]). While the existing commands suest (Weesie, 1999, Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints 9: 231–248) and mvreg enable Stata users to follow this approach, both are limited in several dimensions. For instance, mvreg assumes homoskedasticity and uncorrelatedness across sampling units, and neither command is designed to be used with panel data. In this article, we introduce the new community-contributed command stackreg, which overcomes the aforementioned limitations and allows for some settings and features that go beyond the capabilities of the existing commands. To achieve this, stackreg runs an ordinary least-squares regression in which the regression equations are stacked as described, for instance, in Wooldridge (2010, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, p. 166–173, MIT Press) and applies cluster–robust variance–covariance estimation.

The field of academic finance has grown and evolved in the 47 years since the Journal of Financial Economics (JFE) began publishing papers. This paper examines detailed data on the 3,003 papers written by 3,358 different authors published in the JFE over the period 1974–2020. Advances in computing power and electronic communication have driven trends toward more empirical work, more coauthorship, and more complex papers. The set of authors, referees, and editors has also evolved as the field spans a much larger geographic footprint and as women have come to play a larger role in all aspects of academic finance. Growth in the demand for finance faculty has driven up faculty compensation and the demand for scarce journal space. Also see the internet appendix for additional data here: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3722314.

Numerous signaling models in economics assume image concerns. These take two forms, as relating either to social image or self-image. While empirical work has identified the behavioral importance of the former, little is known about the role of self-image concerns. We exogenously vary self-image concerns in manipulating self-directed attention and study the impact on moral behavior. The choice context in the experiment is whether subjects inflict a painful electric shock on another subject to receive a monetary payment. Three between-subjects conditions are studied. In the main treatment, subjects see their own face on the decision screen in a real-time video feed. In the two control conditions, subjects see either no video at all or a neutral video. We find that the exogenous increase in self-image concerns significantly reduces the fraction of subjects inflicting pain.

Knowledge Management (KM) is often touted as a panacea for organisations aiming to be efficient and competitive. While the world today has undoubtedly entered an information era, how organisations convert information to usable knowledge has become of significant importance. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on managing and utilizing knowledge to improve organisational functioning, efficiency and competitiveness has reintroduced KM as a possible strategic asset for organisations. To explore this idea, empirical work was conducted on a contact centre making use of KM practices as a means to enhance the transmission of knowledge to their employees and in turn, to their clients. Further objectives of this research were to identify how KM was understood in this organisation, the benefits and challenges it presented, how it manifested in relation to the idea of leadership and ultimately, if it could be considered a strategic asset for organisations of this nature. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.013

We extend the small country trade model with firm heterogeneity (Demidova and Rodriguez-Clare, 2013) to incorporate offshoring (along with final goods trade). We derive the firm-level employment implications of output and input trade and trade costs to provide a guide for our empirical work using Korean firm-level data for the period 2006-2016. A key theoretical result is that the impact of a change in offshoring cost on employment depends crucially on the net substitutability between inputs where net substitutability is the difference between the elasticities of input substitution and output substitution. Empirically we find that a decrease in the input trade cost reduces employment and the impact is stronger the greater the net substitutability between inputs. Exporting almost always leads to higher employment. Our 2SLS results with firm-level imports (in place of trade costs) do not contradict our results with trade costs. However, using propensity score matching, we find that being an importer, on average, is associated with greater employment, with the magnitude of this positive employment effect being greater for exporting firms and in industries with lower net substitutability among inputs.

Despite the importance of politicians, empirical work rarely examines who decides to enter politics and why. This survey presents conceptual issues in measuring political entry; reviews work on individual, organizational, and institutional determinants of political entry; and summarizes the main findings and puzzles related to the representation/competence trade-off in recent microcensus studies on who runs for office. Fruitful directions for future work are highlighted throughout the article.

Frameworks for classifying adaptations and modifications to an intervention have been developed and continue to evolve. These frameworks capture a range of attributes of adaptations and modifications. However, the size and the scope of a change, relative to the intervention's overall size and structure, are not currently included. This omission can have negative consequences, especially for conclusions about how different kinds of changes to an intervention may influence implementation quality and intervention outcomes. Coding the relative size and scope of an adaptation or modification should be simple when the original intervention is described in detail. For interventions that are not manualized, coding may alternatively be based on rater judgments. Attending to the size and the scope of adaptations and modifications could have an ancillary benefit, generating increased conceptual and empirical work on procedures for identifying the distinct components and sub-elements of an intervention.

In this article, I part from the argument developed by Valsiner in a text on pathways to development and education (Valsiner, 2008): he claims we need to move from the static ontology of being—which asks “what is X?” to the epistemology of becoming—which asks “what is X becoming.” He then asks the consequent question: how to do empirical work on that new key? How to research on a crucial feature of human development—the self-reflexive intentional relating with the anticipated future? This article is an attempt to develop the epistemology of becoming on an empirical level, by analyzing my self-writings from the period I became a mother. I show that becoming a mother is a developmental process that happens through time and through the performing of daily activities such as nursing, bathing the baby and so on. In order to go beyond the study of the epistemology of becoming, I propose the poetics of performing.

Student retention is a key outcome measure for post-secondary education, but data show relatively stagnant retention rates over the past decade. Longstanding interventions such as counseling, academic advising, and mentoring provide crucial student services, but little change in retention rates suggest there is still need for additional student supports. Within the landscape of higher education, academic coaching is a relatively new, yet burgeoning intervention designed to increase student retention and success. Despite rapid growth of the intervention, little empirical work has been done to systematically describe and evaluate such programs. In this study, we provide a rich description of one academic coaching program and use a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the program’s effects on student outcomes. We investigate two research questions: 1) how does academic coaching influence key student outcomes? and 2) to what extent do these effects vary by amount of coaching received? On average, we found that students with prior semester grade point averages from 1.0—2.0 who participate in the academic coaching program earn grade point averages about 0.4 points higher during the coaching semester, are about 10% more likely to enroll in the semester following coaching, and earn about two more credits in the semester following coaching than students who choose not participate in the program. Outcomes varied minimally based on the number of coaching appointments students attended.

Several philosophers and psychologists have argued that evidence of moral framing effects shows that many of our moral judgments are unreliable. However, all previous empirical work on moral framing effects has used between-subject experimental designs. We argue that between-subject designs alone do not allow us to accurately estimate the extent of moral framing effects or to properly evaluate the case from framing effects against the reliability of our moral judgments. To do better, we report results of our new within-subject study on four types of moral framing effects, and we discuss the implications of our findings for the relia­bility of moral judgments. Overall, our results strengthen the evidence from moral framing effects against the reliability of some of our moral judgments.

When foreign investors choose to invest in a poor country, do they favor democracies or autocracies? Despite extensive time-series cross-national empirical work on this question, the answer is unclear. To move the debate forward, I use a novel approach based on a most-similar case design. I observe four African countries before, during, and after democratization, and evaluate whether the change in regime type over time affected their ability to attract foreign investment—both relative to their baseline level of investment and in comparison with the investment patterns of four matching countries that did not experience democratization. I also control for the effects of natural resource scarcity and abundance. My difference-in-differences pairwise case analysis indicates the introduction of competitive political institutions is immaterial for foreign investment, whereas the consolidation of these institutions conveys a small investment advantage.

There is a growing body of empirical work on gender studies that mostly focus on the gender-wise representation of individuals in different sectors. One such study is the wage gap attributed to gender. In this article, we have tried to focus on a detailed study of the gender wage gap in the Indian context. The study was carried out on the most recent Employment–Unemployment Survey carried out by NSS for the year 2012. The study was based on the personal characteristics as well as the characteristics of the job undertaken by the employees. Ordinary least square regression and linear quartile regression model were used for analysis. In our study we have come up with a few interesting determinants of wage inequality based mostly on the personal traits. For women, personal characteristic like age was highly significant determinant of wage whereas in case of men more industry specific determinants were significant. JEL Classifications: C01, C10, J16, J31

Background: Despite tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)’s reputation for creating dramatic effects at high doses, empirical work rarely addresses cannabis’s impact on subjective responses common to the tryptamine psychedelics. We focused on these effects because they have preceded and covaried with the therapeutic impact of psilocybin in previous work. Aims: The current study examined if self-reported responses to cannabis products might parallel those found in clinical trials of psilocybin administration. We also investigated if measures of demographics and cannabis use might correlate with these responses. Methods: Participants reported the subjective effect of their highest THC experience using 27 items that assess oceanic boundlessness, a correlate of mystical experiences. They also answered infrequency items and questions on demographics and cannabis consumption. Results: In an effort to address concerns about replication, we divided respondents who passed infrequency items into two random samples. Self-reported “breakthrough” experiences were significantly greater than zero but significantly lower than those reported in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin (17–19% vs. 59%). Total scores covaried with perceived dosages of THC, but only in one sample. Heavier users of cannabis reported lower scores. Conclusions: Self-report data suggest that high doses of cannabis can create subjective effects comparable to those identified in trials of psilocybin that precede relief from cancer-related distress, treatment-resistant depression, alcohol problems, and cigarette dependence. Given the disparate mechanisms of action, comparing THC-induced to psilocybin-induced effects might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying subjective experiences. This work might also support the development of a cannabis-assisted psychotherapy comparable to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.

This paper argues that a conventional approach to cybersecurity awareness is not effective in influencing employees and creating sustainable behaviour change. The increase in security incidents caused by employees is evidence that providing information to raise employees’ awareness does not necessarily result in improving their security behaviour, and organisations must transform their security awareness program to extend beyond awareness to influence and behaviour change. This paper presents an in-depth case study of Telstra a leading Australian telecommunication company with a well-resourced and mature cybersecurity influence program that evolved as a result of experience throughout the years. The paper adopts the psychological attachment theory to explain strategies (e.g. cybersecurity champion) implemented by Telstra influence team to influence employees to improve their security-related behaviour. The contribution of this paper represents the first step for a comprehensive practice-based guidance for organisations on how to transform their cybersecurity beyond awareness to influence behavioural change. This paper is based on both academic and industrial perspectives, and it provides a sound basis for future empirical work.

Given the notable increase in participation in short-term (e.g., eight weeks or less) study abroad, especially in the US, recent empirical work on the role of context in second language (L2) learning has sought to investigate the impact of a short-term stay abroad on language development. The present study examined English-speaking learners’ syntactic complexity development in oral narratives after a four-week stay abroad. With regard to three measures of syntactic complexity (length of analysis of speech [AS]-units, number of clauses per AS-unit, length of clause), findings revealed that the study abroad group demonstrated no statistically significant change over the study period. However, individual-level analyses revealed that over half of the study abroad learners increased complexity in narratives in terms of clause length. Further, half of the study abroad learners exhibited increases in syntactic complexity on at least two of the three syntactic complexity measures examined.

The parenting styles and psychological flexibility have been significant variables; however, little empirical work has addressed the impact of parenting in terms of the expansion of psychological flexibility. The present study investigated the impact of different parenting styles as a predictor of psychological flexibility in the adolescent population. A total sample of 100 adolescents (50 boys and 50 girls) whose ages ranged between 12 and 18 years without any previous psychiatric and medical history were recruited from different educational institutes of Pakistan. Results revealed that parenting styles are positively associated with psychological flexibility (r = 0.75, p p