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Electron beam tests were conducted to observe the internal electrostatic discharge behavior of four wire samples arcing into three termination resistors. The charging environment during the test was also simulated using 3-D NUMIT to calculate the expected voltage development within each wire. The impedances of the wires and the test setup were measured and included in a circuit model of the discharging wire connected to the measurement circuit. The circuit model was fit to the largest discharge observed on a 50 Ω load. The circuit model was then used to simulate discharges into 5 kΩ and 10 MΩ terminations, and the simulated pulses were compared to observed pulses on those terminations. Simulated peak voltages agree with observed voltages to within a factor of 1.6 and simulated decay times agree with observed decay times to within a factor of 2.3. For large pulses, derived source voltages range from 3.7 to 15.5 kV, derived source capacitances range from 4 to 11 pF, and derived source resistances range from 1100 to 3500 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron radiation environment with keV energies on medium earth orbit (MEO) is investigated around the times when worst-case severe environments for surface charging were detected at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites on geostationary earth orbit (GEO). The Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) is employed to model 1-100 keV electron fluxes in the inner Earth's magnetosphere (inside 10RE) during four representative events selected out of 400 LANL worst-case severe environment events. Modeled fluxes are compared to the observed ones on GEO, and the peak electron fluxes are then extracted at L=4.6 which is considered as approximate MEO environment following the LANL events. IMPTAM generally reproduces the 10-50 keV electron fluxes on GEO but underestimates (of factor of 2 to 5) at energies above. It is found that the maximum electron flux on MEO is reached in about 1.5-2 h after the worst-case environment for surface charging was detected at GEO. Whereas the magnetic local time (MLT) location of the worst-case severe environments on GEO varies from 23 to 05, the maximum electron flux on MEO is located on 6-7.8 MLT. The maximum electron flux values on MEO can be 2 to 10 times higher than those observed on GEO and those estimated using European Cooperation for Space Standardization and National Aeronautics and Space Administration guidelines, which can be a significant increase of the risks in terms of surface charging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & EMC (1005-9776) is the property of China Electronics Standardization Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Dual‐directional SCR (DDSCR) with bidirectional discharge paths and high robustness is widely employed for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in integrated circuits. However, the design and simulation of on‐chip ESD protection circuits for dual‐directional paths remain challenging due to a lack of relevant device models. This paper designs a Gate‐Controlled Dual‐Direction SCR (GDDSCR) for providing electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in industry‐level temperature sensors. Furthermore, a new behavioral model is developed based on the GDDSCR for simulating ESD protection circuits along both forward and reverse paths. Experimental results demonstrate that the GDDSCR behavioral model accurately reproduces the IV characteristics observed in bidirectional transmission line pulse (TLP) tests. In addition, the equivalent circuit based on human body model (HBM) is used for transient simulation, and the accuracy of the model is verified by relevant HBM experiments. The proposed model allows the direct extraction of parameters such as trigger voltage (Vt1), holding voltage (Vh), and on‐state resistance (Ron) through TLP testing, facilitating easy application to other types of DDSCR devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been widely used to harness various forms of mechanical energy for conversion to electrical energy. However, the contentious challenge in characterising TENGs is the lack of standard protocols for assessing mechanical‐to‐electrical energy conversion processes. Herein, macroscopic signal analysis is used to identify three key charging events within triboelectric signals: charge induction (CI), contact electrification (CE), and electrostatic discharge (ESD). By considering two phases of motion during contact‐separation (approach and departure of the contact materials), CI arising from the motion of bound surface charge (varying electric field) between opposing contact materials is shown to dominate the measured displacement current signal, rather than the process of CE itself. Furthermore, the conventional signal (i. e. voltage, current, charge) interpretation of CE and CI during approach and departure phases is re‐assessed, to indicate that the sudden spike of current often observed immediately prior to contact (or after separation) arises from polarity inverting electrostatic discharge (ESD). This aspect of the measured triboelectric effect, which is often ignored, is crucial for the design of TENGs and hence, techniques to enhance the understanding and control over the stochastic occurrence of ESDs is explored. The methods proposed for the deconvolution of the macroscopic signal components of TENGs, and mitigation of ESD occurrences, will allow for precise quantification of the associated charging events. The applications of this study will template the design and development of future super‐TENGs with optimised energy conversion capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charging of cables outside of a spacecraft has been cited as the cause of multiple spacecraft anomalies based upon correlations with peaks in the energetic electron environment and because the electron flux exposure of external cables is much higher than internal cables. However, external cables are subject to much wider temperature changes than hardware located inside a thermally regulated spacecraft. Temperature affects bulk resistivity and radiation-induced conductivity, but temperature is often ignored in charging analyses and tests. In this paper, temperature effects are combined with a diurnal temperature variation and an external electron environment to simulate the charging of an external coax. The simulation shows that the coax dielectrics behave as perfect insulators during the cold portion of the 24 h cycle, but the accumulated charge leaks out during the hot portion of the cycle. There is no memory or hysteresis of charge density from one day to the next. This behavior is compared to the behavior of materials inside the spacecraft, where low flux and stable temperatures lead to charging time constants ranging from weeks to months that produce a slow, stair-step increase of trapped charge in response to multiple electron storms. These variations in charging response explain why some anomalies correlate best with peak 24 h average flux, whereas others correlate well with 14-or 21-day averaged flux. Analyses and tests used to qualify designs or investigate anomalies must account for the dramatic effects that temperature variation can have on the charging of insulators and isolated conductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection poses a challenge in the chip fabrication process. In this study, a novel electric fuse (E-fuse) device featuring a simple structure of Ni metal on a SiO2 dielectric for ESD protection was proposed, and the physical mechanism of its operation was investigated in detail. Experimental evaluations, utilizing transmission line pulse (TLP) testing and fusing performance analyses, reveal that the E-fuse, constructed with a Ni metal layer measuring 5 μm in width, 100 μm in length, and 5 nm in thickness, achieved a significant ESD protection voltage of 251 V (VHBM) and demonstrates low-voltage fusing at a bias voltage of 7 V. Compared to traditional ESD protection devices, the E-fuse boasts a smaller size and removability. To assess fusing performance, devices of varying sizes were tested using a fusing lifetime model. This study supports both theoretical and empirical evidence, enabling the adoption of cost-effective, straightforward E-fuse devices for ESD protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. The relevance of the topic of this work is due to the need to improve the reliability and quality of the assessment of the stability of the onboard electronic equipment of spacecraft to electrostatic discharges. Aim. Investigation of the possibilities of using the electron flux in vacuum as a test effect on the spacecraft’s on-board radioelectronic equipment in assessing its resistance to electrostatic discharges. Methods. Field experiment, research laboratory tests, modeling, mock-up, expert assessments. The article considers the conditions for the existence of an electronic stream in the «electronic spotlight» and «scanning» modes. A mock-up of an electronic device, which was previously used for testing in the atmosphere of air, was used as a test object. It has been structurally modified taking into account the dimensions, wiring diagram, tooling and electrophysical characteristics of the vacuum chamber. The modified layout is a first-level module with antennas located inside the housing. During the experiment, a vacuum meter, a kilovoltmeter, a digital oscilloscope with a bandwidth of 500 MHz, a high-voltage cable, a two-wire line, a hermetic plate, and an electron gun were used. The required vacuum was created using an automated pumping system. Results. The conditions for the existence of an electron flow in a vacuum chamber with a pressure of up to 10–7 mm Hg have been experimentally established. The results of research tests of the radioelectronic module in the «electronic searchlight» and «scanning» modes have been obtained. The main types of interference from the action of electrostatic discharges are investigated. The analysis of the waveforms was carried out. Based on these results, a methodology has been developed for testing the onboard equipment of spacecraft for the effects of electrostatic discharges. The proposed method provides testing at a level of operating discharge current up to 30 µA with particle energy from 5 to 50 keV. Conclusion. The test procedure and the means of its implementation comply with the basic requirements of GOST «Resistance to electrostatic discharges» and can be used for ground tests of spacecraft onboard equipment at four degrees of rigidity.

Polyimides externally deployed in spacecraft or satellites extensively have various aerospace hazards, including atomic oxygen (AO) erosion, irradiation degradation, and electrostatic charge/discharge (ESC/ESD). To cope with these challenges, we fabricate a ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide composite film with augmented permanence. Using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, we have shown that the combination of chelation and cross‐linking in the interfacial architecture leads to enhanced interfacial compatibility and mechanical robustness. Besides, due to the positive AO diffusion barrier ability of the wurtzite ZnO, our composite film shows remarkable AO resistance and a very small Ey value of 6.88 × 10−26 cm3/atom, which is merely 2.29% of that of pristine polyimide. Moreover, the well‐defined nanocrystalline state with minimal lattice swelling (0.3%–0.7%) of the Fe+‐irradiated ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide at a damaging dose of 353.4 dpa demonstrates its excellent irradiation resistance. Finally, the ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide also shows sufficient electrostatic dissipation capacity to cope with the ESC/ESD events. Our fabrication approach for composite films based on multi‐technology integration shows potential for aerospace applications and deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that electrostatic discharge (ESD) is one of the frequent causes of integrated circuit failure and loss of spacecraft. However, the danger is not only the pulse itself but also the cross talk from it at the near (NEXT) and far (FEXT) ends. To investigate the possibility of their attenuating by meander line (ML) with a broadside coupling, a coupled microstrip line (MSL) was studied. As a result, the structure with a protected active line appeared to be the most promising. Also, the levels of NEXT and FEXT in it do not exceed 2% and 1.5% of half of the e.m.f. at s = 1000 µm, and when s = 100 µm 10% and 3%. In addition to evaluating signal attenuation, N-norms were analyzed as well. The most noteworthy is the nonlinear nature of the change in N2 depending on s. It is also notable that the proposed protection of the line from cross talk leads to a decrease in N1, N2, and N5. However, N3 and N4 increase at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An original transmission line pulse setup has been presented. This test setup allows to measure quasi-static I–V curves of the semiconductor devices and electrostatic discharge protection and investigate the electrostatic discharge robustness of the integrated circuits. The setup allows to perform both destructive and nondestructive tests. The designed test setup allows to perform transmission line pulse test using 100 ns pulse with current peak value up to 10 A according to the IEC62615 international standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation fuel with low conductivity will carry a certain amount of static charges when flowing through pipelines and other structures. These static charges will eventually flow into the fuel tank. It is inconvenient to carry out the numerical calculation and experimental measurement of the static electricity in the irregular fuel tank with large fuel load. The simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics is used to calculate the electrostatic potential distribution, electrostatic discharge potential and electrostatic ignition energy during the oil charging process. The effects of oil level height and initial charge density on the electrostatic discharge and ignition possibility of oil tank are studied. By calculating the minimum breakdown voltage required for generating electrostatic discharge during oil charging and the energy carried by electrostatic, we can analyze whether the potential in the oil tank will cause an electrostatic breakdown and ignite the mixed gas in the oil tank in this way. The study provides a new idea for the risk assessment of oil tank explosion caused by static electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Buletinul AGIR is the property of Asociatia Generala a Inginerilor din Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Experimental data are presented on the minimum values of energies and flux densities of electrons whose impact on the cover glasses of solar panels and reflecting elements of the thermoradiators of artificial Earth satellites produces electrostatic discharges. It is established that adding protons to the particle flux acting on the studied samples can suppress the development of discharges. A mathematical model is proposed for a qualitative interpretation of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a critical issue in the automobile industry. ESD can occur due to the rubbing of dissimilar materials, potentially damaging sensitive components. Automakers must use ESD protection to safeguard the reliability of the components. In this scenario, the automotive industries demand for suitable materials to address this problem. The present study focuses on the development of EPDM rubber composites with low-volume resistivity and optimized physico-mechanical properties, which are the vital parameters to be addressed in electrostatic discharge for automotive applications. EPDM rubber composites were cured by sulfur and peroxide with a special-grade conductive carbon black (CB). These composites were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The dispersion of conductive CB in the polymer matrix was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BET adsorption technique was employed to investigate the specific surface area and porosity of CB. The ESD behavior of the composites was evaluated by measuring the volume resistivity(ASTM D257). The Studies reveal that the developed material has moderate physico-mechanical properties and consistent thermal stability. Above all, the conductivity offered by the composite is adequate for ESD applications. Highlights • Developed sulfur-cured EPDM rubber composite with low-volume resistivity. • Peroxide cured EPDM rubber has higher thermal stability than sulfur-cured one. • Carbon black (CB) with a high surface area can easily form a conductive network. • A good conductive network is formed at the percolation zone. • The hardness of the EPDM composite increases with the loading of CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Polyimides externally deployed in spacecraft or satellites extensively have various aerospace hazards, including atomic oxygen (AO) erosion, irradiation degradation, and electrostatic charge/discharge (ESC/ESD). To cope with these challenges, we fabricate a ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide composite film with augmented permanence. Using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, we have shown that the combination of chelation and cross‐linking in the interfacial architecture leads to enhanced interfacial compatibility and mechanical robustness. Besides, due to the positive AO diffusion barrier ability of the wurtzite ZnO, our composite film shows remarkable AO resistance and a very small Ey value of 6.88 × 10−26 cm3/atom, which is merely 2.29% of that of pristine polyimide. Moreover, the well‐defined nanocrystalline state with minimal lattice swelling (0.3%–0.7%) of the Fe+‐irradiated ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide at a damaging dose of 353.4 dpa demonstrates its excellent irradiation resistance. Finally, the ZnO/CuNi‐polyimide also shows sufficient electrostatic dissipation capacity to cope with the ESC/ESD events. Our fabrication approach for composite films based on multi‐technology integration shows potential for aerospace applications and deployment.

On-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection poses a challenge in the chip fabrication process. In this study, a novel electric fuse (E-fuse) device featuring a simple structure of Ni metal on a SiO2 dielectric for ESD protection was proposed, and the physical mechanism of its operation was investigated in detail. Experimental evaluations, utilizing transmission line pulse (TLP) testing and fusing performance analyses, reveal that the E-fuse, constructed with a Ni metal layer measuring 5 μm in width, 100 μm in length, and 5 nm in thickness, achieved a significant ESD protection voltage of 251 V (VHBM) and demonstrates low-voltage fusing at a bias voltage of 7 V. Compared to traditional ESD protection devices, the E-fuse boasts a smaller size and removability. To assess fusing performance, devices of varying sizes were tested using a fusing lifetime model. This study supports both theoretical and empirical evidence, enabling the adoption of cost-effective, straightforward E-fuse devices for ESD protection.

The resistor/capacitor (RC)-triggered power supply clamp circuit has been widely utilized to protect CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) from damage caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD). In this work, an ESD power supply clamp circuit with a modified-RC network in a 0.18-µm CMOS process is proposed. The layout area of the novel RC network is ultrasmall compared with that of the traditional RC network in a clamp circuit. The proposed clamp circuit can keep the clamp device "on" during the ESD event, whereas it allows a turn-off mechanism with a recovery time of 70 µs under a system-level test. The clamp circuit can effectively avoid false triggering events, such as a 1.8 V/10 ns power-up event. With its high performance and low area cost, this clamp circuit can be used in the sensor IC of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research is the process of measuring the strength of the electrostatic field for a low dynamic range (from 0 to 1 kV/m). This study is aimed at increasing the sensitivity of the sensor of the electrostatic fluxmeter (EF) by determining its optimal geometric configuration, which will reduce the error of measuring the electrostatic field strength. To establish the actual value of the induced current, a computer model was built and simulation modeling of the EF sensor was carried out. On the basis of the constructed computer model, studies of the EF sensor were carried out to determine the numerical value of the induced current. As a result, it was established that the occurrence of edge effects leads to the appearance of methodological error, which occurs due to the fact that the average induced current is smaller compared to the calculated value. As a result of computer modeling of the EF sensor to determine the value of the optimal number of sectors, it was established that for the proposed design of the EF sensor, the optimal number of sectors is six. It was established that the optimal value of the distance between the sensitive plates and the shielded rotor should be in the range of 2.5–3 mm to ensure the maximum sensitivity of the EF sensor and its safe use. The determined optimal parameters of the EF geometric configuration will allow to form the necessary requirements for the construction of improved electrostatic field strength meters in a low dynamic range (from 0 to 1 kV/m). A promising direction of application of such devices in production will be the development of an additional system for monitoring the strength of the electrostatic field, which will allow to prevent the occurrence of a dangerous situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In prior technology, system-level electrostatic discharge (ESD) tests under environment change conditions mainly focused on testing the effect of a high-temperature environment. i.e., the effect on internal circuits of heat generated outside. However, few studies have explored the effect of ambient relative humidity changes on integrated circuits (ICs). Therefore, this study will analyze the performance of various ESD protection components under high ambient temperature and high ambient relative humidity. The ESD protection devices are tested for the ESD robustness of the silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) under a harsh environment and the measurement results are discussed and verified in the CMOS process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact and broadband electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection input/output (I/O) pad for high-speed interfaces is designed and miniaturized using a pad-stacked inductor in a 28-nm CMOS technology. A $\pi $ -diode with a single inductor is adopted to compensate for the parasitic capacitance and extend the bandwidth of ESD-protected I/O pad. To minimize the increase of the chip area by the inductor, the pad-stacked inductor is proposed, where the inductor is placed below I/O pad. The eddy current, then, is induced in the I/O pad by time-varying magnetic field by the inductor, degrading the performance of the inductor, such as the reduced inductance, increased resistance and capacitance. These effects are thoroughly investigated using the developed equivalent circuit model which is also utilized to design the pad-stacked inductor. The compact and broadband $\pi $ -diode with the reduced eddy current is then designed by the proper selection of the inductor layer and a patterned I/O pad. Measurement of the designed $\pi $ -diode with the pad-stacked inductor exhibits broadband impedance match and insertion loss, that is, a return loss better than 10 dB up to 26.5 GHz and a 3-dB bandwidth as large as 22.9 GHz. The chip area of the $\pi $ -diode remains the same as that of the I/O pad thanks to the proposed pad-stacked inductor. Therefore, the designed $\pi $ -diode can be applied for the compact high-speed I/O interface circuits.

We have evaluated InGaAs/InP PIN (p-I-n) photodiodes failed by electrostatic discharge (ESD) with forward or reverse biasing, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) imaging. First, localized traces and bumps were observed on the surface of the Au electrode by SEM. Next, by cross-sectional STEM observation, a heavily damaged region including a void was observed in the p+-InP layer and an upper part of the n−-InGaAs layer just below the bump on the Au electrode. Cross-sectional EDX mapping indicated that the damaged region consists of a mixture of InP and InGaAs, i.e., InGaAsP quaternary material. In addition, poor crystal quality of the active PIN region was also revealed by Raman spectroscopy and PL imaging. Furthermore, although similar results were obtained for the ESD-failed samples with application of both forward and reverse bias, the magnitude of the ESD damage is larger in the case of forward bias as compared with the case of reverse bias. On the basis of these results, we propose a possible ESD failure mechanism that is associated with significant Joule heating in the p+-InP layer and the upper part of the n−-InGaAs layer due to the local concentration of a large current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) are used as elementary devices to build many types of chemical sensors and biosensors. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) ISFETs use either small molecules or polymers as semiconductors together with an additive manufacturing process of much lower cost than standard silicon sensors and have the additional advantage of being environmentally friendly. OTFT ISFETs' drawbacks include limited sensitivity and higher variability. In this paper, we propose a novel design technique for integrating extended-gate OTFT ISFETs (OTFT EG-ISFETs) together with dual-gate OTFT multiplexers (MUXs) made in the same process. The achieved results show that our OTFT ISFET sensors are of the state of the art of the literature. Our microsystem architecture enables switching between the different ISFETs implemented in the chip. In the case of sensors with the same gain, we have a fault-tolerant architecture since we are able to replace the faulty sensor with a fault-free one on the chip. For a chip including sensors with different gains, an external processor can select the sensor with the required sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a correct detection of people is very important for different purposes. Most applications use images as sources of information. However, an image may contain more information than is necessary for the detection task. For this reason, raw video images can end up being used for malicious purposes or privacy concerns. We present baseline results for a new human detection task. We evaluate long short-term memory (LSTM)-based deep learning models for detecting people using electrical signals from electrostatic discharge (ESD) floors as a source of information. Statistical features were provided to the models every second and four classification problems were studied. The first model discriminates between motion and non-motion. A second model classifies the action of the person between: no person, walking or standing. A third model classifies between walking and standing. And a last model predicts whether there is someone or no one on the ESD floor. Mattews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) was used as the main metric to evaluate the performance of the models. The LSTM models obtained a MCC between 0.94 and 0.99.

The present research aimed to investigate a charging of the cylindrical insulation layer of wires for space applications under the influence of isotropic electron radiation with an electron injection uniform in the volume of the dielectric. An analytical solution of the first-order differential equation resulting from the proposed charging model is obtained. A software has been developed and received state registration that allows for a complete calculation of the physical parameters of space-application wires resistant to electrification effects. The obtained results are proposed to be used for modeling and testing of wires for space applications in order to completely exclude the physical possibility of the occurrence of electrostatic discharges (ESR) of the "insulation–core" type during the operation (of the spacecraft) in orbit during geomagnetic disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the electrostatic discharge behavior of the charged powder is significant for avoiding fire or explosion in the silo. The electrostatic discharge of different polarity powders is not fully revealed, especially for the discharge pattern and the discharge energy distribution. In this study, the electrostatic discharge of different polarity powders during the filling process was examined to explore the discharge behavior in an industrial silo. The results show that the discharge of positively charged powder was compact and the discharge of negatively charged powder was divergent. The point, linear and dendrite discharge were found in the positive charging process. The discharge position and development process of different polarity powders were revealed by the electric field simulation. The relationship among the discharge period, powder polarity and heap surface area were indicated. The probability density distribution of discharge energy on the powder heap surface of 2.7 m was proposed to thoroughly understand the discharge energy of charged powder in the silo. The discharge of positively charged powder might induce more energy release, which was more dangerous than that of negatively charged powder in the silo. [Display omitted] • The discharge pattern of positive polarity powder is revealed. • Discharge development processes of different polarity powders are indicated. • Discharge position and frequency are discussed by electric field simulation. • The probability density distribution of discharge energy is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic discharge is a common phenomenon in daily life, and the electromagnetic pulse radiation generated during discharge can cause great harm to power, communication, sensing, and other equipment, resulting in systems not working properly. To verify the safety and reliability of unmanned vehicle handling systems in complex electromagnetic environments, the interference effect of electrostatic discharge, a common source of electromagnetic interference in life, on unmanned vehicle systems was studied. According to the electrostatic discharge interference mechanism, typical electrostatic discharge mode, and discharge model, an unmanned vehicle handling system was tested for electrostatic discharge according to the ISO10605-2008 standard. Based on the measured data, the effect of electrostatic discharge on the safety and functionality of the unmanned vehicle handling system and its sensors was analyzed, and threshold values for the failure of the unmanned vehicle handling system under different discharge methods, discharge models, and discharge polarity were obtained. When the electrostatic discharge voltage amplitude is only 2 kV, the vehicle's LiDAR data sensor cannot work normally due to the echo reception circuit, and the failure rate of LiDAR continues to increase with increasing discharge voltage. When the discharge voltage is only 4 kV, the millimeter-wave radar is disconnected from the vehicle module due to the electrostatic discharge interference of the transmission cable, and when the discharge voltage is 12 kV, the unmanned vehicle is unable to provide stable and accurate environmental information to avoid collisions. This study provides a reference for the design of electromagnetic protection of unmanned equipment and will have a guiding role in enhancing the construction of reliable, safe, and intelligent equipment in complex electromagnetic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method has been proposed to estimate the electric potential of co-orbiting spacecraft remotely using x-rays that are excited by an electron beam. Prior work focused on the theoretical foundation and experimental validation of this approach using flat target plates. Although useful for concept validation, flat plates do not adequately represent the shape of spacecraft and the resulting complex particle dynamics. Additionally, all previous experiments employed fully conducting test objects, but it is not always possible to connect every spacecraft component to one common electric ground. This paper experimentally investigates the remote electrostatic potential estimation of objects with complex shapes and differentially charged components using x-rays. A particle tracing simulation framework is used to assist the interpretation of experimental results. The results show that the orientation of the target determines the areas irradiated by the electron beam and the detectability of different components. A new procedure is proposed to enable the simultaneous measurement of multiple potentials using a single x-ray spectrum, and dynamic experiments with a rotating target object are conducted to validate this method. The results of these dynamic experiments demonstrate that it is possible to estimate two potentials simultaneously with the support from theoretical x-ray models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful spacecraft design and charging mitigation techniques require precise and accurate knowledge of charge deposition profiles. This paper compares models of charge deposition and transport using a venerable deep dielectric charging code, AF-NUMIT3, with direct measurements of charge profiles via pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) measurements. Eight different simulations were performed for comparison to PEA experiments of samples irradiated by 50 or 80 keV monoenergetic electrons in vacuum and at room temperature. Two materials, polyether-ether ketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), were chosen for their very low conductivities so that minimal charge migration would occur between irradiation and PEA measurements. PEEK was found to have low acoustic attenuation, while PTFE has high acoustic attenuation through the sample thicknesses of 125 and 250 µm for each material. The measurements were directly compared to AF-NUMIT3 simulations to validate aspects of the code and to investigate the importance of various simulation options, as well as to characterize the PEA instrumentation, measurement methods, and signal processing used. The measurement and simulation values for magnitude of charge deposition, penetration depth, and charge deposition spatial profiles are largely in agreement, though spatial and temporal distributions in incident electron flux and effects of radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) and delayed RIC during the deposition process complicate the process. This work provides an experimental validation of the AF-NUMIT3 deep dielectric charging code and insight into the accuracy and precision of the PEA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is usually a significant voltage drop on the electrode during the brief delay before spark discharge occurs when the storage capacitance is small (around or below 100 pF). This leads to a decrease in capacitor energy, which may result in an overestimation of the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of dust cloud. A method that utilizes a current probe to obtain the inception discharge voltage was therefore developed. Firstly, the voltage attenuation on the electrode without spark discharge is measured, enabling an accurate calculation of parasitic capacitance. Subsequently, the inception discharge voltage in a spark discharge is calculated based on the measured spark current, thereby enabling the determination of capacitor energy before spark discharge. The results show that the fitted current curves based on the calculated inception discharge voltage exhibited consistency with the actual spark current curves, indicating that the calculated value of inception discharge voltage was consistent with the actual situation. The method effectively addresses challenges associated with measuring the inception discharge voltage in cases of small storage capacitance, which helps to calculate the capacitor energy before spark discharge for MIE testing of dust clouds that are highly sensitive to electrostatic discharge. • Voltage drop before spark discharge leads to a decrease in capacitor energy. • A method utilizing a current probe to obtain inception voltage is developed. • Effectively addresses challenges associated with measuring the inception voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOne of the main causes of explosions events in high energetic material industry is static electricity. Handling of energetic materials leads to the generation of electrostatic charges. Most energetic materials are non-conductive, easily accumulate charge and are highly sensitive to Electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition. To reduce the risk aroused by ESD ignition hazard in the processing and handling of energetic materials, antistatic modifications are necessary. In this study, to reduce the accumulation of static charge, synthetic polyaniline additive has been used by slurry, water-evaporation, solvent evaporation and physical mixture methods. Among the studied samples, the composition containing 5% by weight of polyaniline by the slurry method were studied by electrostatic charging test setup to investigate and to measure the production and accumulation of static charge. In this evaluation, the amount of reduction of static charge accumulation in Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramie (HMX) and Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) explosives, using polyaniline, was very significant, from -3,600 and -5,400 nC/kg to 0 nC/kg, respectively. so that in both explosive compounds, the charge accumulation was reduced nearly 100%.

Electrostatic discharge is a vexing problem in liquid crystal display device, which can cause abnormal display. Conventional solutions for liquid crystal doped with antistatic agent usually introduce additional impurity ions and increases the power consumption of liquid crystal display device. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotube doped liquid crystal cells without obvious clusters are successfully fabricated. Comparing the electro-optic properties of undoped and doped cells, it is verified that doping does not negatively affect the liquid crystal cells with E7 host by measuring basic parameters such as relative permittivity, threshold voltage and response time. The liquid crystal cells are then tested using an electrostatic discharge generator to simulate the human-machine air discharge that occurs during actual operation. The immunity of the doped versus undoped cells is quantitatively compared in terms of the duration of so-called image sticking, it is found that the electrostatic discharge immunity of cell has a significant relationship with electrical conductivity. In addition, the relationship between the conductivity and relaxation time of image sticking is obtained by theory. It is determined that doping carbon nanotubes into E7 can effectively improve the electrostatic discharge immunity of liquid crystal display device without negatively affecting practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum ignition energy (MIE) of dust cloud is the core parameter to evaluate the explosion risk of combustible dust, and its test accuracy is important for dust explosion control. However, there are various methods to measure the minimum ignition energy, and the test results have many influencing factors, which is not conducive to control dust explosion. The principles and properties of different methods in the stages of dust dispersion, electrostatic spark generation, spark energy calculation and MIE determination were introduced. The influence of dust characteristics, dust dispersion states, spark generation parameters and test environment on the MIE test of dust cloud were discussed. The research hotspots of recent five years in this field were summarized and suggestions for future research were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work carried out the experimental investigation and model analysis on a GaN electrostatic discharge (ESD) clamp, which features a discharge high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) and a voltage divider formed by a lateral field effect rectifier (L-FER) chain and a resistor in series. Firstly, it is found through the experimental investigation, the turn-on voltage ( $V_{\mathrm {T}}$ ) of GaN ESD clamp’s static current is increased with the increase in L-FER’s number and the decrease in resistor’s value. Then, an analytical model is proposed to analyze the dependence of $V_{\mathrm {T}}$ on L-FER’s number and resistor’s value. And the analytical model exhibits a good consistency with the experimentally measured results, which confirms the validity of the presented analytical model. Lastly, the dependence of GaN ESD clamp’s transmission line pulsing characteristics on the L-FER’s number and resistor’s value is also analyzed. Similarly, GaN ESD clamp’s triggering voltage is also increased with the increase in L-FER’s number and the decrease in resistor’s value. The experimental investigation and model analysis of this work can be used to direct the design of GaN ESD clamp, and help to save a lot of manpower, material resources and time costs.

Life information searching is a hot point for Mars exploration. Ancient Mars was very likely to reach a habitable environment, and there was a real possibility of arising life on Mars. However, the current Mars has a harsh environment. Under such conditions, life materials on Mars are supposed to have taken the form of relatively primitive microbial or organic residues, which might be preserved in some mineral matrices. Detection of these remnants is of great significance for understanding the origin and evolution of life on Mars. The best detection method is in-situ detection or sample return. Herein, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to detect characteristic spectra and the limit of detection (LOD) of potential representative organic compounds with associated minerals. In view of high oxidation due to the electrostatic discharge (ESD) during dust actives on Martian surface. The degradation of organic matter by ESD process was studied under simulated Mars conditions. Our results show that the spectral characteristics of organic matter are significantly different from that of associated minerals. The different organic samples have different mass loss and color change after ESD reaction. And the signal intensity of infrared diffuse reflection spectrum can also reflect the changes of organic molecules after ESD reaction. Our results indicated that the degradation products of organics rather than organic itself are most likely to be founded on current Martian surface.

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In this paper, the electrostatic discharge of solar arrays in spacecraft energy systems is taken as the research object. The influence and internal mechanism of external electromagnetic radiation on electrostatic discharge is studied. Meanwhile, the charging and discharging test platform of spacecraft solar arrays under a strong field is first established. Then, the influence of irradiation field strength, electron beam energy and beam density on electrostatic discharge of solar arrays is analyzed and summarized. The results show that during the irradiation process of solar arrays using a high-energy electron beam under vacuum conditions, the higher the electron beam energy and the beam current density, the higher the discharge frequency of the solar array. When the intensity of the external electromagnetic radiation field increases, the discharge frequency also increases. Under the action of external radiation field with the same peak field strength, the larger the gap, the smaller the discharge frequency. With the increase in the field strength, the potential difference of each part of the solar array becomes smaller, and the peak of the discharge current decreases. The research results can provide technical reference for electrostatic protection of spacecraft solar arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites have become attractive to many industries today and are a good alternative to many traditional materials. Epoxy granite (EG) is used as a competitive alternative to ground ceramics, especially as a foundation for machine tools. This is because of their high damping ratio compared to other traditional materials such as cast iron. In the present study, a lightweight and cost-effective EG composite material was developed as a new foundation for machine elements. The composite material EG was prepared by mixing epoxy resin (12 wt %) and granite particles by casting method. The crushed granite particles were sieved and separated into coarse particles ≤2.36 ≥ 1.18 mm, medium particles ≤1.18 ≥ 0.6 and fine particles ≤0.6 mm. Vibration modal analysis is performed using an impact hammer to measure the natural frequencies occurring at each material size and the damping ratios. Microbial and fungal resistance is tested to understand applicability in humid environments, and water absorption and soak resistance were also measured. Scratch tests are performed using a top scratch tester to measure scratch width for fine and coarse samples. The electrostatic discharges generated by friction on the rubber and granite-epoxy composite sole are measured. It was found that as the particle size decreases, the damping ratio increases and the damping capability is improved, both microbial and fungal resistance increases, the scratch width is small for fine particles, while it is difficult to achieve for other granite sizes. Electrostatic discharges show a better feel for the composite material, but it is better with fine particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of graphics processors (GPUs) in supercomputers constantly increased in the past decade. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) are traditionally used on GPUs for their scalability; however, the limitations of past hardware required particular care in the implementation to obtain good performance. In this work, we discuss an implementation of DGTD for Maxwell’s equations on modern GPUs, and we assess its performance on the simulation of an electrostatic discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss persistent facial nerve stimulation (FNS) related to repeated electrostatic discharge (ESD) shock following cochlear implantation. Methods: Single case report with literature review. Results: FNS is a feared complication after cochlear implantation, occurring in approximately 7% of cases, with most patients having anatomic abnormalities. The presented case has no anatomical abnormalities but reported frequent environmental static shock. FNS during the first 1 to 3 seconds of processor attachment caused a significant decrease in the patient's quality of life, requiring subsequent re-implantation with full resolution. Conclusions: FNS is a complication of cochlear implantation that can cause a great deal of distress and discomfort. Frequent electrostatic discharge (ESD) contributed to device malfunctioning and FNS in a patient with otherwise normal anatomy and should be avoided if possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further improve the methods of protecting the onboard spacecraft equipment from the effects of electrostatic discharges, based on a comprehensive study of the problem of the occurrence of electrostatic discharges, the authors carried out the studies described in this article to analyze the functioning of the onboard spacecraft equipment under the influence of electrostatic discharges. In the course of the research, the methodology for assessing the resistance of the onboard equipment of the spacecraft to the effects of electrostatic discharges was refined, based on the generalization of the calculation and analytical work. The analysis of the resistance of the onboard equipment of the spacecraft was carried out taking into account the main mechanisms of the effect of electrostatic discharges on the onboard space network. Taking into account the need to assess the resistance of the onboard space network equipment to electrostatic discharges outside real operating conditions, the authors assess the resistance of the onboard space network equipment on the basis of mathematical and physical modeling. As a result of the study, an algorithm was developed for assessing the resistance of the onboard equipment of a spacecraft to the effects of electrostatic discharges, which is described in detail in this article.