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Electrospinning is a cost-effective but very intricate method of producing polymeric nanofibers at room temperature. Unfortunately however, it is extremely difficult to predict the diameter or other properties of the fibers produced via electrospinning a prior. In this paper, we present a new approach to simulate fiber formation during electrospinning. Our work builds on the mathematical framework that was originally developed by Reneker and Yarin in 2000. Our approach incorporates the 3D electrostatic field that surrounds the fiber in a Lagrangian discrete particle tracking algorithm that tracks the trajectory of the fiber in air and predicts its deposition velocity and diameter. We investigate the effects of electrostatic field spatial variation on fiber electrospinning and compare our results with those obtained using a constant electrostatic field, the traditional approach, and with experiments (conducted using polyurethane). We considered three different electrospinning configurations of single-needle-plate-collector, single-needle-drum-collector, and two-needles-drum-collector to investigate how different electrostatic fields impact fiber formation. The computational model developed in this work helps to advance the current state of the art in modeling the electrospinning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning is an important technique to fabricate nanofibers. In recent years, near-field electrospinning (NFES) has been developed to enhance the control of nanofiber deposition compared to conventional electrospinning, achieved by reducing the operating distance and electric field. This enables the construction of high-aspect ratio 3D structures in a self-aligned, layer-by-layer manner. However, the alignment of fiber deposition can be hindered by charge accumulation in the polymer fibers. Furthermore, a theoretical understanding of the underlying fiber deposition mechanism is still lacking. Herein, we present a numerical model for studying the charge transport, dissipation, and accumulation of NFES polymer fiber deposition. The model reveals that the presence of a trapped state in polymeric materials imposes limitations on the quality of charged fiber deposition. Moreover, the effect of different substrate materials on charge dissipation in fiber deposition is studied. To validate the model, we compare the simulation results with NFES experiments, demonstrating qualitative agreement. We also analyze the effect of the fiber materials and experimental parameters on the printing quality. This model provides an approach to analyze and optimize the operating parameters of NFES to achieve precise and stable nanofiber deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Electrospun porous nanofiber exhibits excellent properties and designability. It is an effective way to control the release of traditional Chinese medicine and improve the bioavailability to design an advanced drug delivery system, which has a broad application prospect. OBJECTIVE: To review the construction methods of the electrospinning drug delivery system of traditional Chinese medicine and its related research progress in the medical field. METHODS: The literature search was performed in CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases with the search terms “electrospinning, traditional Chinese medicine, drug carrier, drug delivery system, tissue engineering, dressing” in both English and Chinese for articles published from 2013 to 2023. Finally, 62 articles were included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The key elements of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine preparation are substrate material, traditional Chinese medicine composition, and drug loading method. (2) The preparation of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine can be carried out according to the application scenario and therapeutic purpose. Firstly, the types of Chinese medicine are selected, then the polymer matrix and solution suitable for them are selected, and finally, the fiber structure is designed according to the drug release requirements and the appropriate drug loading method is adopted. (3) At present, the medicinal agents used are mainly plant Chinese medicine, and there is a lack of systematic research on animal and mineral Chinese medicine. (4) Blended drug loading is the most studied and applied drug loading method, and its drug release characteristics and adaptation scenarios are constantly expanded by optimizing the physicochemical properties of the solution and selecting the diversity of loaded substances. Multilayer fibers with different compositions and properties can be prepared by coaxial, multi-axis, and sequential electrospinning methods, which have broad development prospects. (5) The early application of the electrospinning drug delivery system of Chinese medicine focused on medical dressings according to the antibacterial and hemostatic functions. In recent years, it has been studied in the field of tissue engineering because some components of traditional Chinese medicine can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. (6) At present, the research mainly focuses on the characterization and optimization of loading materials, processes, physicochemical properties, and biological properties, but the research on the mechanism is less. Its clinical application has not been widespread; the adverse reactions in vivo and the interaction between its degradation behavior and drug release behavior are still unknown. (7) Future studies need to consider: We should expand the application of Chinese medicine by improving the physicochemical properties and increasing the purification of Chinese medicine extracts. We need to comprehensively study the therapeutic effects and application mechanisms of Chinese medicine, and clarify the interaction of degradation behavior and drug release behavior, to achieve a more perfect combination and application of Chinese medicine and electrospinning nanofibers under a more accurate mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new class of microfiltration (MF) membranes based on nanofibrous sub-layers was investigated in this study. To this end, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibrous layers were produced via electrospinning technique based on PET supports as baking material, and subsequently, the solvent vapor treatment was applied for pore size modification of nanofibrous membranes. Capillary flow porometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate of pore size and morphology of the membranes, respectively. Moreover, filtration performance was evaluated by water flux and microparticle/bacteria retention. The results showed that average pore size of PET electrospun nanofibrous membrane was greatly reduced from 1.2 to 0.4 µm during modification process. Solvent vapor-treated MF membranes show significantly higher flux and acceptable rejection compared to commercial MF membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-functional material was fabricated to mimic the periosteum for guided bone regeneration. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was fabricated into a gold-coated electrospun membrane. The gold-coated PVDF membranes were observed and characterized for their morphology and structural formation using light microscopy and differential calorimetry, respectively. Hydrophilicity, mechanical behavior, and electrical properties were evaluated from the results of the contact angle, universal testing machine, and an inductance–capacitance–resistance meter, respectively. MC3T3E1 osteoblast cells were seeded onto PVDF membranes with and without the gold coating. The cells on the seeded membranes were cultured under either a non-dynamic condition or a dynamic condition by shaking at 100 rpm (1.67 Hz). In vitro testing was performed to evaluate the biological performance (cell proliferation and viability), protein analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium content. PVDF with the gold coating had a higher melting temperature, hydrophilicity, and dielectric constant than without the gold coating. The gold-coated PVDF membranes showed a lower Young's modulus than the uncoated PVDF membranes. The seeded gold-coated and uncoated PVDF membranes under the dynamic condition had higher cell proliferation, viability, protein amount, ALP activity, calcium content, and calcium deposition than the PVDF membrane without either the gold coating or under the dynamic condition. Finally, the results deduced that the gold-coated PVDF membranes were able to mimic the periosteum with a dual function and showed promise for guided bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide nanofibers are widely used in several applications, including thermal insulation, fuel cells, flexible sensors, and catalyst support. Fiber morphology significantly affects their application performance. In this work, alumina-based nanofibers were successfully prepared using a sol-gel combined with an electrospinning method. The electrostatic polarity effects on fiber morphology were investigated. When fibers were electrospun by negative polarity at elevated voltages, the fibers retained uniform and smooth morphology, with a slightly increased average diameter and diameter uniformity. In contrast, ultra-thin nanofibers were generated when electrospinning was done under positive polarity. The strong charge repulsion by the agminated cations in the precursor caused bifurcations, finally forming ultra-thin nanofibers. At increased voltages, the electrospun fibers with positive polarity exhibited a distinctly increased average diameter and decreased diameter uniformity. This was attributed to the increased fiber whip scope, increasingly robust nonaxisymmetric whip behaviors, and fiber bifurcation during the jet whipping process. The results showed that the electrostatic polarities can affect the morphology of oxide fibers. This study provides guidance to prepare oxide nanofibers with desired morphology and specific requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible piezoelectric devices have attracted much attention in the fields of intelligent devices and biomedicine because of their high sensitivity, stability, and flexibility. In this paper, a multifunctional flexible pressure sensor was prepared by adding polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and carboxylic-terminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs) with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as the substrate. The β -phase content of PVDF/PAN blended fibers compounded with c-MWCNT was up to 95%. At the same time, when PAN was added, the mechanical properties of the composite fibers were constantly improved. The results show that the polymer blending method can improve the comprehensive properties of PVDF composite. The flexible sensor prepared from the PVDF/PAN/c-MWCNT composite film has an output voltage of 2.1 V and a current of 7 μ A. The addition of c-MWCNT can largely improve the sensitivity of the sensor (4.19 V N−1). The sensor is attached to the finger and shows good output performance under different degrees of bending of the finger. The maximum output voltage of the sensor is 0.4 V, 0.56 V and 1.15 V when the finger bending angle is 30°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. Moreover, the developed piezoelectric sensor can monitor large-scale movements of various parts of the human body. Therefore, this composite material shows potential in areas such as motion monitoring and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been a burgeoning interest in harnessing natural plant extracts for the development of innovative biological scaffolds. This article centers on the extraction of Parrotia persica extract and explores its potential suitability for integration into nanofibrous structures. In pursuit of this objective, nanofibers were meticulously crafted using a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the derived Parrotia persica extract (E), employing the electrospinning technique. Different PVA/E ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 50:50) were investigated. The formation of layer-by-layer structures (four layers) was achieved by sequentially electrospinning a layer of PCL nanofibers onto a collector, followed by the deposition of a layer of PVA/E ((80:20) and (50:50)) with the identical thickness. The results revealed that the layered fibers exhibited a strikingly three-dimensional architecture, closely resembling the natural extracellular matrix. Notably, among the samples, the PCL-PVA/E (80:20)-PCL composition demonstrated the most favorable morphology, featuring a contact angle of approximately 40.45° and a diameter measuring 403 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis conclusively confirmed the presence of Parrotia persica extract, PVA, and PCL within the intricate layers. Furthermore, fibroblast cell culture observations revealed the attachment and spreading of cells on the surface of the PVA/E (80:20)-PCL samples, underscoring their potential for facilitating cellular growth and tissue regeneration.Taking into account their highly desirable hydrophilic properties, the incorporation of Parrotia persica extract with its antibacterial and antioxidant attributes, as well as the presence of PCL endowed with elastic properties akin to those of natural skin, the prepared nanofibrous structures exhibit a promising outlook as viable skin substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major diseases that threaten human life and health. The construction of cardiac patch by tissue engineering method and biomaterials is a promising way to treat MI clinically by improving electromechanical signal transduction in MI area. A highly conductive electrospun fibre-engineered biomedical patch with porous structure, mechanical support and conductive property was prepared by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyaniline (PANI), graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). PLGA, PLGA/MWCNT, PLGA/GO electrospinning fibre membrane substrates were prepared first and then in-situ polymerization of aniline (ANI) to form PANI/PLGA and PANI/PLGA/MWCNT fibre conductive patches. PLGA-blended fibre patch had a smooth fibre surface and an uniform fibre diameter, porous structure, fibre parallel arrangement, in which PLGA/MWCNT had larger ultimate strength and Young’s modulus. When the ANI concentration was 0.4 mol l−1, electrical conductivity reached the maximum value, and the electrical conductivity of PANI/PLGA fibre patch was significantly larger than that of PANI/PLGA/MWCNT fibre patch as the ANI concentration increased, which were 1.56 × 10−2 and 6.06 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively. Highly conductive fibre membrane-engineered biomedical patch had excellent electrical and thermal stability, and improved signal transduction, with porous structure and mechanical support for potential MI repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were esterified using long-chain fatty acid chlorides (octanoyl chloride, lauroyl chloride, and palmitoyl chloride) and composited with a biodegradable polymer, polybutylene succinate (PBS). The composite material was fabricated into nano-scale fibers and films via electrospinning and electrospraying processes using chloroform as a solvent. The influence of process conditions, CNF type and CNF amount on morphologies were investigated. The diameter of the electrospun fibers was ranged from 648 to 975 nm and fibers with the lowest diameters were produced at 10% concentration, 15 kV voltage and 30 µL/min flow rate. Further, PBS to CNF ratio of 95/5 and CNF esterified with lauryl chloride produced the best results. Electrospraying was achieved at a concentration of 5% or less and the tensile properties of the resulting electrosprayed films were investigated. The highest increase in tensile strength was observed at a PBS to CNF ratio of 99/1, while the most significant enhancement in elastic modulus occurred at the 95/5 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PANI is a nanostructure conductive polymer that has been widely researched by making nanofibers using electrospinning, by adding PVA as a non-conductive material. In this research, we have successfully synthesized PVA/PANI nanofiber using the electrospinning method and applied it as a humidity sensor. The oxidation polymerization method was conducted to produce polyaniline (PANI) powder. PVA was used as a non-conductive polymer to carry PANI. PANI is blended with 10 % PVA to produce nanofiber PVA/PANI. The results of the synthesis of PVA/PANI nanofibers using the electrospinning method have been characterized by FTIR and EDX to identify the functional groups and elements of PVA/PANI. The FTIR results confirmed that for the PVA nanofiber samples, the type of polyvinyl alcohol bond has been identified according to the reference. The EDX results show the elements C, O and N. The element nitrogen (N) is the characteristic element of polyaniline (C6H5(NH)2)n. The optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope show that the electrospinning method has succeeded in synthesizing PVA/PANI nanofibers with a fiber size of around 0.313 mm. The porosity of PVA/PANI is around 55 %, which is related to the ability of PVA/PANI sensitivity to detect humidity. These results are demonstrated by measurements using a Four-Point Probe (FPP), with the humidity value varying from 64 - 80 %. The results show that variations of PANI powder content improve the sensitivity performance of PVA/PANI nanofibers. This method can optimize PVA/PANI nanofiber as a humidity sensor, increase conductivity flexibility, make it easier and enhance the PANI to use as an active sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many different types of wound dressings, nanofiber-based materials produced through electrospinning are claimed to be ideal because of their advantageous intrinsic properties and the feasibility of employing several strategies to load bioactive compounds into their structure. Bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties have been incorporated into different wound dressings to promote healing as well as prevent and treat bacterial infections. Among these, natural products, such as medicinal plant extracts and essential oils (EOs), have proven particularly attractive thanks to their nontoxic nature, minor side effects, desirable bioactive properties, and favorable effects on the healing process. To this end, the present review provides an exhaustive and up-to-date revision of the most prominent medicinal plant extracts and EOs with antimicrobial properties that have been incorporated into nanofiber-based wound dressings. The most common methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers include: pre-electrospinning (blend, encapsulation, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning), post-electrospinning (physical adsorption, chemical immobilization, and layer-by-layer assembly), and nanoparticle loading. Furthermore, a general overview of the benefits of EOs and medicinal plant extracts is presented, describing their intrinsic properties and biotechniques for their incorporation into wound dressings. Finally, the current challenges and safety issues that need to be adequately clarified and addressed are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, latanoprost-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/LAT) nanofibers were developed as an ocular drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment. The nanofibers were constructed via electrospinning and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The characterization studies were conducted by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analyses, water contact angle measurements, and also swelling and degradation studies. The PVA/LAT nanofibers crosslinked with 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 20 min had a cumulative release of 52% for 23 days. The results demonstrated that the PVA/LAT nanofibers have a usage potential as an ocular drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the last few decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new cleaning systems aimed at preserving cultural heritage. One of the main objectives is to selectively remove aged or undesirable coatings from painted surfaces while preventing the cleaning solvent from permeating and engaging with the pictorial layers. In this work, we propose the use of electrospun polyamide 6,6 nonwovens in conjunction with a green solvent (dimethyl carbonate). By adjusting the electrospinning parameters, we produced three distinct nonwovens with varying average fiber diameters, ranging from 0.4 μm to 2 μm. These samples were characterized and tested for their efficacy in removing dammar varnish from painted surfaces. In particular, the cleaning process was monitored using macroscale PL (photoluminescence) imaging in real-time, while post-application examination of the mats was performed through scanning electron microscopy. The solvent evaporation rate from the different nonwovens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and Proton Transfer Reaction- Time-of-Flight. It was observed that the application of the nonwovens with small or intermediate pore sizes for the removal of the terpenic varnish resulted in the swollen resin being absorbed into the mats, showcasing a peel-off effect. Thus, this protocol eliminates the need for further potentially detrimental removal procedures involving cotton swabs. The experimental data suggests that the peel-off effect relates to the microporosity of the mats, which enhances the capillary rise of the swollen varnish. Furthermore, the application of these systems to historical paintings underwent preliminary validation using a real painting from the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are cornerstone half reactions involved in many renewable energy technologies. High‐density single‐atom catalysts maximize the atom utilization and isolated active sites. Furthermore, introduction of pyri‐N into the carbon‐based nanostructures as an oxygen electrocatalyst creates an abundance of active sites. Here, an innovative strategy is reported based on atomic scale dispersion of Co atoms into the pyri‐N enriched carbon nanotube encapsulated Ni nanoparticles grown on 3D electrospun carbon nanofiber nano‐assemblies. Notably, the CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF electrocatalyst exhibited excellent OER and ORR activity in terms of low overpotentials and higher half‐wave potentials. The atomically distributed Co allows the maximum exposure of active sites on the pyri‐N dominated multidimensional carbon skeleton, and synergistic effects with Ni nanoparticles greatly reduced the delocalization around the metal centers and provided an ideal environment for interactions with oxygen intermediates, thus facilitating the 4e− pathway, as evidenced by the DFT calculations. Moreover, Zn‐air batteries using a CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF air cathode exhibited a high‐power density and admirable specific capacity. This studies may provide an avenue for the rational modulation of single‐atom catalysts and cost‐effective, large‐scale synthesis of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries and anion exchange membrane fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with piezoelectric properties, good biocompatibility and nontoxicity make it a suitable candidate for periosteal repair. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of PVDF bionic periosteum by electrospinning with zinc and magnesium ions in vitro. METHODS: Pure PVDF, zinc-doped PVDF, magnesium-doped PVDF and Zinc-magnesium ion PVDF piezoelectric bionic periosteum were prepared by electrospinning technology, respectively. They were named PVDF, PVDF-Zn, PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg, in which the mass fraction of zinc and magnesium ions were all 1%. Osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells were co-cultured with four groups of bionic periosteum. Cell compatibility of bionic periosteum was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining, CD31 immunofluorescence staining, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Osteoblasts: Alkaline phosphatase staining after 7 days of culture showed that the PVDF-Zn group secreted more alkaline phosphatase than the other three groups. Under a scanning electron microscopy, after 1 day of culture, the cells had a certain spread on the surface of PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg bionic periosteum, and the pseudopod extended to all sides. On day 3, the cell edge of each group extended pseudopods to the material. By days 5 and 7, the cells were fully spread, well grown and firmly covered the surface of the fibers, and the cellular pseudopods extended around and into the interstitial space of the fibers. CCK-8 assay showed that the cell proliferation on the bionic periosteum of each group showed an increasing trend over time and the relative proliferation rate of cells at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days was ≥75%, and the cytotoxicity was ≤ grade 1. (2) Vascular endothelial cells: CD31 immunofluorescence staining for 3 days showed that the cells adhered and spread well on the bionic periosteum of each group and connected with each other, and the number of cells in the PVDF-Zn-Mg group was more than that in the other three groups. Under scanning electron microscope, the cells began to adhere to the surface of each group of fibers after 1 and 3 days of culture. On day 5, the cells were well spread on the surface of the fibers and extended obvious pseudopods. On day 7, the cells on the PVDF-Mg and PVDF-Zn-Mg bionic periosteum grew in multiple layers and extended the pseudopod into the fibrous void. CCK-8 assay showed that the cell proliferation on the bionic periosteum of each group showed a downward trend over time, and the relative proliferation rate of cells at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days was ≥125%, and the cytotoxicity was grade 0. (3) The results showed that Zn-Mg electrospun PVDF piezoelectric bionic periosteum had good cytocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel wound dressings with therapeutic effects are being continually designed to improve the wound healing process. In this study, the structural, chemical, physical, and biological properties of an electrospun poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactide acid/platelet-rich plasma (PGS/PLA-PRP) nanofibers were evaluated to determine its impacts on in vitro wound healing. Results revealed desirable cell viability in the Fibroblast (L929) and macrophage (RAW-264.7) cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cell migration was evident in the scratch assay (L929 cell line) so that it promoted scratch contraction to accelerate in vitro wound healing. Moreover, addition of PRP to the fiber structure led to enhanced collagen deposition (~ 2 times) in comparison with PGS/PLA scaffolds. While by addition PRP to PGS/PLA fibers not only decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in RAW-264.7 cells but also led to significantly increased levels of cytokine (IL-10) and the growth factor (TGF-β), which are related to the anti-inflammatory phase (M2 phenotype). Finally, PGS/PLA-PRP was found to induce a significant level of angiogenesis by forming branching points, loops, and tubes. Based on the results obtained, the PGS/PLA-PRP dressing developed might be a promising evolution in skin tissue engineering ensuring improved wound healing and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering porous organic polymers (POPs) into 1D morphology holds significant promise for diverse applications due to their exceptional processability and increased surface contact for enhanced interactions with guest molecules. This article reviews the latest developments in nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, encompassing porous organic polymer nanofibers, their composites, and POPs‐derived carbon nanofibers. The review delves into the design and fabrication strategies, elucidates the formation mechanisms, explores their functional attributes, and highlights promising applications. The first section systematically outlines two primary fabrication approaches of nanofibrous POPs, i.e., direct bulk synthesis and electrospinning technology. Both routes are discussed and compared in terms of template utilization and post‐treatments. Next, performance of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are reviewed for applications including water treatment, water/oil separation, gas adsorption, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave absorption, and biomedical systems. Finally, highlighting existent challenges and offering future prospects of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Growing incidences of chronic wounds recommend the development of optimal therapeutic wound dressings. Electrospun nanofibers have been considered to show potential wound healing properties when accompanied by other wound dressing materials. This study aimed to explore the potential role of Chitosan (CS) nanofibrous mats coated with resveratrol (RS) as an antioxidant and pro‐angiogenic agent in rat models of skin wound healing.Electrospun chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technology and coated by 0.05 and 0.1 mg.ml resveratrol named as (CS/RS 0.05) and (CS/RS 0.1), respectively. The scaffolds were characterized physiochemically such as in vitro release study, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, biodegradability, and human dermal fibroblast seeding assay. The scaffold was subsequently used in vivo as a skin substitute on a rat skin wound model.In vitro tests revealed that all scaffolds promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. However, more cell viability was observed in CS/RS 0.1 scaffold. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was validated by MTT assay, and the results did not show any toxic effects on human dermal fibroblasts. It was observed that RS‐coated scaffolds had the ability to release RS in a controlled manner. In in vivo tests CS/RS 0.1 scaffold had the greatest impact on the healing process by improving the neodermis formation and modulated inflammation in wound granulation tissue. Histological analysis revealed enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, epithelialization and increased depth of wound granulation tissue.The RS‐coated CS/PEO nanofibrous scaffold accelerates wound healing and may be useful as a dressing for cell transfer and clinical skin regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a tertiary bile acid synthesized by the liver and has various functions such as promoting bile secretion, antibacterial effect, inflammatory treatment, cholesterol reduction, and degradation. UDCA seems to be a material that can be applied in many aspects, such as adding it to implant coating materials or wound coatings. However, until now, only experiments and studies have been conducted to administer UDCA orally as a drug. In this paper, research was conducted to serve as a foothold for the application of UDCA to in vitro research. In this study, polymer fibers were prepared using electrospinning technology by mixing UDCA with Polycaprolactone(PCL), a biocompatible polymer. Through various analyses, it was confirmed that UDCA was contained in the electrospun membrane. In addition, it was confirmed that UDCA functions properly through the appearance of antimicrobial properties in antimicrobial experiments. The PCL/UDCA electrospun fiber prepared in this study and the analysis results using it show that UDCA can be applied not only to oral drugs but also to various fields such as wound coverings and stent coating membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel multi-directional (MD) circular-shaped fiber piezoelectric sensor was developed to detect calligraphy writing force from various directions quantitatively. The sensor was fabricated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric fibers doped with Graphene and spun using direct-write near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. The NFES collector, designed as a rotating disc system, orderly collected the fibers to enhance the piezoelectric effect and dipole moments, forming the circular sensor. Flexible electrical electrodes with multiple signal output circuits were incorporated for calligraphy stroke sensing, bonded with circular PVDF fibers to create the flexible MD sensor. With inner and outer diameters of 20 mm and 60 mm, the circular sensor responded to deformable signals induced by calligraphy strokes. Parameters of sensor fabrication were optimized using the uniform design experimental method. Calibration involved tapping tests at 1–10 Hz to correlate fiber output voltage with the corresponding force. The single sensor reached a maximum voltage output of approximately 908 mV and detected forces ranging from 0.1 to 50 N. After validating the MD circular-shaped piezoelectric sensor, a 3 × 3 sensor array was configured for calligraphy writing force sensing, providing quantitative measurements of dynamic responses during writing, valuable as a data source for apprentice learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, electrospun scaffolds were fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with varying concentrations of β-carotene (1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6%) via the electrospinning technique. The electrospinning process involved the melting of PCL in acetic acid, followed by the incorporation of β-carotene powder under constant stirring. Raman spectroscopy revealed a homogeneous distribution of β-carotene within the PCL matrix. However, the β-carotene appeared in particulate form, rather than being dissolved and blended with the PCL matrix, a result also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a decrease in crystallinity with increasing β-carotene concentration. Mechanical testing of the scaffolds demonstrated an increase in ultimate strain, accompanied by a reduction in ultimate stress, indicating a potential plasticizing effect. Moreover, antimicrobial assays revealed a marginal antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli for scaffolds with higher β-carotene concentrations. Conversely, preliminary biological assessment using KUSA-A1 mesenchymal cells indicated enhanced cellular proliferation in response to the scaffolds, suggesting the potential biocompatibility and cell-stimulating properties of β-carotene-loaded PCL scaffolds. Overall, this study provides insights into the fabrication and characterization of electrospun PCL scaffolds containing β-carotene, laying the groundwork for further exploration in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unique morphology and mechanical properties of multi-jet electrospun cashew gum (CG) when combined with high-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) and glycerol. Cashew gum (CG) is a low-cost, non-toxic heteropolysaccharide derived from Anacardium occidentale trees. Initially, the electrospinnability of aqueous solutions of cashew gum alone or in combination with PEO was evaluated. It was found that cashew gum alone was not suitable for electrospinning; thus, adding a small quantity of PEO was needed to create the necessary molecular entanglements for fiber formation. By using a single emitter with a CG:PEO ratio of 85:15, straight and smooth fibers with some defects were obtained. However, additional purification of the cashew gum solution was needed to produce more stable and defect-free straight and smooth fibers. Additionally, the inclusion of glycerol as a plasticizer was required to overcome material fragility. Interestingly, when the optimized formulation was electrospun using multiple simultaneous emitters, thicker aligned fiber bundles were achieved. Furthermore, the resulting oriented fiber mats exhibited unexpectedly high elongation at break under ambient conditions. These findings underscore the potential of this bio-polysaccharide-based formulation for non-direct water contact applications that demand elastic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a vitamin C controlled-release system, trackable via color changes as a function of vitamin C release. The system is composed of coaxial microfibers prepared via coaxial electrospinning, with a core of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) incorporating vitamin C, and a shell composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) containing polydiacetylene (PDA) as the color-changing material. The shell thickness is controlled by adjusting the amount of PCL ejected during electrospinning, allowing regulation of the release rate of vitamin C. When vitamin C added to PEO penetrates the PCL layer, the color of PDA changes from blue to red, indicating a color change. The results of this study can be applied to devices that require immediate detection of vitamin C release levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the interest in responsive fibrous structures has surged, propelling them into diverse applications: from wearable textiles that adapt to their surroundings, to filtration membranes dynamically altering selectivity, these structures showcase remarkable versatility. Various stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, electricity, and chemical compounds, can serve as triggers to unleash physical or chemical changes in response. Processing methodologies such as weaving or knitting using responsive yarns, electrospinning, as well as coating procedures, enable the integration of responsive materials into fibrous structures. They can respond to these stimuli, and comprise shape memory materials, temperature-responsive polymers, chromic materials, phase change materials, photothermal materials, among others. The resulting effects can manifest in a variety of ways, from pore adjustments and altered permeability to shape changing, color changing, and thermal regulation. This review aims to explore the realm of fibrous structures, delving into their responsiveness to external stimuli, with a focus on temperature, light, and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wound dressings have not been able to satisfy the needs of the regenerative medicine biomedical area. With the aim of improving tissue regeneration, nanofiber-based wound dressings fabricated by electrospinning (ES) processes have emerged as a powerful approach. Nowadays, nanofiber-based bioactive dressings are mainly developed with a combination of natural and synthetic polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and chitosan (CHI). Accordingly, herein, PCL/CHI nanofibers have been developed with varying PCL:CHI weight ratios (9:1, 8:2 and 7:3) or CHI viscosities (20, 100 and 600 mPa·s) using a novel alternating current ES (ACES) process. Such nanofibers were thoroughly characterized by determining physicochemical and nanomechanical properties, along with wettability, absorption capacity and hydrolytic plus enzymatic stability. Furthermore, PCL/CHI nanofiber biological safety was validated in terms of cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility (hemolysis < 2%), in addition to a notable antibacterial performance (bacterial reductions of 99.90% for S. aureus and 99.91% for P. aeruginosa). Lastly, the enhanced wound healing activity of PCL/CHI nanofibers was confirmed thanks to their ability to remarkably promote cell proliferation, which make them ideal candidates for long-term applications such as wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination compounds, like iron(II) triazole complexes, exhibit spin crossover (SCO) behavior at around room temperature. Therefore, they are interesting for a variety of possible applications, and it is convenient to integrate them into polymers. Due to a reduction of the iron content and thus also 57Fe content in the sample through integration in polymers, Mössbauer measurements are only possible with greater difficulty or very long measurement times without expensive enrichment of the samples with 57Fe. So, other ways of improving the Mössbauer signal for these composite materials are necessary. Therefore, we pressed these composite materials to improve the Mössbauer spectra. In this study, we synthesized an iron(II) triazole spin crossover complex and an electrospun polymer complex composite nanofiber material including the same complex. For both products, Mössbauer measurements were performed at room temperature before and after using a press to show that the complex composite is not harmed through pressing. We investigate the influence of the pressing impact on the Mössbauer measurements in the context of measurement statistics and the measured signals. We show that pressing is not connected to any changes in the sample regarding the spin and oxidation state. We present that pressing improves the statistics of the Mössbauer measurements significantly. Furthermore, we use SEM measurements and PXRD to investigate whether or not the obtained fiber mats are destroyed in the pressing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33) mapping of polymer ultrafine fibers of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), as well as of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as a reference material, obtained by rotating electrospinning, was carried out by piezoresponse force microscopy in the constant-excitation frequency-modulation mode (CE-FM-PFM). PFM mapping of single fibers reveals their piezoelectric activity and provides information on its distribution along the fiber length. Uniform behavior is typically observed on a length scale of a few micrometers. In some cases, variations with sinusoidal dependence along the fiber are reported, compatibly with a possible twisting around the fiber axis. The observed features of the piezoelectric yield have motivated numerical simulations of the surface displacement in a piezoelectric ultrafine fiber concerned by the electric field generated by biasing of the PFM probe. Uniform alignment of the piezoelectric axis along the fiber would comply with the uniform but strongly variable values observed, and sinusoidal variations were occasionally found on the fibers laying on the conductive substrate. Furthermore, in the latter case, numerical simulations show that the piezoelectric tensor's shear terms should be carefully considered in estimations since they may provide a remarkably different contribution to the overall deformation profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning has revolutionized the field of semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors, which are pivotal for gas detection. SMOs are known for their high sensitivity, rapid responsiveness, and exceptional selectivity towards various types of gases. When synthesized via electrospinning, they gain unmatched advantages. These include high porosity, large specific surface areas, adjustable morphologies and compositions, and diverse structural designs, improving gas-sensing performance. This review explores the application of variously structured and composed SMOs prepared by electrospinning in gas sensors. It highlights strategies to augment gas-sensing performance, such as noble metal modification and doping with transition metals, rare earth elements, and metal cations, all contributing to heightened sensitivity and selectivity. We also look at the fabrication of composite SMOs with polymers or carbon nanofibers, which addresses the challenge of high operating temperatures. Furthermore, this review discusses the advantages of hierarchical and core-shell structures. The use of spinel and perovskite structures is also explored for their unique chemical compositions and crystal structure. These structures are useful for high sensitivity and selectivity towards specific gases. These methodologies emphasize the critical role of innovative material integration and structural design in achieving high-performance gas sensors, pointing toward future research directions in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) have emerged as a cutting‐edge solution for membrane distillation (MD), recognized for their highly porous and interconnected architecture. This distinctive structure enables them to offer minimal mass transfer resistance, making them exceptionally suited for high‐efficiency membrane‐based separation processes. However, the very porosity that defines their strength also renders them vulnerable to fouling, scaling, and wetting during operation, which in turn compromises their performance. Current research efforts are geared toward overcoming these obstacles by refining the surface design and characteristics of ENMs. This review delves into the latest advancements in surface‐enhanced electrospun nanofiber membranes tailored for MD applications. It discusses the existing gaps in research and provides forward‐looking insights into the future of ENMs, spotlighting the development of membranes with precisely tunable surface attributes for optimized performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New nanostructures betokening new nanotechnology and nanoscience. In this work, novel one-dimensional (1D) Y2(Zr0.6Ti0.4)2O7:Eu tube-in-tube nanostructures were fabricated by a simple single-nozzle electrospinning method. The Y2(Zr0.6Ti0.4)2O7:Eu double-layered nanotube consisted of an outer tube with a diameter of 250–340 nm and an inner tube with a diameter of 80–110 nm. The wall thickness of the outer tube is ∼30 nm. The wall thickness of the inner tube is ∼25 nm. The key to this technique is to utilize the difference in hydrolysis rates between the titanium source and the zirconium source in an air atmosphere with a humidity of 40–45% to obtain nanoscale tube-in-tube structures. The Y2(Zr0.6Ti0.4)2O7:Eu tube-in-tube nanostructures exhibit excellent luminescence stability and lower color drift performance at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing popularity of wearable electronics has sparked interest in flexible energy harvesters as alternatives to conventional batteries. Flexible magnetoelectric (ME) composites, known for converting ambient magnetic field energy into useable power, are emerging as promising autonomous energy sources for integration into wearable devices. In this study, we prepared flexible (PVDF-AlN)–(NiO–CNF) based ME composites using two different methods: solution-casting and electrospinning techniques. The ME coupling was confirmed by measuring the ferroelectric and magnetic properties of the composite, and it was qualitatively characterized through the ME coupling coefficient. The electrospinning fibers-based ME composite exhibited an optimal value of 10.6 V/cm.Oe, significantly higher than the solution-casting films-based ME composite (1.3 V/cm.Oe) under a 1 kHz AC magnetic field (off-resonance condition). Subsequently, a flexible magneto-mechano-electric (MME) generator was designed using electrospun-derived material, harvesting a sinusoidal wave with a maximum output peak-to-peak voltage of 9.02 V. The generator displayed an optimal DC power density of 97 μW/m2 when exposed to a weak AC magnetic field of 6 Oe at a frequency of 50 Hz. Consequently, it holds great promise as an efficient autonomous power supply for medical sensing and various miniature electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the fabrication of electrospun casein/PVA nanofibers containing metal-organic framework (MOF) with antibacterial and hemostatic properties. Different amounts of MOF particles (1–5 wt.%) were incorporated into casein/PVA nanofibers through a concurrent electrospinning technique. The surface property, structure, and morphology of fabricated nanofibrous composites were characterized by different techniques, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement. The results revealed the formation of uniform and bead-free nanofibers with an average diameter between 80 and 150 nm. It is shown that the MOF addition during the electrospinning of casein/PVA nanofibers enhances the wettability properties and hemostatic performance. The highest hydrophilicity was obtained for casein/PVA-MOF-1% with a contact angle of about 42°. Blood clotting time results revealed the significant role of MOF in the shortening of the clotting time, beneficial from the porous nature of MOF and the hydrophilic nature of casein/PVA-MOF nanofibrous composites. Additionally, the casein/PVA-MOF nanofibrous composites exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, thanks to the presence of zinc-based MOF. The results of this study suggest that the developed casein/PVA-MOF nanofibrous composite can be considered an excellent candidate for utilization in hemostatic wound dressing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning has become a facile, novel, and sophisticated method for fabricating 1D objects using repulsive force. This technique has garnered much attention as it can produce nanofibers with a larger surface area and maximum porosity, which makes their surface morphology more desirable for biomedical and bioengineering approaches. This cutting-edge allows for greater versatility and adaptability in nanofibre fabrication, which opens up new possibilities for use in fields like medication delivery and tissue engineering. The electrospinning technique of nanofiber is discussed in detail, along with its current and future applications and possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiBCN ceramic materials are widely studied in electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, their practical application is limited due to the problem of poor impedance matching. In this study, SiBCN (Ni) fibers were successfully prepared by doping magnetic metal Ni, and the absorption properties of the samples were systematically investigated at different high-temperature treatments (1200 °C–1500 °C). The results showed that the doping of Ni contributed to the formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which could enhance the improvement of conductive loss performance. Additionally, the catalytic effect of Ni promoted the formation of various crystals, including Ni 2 Si, β-SiC, Si 3 N 4 , and Si 2 N 2 O, resulting in the presence of multiple heterogeneous interfaces and excellent polarization loss capability. The Ni 2 Si particles acted as magnetic loss units, thereby enhancing the impedance matching of the fibers. Consequently, the SiBCN (Ni) sample prepared at 1300 °C exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −21.38 dB and an effective absorption band (EAB) of 3.68 GHz. In addition, SiBCN (Ni) fibers coating proved effective in reducing Radar Cross Section (RCS) signals. Therefore, these findings suggest that SiBCN (Ni) fibers have the potential to serve as EMW absorbers in military radar and satellite communication. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the solubility of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in various solvents (to achieve an 8 % (w/v) polymer solution) and its impact on the morphology of electrospun PLA nanofibers. Several solvents, such as dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CHL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone (AC), acetonitrile (ACTNR), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), ethylene glycol (ETGLY), distilled water (WATER), methanol (MEOH), formic acid (FA), and n‐hexane (NHX) were used in their pure and binary forms at several ratios (4 : 1, 2 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4). The study aims to explore the correlation between PLA solubility and its electrospinnability using solvents mapped from the Teas graph across different parameter zones and chemical groups. Hansen solubility parameters, including dispersion cohesion fractional solubility parameter (fd), the polar cohesion fractional solubility parameter (fp) was employed to identify the most effective solvents for PLA dissolution. Teas graph analysis highlighted a correlation between PLA solubility and solvent proximity to Hansen solubility parameters. Additionally, the solubility time varied between 1 hour and 24 hours. Polar solvents such as DCM, CHL, THF, ACTNR, and FA were able to dissolve 8 % (w/v) of PLA at different times, but only very high and effective dissolution of PLA was achieved in pure DCM and CHL whereas FA dissolved PLA in 24 hours, which resulted in the slowest solubility rate. Several structures of nanofibers, such as smooth, heterogenous, porous, fibrous, and beaded, were observed and discussed accordingly in terms of solvent type and ratio. The average nanofiber diameter ranged between 0.18 μm and 3.81 μm. Moreover, physical tests, including surface tension, density, viscosity, and conductivity, were conducted on solvent systems and CHL displayed higher viscosity, while ACTNR had the lowest viscosity and highest conductivity among pure solvents. According to the results of our study, it is possible to design further studies with the aim of deciding which solvents or binary forms should be applied to dissolve PLA within a certain time. The desired structure can be easily arranged to be used as a filter, biomimicking tissue environment, drug delivery system, or extra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning is a well-established technique for creating submicron polymer fibers to create distinctive functional nanostructures. Electrospinning parameters including solution concentration, tip-to-collector distance and applied voltage are adjusted to produce nonwovens with variable fiber diameter distributions. This research on the response surface methodology (RSM) is being used to model the diameter of a polyamide-6,6 (PA-6,6) nanofiber mat. The experiments were designed using central composite design (CCD) and RSM, which evaluated the interactions between the operating variables (polymer concentration, applied positive voltage, needle tip to collector distance and spinning angle) on the diameter of the PA-6,6 nanofiber. The average nanofiber diameter increased as the concentration of the PA-6,6 polymer solution increased. The model’s strong regression coefficient (R2 = 0.98) reveals that it did a desirable of predicting the diameter of PA-6,6 fibers. The experimental findings and predicted fiber diameters were in good agreement. The results demonstrate that the optimization of electrospinning process to produce the smallest nanofibers and narrowest diameter distribution (183 ±nm) combined effects of 10% polymer concentration, 21kV applied positive voltage, 18cm needle tip to collector distance and 60∘ spinning angle are substantial interacting effects that have an impact on the surface response nanofibers. The results of the research and several mathematical models will offer useful guidelines for choosing parameter settings for electrospinning PA-6,6 to achieve the required fiber diameter. By saving time, effort and money more effectively, this research will expand the field of investigation for the quality of electrospun nanofibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital defect of the spine characterised by meningeal and spinal cord protrusion through the open vertebral arches. This defect causes progressive prenatal damage of the spinal cord, leading to lifelong handicap. Although mid‐trimester surgical repair may reduce part of the handicap, an earlier and less invasive approach would further improve the prognosis, possibly minimising maternal and foetal risks. Several studies have proposed an alternative approach to surgical repair by covering the defect with a patch and protecting the exposed neural tissue. Our study aims to elaborate on a waterproof and biodegradable bioactive patch for MMC prenatal foetal repair. We developed a double‐layer patch that can provide a waterproof coverage for the spinal cord, with a bioactive side, conducive to cell proliferation, and an antiadhesive side to avoid its attachment to the medulla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound management for acute and chronic wounds has become a serious clinical problem worldwide, placing considerable pressure on public health systems. Owing to the high‐precision, adjustable pore structure, and repeatable manufacturing process, 3D‐printed electrospun fibre (3DP‐ESF) has attracted widespread attention for fabricating wound dressing. In addition, in comparison with 2D electrospun fibre membranes fabricated by traditional electrospinning, the 3D structures provide additional guidance on cell behaviour. In this perspective article, we first summarise the basic manufacturing principles and methods to fabricate 3DP‐ESF. Then, we discuss the function of 3DP‐ESF in manipulating the different stages of wound healing, including anti‐bacteria, anti‐inflammation, and promotion of cell migration and proliferation, as well as the construction of tissue‐engineered scaffolds. In the end, we provide the current challenge faced by 3DP‐ESF in the application of skin wound regeneration and its promising future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersions of polymer and cerium acetate were deposited by electrospinning as nanofibers onto a metallic target, with the concentration of the precursor varied from 15% down to 3% (in weight). The different samples of deposited material were then transformed into CeO2 nanowires by thermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 350 to 950 °C. Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction data indicate a full conversion into cerium dioxide for all mass ratios without indicating other stoichiometries. Scanning Electron Microscopy shows the formation of nanowires, with diameters varying from (81 ± 5) nm to (200 ± 10) nm for cerium acetate concentrations ranging from 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Transmission Electron Microscopy reveals that the nanowires are polycrystalline, and nanocrystal average sizes are compatible with the crystalline coherence length extracted from X-Ray Diffraction. The Thermal Treatment temperature does not seem to affect the nanowire average diameter; thus, this fabrication method's main control parameter for tailoring the CeO2 nanowire diameter by this fabrication method is the cerium acetate concentration within the deposition solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk fibroin (SF), a natural protein derived from silkworms, has emerged as a promising biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, degradation rate, and tunable mechanical properties. This review delves into the intrinsic attributes of SF that make it an attractive candidate for scaffold development in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The distinctiveness of this comprehensive review resides in its detailed exploration of recent advancements in the fabrication techniques of SF‐based fibrous scaffolds, namely electrospinning, freeze‐drying, and 3D printing. An in‐depth analysis of these fabrication techniques is conducted to illustrate their versatility in customizing essential scaffold characteristics, such as porosity, fiber diameter, and mechanical strength. The article meticulously discusses process parameters, advantages, and challenges of each fabrication technique, highlighting the innovative advancements made in the respective field. Furthermore, the review goes beyond fabrication techniques to provide an overview of the latest biomedical applications and research endeavors utilizing SF‐derived scaffolds. From nerve regeneration and wound healing to drug delivery, bone regeneration, and vascular tissue engineering, the diverse applications underscore the versatility of SF in adopting various biomedical challenges. Finally, the article emphasizes the need for standardized characterization techniques, scalable manufacturing processes, and long‐term in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing can be a complex and slow process for the human body, particularly if it is chronic. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be used to accelerate wound healing. As opposed to current PDT studies using well‐known photosensitizers, this work use novel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) containing hybrid nanofibers prepared by electrospinning techniques to enhance wound healing with/without UV light. Blend and core‐sheath nozzles are utilized to obtain sustainable and biocompatible MNP‐PVA blend, and core‐sheath hybrid nanofibers and 30, 60, and 300 s of UV‐A irradiation are tested in terms of photoinactivation efficiencies for Escherichia coli (E. coli). The MNP‐PVA blend with a diameter of 324 nm and the core‐sheath nanofibers with a diameter of 468 nm both showed killing effect on E. coli about 41.6% and 32%, respectively, under 30 s of UV‐A irradiation. Increased irradiation time activates the protective effect of MNPs located in nanofibers, thereby decreasing photoinactivation efficiency. Moreover, the MNP‐PVA core‐sheath nanofibers with 30 s of UV‐A irradiation promote the closure of wound to 99.2% at 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral bone defects occur as a result of trauma, cancer, infections, periodontal diseases, and caries. Autogenic and allogenic grafts are the gold standard used to treat and regenerate damaged or defective bone segments. However, these materials do not possess the antimicrobial properties necessary to inhibit the invasion of the numerous deleterious pathogens present in the oral microbiota. In the present study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), and a commercial extract of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) were electrospun into polymeric matrices to assess their potential for drug delivery and bone regeneration. The fabricated matrices were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR assay, and in vitro hydrolytic degradation. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated against the oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The cytocompatibility was proved using the MTT assay. SEM analysis established the nanostructured matrices present in the three-dimensional interconnected network. The present research provides new information about the interaction of natural compounds with ceramic and polymeric biomaterials. The hop extract and other natural or synthetic medicinal agents can be effectively loaded into PCL fibers and have the potential to be used in oral applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the successful fabrication of a new nanofibrous membrane, F-PI/PAN, through electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and fluorinated polyimide (F-PI). The nanofibrous membrane exhibits comprehensive properties for high-temperature filtration and robust PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 2.5 microns or less) removal. The introduction of F enhances the hydrophobicity of the PI. The relationship between the hydrophobic performance and the filtration performance of particles is investigated. The chemical group of the composite membrane was demonstrated using FITR, while the surface morphology was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The TGA results indicated good thermal stability at 300 °C. Various ratios of F-PI membranes were prepared to characterize the change in properties, with the optimal mass ratio of F-PI being 20 wt%. As the proportion of F-PI increases, its mechanical and filtration efficiency properties and hydrophobicity become stronger. The contact angle reaches its maximum of 128 ± 5.2° when PAN:F-PI = 6:4. Meanwhile, when PAN:F-PI = 8:2, the filtration efficiency reaches 99.4 ± 0.3%, and the elongation at break can reach 76%. The fracture strength can also reach 7.1 MPa, 1.63 times that of the pure PAN membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a synthetic polymer that holds significance in various fields such as biomedical, medical, and electronics, due to its biocompatibility and exceptional dielectric properties. Electrospinning is the most commonly used tool to fabricate fibers because of its convenience and the wide choice of parameter optimization. Various parameters, including solution molarity, flow rate, voltage, needle gauge, and needle-to-collector distance, can be optimized to obtain the desired morphology of the fibers. Although PVP is commercially available in various molecular weights, PVP with a molecular weight of 130,000 g/mol is generally considered to be the easiest PVP to fabricate fibers with minimal challenges. However, the fiber diameter in this case is usually in the micron regime, which limits the utilization of PVP fibers in fields that require fiber diameters in the nano regime. Generally, PVP with a lower molecular weight, such as 10,000 g/mol and 55,000 g/mol, is known to present challenges in fiber preparation. In the current study, parameter optimization for PVP possessing molecular weights of 10,000 g/mol and 55,000 g/mol was carried out to obtain nanofibers. The electrospinning technique was utilized for fiber fabrication by optimizing the above-mentioned parameters. SEM analysis was performed to analyze the fiber morphology, and quantitative analysis was performed to correlate the effect of parameters on the fiber morphology. This research study will lead to various applications, such as drug encapsulation for sustained drug release and nanoparticles/nanotubes encapsulation for microwave absorption applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable (BP) poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) membranes are widely used in tissue engineering. Here, we investigate the effects of varying concentrations of PDLLA/gelatin membranes electrospun in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP; C3H2F6O) solvent on their mechanical and physical properties as well as their biocompatibility. Regardless of the environmental conditions, increasing the gelatin content resulted in elevated stress and reduced strain at membrane failure. There was a remarkable difference in strain-to-failure between dry and wet PDLLA/gelatin membranes, with wet strains consistently higher than those of the dry membranes because of the hydrophilic nature of gelatin. A similar wet strain (εw = 2.7–3.0) was observed in PDLLA/gelatin membranes with a gelatin content between 10 and 40%. Both dry and wet stresses increased with increasing gelatin content. The dry stress on PDLLA/gelatin membranes (σd = 6.7–9.7 MPa) consistently exceeded the wet stress (σw = 4.5–8.6 MPa). The water uptake capacity (WUC) improved, increasing from 57% to 624% with the addition of 40% gelatin to PDLLA. PDLLA/gelatin hybrid membranes containing 10 to 20 wt% gelatin exhibited favorable wet mechanical properties (σw = 5.4–6.3 MPa; εw = 2.9–3.0); WUC (337–571%), degradability (11.4–20.2%), and excellent biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, spider web is an interwoven network with high stability and elasticity from silk threads secreted by spider. Inspired by the structure of spider webs, light‐driven liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) active yarn is designed with super‐contractile and robust weavability. Herein, a novel biomimetic gold nanorods (AuNRs) @LCE yarn soft actuator with hierarchical structure is fabricated by a facile electrospinning and subsequent photocrosslinking strategies. Meanwhile, the inherent mechanism and actuation performances of the as‐prepared yarn actuator with interleaving network are systematically analyzed. Results demonstrate that thanks to the unique "like‐spider webs" structure between fibers, high molecular orientation within the LCE microfibers and good flexibility, they can generate super actuation strain (≈81%) and stable actuation performances. Importantly, benefit from the robust covalent bonding at the organic–inorganic interface, photopolymerizable AuNRs molecules are uniformly introduced into the polymer backbone of electrospun LCE yarn to achieve tailorable shape‐morphing under different light intensity stimulation. As a proof‐of‐concept illustration, light‐driven artificial muscles, micro swimmers, and hemostatic bandages are successfully constructed. The research disclosed herein can offer new insights into continuous production and development of LCE‐derived yarn actuator that are of paramount significance for many applications from smart fabrics to flexible wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Sm 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3-δ (SSC) nanofiber materials were prepared by electrospinning for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). We presented an efficient strategy for fabricating fiber electrodes with a good three-dimensional network structure using PVP as a softening agent. The SSC nanofibers prepared by electrospinning method have good contact with the electrolyte and excellent electrochemical performance as SOFCs cathode material. Compared to the SSC nanoparticles cathode, the cathodic polarization resistance of SSC nanofiber cathode decreased by 32.3%, 27.9%, 27.7%, and 12.1% at 500 °C, 550 °C, 600 °C, and 650 °C, respectively. It is proposed that the high-voltage electric field can inhibit the Sr bias on the surface of the material, which favoring the migration of oxygen ions and electrons. Furthermore, in a single cell with SSC nanofiber electrodes, we achieved a maximum power density of 0.494 W/cm2 and 0.766 W/cm2 at 600 °C and 650 °C, respectively, which demonstrating good electrochemical output performance. • An efficient strategy for fabricating fiber electrodes with a good 3D network structure using PVP as a softening agent • SSC nanofibers prepared by electrospinning method have excellent electrochemical performance • High-voltage electric field can inhibit the Sr bias on the surface of the material • A maximum power density of 0.494 W/cm2 and 0.766 W/cm2 at 600 °C and 650 °C, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]