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Surface-specific nonlinear optical techniques are ideally suited to investigate the complex structure of aqueous interfaces. For colloidal particles dispersed in aqueous solutions, interfacial properties can be retrieved with angle-resolved second harmonic scattering (AR-SHS). The mathematical framework of AR-SHS does not require a priori knowledge on the electrostatic distribution in the first few nanometers close to the interface, therefore allowing us to formulate a molecular-level description of the electrical double layer (EDL) based on the experimental data. However, farther away from the interface, an analytical form of the electrostatic potential decay is necessary to account for the distance dependence of the surface electrostatic field propagating into the solution. This requirement is especially important at low ionic strengths, where the electrostatic field is not efficiently screened by counterions. Here, we examine to what extent the analytical form of the electrostatic potential decay impacts the AR-SHS data analysis. We analyze the effect of different functions on the scattering form factors, on the integrated AR-SHS signal intensity, and on the surface parameters extracted from fitting the AR-SHS data. We find that the trends of the surface parameters remain similar regardless of the chosen function, demonstrating the robustness of our approach to establish a molecular-level picture of the EDL. At ionic strengths <10−4M for 100-nm diameter particles, a functional form that physically represents counterions packed more densely in the vicinity of the surface than in the case of the Poisson–Boltzmann distribution has the largest impact, resulting in an overestimation of the obtained surface potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the collapse and expansion dynamics of a linear polyelectrolyte (PE) with hydrodynamic interactions. Using dissipative particle dynamics with a bead–spring PE model, long-range electrostatics, and explicit ions, we examine how the timescales of collapse tcol and expansion texp depend on the chain length N and obtain scaling relationships tcol ∼ Nα and texp ∼ Nβ. For neutral polymers, we derive values of α = 0.94 ± 0.01 and β = 1.97 ± 0.10. Interestingly, the introduction of electrostatic interaction markedly shifts α to α ≈ 1.4 ± 0.1 for salt concentrations within c = 10−4 to 10−2 M. A reduction in the ion-to-monomer size ratio noticeably reduces α. On the other hand, the expansion scaling remains approximately constant, β ≈ 2, regardless of the salt concentration or ion size considered. We find β > α for all conditions considered, implying that expansion is always slower than collapse in the limit of long polymers. This asymmetry is explained by distinct kinetic pathways of collapse and expansion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional electrostatic solutions for two-dimensional (2D) electrodes possess edge singularities for the surface charge density σ and the normal component of the electric field E n. These singularities are generally non-physical because they admit infinite gradients of the concentration of free charge carriers. In particular, they are unacceptable in the studies of the local field sensitive effects, such as the electric breakdown and the ferroelectric domain reversal. We claim that account for diffusion of free charge carriers leads to the disappearance of the edge singularities. This generalization occurs consistently within the same basic concept of conduction. Specifically, we consider the case of U -biased circular disc electrode of radius a. Account for diffusion leads here to a strongly nonlinear integral 2D equation for the electrostatic potential φ (r). Numerical solution of this equation shows that the law σ (a) ∝ U 2 / a takes place. Outside a close vicinity of the disc edge, we stay close to the conventional electrostatic solution for φ and σ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear quantum effects play critical roles in a variety of molecular processes, especially in systems that contain hydrogen and other light nuclei, such as water. For water under ambient conditions, nuclear quantum effects are often interpreted as local effects resulting from a smearing of the hydrogen atom distribution. However, the orientational structure of water at interfaces determines long-range effects, such as electrostatics, through the O–H bond ordering that is impacted by nuclear quantum effects. In this work, I examine nuclear quantum effects on long-range electrostatics of water confined between hydrophobic walls using path integral simulations. To do so, I combine concepts from local molecular field theory with path integral methods at varying levels of approximation to develop efficient and physically intuitive approaches for describing long-range electrostatics in nonuniform quantum systems. Using these approaches, I show that quantum water requires larger electrostatic forces to achieve interfacial screening than the corresponding classical system. This work highlights the subtleties of electrostatics in nonuniform classical and quantum molecular systems, and the methods presented here are expected to be of use to efficiently model nuclear quantum effects in large systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroelectric (FE) electrocaloric materials research has been blossoming worldwide for solid-state refrigeration and potential cooling systems replacing thermoelectric Peltier coolers in microelectronics. In this work, we report the outcomes from a systematic study of combined phase transition (thermodynamics) based on the phenomenological Landau theory and distributed electric field (electrostatics of thin film interfaces) in FE bilayer films. Specifically, the compositional variation of ferroelectric bilayers results in broken spatial inversion symmetry leading to asymmetric thermodynamic potentials due to a combination of normal (first- and second-order phase transition) and relaxor (dispersive dielectric constant) ferroelectric behaviors devised for efficient electrocaloric cooling effects. Extensive theoretical analyses conducted for bilayers consisting of insulating materials highlight modified phase transition temperature behavior and self-poling by effective electric field amplification arising due to bilayers' electrostatic coupling yielding significant changes in isothermal entropy (ΔS) and adiabatic temperature (ΔT). The theoretical calculation insights supported with experimental results signify, through case studies for a combination of materials experimental parameters, that amplification of the local electric field and materials engineering maximize the number of coexisting phases at or away from the morphotropic phase boundary of constituent layers in bilayer thin film architectures, which can be applicable toward other classes of materials and multilayer systems. These are effective ways for efficient cooling, in general, and for microelectronics thermal management either directly or by developing a thermal switch with phase change materials integrated with thermoelectric coolers for residual heat dissipation, both at the system and on-chip levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode–electrolyte interfacial properties characterize the functioning of electrochemical devices, and reactive molecular dynamics simulations, using reactive force fields (ReaxFF) and charge equilibration (QEq) techniques, are classical atomistic methods for investigating the processes that govern the device properties. However, the numerical implementation of ReaxFF and QEq treats Coulomb interaction with a short-distance cutoff for computational speed, thereby limiting interactions among atoms to a domain containing only their neighbor lists. Excluding long-distance Coulomb interactions makes the description of electrostatics in large-scale systems intractable. We apply Ewald sum in the extension of ReaxFF to include long-range Coulomb (LRC) interactions and investigate the effect of the inclusion on the electrostatic and capacitive properties of graphene–water interfaces at different applied potentials in comparison with the original ReaxFF. The study shows that with the inclusion of long-range Coulomb, the capacitance amounts to 4.9 ± 0.2 μF cm−2 compared with 4.4 ± 0.2 μF cm−2 predicted by the original ReaxFF [with short-range Coulomb (SRC)]; thus, indicating that SRC underestimates the capacitance of water between graphene walls by 12% when compared with the 5.0 μF cm−2 predicted with the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) water model. Thus, the results indicate that LRC ReaxFF/QEq have the ability and advantage to model electrochemical processes at a more realistic Coulomb interaction description and foster the processing of the details about the operation of electrochemical devices than the SRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, neural networks have achieved phenomenal success across a wide range of applications. They have also proven useful for solving differential equations. The focus of this work is on the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) that governs the electrostatics of a metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor. We were motivated by the question of whether a neural network can effectively learn the solution of PBE using the methodology pioneered by Lagaris et al. [IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 9 (1998)]. In this method, a neural network is used to generate a set of trial solutions that adhere to the boundary conditions, which are then optimized using the governing equation. However, the challenge with this method is the lack of a generic procedure for creating trial solutions for intricate boundary conditions. We introduce a novel method for generating trial solutions that adhere to the Robin and Dirichlet boundary conditions associated with the PBE. Remarkably, by optimizing the network parameters, we can learn an optimal trial solution that accurately captures essential physical insights, such as the depletion width, the threshold voltage, and the inversion charge. Furthermore, we show that our functional solution can extend beyond the sampling domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic description of electrochemical systems requires reactive interaction potential to explicitly describe the chemistry between atoms and molecules and the evolving charge distribution and polarization effects. Calculating Coulomb electrostatic interactions and polarization effects requires a better estimate of the partial charge distribution in molecular systems. However, models such as reactive force fields and charge equilibration (QEq) include Coulomb interactions up to a short-distance cutoff for better computational speeds. Ignoring long-distance electrostatic interaction affects the ability to describe electrochemistry in large systems. We studied the long-range Coulomb effects among charged particles and extended the QEq method to include long-range effects. By this extension, we anticipate a proper account of Coulomb interactions in reactive molecular dynamics simulations. We validate the approach by computing charges on a series of metal-organic frameworks and some simple systems. Results are compared to regular QEq and quantum mechanics calculations. The study shows slightly overestimated charge values in the regular QEq approach. Moreover, our method was combined with Ewald summation to compute forces and evaluate the long-range effects of simple capacitor configurations. There were noticeable differences between the calculated charges with/without long-range Coulomb interactions. The difference, which may have originated from the long-range influence on the capacitor ions, makes the Ewald method a better descriptor of Coulomb electrostatics for charged electrodes. The approach explored in this study enabled the atomic description of electrochemical systems with realistic electrolyte thickness while accounting for the electrostatic effects of charged electrodes throughout the dielectric layer in devices like batteries and emerging solid-state memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curriculum statements are crucial documents for guiding teaching and learning as they describe the content and skills to be acquired by learners. Textbooks translate curriculum statements into materials for use in schools. This study examines the educative nature of three physical sciences textbooks about electrostatics using the lens of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). PCK describes the transformation of content into teachable forms and its evidence in textbooks would contribute to the teachability of the content in question. The study analyses textbooks as a source of information that can help teachers transform concepts of electrostatics into teachable forms. The study also proposes a possible model that describes the role of textbooks on teachers' knowledge and practice, as they are not considered in current PCK theories. The framework includes components of PCK described in the grand rubric and the support provided by curricular materials to teachers. The components of PCK are curricular saliency, learners' understanding of concepts, representations, and conceptual teaching strategies. The analysis revealed that curricular saliency was the most predominant component displayed in the textbooks compared to the other components. It is therefore recommended that textbooks should consciously include other PCK components, i.e., representations and strategies that address learners' difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The impact of targeted replacement of individual terms in empirical force fields is quantitatively assessed for pure water, dichloromethane (CH 2Cl 2), and solvated K + and Cl − ions. For the electrostatic interactions, point charges (PCs) and machine learning (ML)‐based minimally distributed charges (MDCM) fitted to the molecular electrostatic potential are evaluated together with electrostatics based on the Coulomb integral. The impact of explicitly including second‐order terms is investigated by adding a fragment molecular orbital (FMO)‐derived polarization energy to an existing force field, in this case CHARMM. It is demonstrated that anisotropic electrostatics reduce the RMSE for water (by 1.4 kcal/mol), CH 2Cl 2 (by 0.8 kcal/mol) and for solvated Cl − clusters (by 0.4 kcal/mol). An additional polarization term can be neglected for CH 2Cl 2 but further improves the models for pure water (by ∼1.0 kcal/mol) and hydrated Cl − (by 0.4 kcal/mol), and is key for solvated K +, reducing the RMSE by 2.3 kcal/mol. A 12‐6 Lennard‐Jones functional form performs satisfactorily with PC and MDCM electrostatics, but is not appropriate for descriptions that account for the electrostatic penetration energy. The importance of many‐body contributions is assessed by comparing a strictly 2‐body approach with self‐consistent reference data. Two‐body interactions suffice for CH 2Cl 2 whereas water and solvated K + and Cl − ions require explicit many‐body corrections. Finally, a many‐body‐corrected dimer potential energy surface exceeds the accuracy attained using a conventional empirical force field, potentially reaching that of an FMO calculation. The present work systematically quantifies which terms improve the performance of an existing force field and what reference data to use for parametrizing these terms in a tractable fashion for ML fitting of pure and heterogeneous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting olfactory perceptions from odorant molecules is challenging due to the complex and potentially discontinuous nature of the perceptual space for smells. In this study, we introduce a deep learning model, Mol-PECO (Molecular Representation by Positional Encoding of Coulomb Matrix), designed to predict olfactory perceptions based on molecular structures and electrostatics. Mol-PECO learns the efficient embedding of molecules by utilizing the Coulomb matrix, which encodes atomic coordinates and charges, as an alternative of the adjacency matrix and its Laplacian eigenfunctions as positional encoding of atoms. With a comprehensive dataset of odor molecules and descriptors, Mol-PECO outperforms traditional machine learning methods using molecular fingerprints and graph neural networks based on adjacency matrices. The learned embeddings by Mol-PECO effectively capture the odor space, enabling global clustering of descriptors and local retrieval of similar odorants. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the olfactory sense and its mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Monte Carlo electronic transport simulations, coupled self-consistently with the Poisson equation for electrostatics, we explore the thermoelectric power factor of nanoengineered materials. These materials consist of alternating highly doped and intrinsic regions on the scale of several nanometers. This structure enables the creation of potential wells and barriers, implementing a mechanism for filtering carrier energy. Our study demonstrates that by carefully designing the nanostructure, we can significantly enhance its thermoelectric power factor compared to the original pristine material. Importantly, these enhancements stem not only from the energy filtering effect that boosts the Seebeck coefficient but also from the utilization of high-energy carriers within the wells and intrinsic barrier regions to maintain relatively high electronic conductivity. These findings can offer guidance for the design and optimization of new-generation thermoelectric materials through improvements in the power factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer gels have shown application potential in minimizing gas channeling during CO2 enhanced oil recovery and storage processes, but the pumping pressure of preformed gels was too high, and the in‐situ cross‐linking in reservoirs was uncontrollable. Here we developed polyelectrolyte complex gels through the columbic attraction between sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and protonated polyethyleneimine (PEI+) by CO2 in the presence of water. Without CO2, the viscosity of polymer complex solution is relatively low; after streaming CO2, the viscosity of the NaCMC‐PEI+ mixture aqueous solution increases significantly, forming a gel. It was also found that the complex solution shows an evolution of "sol–gel‐separated phase" as the polymer concentration increases, which could be attributed to the enhanced electrostatic attraction between CMC− and PEI+. The viscosity of the gel decreases upon increasing salinity owing to the reduced charge repulsion by the introduced inorganic salt. The CMC−‐PEI+ complex can retain its gel behavior until 60°C, after which the complex collapses. The uptake tests show that 11.34 mg CO2 can be absorbed by each gram of gel composed of 0.9 wt% NaCMC and 0.15 wt% PEI at room temperature and ambient pressure. This work provides an inexpensive route to control gas leakoff and improve CO2 absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) are associated with deposition of cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neurons. One complexity of this process lies in the ability of TDP-43 to form liquid-phase membraneless organelles in cells. Previous work has shown that the recombinant, purified, prion-like domain (PrLD) forms liquid droplets in vitro, but the behaviour of the complementary fragment is uncertain. Methods: We have purified such a construct without the PrLD (PrLD-less TDP-43) and have induced its phase separation using a solution-jump method and an array of biophysical techniques to study the morphology, state of matter and structure of the TDP-43 assemblies. Results: The fluorescent TMR-labelled protein construct, imaged using confocal fluorescence, formed rapidly (< 1 min) round, homogeneous and 0.5–1.0 µm wide assemblies which then coalesced into larger, yet round, species. When labelled with AlexaFluor488, they initially exhibited fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), showing a liquid behaviour distinct from full-length TDP-43 and similar to PrLD. The protein molecules did not undergo major structural changes, as determined with circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopies. This process had a pH and salt dependence distinct from those of full-length TDP-43 and its PrLD, which can be rationalized on the grounds of electrostatic forces. Conclusions: Similarly to PrLD, PrLD-less TDP-43 forms liquid droplets in vitro through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), unlike the full-length protein that rather undergoes liquid–solid phase separation (LSPS). These results offer a rationale of the complex electrostatic forces governing phase separation of full-length TDP-43 and its fragments. On the one hand, PrLD-less TDP-43 has a low pI and oppositively charged domains, and LLPS is inhibited by salts, which attenuate inter-domain electrostatic attractions. On the other hand, PrLD is positively charged due to a high isoionic point (pI) and LLPS is therefore promoted by salts and pH increases as they both reduce electrostatic repulsions. By contrast, full-length TDP-43 undergoes LSPS most favourably at its pI, with positive and negative salt dependences at lower and higher pH, respectively, depending on whether repulsive or attractive forces dominate, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgels are confined to fluid interfaces in numerous applications, yet many aspects of the microgel-covered interface remain unclear. In this work, we use interfacial shear and dilatational rheology to study the effects of electrostatics on the mechanical characteristics of polyelectrolyte microgel monolayers at oil-water interfaces as a function of the microgel interfacial concentration. We find a clear correlation between the influence of charges on the mechanical properties of the monolayers and the influence of charges on their two-dimensional phase behavior. At lower microgel interfacial concentrations, the moduli of uncharged monolayers are larger than those of charged monolayers. Consistent with our previous findings on the phase behavior, here, the mechanical response of the interfacial layer is controlled by in-plane interactions of the microgels within the interface. At higher microgel interfacial concentrations, the moduli of charged monolayers are larger than those of uncharged monolayers. The mechanical response becomes dominated by out-of-plane interactions between the fractions of the adsorbed microgels further from the interface. Evidently, electrostatic interactions do not contribute directly to the mechanical response of the interfacial layer, that is, through charge repulsion, but indirectly through the difference in the swelling properties of uncharged and charged microgels. These results advance our understanding of how the charge-dependent microstructure of the interfacial layer affects its mechanical properties, which is not only important from a fundamental point of view but is also relevant to applications where polyelectrolyte microgels are used as responsive emulsion stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article centers its attention on the phenomenon of electrostatics, linearity, analogue, and RF performance of a 0.5 μm × (2 × 100) μm double heterojunction AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pHEMT using on‐wafer DC and RF measurements up to 50 GHz. With a high ION/IOFF ratio (1.21 × 107) and low subthreshold slope (72.7 mV/dec), a flat and high transconductance over a wide range of Vgs has been achieved for the tested device. Furthermore, the input intercept and higher‐order voltage intercept point both attained large values with low intermodulation and harmonic distortion. Regarding RF parameters, the intrinsic gain has been achieved up to 28 dB. The GBW up to 750 GHz was attained, with the highest fT and fmax values being 24.5 GHz and 99.3 GHz, respectively. Since the device has very low intrinsic capacitance, parameters like TFP, GFP, and GTFP also showed excellent results. The high intrinsic gain and TGF indicate ample potential of the device for use as an amplifier. Investigating the parameters reveals the device to have very good linearity and amplifying capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) are associated with deposition of cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neurons. One complexity of this process lies in the ability of TDP-43 to form liquid-phase membraneless organelles in cells. Previous work has shown that the recombinant, purified, prion-like domain (PrLD) forms liquid droplets in vitro, but the behaviour of the complementary fragment is uncertain. Methods We have purified such a construct without the PrLD (PrLD-less TDP-43) and have induced its phase separation using a solution-jump method and an array of biophysical techniques to study the morphology, state of matter and structure of the TDP-43 assemblies. Results The fluorescent TMR-labelled protein construct, imaged using confocal fluorescence, formed rapidly (

Besides being impacted by quantum confinement effects, the channel electrostatics of ultra-thin-body silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOS devices, with channel thicknesses less than 10 nm, are also likely to be impacted by interface trap states. In this work, we comprehensively investigated the effect of band edge energy (surface passivation energy) on the band structure of the silicon channel. We propose to utilize this band edge energy (Δ E e d g e ) to study the effect of interface traps on device electrostatics, which is generally used to passivate the channel/oxide interface. First, by using s p 3 d 5 s ∗ semi-empirical tight-binding methodology with a fully passivated interface (Δ E e d g e > --> 5 eV) and by including suitable bandgap correction for different device temperatures, the band structure is obtained, which is solved self-consistently with Poisson's equation to accurately determine the channel electrostatics, without the effect of trap states. Interface trap states are now seen in the band structure through suitably varying the edge energy (− 5 eV < Δ E e d g e < 5 eV) based on which the interface trap density (D i t ) and the interface trap charge density (Q i t ) are determined. Through incorporating Q i t in the boundary condition for solving Poisson's equation self-consistently with the band structure, channel electrostatics is recomputed to analyze the effect of traps for a wide range of device conditions. Finally, the degradation in the integrated charge density due to interface traps is accurately modeled for different SOI channel thickness and device temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Applications of electrospinning (ES) range from fabrication of biomedical devices and tissue regeneration scaffolds to light manipulation and energy conversion, and even to deposition of materials that act as growth platforms for nanoscale catalysis. One major limitation to wide adoption of ES is stochastic fiber deposition resulting from the chaotic motion of the polymer stream as is approaches the deposition surface. In the past, fabrication of structures or materials with precisely determined mesoscale morphology has been accomplished through modification of electrode shape, use of multi-dimensional electrodes or pins, deposition onto weaving looms, hand-held electrospinning devices that allow the user to guide deposition, or electric field manipulation by lensing elements or apertures. In this work, we demonstrate an ES system that contains multiple high voltage power supplies that are independently controlled through a control algorithm implemented in LabVIEW. The end result is what we term “multiplex ES” where multiple independently controlled high-voltage signals are combined by the ES fiber to result in unique deposition control. COMSOL Multiphysics® software was used to model the electric field produced in this novel ES system. Using the multi-power supply system, we demonstrate fabrication of woven fiber materials that do not require complex deposition surfaces. Time-varied sinusoidal wave inputs were used to create electrospun torus shapes. The outer diameter of the tori was found, through parametric analysis, to be rather insensitive to frequency used during deposition, while inner diameter was inversely related to frequency, resulting in overall width of the tori increasing with frequency. Multiplex ES has a high-frequency cutoff based on the time response of the high voltage electrical circuit. These time constants were measured and minimized through the addition of parallel resistors that decreased impedance of the system and improved the high-frequency cutoff by up to 63%.

In this paper for the first time, we have studied various structures of nanosheet field-effect transistors (NSFET) and the effect of various devices and process parameters such as nanosheet width, length, interspacing, S/D doping, channel doping, random dopant fluctuations studied on these device structures. Comparative analysis has been done between JL-NSFET, GS-JL-NSFET, JL-SiGeNSFET and JL-GS-SiGeNSFET in terms of analog parameters. Nanosheet-based FETs are likely to be the successor of FinFET beyond the 5-nm node. NSFETs have better control over gate, variable sheet width and more current per device footprint which gives them the advantage of circuit design versatility. NSFET offers better gate control, better current and switching per device footprint. NSFETs are preferred over NWFETs due to better electrostatics, greater channel widths, decreased SCEs and increased device reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed an electrostatically suspended accelerometer (ESA) specifically designed for ground use. To ensure sufficient overload capacity and minimize noise resulting from high suspension voltage, we introduced a proof mass design featuring a hollow, thin-walled cylinder with a thin flange fixed at the center, offering the highest surface-area-to-mass ratio compared to various typical proof mass structures. Preload voltage is directly applied to the proof mass via a golden wire, effectively reducing the maximum supply voltage for suspension. The arrangement of suspension electrodes, offering five degrees of freedom and minimizing cross-talk, was designed to prioritize simplicity and maximize the utilization of electrode area for suspension purposes. The displacement detection and electrostatic suspension force were accurately modeled based on the structure. A controller incorporating an inverse winding mechanism was developed and simulated using Simulink. The simulation results unequivocally demonstrate the successful completion of the stable initial levitation process and suspension under ± 1 g overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of electrospinning (ES) range from fabrication of biomedical devices and tissue regeneration scaffolds to light manipulation and energy conversion, and even to deposition of materials that act as growth platforms for nanoscale catalysis. One major limitation to wide adoption of ES is stochastic fiber deposition resulting from the chaotic motion of the polymer stream as is approaches the deposition surface. In the past, fabrication of structures or materials with precisely determined mesoscale morphology has been accomplished through modification of electrode shape, use of multi-dimensional electrodes or pins, deposition onto weaving looms, hand-held electrospinning devices that allow the user to guide deposition, or electric field manipulation by lensing elements or apertures. In this work, we demonstrate an ES system that contains multiple high voltage power supplies that are independently controlled through a control algorithm implemented in LabVIEW. The end result is what we term "multiplex ES" where multiple independently controlled high-voltage signals are combined by the ES fiber to result in unique deposition control. COMSOL Multiphysics® software was used to model the electric field produced in this novel ES system. Using the multi-power supply system, we demonstrate fabrication of woven fiber materials that do not require complex deposition surfaces. Time-varied sinusoidal wave inputs were used to create electrospun torus shapes. The outer diameter of the tori was found, through parametric analysis, to be rather insensitive to frequency used during deposition, while inner diameter was inversely related to frequency, resulting in overall width of the tori increasing with frequency. Multiplex ES has a high-frequency cutoff based on the time response of the high voltage electrical circuit. These time constants were measured and minimized through the addition of parallel resistors that decreased impedance of the system and improved the high-frequency cutoff by up to 63%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predators and prey benefit from detecting sensory cues of each other's presence. As they move through their environment, terrestrial animals accumulate electrostatic charge. Because electric charges exert forces at a distance, a prey animal could conceivably sense electrical forces to detect an approaching predator. Here, we report such a case of a terrestrial animal detecting its predators by electroreception. We show that predatory wasps are charged, thus emit electric fields, and that caterpillars respond to such fields with defensive behaviors. Furthermore, the mechanosensory setae of caterpillars are deflected by these electrostatic forces and are tuned to the wingbeat frequency of their insect predators. This ability unveils a dimension of the sensory interactions between prey and predators and is likely widespread among terrestrial animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the important role of and increasing demand for lithium resources, lithium extraction is crucial. The use of molecular extractants is a promising strategy for selective lithium recovery, in which the interaction between lithium and the designed extractant can be manipulated at the molecular level. Herein, we demonstrate that anion receptors of tripodal hexaureas can selectively extract Li2SO4 solids into water containing DMSO (0.8% water) compared to other alkali metal sulfates. The hexaurea receptor with terminal hexyl chains displays the best Li+ extraction selectivity at 2-fold over Na+ and 12.5-fold over K+. The driving force underpinning selective lithium extraction is due to the combined interactions of Li+-SO42− electrostatics and the ion–dipole interaction of the lithium–receptor (carbonyl groups and N atoms); the latter was found to be cation size dependent, as supported by computational calculations. This work indicates that anion binding receptors could drive selective cation extraction, thus providing new insights into the design of receptors for ion recognition and separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the nonlocal piezoelectric semiconductor theory, the transient multi-fields coupling response of a nanosized piezoelectric semiconductor composite fiber is studied. The one-dimensional phenomenological theory of piezoelectric semiconductors is used to derive the coupling constitutive relation. Combining nonlocal piezoelectric semiconductor theory and coupling constitutive relation, the size-dependent governing equations for bending, the charge equation of electrostatics and the conservation of charge for electrons are obtained, and the multi-fields coupling response of the nanofiber under shear force is solved. The bending vibration, the electric potential, and the concentration of electrons along the nanofiber with different nonlocal effects are analyzed. It is found that the change of electric potential and concentration from positive and negative in the nanofiber can be used to control the performance of electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-speed videorecording method is used to investigate the effect of an electrostatic field (with the potential Φ = 0, 16, and 18 kV) on the flow geometry in the case of gravity-induced separation of a drop from a capillary tube. The flow videograms are analyzed and the dimensions of the characteristic structural elements, that is, the drops themselves, a bridge, and satellites, are determined. The oscillations of the linear dimensions and the mother liquid volume after drop separation are traced at 0 and 18 kV. Both fundamental frequencies and their harmonics are observable in the spectra. It is found that small (12%) variations in the potential value lead to qualitative variations in the flow pattern and, in particular, to direct separation of the drop from the mother liquid without the formation of a bridge. At a constant liquid discharge in the capillary the dimensions of the separated drops decrease with increase of the voltage. The experiments show the possibility of the fine controlling of drop flows using electrostatic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perpetual significance of the pharmaceutical industry in society necessitates ongoing research efforts to enhance the efficacy of its manufacturing processes. Given that drug product manufacturing typically involves powder processing, a thorough understanding of powder characterization is needed for optimal process performance. Powder rheology is commonly examined in pharmaceutical manufacturing to elucidate the relationship between powder properties and the performance of pharmaceutical processes. This paper provides a brief discussion of recent literature regarding the various powder properties and characterization techniques encompassed in powder rheology. The powder properties are categorized into particle size, particle morphology, friability, electrostatics, permeability, wettability, cohesion, bulk density, and agglomeration sections. A distinct focus is placed on the segment about powder wettability. This review informs readers about the fundamental properties of powders known to influence pharmaceutical processes. It discusses the interrelationships among these properties, powder characterization techniques, and ideal states of powder properties that lead to optimal process performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHPT1 is a histidine phosphatase that modulates signaling in eukaryotes through its catalytic activity. Here, we present an analysis of the structure and dynamics of PHPT1 through a combination of solution NMR, molecular dynamics, and biochemical experiments. We identify a salt bridge formed between the R78 guanidinium moiety and the C‐terminal carboxyl group on Y125 that is critical for ligand binding. Disruption of the salt bridge by appending a glycine residue at the C‐terminus (G126) leads to a decrease in catalytic activity and binding affinity for the pseudo substrate, para‐nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP), as well as the active site inhibitor, phenylphosphonic acid (PPA). We show through NMR chemical shift, 15N relaxation measurements, and analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories, that removal of this salt bridge results in an active site that is altered both structurally and dynamically thereby significantly impacting enzymatic function and confirming the importance of this electrostatic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremophile organisms have adapted to extreme physicochemical conditions. Halophilic organisms, in particular, survive at very high salt concentrations. To achieve this, they have engineered the surface of their proteins to increase the number of short, polar and acidic amino acids, while decreasing large, hydrophobic and basic residues. While these adaptations initially decrease protein stability in the absence of salt, they grant halophilic proteins remarkable stability in environments with extremely high salt concentrations, where non‐adapted proteins unfold and aggregate. The molecular mechanisms by which halophilic proteins achieve this, however, are not yet clear. Here, we test the hypothesis that the halophilic amino acid composition destabilizes the surface of the protein, but in exchange improves the stability in the presence of salts. To do that, we have measured the folding thermodynamics of various protein variants with different degrees of halophilicity in the absence and presence of different salts, and at different pH values to tune the ionization state of the acidic amino acids. Our results show that halophilic amino acids decrease the stability of halophilic proteins under mesophilic conditions, but in exchange improve salt‐induced stabilization and solubility. We also find that, in contrast to traditional assumptions, contributions arising from hydrophobic effect and preferential ion exclusion are more relevant for haloadaptation than electrostatics. Overall, our findings suggest a trade‐off between folding thermodynamics and halophilic adaptation to optimize proteins for hypersaline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor, in order to improve real‐time performance and computational complexity, a new method of implementing segmented current control of permanent magnet motor using duty cycle modulation is proposed. The term plane is divided into three sectors through three‐phase voltage vector, and current prediction iteration is performed to obtain the relevant duty cycle, and the periodic modulation of this method (DM‐MPCC) is verified by experiments and the traditional DV‐MPCC (DV‐MPCC), the method is repeated more than 150 times, the time required for this method is 2.863 s, saving 52.073% of the computing time, while the modulation duty of DM‐MPCC It is also more stable than the waveform, and the current THD = 2.986% DM‐MPCC is much lower than the conventional method. DM‐MPCC has less pulsation on the dq axis at full speed than DV‐MPCC. The results show that the method has a faster operation speed and better real‐time performance, which shows the superiority of this method in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal de Ciencia e Ingeniería is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Autonoma del Cauca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Light-harvesting studies in donor–acceptor nanohybrid systems based on all-environmentally friendly quantum dots (QDs) are necessary to realize their applications in energy and medical research. Here, we demonstrate an efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process in an electrostatically bound all-QD based assembly comprised of indium phosphide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnS) QDs as both the donor and the acceptor. A perfect control on the speed of nucleation and growth steps, along with appropriate surface functionalization with oppositely charged ligands, enabled an electrostatically bound all-QD donor–acceptor nanohybrid assembly comprising of green- and red-emitting InP/ZnS QDs. Detailed spectroscopic studies revealed the importance of electrostatic attraction in accomplishing an efficient FRET process (∼75%) from donor [+] G-InP/ZnS QDs to acceptor [−] R-InP/ZnS QDs. Further, solid-state studies helped in visualizing the distance-dependent nature of the FRET process at a fixed donor–acceptor ratio. The all-InP QD containing donor–acceptor nanohybrid assembly developed here could find applications in other light-harvesting studies as well, including photovoltaics and photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot plasma is highly conductive in the direction parallel to a magnetic field. This often means that the electrical potential will be nearly constant along any given field line. When this is the case, the cross-field voltage drops in open-field-line magnetic confinement devices are limited by the tolerances of the solid materials wherever the field lines impinge on the plasma-facing components. To circumvent this voltage limitation, it is proposed to arrange large voltage drops in the interior of a device, but coexist with much smaller drops on the boundaries. To avoid prohibitively large dissipation requires both preventing substantial drift-flow shear within flux surfaces and preventing large parallel electric fields from driving large parallel currents. It is demonstrated here that both requirements can be met simultaneously, which opens up the possibility for magnetized plasma tolerating steady-state voltage drops far larger than what might be tolerated in material media. In open-field-line magnetic plasma traps, the attainable cross-field voltage drops are limited by the tolerances of the solid materials of the vacuum vessel. Here, the authors demonstrate the possibility of equilibria that isolate large voltage drops to the interior of the plasma, circumventing this limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust removal from Martian spacesuits whilst on exploration activities is critically important for long-term Martian exploration missions. Martian dust is known to contain harmful particles which must be removed from Martian spacesuits to prevent entry into habitation zones on Mars, and prevent spacesuit wear. In this work, an Electrostatic Removal System was developed which utilised the phenomenon of dielectrophoresis to remove Martian dust from the outer layer of spacesuits. Dielectrophoretic forces were exerted on dust particles by an alternating electrostatic field which acted to remove the particles from a surface. The field was generated by applying high voltage square waves, produced by a MOSFET H-Bridge, across an array of parallel copper electrodes contained within an Electrostatic Removal Device. A theoretical model was derived to predict the effect of variables on the system performance, which was validated through experimental testing. This system demonstrated a high dust clearing performance of over 95% when the dust is in direct contact with the Electrostatic Removal Device's surface. However, the system was not able to achieve dust removal from samples of Nomex, Teflon, and Kevlar, the three constituent materials of the outer layer of spacesuits. Further development is required for the system to become a viable option for the removal of Martian dust from spacesuits. Nonetheless, this system may prove effective in other applications such as dust removal from solar panels or optical devices, where the electrodes may be able to be integrated directly beneath the dust layer. • Dielectrophoretic forces are capable of displacing Martian dust particles of < 63 μ m. • This electrostatic removal system repeatably achieves 95% dust clearing performance. • Poor clearing performance was achieved when removing dust from spacesuit fabric. • A MOSFET H-Bridge was used to generate 0–1000 V two-phase square waves. • Electrostatic removal system parameters investigated theoretically and experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Transactions B: Applications is the property of International Journal of Engineering (IJE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is widely used to model electrostatics in molecular systems. Available software packages solve it using finite difference, finite element, and boundary element methods, where the latter is attractive due to the accurate representation of the molecular surface and partial charges, and exact enforcement of the boundary conditions at infinity. However, the boundary element method is limited to linear equations and piecewise constant variations of the material properties. In this work, we present a scheme that couples finite and boundary elements for the linearised Poisson–Boltzmann equation, where the finite element method is applied in a confined solute region and the boundary element method in the external solvent region. As a proof‐of‐concept exercise, we use the simplest methods available: Johnson–Nédélec coupling with mass matrix and diagonal preconditioning, implemented using the Bempp‐cl and FEniCSx libraries via their Python interfaces. We showcase our implementation by computing the polar component of the solvation free energy of a set of molecules using a constant and a Gaussian‐varying permittivity. As validation, we compare against well‐established finite difference solvers for an extensive binding energy data set, and with the finite difference code APBS (to 0.5%) for Gaussian permittivities. We also show scaling results from protein G B1 (955 atoms) up to immunoglobulin G (20,148 atoms). For small problems, the coupled method was efficient, outperforming a purely boundary integral approach. For Gaussian‐varying permittivities, which are beyond the applicability of boundary elements alone, we were able to run medium to large‐sized problems on a single workstation. The development of better preconditioning techniques and the use of distributed memory parallelism for larger systems remains an area for future work. We hope this work will serve as inspiration for future developments that consider space‐varying field parameters, and mixed linear‐nonlinear schemes for molecular electrostatics with implicit solvent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of organic photovoltaics (OPVs), significant progress has been made in tailoring molecular structures to enhance the open‐circuit voltage and the short‐circuit current density. However, there remains a crucial gap in the development of coordinated material design strategies focused on improving the fill factor (FF). Here, we introduce a molecular design strategy that incorporates electrostatic potential fluctuation to design organic photovoltaic materials. By reducing the fluctuation amplitude of IT‐4F, we synthesized a new acceptor named ITOC6‐4F. When using PBQx‐TF as a donor, the ITOC6‐4F‐based cell shows a markedly low recombination rate constant of 0.66×10−14 cm3 s−1 and demonstrates an outstanding FF of 0.816, both of which are new records for binary OPV cells. Also, we find that a small fluctuation amplitude could decrease the energetic disorder of OPV cells, reducing energy loss. Finally, the ITOC6‐4F‐based cell creates the highest efficiency of 16.0 % among medium‐gap OPV cells. Our work holds a vital implication for guiding the design of high‐performance OPV materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased demand of high‐performance computing systems has exposed the inherent limitations of the current state‐of‐the‐art von Neumann architecture. Therefore, developing alternate computing primitives that can offer faster computing speed with low energy expenditure is critical. In this context, while several non‐volatile memory (NVM) devices such as synaptic transistors, spintronic devices, phase change memory (PCM), and memristors have been demonstrated in the past, their two‐terminal nature necessitates additional peripheral elements that increase area and energy overhead. Recently, a new multiterminal device prototype known as a memtransistor has shown tremendous potential to overcome these limitations through exceptional control of the gate electrostatics as enabled by 2D channel materials. In this perspective, a brief overview of recent developments in 2D‐memtransistor devices is provided, including their fundamental operational mechanisms and the role of defects in enabling multiple NVM states and optical photoresponse. An overview of their implementation in the context of neuromorphic, probabilistic, information security, and edge‐sensing primitives is also provided. Finally, a futuristic perspective is provided looking toward their successful large‐scale technological integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents numerical simulation and compact modeling of 2,7-Dioctyl {1} benzothieno {3,2-b}{1} benzothiophene (C8-BTBTC8) organic semiconductor-based TFT. It shows the entire modeling process flow of this organic semiconductor (OSC) and tests the device realization using a ring oscillator. The paper comprises OSC characterisation, band-gap modeling, electrostatic modeling, and capacitance modeling. The TCAD model consists of the Hopping and Pool Frenkel premise and characterizes the Density of State (DOS) for traps in deep and tail states. The findings from this research provide valuable information for improving OTFT models, enhancing their predictive accuracy, and advancing the understanding of organic semiconductor device behavior. The electrostatics demonstrate device structure dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that electrostatics plays a central role in the intermolecular interactions in condensed phases, as evidenced by the "electrostatics + Lennard-Jones" form of the potential functions that are commonly used in classical molecular dynamics simulations. Then, do we understand all about electrostatics in condensed phases? In this review, recent theoretical advances in relation to this topic will be discussed: (1) vibrational spectroscopic probing of the electrostatics in condensed phases, and (2) some phenomena affected by deviation from the scheme of isotropic fixed atomic partial charges, i.e., anisotropy and intermolecular transfer of electron distributions. A theoretical basis for better understanding on them and some theoretical models for practical calculations will be shown with some typical example cases of hydrogen- and halogen-bonded systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research is to offer an efficient approach to solve a certain type of fractional integro-differential and differential systems. In the Caputo meaning, the fractional derivative is examined. This system is essential for many scientific disciplines, including physics, astrophysics, electrostatics, control theories, and the natural sciences. An effective approach solves the problem by reducing it to a pair of algebraically separated equations via a successful transformation. The proposed strategy uses first-order shifted Chebyshev polynomials and a projection method. Using the provided technique, the primary system is converted into a set of algebraic equations that can be solved effectively. Some theorems are proved and used to obtain the upper error bound for this method. Furthermore, various examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm when compared to existing approaches in the literature. Finally, the key conclusions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When liquid drops impact on solid surfaces, an air layer forms in between the drop and the surface, acting as a cushion to mitigate the impact. In this work, we focus on delineating the bounce and contact mode regimes of impacting drops on smooth surfaces, specifically discerning whether drops rebound from the air layer or make contact with the solid surfaces, and pinpointing the precise contact modes between the drop and solid surfaces by resolving the gas film evolution and rupture. Our simulation model incorporates gas kinetics and electrostatics effects, both of which have been validated by experiments documented in the literature or theoretical models regarding thin film instabilities. We undertake a comprehensive review and categorization of the contact modes and elucidate how they change under different conditions of impact velocities, ambient pressures, and electric field intensities. We also provide some perspectives on the regime map for the lubricated surfaces, which contains an unresolved issue that the critical Weber number for bouncing-wetting transition is significantly reduced compared to the solid smooth surfaces like mica. These insights have noteworthy practical implications offering guidance for a wide range of scenarios, from normal-pressure environments to low-pressure conditions at high altitudes, encompassing high electric field conditions such as nanogenerators as well as low electric field conditions resembling glass surfaces with static electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching practice internships provide opportunities for pre-service teachers (PSTs) to enact their knowledge in real classroom settings. This paper investigated PSTs' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) about electrostatics, its translation into practice and factors that affect the translation. The refined consensus model (RCM) of PCK served as theoretical framework. Guided by the RCM, two manifestations of enacted PCK (ePCK) focusing on lesson planning (ePCKP) and teaching (ePCKT) were investigated. Data reflecting ePCKP was collected using content representations (CoRe) tools and lesson planning forms. Data reflecting the ePCKT was explored using classroom observations. The components of the grand PCK rubric served as the analytical framework. These are teacher knowledge and skills related to (i) curricular saliency, (ii) learners' understanding of concepts, and (iii) conceptual teaching strategies including representations. These components were used to analyze the manifestations of ePCK before they were compared. Components that revealed variations between ePCKP and ePCKT were used to formulate interview questions to elicit the pedagogical factors that affected the translation of the PCK into practice. The results revealed multiple instances where there were misalignments between ePCKP and ePCKT. The misalignments were ascribed to the following pedagogical factors: interactions with learners, the involvement of mentor teachers, reflections, management of time for teaching concepts, and teacher efficacy. The results have implications for PST education and mentorship during teaching practice internships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anatolian Environmental & Animal Science is the property of Bulent Verep and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and Molecular Mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) free energy calculations to investigate the specificity of two oligonucleotide probes, namely probe B and probe D, in detecting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) within three bacteria families: Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Due to the limited understanding of molecular mechanisms in the previous research, we have extended the discussion to focus specifically on investigating the binding process of bacteria-probe DNA duplexes, with an emphasis on analyzing the binding free energy. The role of electrostatic contributions in the specificity between the oligonucleotide probes and the bacterial ssDNAs was investigated and found to be crucial. Our calculations yielded results that were highly consistent with the experimental data. Through our study, we have successfully exhibited the benefits of utilizing in-silico approaches as a powerful virtual-screening tool, particularly in research areas that demand a thorough comprehension of molecular interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four-level active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter has become increasingly widely used in the renewable energy industry since it offers one more voltage level without increasing the total number of active switches compared to the three-level ANPC inverter. The model predictive current control (MPCC) is a promising control method for multi-level inverters. However, the conventional MPCC suffers from high computational complexity and tedious weighting factor tuning in multi-level inverter applications. A low-complexity MPCC without weighting factors for a four-level ANPC inverter is proposed in this paper. The computational burden and voltage vector candidate set are reduced according to the relationship between voltage vector and neutral point voltage balance. The proposed MPCC shows excellent steady-state and dynamics performances while ensuring the neutral point voltage balancing. The efficacy of the proposed MPCC is verified by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformable, flexible, and stretchable thin film transistors hold promise for ubiquitous and low-cost electronics. As part of the research endeavor toward this goal, the challenges associated with compatible materials and growth processes have been intensely studied. What is seldom considered, however, is how device electrostatics change as the physical form of devices change. In this report, we study how one would expect the current–voltage characteristics of thin film transistors to change as they are deformed on the surface of a sphere. We derive analogous equations to those derived in the gradual channel approximation to relate current to applied voltage for various spherical geometries. Combined with a finite-difference strategy to evaluate geometric capacitance, example current–voltage characteristics are calculated. The results demonstrate for certain deformations in this geometry, the behavior deviates from what one would expect using just the gradual channel approximation. For flexible electronics to be commercially viable, it must be predictable in any physical form. These results represent some of the first steps in a broader effort to quantify the relationship between device geometry and electrical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The classical problem of determining the density and capacity of arrays of potential sources is studied. This corresponds to a wide variety of physical problems such as electrostatic capacitance, stress in elastostatics and the evaporation of fluid droplets. An asymptotic solution is derived that is shown to give excellent accuracy for arbitrary arrays of sources with non-circular footprints, including polygonal footprints. The solution is extensively validated against both experimental and numerical results. We illustrate the power of the solution by showcasing a variety of newly accessible classical problems that may be solved in a rapid, accurate manner.