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According to the classical doctrine of Ḥanafī madhhab of equivalency in marriage law, a man must be equal to the woman he will marry concerning certain elements, which include the absence of slavery and non-Muslims in the past of the person and his ancestors. Therefore, a man who lacks these and other elements of equivalence is considered unequal to a woman who possesses such elements, such that marriage between the two is considered void (bāṭil) under certain circumstances and not binding (lāzim) in others. In the second half of the 8th/14th century, during the Bahrī/ Turk Mamluks period, scholars discussed the validity of a marriage between a high-ranking Mamluk amīr (Amīr Bashtak) and a sister or daughter of the Sultan (Khond Sarah) on the basis of the abovementioned Ḥanafī doctrine of equivalence. Although several unknown jurists argue that the marriage in question is invalid according to the Ḥanafī madhhab, Siraj alDīn al-Hindī, an Egyptian Ḥanafī qāḍī al-quḍāt (chief qāḍī) of the period, wrote a treatise on the subject (Risāla fī mas'alat al-kafā'ah) and defended the validity of the marriage. Hindī's argument, which used the principles of uṣūl al-fiqh and the method of al‑takhrîj al-fiqhī (legal derivation), included an innovative interpretation of the foundational doctrine of equivalence of the Ḥanafī madhhab that considered the changing political and social structures in the region after the Mamluks' rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tahkik Journal of Critical Editions of Islamic Manuscripts is the property of Hacveyiszade Foundation for Science & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Seljuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies is the property of Selcuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to identify the role of the Emirate of the Qassim Region in achieving the goals of sustainable social, economic and environmental development. To achieve this, the study relied on the social survey approach, and a questionnaire tool was used to collect data. The study was applied to the beneficiaries, male and female, of some of the development initiatives of the Emirate of the Qassim Region. The sample number was (384) beneficiaries, male and female, who were selected in a stratified manner according to the type of initiative. In light of the assumptions of the interpreted theory, which is the (constructivist-functional) theory, the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: that the Emirate of the Qassim region contributed to building the region's society and its progress through its developmental role, and that the role of the Emir of the Qassim region, His Royal Highness Prince Dr. Faisal bin Mishal bin Saud bin Abdulaziz and his directive that development initiatives should be comprehensive for the various parts of the region's geography with an integrated balance for the region's community according to higher strategic plans that aim for relative equality of participation opportunities for the beneficiaries, male and female, of these initiatives between the city, the governorates, and the centers affiliated with the emirate. The Emirate of the Qassim region has also achieved the goals of sustainable social and environmental development largely. In addition, medium to moderate degree. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: that the development role of the emirates of the regions is significant and achieves the Kingdom's development goals consistent with the Kingdom's alignment between Vision 2030 and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and that the various approaches to sustainable development can achieve better results by paying attention to the relative advantages of each region's society and geography. The study also recommends generalizing the experience of His Highness the Emir of the Qassim region and the efficiency of investing in the support provided to the emirates of the regions by the state. It also recommended benefiting from the experience of the emirate's development initiatives in enhancing loyalty and national belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical Studies (1818-0345) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anahita is the property of Department of Persian, LCWU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Al-Ḥakam I (154-206 AH/771-822 CE) is one of the most controversial characters in the history of al-Andalus. Despite the fact that the extant chronicles of the Umayyad emirate and caliphate in al-Andalus are fundamentally pro-Umayyad, their authors nevertheless depict the emir as a cruel and pitiless character and are never at a loss in finding harsh terms to describe his political and military actions. The personality of the emir is especially evident in the descriptions that the chronicles make of his treatment of the slaves in his court. Firstly, this article seeks to underline the importance that slaves had in the court of al-Ḥakam and, secondly, it provides an analysis of the historians' depictions of the emir based on the relationship he had with both his male and female slaves. Even though slaves in the Umayyad court have often been treated as secondary characters, their role is fundamental both in the narration of events and in the portrayal that Arab historians present of the sovereigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To continue the study of the role of the Shibanids in the initial and part of the middle period of the era of “the Great Troubles” in the Golden Horde, which began in the previous article with the study of the role of the first Shibanid khan – Khizr. This article discusses the rule of the following three khans, who with varying degrees of probability can be attributed to the Shibanids – Murid (brother of Khizr), Khayr-Pulad and Aziz Shaykh. Research materials: The main written sources used in the article are Russian chronicles and late (in relation to the period of research) Chinggisid genealogical writings (mainly from Central Asia). The work of the Timurid court historian Muin al-Din Natanzi should be added. However, the information ин these sources is rather scarce on many issues for this period, and numismatic material and (to a less degree) archaeological data were widely used to expand the amount of information on the studied topic. Research results and novelty: The role of the Shibanids was examined in more detail, clarified, and specified. This is especially true for Murid, whose rule is very important for the initial period of the “Great Troubles”. As it turned out, he was trying to create a new administrative centre for himself in Gulistan, while, in many ways, continuing the policy of the Batuids, but not of his perished brother. It was also attempted to clarify, as much as possible in absence of narrative and documentary sources, the causes and the outlines of Khayr Pulad’s policies, known to us only from the numismatic data. In addition, some features of the policies of Aziz Shaykh towards the Russian principalities were explained. One of the important results of the study is the conclusion that the aforementioned Shibanid khans came from three different genealogical branches of Shiban’s descendants, and these branches varied in their importance.

Derbent is an outstanding monument of the world fortification and the oldest city of Russia in the medieval period played a special role in the history of the Caucasus of the Pre-Mongolian period, being, along with Shirvan, the largest feudal state of the East and North-East Caucasus. In the second half of the 9th century, in connection with the beginning of the disintegration of the Arab Caliphate, Derbent withdraws from its membership and comes to power here the local Arab dynasty Hashemid, the first ruler of which Hashim B. Surak, who came from the well-known in the caliphate of the tribe of Sulaim (Sulami), took the throne of the Derbent ruler not as a destination of the Baghdad Caliph, as it was before, but by the choice of the derbent. The fact that the Derbent emirs came from the midst of the local slave nobility and had neither the authority of the appointees of the Arab caliphs, nor the prestige of the feudal rulers of the major states of the Caucasus, put them in a rather dependent position on the Derbent nobility, who saw in the rulers of Derbent only "first among equals." Acute class contradictions and social struggle in Derbent X - XIII century, vividly reflected in the unique historical chronicle "Tarich Bab al-Abwab", revealed and translated by the outstanding orientalist V.F. Minorskiy, it draws the social and political life of the city of Derbent during the existence of the Derbent emirate, the relationship of the emirs with the feudal rulers of the Caucasus and the participation of the Russ, Alan, Hazara in these general Caucasian relations. Archaeological excavations, which for the first time in the history of Derbent, conducted by the author from 1970 to 1995, gave unique materials on the social and historical topography of the city of the period of the Derbent emirate.

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New analyses of thermal infrared spectra obtained from the Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) allow for retrieval of water-ice cloud effective radius, r eff,ice , in the lower atmosphere of Mars across spatial, seasonal, and daytime diurnal scales. Using a one Martian-year observational dataset the mean retrieved r eff,ice is 3.1 μm (standard deviation, σ = 1.5 μm) for an assumed effective variance, ν eff,ice = 0.1, and with most individual values between 1 and 10 μm. Sensitivity analyses show the uncertainty associated with r eff,ice is largely inversely proportional to water-ice cloud optical depth, τ ice. As a result, our retrieval is generally applicable to water-ice clouds with τ ice of at least ∼0.02 to 0.08 at 825 cm−1. Seasonal results show mean r eff,ice values of 4.3 μm (σ = 1.9 μm) during aphelion season (Ls = 40°–140°), associated with larger particle sizes in the aphelion cloud belt (ACB), and 2.5 μm (σ = 0.8 μm) during perihelion season (Ls = 225°–360°). Diurnal analyses between roughly 06:00 and 20:00 local true solar time indicate the largest variability occurs in ACB clouds, with effective radii tending to be smaller during midday (zonal-mean r eff,ice of 4–5 μm) as compared to the mornings and afternoons (zonal-mean r eff,ice of 6–7 μm). Relatively large spatial gradients in r eff,ice within the ACB are observed, including a seasonal mean r eff,ice of ∼8 μm in the Tharsis region and regions in the southern mid-latitudes with seasonal mean r eff,ice of ∼2 μm. Spatial variability in r eff,ice tends to be smaller throughout the rest of the year, though with some similar patterns. This includes several time periods between regional dust storms when a low-latitude band of water-ice clouds formed in the afternoons near Tharsis, which grew in both optical depth and effective radius to maxima in the early evenings. Lastly, changes in r eff,ice are found to be generally positively correlated with changes in τ ice and negatively correlated with estimated cloud height, though r eff,ice distributions also show this to be a more complex relationship than simple averages might suggest. • Mars water-ice cloud particle effective radius is retrieved from EMIRS observations. • Individual retrieved effective radius values range from 1 to 10 μm. • Mean water-ice cloud effective radius is 3.1 μm for all results. • Variability is investigated across spatial, diurnal, and seasonal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A federal court in Kano, Nigeria has annulled the reappointment of an influential traditional emir, sparking a dispute between two royals over the throne. This conflict, known as the "Game of Thrones," is part of a larger political battle between the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) party and the opposition New Nigeria People's Party (NNPP) for control of Kano State. Traditional rulers in Nigeria hold significant cultural influence, despite having no constitutional powers. The court ruling recognized the dethroned predecessor as the rightful occupant of the throne, but the state government has appealed the decision. Tension has escalated in the city, with both royals residing in heavily guarded palaces. [Extracted from the article]

Turanana durranii Coutsis & Tshikolovets, 2016 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) was described from a single holotype male collected by I. Pljushtch in Afghanistan. The second discovered specimen is identical to the holotype, which supports the conclusion that this species occurs in the Band-e Amir National Park, Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1921 and 1924 Muhammadu Dikko, the emir of Katsina, traveled to Britain on a sightseeing trip, becoming the first emir or chief from Northern Nigeria to visit the British imperial metropole. This article analyzes the colonial relationship that put Dikko in the colonizers' orbit and favor and paved the way for him to embark on the trips, the colonial logistics and networks that facilitated the journeys, Dikko's experiences and adventures in Britain, and, most importantly, his perspectives on British society, institutions, goods, and forms of leisure. I argue that Dikko, though constrained by serving as a prop in a colonial performance of power, used travel to Britain as a platform to advance metropolitan modernity as an aspirational if distant model of socioeconomic advancement and to give his peers and subjects in Northern Nigeria a textual reference for navigating colonial culture in relation to their own natal Islamo-Hausa cultural norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumî is one of the Sufis, who have been researched most often, because of his works and life. The period he lived was the last period of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and he stayed in touch with Sultans, Meliks and Emirs; therefore, Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumî's life has importance in the sense of explaining the political landscape of the term. In this paper, it will be studied on the relations between Sultan-ul-ulema Bahâ' al-DïnVeled and Seljuk Emirs with whom he had close relations since he came to harende (Karaman).Moreover; in the study, it has been found out that his relation with Ala al-Din Kayqubad I was provided by Badr al- Din Guhertash who turned out to be a disciple of Sultan-ul-ulema Bahâ' ad-Dïn Veled. Badr al-Din Guhertas had a madrassa built for Sultan-ul-ulema Bahâ' al-Dïn Veled. Izz al-Din Kayka'us II and Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV who acceded to the throne after Babai Revolt and the Battle ofKösedağ were little children. The relations with these Sultans were mainly provided by Emirs. These Emirs were Shams al-Din Isfahani and Mu'in al-Din Sulaiman Parwana. In this paper, the relations between Mewlana Jalaluddin Rumî and Izz al-Din Kayka'us II and Rukn al-Din KilijArslan IV will be studied on within the scope of the political events of the term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's view on the leadership of Aliaskhab Kebedov or Ali Abu Muhammad, the amir of Caucasus Emirate. The author states that he has a dubious reputation due to his involvement in the alcohol business. The author notes that his efforts to enhance his reputation among Syrian-based Jihadists has been viewed as counterproductive. The author mentions that his reign has made little impact.

Against the backdrop of the uncertain and troubling history of Christian Spain at the turn of the ninth century, three comedias highlight the heroic deeds of the women of Asturias and León. In Lope de Vega's Las doncellas de Simancas, women who are to be sent as tribute to the Emir of Córdoba sever their own hands, threaten suicide, and ultimately lead the resistance against the barbaric exchange. In Las famosas asturianas, also by Lope, Sancha, selected, as well, for delivery to the Moors, shames her countrymen by appearing undressed before them but not in the presence of the Moors. Spurred by such an insult, the men fight for the freedom of their daughters. Finally, in Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón's Hechos de Bernardo Carpio, segunda parte de El Conde de Saldaña, Bernardo del Carpio's wife, Sol, leads the women of Asturias and León to battle against the French at Roncesvalles; the future of Spain belongs to them as much as it does to the men. These heroic women demonstrate the popularity of the mujer varonil, the radical shift in the perception of women in the sixteenth century, and the notion that the real strength of Spain lies in its people, including its women, rather than in its hereditary monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The peasant revolts, described as "the weapons of the weak," were multicausal phenomenon. Some factors sowed their seeds, some nurtured them while some helped in their outburst. The paper is an endeavour to analyze the agrarian factors behind the peasant revolts. Retrieving the data from the historical and revenue records, the paper reveals that the major factor that triggered the revolts, was the exploitative character of the agrarian system. The peasants, as the main source of the income for the state, were subjected to number of unethical and illegal exactions which ultimately brought about economic insecurity to them and, consequently, triggered the revolts. Since the revolts led to loss of income to the state and landlords which forced the rulers to initiate several relief measures. This later proved rhetoric and sounded more to the benefit of state and landlords than the peasants who continued to suffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the rule of Ahmad Ibn Tulun in Egypt from 869 to 905, focusing on his attempt to establish an independent emirate. Subjects mentioned include a historical overview of the Abbasid Caliphate from the 6th to 10th centuries, the emergence of emirates in the 9th century, and the impact of the Tulunid rule on the history of Egypt.

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médiévales is the property of Presses Universitaires de Vincennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Iḥāṭa of Ibn al- Jaṭīb provides data on the events that led to the end of the Zirid kingdom of Grenade, as well as on the arrest and deportation of its emir in North Africa. Thanks to our translation of the first part of this work plus a comparison with the data stored in other sources, new relevant information is presented on the wealth of the Zirid palace, the attitudes and reactions from the population at the time, and the last days of the emir 'Abd Allāh b. Buluqqīn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of gold embroidery has a very long history in Uzbekistan. Bukhara is considered to be the traditional and renowned centre of gold embroidery, with its high point being in the 19th century. Gold embroidery was used in particular to decorate the clothes of the emir and his courtiers. Goldwork masters used specific materials, technical processes and stitch types. There were also rules for the creation of compositions and the choice of pattern. Numerous examples of gold embroidery from the 19th and 20th centuries can currently be seen in Uzbek museums in Tashkent, Samarkand and Bukhara.2 The Náprstek Museum in Prague has five items in its collection (four caps and a saddle blanket) which illustrate the Uzbek gold embroidery of the period mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed analysis of the Seljuk inscriptions from the citadel of the Black Sea port of Sinop serves as the basis for a discussion of Anatolian Seljuk history, epigraphy, citadel architecture, and military and administrative organization and patronage. Because all of these inscriptions date to a 6 month period in the year 1215, they offer a circumscribed but profound introduction to these issues at one time and in one place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]