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Covert repression techniques, such as the use of digital technologies in surveillance, censorship and disinformation, have become a pervasive tool of autocracies worldwide. This research note discusses one of the possible explanatory factors fostering covert repression: autocratic linkages. Building on policy-learning, autocratic regional integration and linkages literature, this research note asks the following question: How can strong linkages with each other help autocracies achieve high levels of covert repression? By using Kazakhstan as a typical case of an informational autocracy, three possible causal channels through which autocratic linkages could impact covert repression are proposed: policy-learning, preferential trade in repression tech and preferential provision of expertise. In doing so, the note aims to encourage more comparative and process-tracing-based research on the role of autocratic linkages in authoritarian repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the number of cases of international parental child abduction has remained consistent in the past decade, despite the array of legal provisions designed to prevent it. The current legal approach is ineffective. Reflecting on the findings of an empirical study on parental abduction from the UK, the article considers a novel solution which aims to protect children at risk of abduction through electronic monitoring. The electronic monitoring of children has negative connotations, particularly its use in the criminal justice system. The article considers whether electronic monitoring, in the context of family law proceedings, could serve a protective rather than a punitive purpose. Such an approach requires a conceptual shift, to view electronic monitoring as a bodyguard for the privileged few, rather than as a prison guard. The article reflects on the use of electronic monitoring in parental abduction cases by the Family Courts and examines the proposal drawing on the rights found in the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A rights‐based analysis, as opposed to one constructed solely on the child's best interests in English family law, enables its application in other legal jurisdictions and protective contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare diseases (RDs) bear a significant challenge to individuals, healthcare systems, and societies. The European reference network on Rare BONe diseases (ERN BOND) is committed to improving multidisciplinary, patient-centred care for individuals with rare bone and mineral diseases (RBMDs). Its affiliated project, the European registries for rare bone and mineral conditions (EuRR-Bone) collects data using two different platforms, an electronic surveillance system (e-REC) that captures the occurrence of RBMDs and the Core Registry, a platform with the infrastructure for collecting Core data fields and longitudinal generic and condition-specific information. With emerging registries and the overlap with other ERNs, it is key to maintain the capability of the platforms to adapt to the needs of the network and the community whilst adhering to quality and FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) principles. This binomial ensures long-term sustainability and potential advances in the care pathway of RBMDs whilst promoting good practice standards within Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: An analysis of a single‐ended high‐efficiency broadband parallel‐circuit (PC) Class‐E power amplifier (PA) with a single reactance compensation technique (RCT) and low‐pass (LP) Chebyshev impedance transformer is first presented under low supply voltage. Analysis of the gate and drain voltage allows to determine the required optimum voltage values for the expected PA design objectives. Derivation and design procedure of the broadband matching network (MN) is provided, which can effectively filter out higher order harmonics and reduce circuit complexity. In addition, the load adaptability for this PA is studied, achieving higher than 67.87% drain efficiency (DE) in the case of load mismatch. A PC Class‐E PA based on NMOS transistor is designed and implemented to validate the analysis over a frequency band of 7–9.4 MHz. Experimental results show that the PA delivers 36.48–38.83 dBm output power with a DE of 84.91% to 86.91%, as well as achieves 83.98% to 86.28% power‐added efficiency (PAE), 19.48–21.83 dB gain with a low supply voltage of 12 V. It is also demonstrated that the experimental results exhibit good agreement with the simulation results, which prototype the radio frequency identification transmitter with broadband high‐efficiency and system compactness. To the author's knowledge, this study represents the first approach to design broadband PC Class‐E PA under low supply voltage for Internet of Things (IoT) applications at HF frequency band, such as electronic article surveillance (EAS) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching-mode power amplifiers have provided unprecedented opportunities for modern wireless communication technology. However, its single-ended structure suffers from significant harmonic interferences on signal transmission; in some cases, higher return loss caused by the impedance mismatch may damage or even destroy the device directly. Here it shows, analytically and experimentally, a broadband push–pull parallel-circuit (PC) Class-E power amplifier (PA) which can present high efficiency and flatness gain over a wide frequency range. Based on the broadband capability of the proposed structure, a highly-efficient push–pull PC Class-E PA combining single reactance compensation technique and Chebyshev low-pass impedance matching network (MN) is designed and fabricated. Experimental results demonstrated that a drain efficiency of 93.71–94.62% operating from 7.0 to 9.4 MHz, as well as output power (Pout) of 42.1–44.57 dBm and power gain of 14.1–16.57 dB are obtained. The measurement results show good agreements with the simulation results, which may be a potential candidate for electronic article surveillance (EAS) applications operating in the high-frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational Human Rights Violations (THRV) are infringements of individual rights that originate outside the jurisdiction in which they take effect. Ranging from violent and criminal forms of transnational repression through to coercion against targets' family members abroad, digital surveillance, and legal intimidation, THRVs today generate widespread and systemic constraints on the exercise of human rights in jurisdictions around the world. At present, however, targets of THRVs typically find few avenues through which to raise complaints, receive assistance or pursue redress. This article proposes a new domestic institutional mechanism to directly address this situation. It first examines the mutually reinforcing, additive effects of transnational surveillance, coercion and censorship in the digital era. Next, it identifies relevant human rights standards showing state responsibilities to monitor and counter THRVs within their jurisdiction, and the growing recognition of additive, systemic effects of THRVs on broad populations. The third section examines policy responses in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and international organizations, noting that none has adequately addressed the contemporary nature and scope of THRVs as international standards require. The final section argues that to meet their obligations, states should establish Transnational Rights Protection Offices (TRPOs) to provide a clear contact point for targets to raise complaints and receive support; monitor and report on the situation of THRVs taking effect within the state's jurisdiction; advise and inform government departments on THRV issues; and develop evidence-based policy recommendations. We conclude by laying out the rationale for its institutional status within National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growth in the use of electronic monitoring (EM), and Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) tracking in particular over the last 20 years, limited research has examined the effectiveness of these approaches on community supervision outcomes (e.g. likelihood of failure on community supervision). This study makes use of data from over 59,000 probation cases collected over a 40-year time span in a midwestern state. Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM), the study compares the rates of unsuccessful sentence completion among those who were supervised with and without any EM (and also GPS specifically). Results reveal that after matching cases on a variety of relevant controls (e.g. demographics, risk level, current offense type), those receiving EM while on probation were significantly more likely to fail to complete their term of supervision, with similar results for those who received GPS, specifically. Limitations of the study and implications for the use of EM/GPS with probationers as a potential alternative to prison are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basketball-related fractures involving the lower extremities frequently present to emergency departments (ED) in the United States (US). This study aimed to identify the primary mechanisms, distribution, and trends of these injuries. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that (1) lower extremity fracture frequency will decrease from 2013 to 2022, (2) the ankle will be the most common fracture site, and (3) noncontact twisting will be the most common injury mechanism. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for lower extremity fractures from basketball presenting to US EDs from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. Patient demographics, injury location, and disposition were recorded. The injury mechanism was characterized using the provided narrative. National estimates (NEs) were calculated using the NEISS statistical sample weight. Injury trends were evaluated by linear regression. Results: There were 6259 cases (NE: 185,836) of basketball-related lower extremity fractures. Linear regression analysis of annual trends demonstrated a significant decrease in lower extremity fractures over the study period (2013-2022: P = 0.01; R 2 = 0.64). The most common injury mechanism was a noncontact twisting motion (NE: 49,897, 26.9%) followed by jumping (NE: 39,613, 21.3%). The ankle was the most common fracture site (NE: 69,936, 37.6%) followed by the foot (NE: 49,229, 26.49%). While ankle and foot fractures decreased significantly (P < 0.05), fractures of the lower leg, knee, toe, and upper leg showed no significant trends (P = 0.09, 0.75, 0.07, and 0.85, respectively). Conclusion: Basketball-related lower extremity fractures decreased from 2013 to 2022, with the ankle being the most common fracture site and most fractures arising from a noncontact twist. Increasing utilization of outpatient clinics may have contributed to the decline, particularly for ankle and foot fractures. The prevalence of ankle fractures and twisting-related injuries reinforces the importance of protective footwear and targeted strengthening protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family-history assessment can identify individuals above population-risk for cancer to enable targeted Screening, Prevention and Early Detection (SPED). The online patient-facing cancer Family History Questionnaire Service (cFHQS) is a digitalised, resource efficient tool for family history data capture to facilitate this. The capturing of digital data from cFHQS allows for data interrogation of patients referred to Clinical Genetics for the purposes of service improvement. Digital data from 4,044 cFHQS respondents over a three-year period was collected and interrogated with respect to the number and type of familial tumour diagnoses to enable service improvement and streamlining of referral pathways. 81% of colorectal and 71% of breast screening assessments were population- or moderate-risk. Most patients who completed cFHQS reported more than one diagnosis of cancer/tumour/polyps in their family. 2.5% of family history assessment patients had a second indication that required assessment that would have been missed if single tumour type assessment was undertaken. Implementation of an innovative, digital family history data collection pathway has allowed large scale interrogation of referral patterns and assessment outcomes to enable service development. The high volume of inappropriate referrals to Clinical Genetics for population and moderate risk patients highlighted the need for dedicated secondary care pathway provision for these patients. The use of cFHQS streamlined family history assessment allows for redistribution of resources to improve equity and access to genetic cancer risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of medical technology has brought about a significant transformation in remote healthcare monitoring, which is crucial for providing customized care and ongoing observation. This is especially important when it comes to controlling long-term illnesses like high blood pressure, which raises the risk of heart disease considerably, especially in older people. This methodology achieves greater accuracy by combining regular medical monitoring and Electronic Clinical Data (ECD) from complete medical records with physical data from patients' routine medical monitoring. This innovative technique enhances the area of cardiac disease prediction. A technique that uses cutting-edge machine learning models and IoT technology to meet this demand. In particular, we use the powerful Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to effectively examine big datasets and extract important characteristics to improve prediction accuracy. The deep learning model Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) is used to further enhance prediction skills to extract complex temporal patterns from patient data. It outperformed naive Bayes, decision trees, and random forests with our approach, achieving a greater prediction accuracy of 99.4 %. With the combination of Internet of Things technologies and sophisticated machine learning models, this paper offers a novel approach to remote healthcare monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inadequate care for asthma has been linked to higher hospital admissions and morbidity. Researchers have developed several strategies to improve treatment adherence in this specific group. We aimed to investigate the impact of several interventions on the adherence of asthmatic patients to controller inhalers. Data sources: We searched four databases (the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between 1998 and 2022. Study selections: We considered studies that assessed adherence as the main finding of an intervention for asthma patients. Data were extracted and analyzed. Results: The analysis included a total of 40 studies. A diverse range of interventions was identified, including educational sessions on asthma, reminders via text messages, and technology-based feedback systems. The overall efficacy of interventions compared to the control group resulted in a small effect size, but it was statistically significant, with an estimated SMD of 0.44 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.63, P < 0.001). Electronic monitoring achieved a significantly higher effect size [SMD 0.8, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.14, P < 0.001) compared to pharmacy refill and self-report methods [(SMD 0.09, 95% CI − 0.18–0.37, P = 0.51), and (SMD 0.25, 95% CI − 0.03, 0.54, P = 0.08), respectively]. Conclusions: Adherence promotion interventions have been proven effective among patients with asthma. Electronic monitoring modalities have demonstrated superiority and effectiveness in improving patient adherence to asthma inhalers. Additional longitudinal research studies can be conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and identify a more accurate measure of intervention efficiency for prolonged follow-up time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic monitoring systems (EMSs) have been widely used in global fishing vessels as an effective tool to obtain reliable information about catches and fishing operations in order to verify compliance with national and international regulations. Though EMS implementation in tuna vessels has not yet been made a mandatory requirement by tuna regional fisheries management organizations, many Chinese longliners have the system on board for traceability and safety purposes. Based on interviews with managers and skippers on Chinese tuna longliners, this paper firstly identifies the challenges in electronic monitoring management that have hindered fishermen's confidence to implement EMS at a larger scale. Then this paper proposes a work plan to facilitate EMS implementation from the perspective of Chinese tuna longliners, in which the adoption of EM standards, specifications, and procedures, and identification of EM data fields are the top priorities. To fully address concerns raised by tuna longliners, a cloud computing platform for EMS data storage, transmission, and review could help to protect data safety and confidentiality. Artificial intelligence technology is recommended to increase cost-efficiency in data review procedures, in addition to compliance incentives and financial incentives from policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement performance and characteristics of electronic radon monitors with respect to radiological and environmental parameters are investigated. The study includes a sample of 14 different types of devices from nine manufacturers. The devices are currently available on the market with acquisition costs in the low or medium range. For comparison purposes, a high-end AlphaGUARD device is included in the study as a benchmark for measurement performance of radon monitors. Significant differences in the measurement performance are found between the tested instrument types. Overall, however, it can be concluded that most radon monitors perform acceptably and provide reliable information on radon activity concentrations in homes or workplaces, allowing residents and employers to make decisions about the need for radon protection measures. But it turns out that many radon monitors are supplied by the manufacturer with inadequate calibration, so that the instruments must be additionally calibrated in a reference atmosphere before they can be used. Among the tested radon monitors, there are also types with sufficiently good measuring performance, which represent an inexpensive alternative to high-end devices for radon professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given both the historical and ongoing surveillance and policing of marginalized communities, contact tracing, and other pandemic control measures pose additional dangers to marginalized communities that are not faced by members of dominant communities. While privacy rights have been a point of controversy and uncertainty for all in the face of digital surveillance and the exigencies of the pandemic, LGBTQ+ students may well struggle to assert even those rights to which they are unquestionably entitled. Utilizing a multi-method, multidisciplinary approach, this research examined the information and privacy risks imposed upon or heightened for LGBTQ+ university students by COVID-19, with a focus on the roles of libraries and librarians. This study revealed while the library community has a desire to support its LGBTQ+ patrons, there are less consistently available knowledge and resources, particularly with regards to COVID-19 specific concerns, such as contact tracing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bee and wasp (including hornet and yellow jacket) stings can cause various adverse effects that range from relatively mild-moderate, such as burning pain at the sting site, erythema, and edema, to allergic reactions, like nausea or vomiting, urticaria, difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat and tongue, weak and rapid pulse, dizziness, syncope, anaphylaxis, and possibly death. Bee and wasp stings can occur under many circumstances, including while people do yardwork, such as mowing lawns and fields. The study objective was to describe mowing-related bee and wasp sting patients treated at United States (US) emergency departments (EDs). Methods: Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a database of consumer product-related injuries collected from a representative sample of approximately 100 US hospital EDs. Mowing-related bee and wasp stings during 2000-2023 were identified, and the distribution of estimated mowing-related bee and wasp stings was determined for various factors. Results: A total of 957 patients with mowing-related bee and wasp stings treated at a sample of US hospital EDs were identified, resulting in a national estimate of 47,636 stings. Multiple stings were reported in 58.9% of the estimated incidents. The patient age distribution was 0.0% 0-5 years, 0.2% 6-12 years, 6.2% 13-19 years, 9.5% 20-29 years, 17.1% 30-39 years, 22.9% 40-49 years, 19.7% 50-59 years, 13.2% 60-69 years, 9.3% 70-79 years, and 1.7% 80 years or older; 74.2% of the patients were male, and 25.8% were female. The most commonly reported diagnoses were 31.0% anaphylaxis, allergic reaction, or general reaction; 17.7% edema; 10.5% urticaria; 7.1% erythema; and 5.8% dyspnea, difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath. The patient was treated or examined and released in 95.6% of the estimated incidents. Conclusion: The majority of patients with mowing-related bee and wasp stings treated at hospital EDs involved multiple stings. Most patients were aged 30-59 years, and the majority were male. Most patients were treated or evaluated and released from the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powered scooters, including electric scooters (e-scooters), have become an increasingly available and popular mode of personal transportation, but the health risks of these devices are poorly explored. We aim to quantify the increase in frequency of powered scooter–associated head and neck region injuries occurring yearly from 2010 to 2019, and to compare the frequency and severity of injury with those involving unpowered scooters. Here we present a retrospective cross-sectional study of all patients with head and neck injuries associated with powered and unpowered scooters seen in emergency departments reporting to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. During this time frame, a total of 1,620 injuries associated with powered scooters and a total of 5,675 injuries associated with unpowered scooters were reported to the NEISS. The database estimates these to reflect a nationwide total of 54,036 powered scooter–related injuries and 168,265 unpowered scooter–related injuries. Powered scooter injuries have increased for both children and adults since 2014, and estimated powered scooter injuries (16,243) surpassed estimated unpowered scooter injuries (14,124) when including all age groups for the first time in 2019. In 2019, adults are estimated to have nearly twice as many powered scooter–related head and neck injuries as children (10,884 vs. 5,359, respectively). In 2019, a higher proportion of powered scooter–related injuries involving adults were severe injuries when compared with those involving children (13.3 vs. 5.2%, respectively). Interestingly, unpowered scooters still cause many more estimated injuries in children than powered scooters did during 2019 (11,953 vs. 5,083). We find that powered scooters are now associated with a greater number and severity of head and neck injuries among the adult population than the pediatric population. But unpowered scooters still cause more head and neck injuries than powered scooters in the pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic Prospective Surveillance Models (ePSMs) remotely monitor the rehabilitation needs of people with cancer via patient-reported outcomes at pre-defined time points during cancer care and deliver support, including links to self-management education and community programs, and recommendations for further clinical screening and rehabilitation referrals. Previous guidance on implementing ePSMs lacks sufficient detail on approaches to select implementation strategies for these systems. The purpose of this article is to describe how we developed an implementation plan for REACH, an ePSM system designed for breast, colorectal, lymphoma, and head and neck cancers. Methods: Implementation Mapping guided the process of developing the implementation plan. We integrated findings from a scoping review and qualitative study our team conducted to identify determinants to implementation, implementation actors and actions, and relevant outcomes. Determinants were categorized using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and the implementation outcomes taxonomy guided the identification of outcomes. Next, determinants were mapped to the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy of strategies using the CFIR-ERIC Matching Tool. The list of strategies produced was refined through discussion amongst our team and feedback from knowledge users considering each strategy's feasibility and importance rating via the Go-Zone plot, feasibility and applicability to the clinical contexts, and use among other ePSMs reported in our scoping review. Results: Of the 39 CFIR constructs, 22 were identified as relevant determinants. Clinic managers, information technology teams, and healthcare providers with key roles in patient education were identified as important actors. The CFIR-ERIC Matching Tool resulted in 50 strategies with Level 1 endorsement and 13 strategies with Level 2 endorsement. The final list of strategies included 1) purposefully re-examine the implementation, 2) tailor strategies, 3) change record systems, 4) conduct educational meetings, 5) distribute educational materials, 6) intervene with patients to enhance uptake and adherence, 7) centralize technical assistance, and 8) use advisory boards and workgroups. Conclusion: We present a generalizable method that incorporates steps from Implementation Mapping, engages various knowledge users, and leverages implementation science frameworks to facilitate the development of an implementation strategy. An evaluation of implementation success using the implementation outcomes framework is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate three‐dimensional movements of maxillary teeth during headgear treatment in Class II growing children, using digital analytical tools, and to determine the effects of compliance on these movements. Materials and Methods: A 9‐month parallel‐group randomized controlled trial was carried out on 40 children with Class II malocclusion, aged 8‐12 years, half assigned to receive a cervical headgear and half to a no‐treatment group, using block randomization. Subjects in the treatment group were instructed to wear the headgear for 12 hours daily and monitored using an electronic module. After 9 months, the following dental outcomes were measured: first maxillary molar distalisation, rotation, tip and torque, arch depth, and interpremolar and intermolar distances. Caregivers and participants were not blinded to group assignments, but those assessing outcomes were. Linear regression models were used to detect differences between groups and correlation coefficients to find correlations between compliance and dental outcomes. Results: All 40 included patients were analysed. A significant difference in molar distalisation was observed between the treatment (1.2 mm) and control groups (−0.2 mm). Arch depth change was also increased to a larger extent in the treatment groups (1.3 mm vs 0.1 mm), as was the interpremolar distance (1.9 mm vs 0.4 mm). In contrast, no significant differences in molar rotation or torque change were observed. With regard to compliance, average compliance was 55%. A significant correlation was found between molar distalisation and compliance in the treatment group. Conclusions: Headgear therapy has significant effects on molar distalisation, arch depth, and arch width. Compliance has a significant positive effect on molar distalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring chicken meat is a crucial process for food safety and consumer health, as it helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria, minimizing the risk of foodborne illnesses. Currently, electronic nose (E-nose) technology plays a significant role in food quality assessment as it can detect changes in volatile compounds associated with food freshness. In this study, a self-designed, cost-efficient E-nose system was introduced to evaluate the freshness and bacterial growth of vacuum-packaged chicken meat stored at room temperature and refrigerator at 4 °C. Polynomial feature extraction with varying degrees was employed to extract important information from the sensor responses. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were implemented for data dimensionality reduction and classification. A support vector regression (SVR) model was built and employed to evaluate the bacteria population based on response patterns from the E-nose device. The LDA results clearly showed the classification of chicken meat freshness corresponding to different storage days and temperatures. The E-nose device with the SVR model combined with extracted parameters using a 2-degree polynomial provided good prediction results for the bacteria population with high scores of 0.99 and 0.99, scores of 0.97 and 0.93, and minimum scores of 0.08 and 0.11 log , and scores of 0.24 and 0.30 log , at room and refrigerated temperatures, respectively. The results indicate that the developed E-nose system could be used as a fast, portable, low-cost, and non-destructive measurement tool in evaluating the bacterial growth of chicken meat with high relative accuracy. Highlights: Electronic nose (E-nose) was used to predict the bacteria population of chicken meat. Enhanced performance was achieved using a second-degree polynomial feature method. values > 0.93 and were obtained using SVR model. The method is nondestructive and could be applied in a real-world environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monitoring hand hygiene compliance (HHC) of healthcare providers (HCPs) in healthcare facilities is critical for hand hygiene (HH) promotion. However, less is known about the cost and effectiveness of different HHC monitoring tools. In this study, we aimed to compare various health economic indicators corresponding to electronic system-based monitoring (ESM) and manual paper-based monitoring (MPM) for HHC to provide evidence-based advice for HHC monitoring measures targeted selecting. Methods: A before and after study in 40 clinical departments with 4,524 healthcare providers was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 (MPM implementation phase) and March 2023 to May 2023 (ESM implementation phase). The cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency, the extent of the Hawthorne effect, and indirect cost-benefit of the two monitoring methods were compared. Results: The total cost spent on ESM for the 40 departments (17,702.92 CNY) was 4,123.76 CNY lower than that of MPM (21,826.68 CNY). The HHC of MPM (80.16%) was higher than that of ESM (69.82%) (p < 0.01). In high- and medium-risk departments, the cost-effectiveness ratio of ESM (7,977.90 CNY and 13,794.60 CNY, respectively) was lower than that of MPM (9,039.61 CNY and 14,549.05 CNY, respectively). In low-risk departments, the cost-effectiveness ratio of ESM (3,910.77 CNY) was higher than that of MPM (3,899.06 CNY). Compared with ESM, the incremental cost of MPM in all departments was 4,123.76 CNY, the incremental effectiveness was 10.34%, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 39,881.62 CNY. Between the two monitoring methods, the efficiency of ESM (48.11%) in all departments was higher than that of MPM (14.20%) (p < 0.01). The cost-efficiency ratio of MPM in all departments (155,775.56 CNY) was higher than that of ESM (36,796.76 CNY). The extent of Hawthorne effect of MPM of HHC in all departments (43.99%) was higher than that of ESM (35.69%) (p < 0.01). When ESM was used as the HHC monitoring approach, the HAI rates (1.39%) in all departments were higher than that when MPM was used (1.34%) (p = 0.562). When the payment willingness was less than 40,000 CNY, the ESM method was the better option for cost-effectiveness; When the input exceeded this threshold, the MPM method was the better option for cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: ESM exhibited notable advantages over MPM in terms of cost-effectiveness, cost-efficiency, cost-benefit, and the Hawthorne effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A focus of sea turtle management has been reducing bycatch in commercial fisheries, but sustainable harvest for consumption is also an important objective in many nations. Identifying how much different fisheries contribute to turtle mortality could help focus limited management resources. We estimated national scale turtle catches for two fisheries in the Solomon Islands: a small‐scale reef fishery where turtles are caught for food and sale, and an offshore longline fishery where turtles are bycatch. The footprint of the longline fishery spanned the entire exclusive economic zone of the Solomon Islands and was 67 times bigger than the footprint of the small‐scale fishery. The median catch summed across both fisheries was ∼12,000 turtles in 2018, with 85%–97% of that catch in the small‐scale fishery. We suggest that turtle management in the Solomon Islands, a nation with globally significant turtle breeding populations, should focus on sustainable management of small‐scale coastal fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improving hypertension control is a public health priority. However, consistent identification of uncontrolled hypertension using computable definitions in electronic health records (EHR) across health systems remains uncertain. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we applied two computable definitions to the EHR data to identify patients with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension and to evaluate differences in characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes between these patient populations. We included adult patients (≥ 18 years) with hypertension (based on either ICD-10 codes of hypertension or two elevated blood pressure [BP] measurements) receiving ambulatory care within Yale-New Haven Health System (YNHHS; a large US health system) and OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium (OneFlorida; a Clinical Research Network comprised of 16 health systems) between October 2015 and December 2018. We identified patients with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension based on either a single BP measurement from a randomly selected visit or all BP measurements recorded between hypertension identification and the randomly selected visit). Results: Overall, 253,207 and 182,827 adults at YNHHS and OneFlorida were identified as having hypertension. Of these patients, 83.1% at YNHHS and 76.8% at OneFlorida were identified using ICD-10-CM codes, whereas 16.9% and 23.2%, respectively, were identified using elevated BP measurements (≥ 140/90 mmHg). A total of 24.1% of patients at YNHHS and 21.6% at OneFlorida had both diagnosis code for hypertension and elevated blood pressure measurements. Uncontrolled hypertension was observed among 32.5% and 43.7% of patients at YNHHS and OneFlorida, respectively. Uncontrolled hypertension was disproportionately higher among Black patients when compared with White patients (38.9% versus 31.5% in YNHHS; p < 0.001; 49.7% versus 41.2% in OneFlorida; p < 0.001). Medication prescription for hypertension management was more common in patients with uncontrolled hypertension when compared with those with controlled hypertension (overall treatment rate: 39.3% versus 37.3% in YNHHS; p = 0.04; 42.2% versus 34.8% in OneFlorida; p < 0.001). Patients with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension had similar incidence rates of deaths, CVD events, and healthcare visits at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The two computable definitions generated consistent results. Conclusions: While the current EHR systems are not fully optimized for disease surveillance and stratification, our findings illustrate the potential of leveraging EHR data to conduct digital population surveillance in the realm of hypertension management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agreement on Port State Measures and follow-up national and regional implementation measures are well-intentioned to build up global resistance to illegal fishing. As the world’s busiest landing and transit hub, China has recently begun to take action to rein in the negative impacts of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing on its fishing ports. Without treaty ratification and expansive cooperation with other States, that burgeoning effort is nowhere near to greening China’s intrastate and interstate seafood commerce. The widely asserted advantages of information and communication technology signal both an opportunity and challenges for China to overcome its non-ratification and minimal-coordination inertia. Localised and sector-specific trials of electronic monitoring, reporting, and traceability are symbolic of China’s progressive modernisation agenda on fishing port management. Scalability is the next test for electronic port State measures to expand coverage and generate coordinated gains from a holistic closed-loop and information-based paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article employs three theoretical approaches (cultural, institutional, and informational) to explain public willingness to support two major forms of digital surveillance policies—video surveillance and internet surveillance—in the countries with varying levels of political trust. Methods: Utilizing the data from World Values Survey (WVS) and the other sources, this study conducts a multi‐level analysis involving 75,721 respondents from 50 countries or regions. Results: The results show that public support for digital surveillance policies varies across digital surveillance types and political trust contexts. The cultural approach demonstrates consistent effects that remain robust irrespective of the type of digital surveillance or political trust. The institutional approach varies by the level of political trust, and the informational approach differs between video and internet surveillance. Conclusion: The effects of three theoretical approaches are compared across digital surveillance types and across political trust contexts. The comparison examines the privacy calculus theory in different scenarios and reveals the intricate trade‐off mechanism inherent in public support for digital surveillance policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we analyzed narratives from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) dataset to predict the top two injury codes using a comparative study of ensemble machine learning (ML) models. Four ensemble models were evaluated: Random Forest (RF) combined with Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) paired with RF, LR combined with KNN, and a model integrating LR, RF, and KNN, all utilizing a probabilistic likelihood-based approach to improve decision-making across different classifiers. The combined KNN + LR ensemble achieved an accuracy of 90.47% for the top one prediction, while the KNN + RF + LR model excelled in predicting the top two injury codes with a very high accuracy of 99.50%. These results demonstrate the significant potential of ensemble models to enhance unstructured narrative classification accuracy, particularly in addressing underrepresented cases, and the potential of the proposed probabilistic ensemble framework ML models in improving decision-making in public health and safety, providing a foundation for future research in automated clinical narrative classification and predictive modeling, especially in scenarios with imbalanced data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine and characterize patterns of injury to the upper extremity caused by fireworks in a nationally representative sample of emergency department patients from 2011 to 2020. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for upper-extremity injuries caused by fireworks between 2011 and 2020. One thousand two hundred fifty-one injuries were identified from the database representing 47,235 national cases that presented to emergency departments in the United States. Case frequency was stable during the period until 2020, which was nearly 70% higher than the previous 9-y average. Patients were generally young and male, with most cases in the 10-29-y age group and males over three times as likely to be injured as females. The most common injury was burn, and the week of July 4th accounted for 53% of cases alone. Diagnosis was also significantly associated with device type. These data can be used to target prevention measures and campaigns to specific patient populations most at risk of injury, specifically young males. They may also be used to highlight the impact of policy changes on availability of fireworks, the need for public health education coinciding with injury incidence peaks, and secondary pandemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical spine injuries (CSIs) are heterogeneous in nature and often lead to long-term disability and morbidity. However, there are few recent and comprehensive epidemiological studies on CSI. The objective of this study was to characterize recent trends in CSI patient demographics, incidence, etiology, and injury level. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to extract data on CSIs from 2002 to 2022. Weighted national estimates of CSI incidence were computed using yearly population estimates interpolated from U.S. census data. Data analysis involved extracting additional information from patient narratives to categorize injury etiology (i.e., fall) and identify CSI level. K-means clustering was performed on cervical levels to define upper versus lower cervical injuries. Appropriate summary statistics including mean with 95% confidence intervals and frequency were reported for age, sex, race, ethnicity, etiology, and disposition. Age between groups was compared using an independent weighted Z-test. All categorical variables were compared using Pearson chi-squared tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Ordinary least squares linear regression was used to quantify the rate of change of various metrics with time. A total of 11,822 patient records met the study criteria. The mean age of patients was 62.4 ± 22.7 years, 52.4% of whom were male and 61.4% of whom were White, 7.4% were Black, 27.8% were not specified, and the remaining comprised a variety of ethnicities. The most common mechanism of CSI was a fall (67.3%). There was a significant increase in the incidence of cervical injuries between 2003 and 2022 (p < 0.001). Unbiased K-means clustering defined upper cervical injuries as C1–C3 and lower cervical injuries as C4–C7. The mean age of patients with upper CSIs was 72.3 ± 19.6, significantly greater than the age of those with lower CSIs (57.1 ± 23.1, p < 0.001). Compared with lower CSI, White patients were more likely to have an upper CSI (67.4% vs. 73.7%; p < 0.001). While Black/African American (7.5% vs. 3.8%) and Hispanic (2.5% vs. 1.0%) patients were more likely to have a lower CSI (p < 0.001). Our study identified a significant increase in the incidence of CSIs over time, which was associated with increasing patient age. Our study detected a pragmatic demarcation of classifying upper injuries as C1–C3 and lower cervical injuries as C4–C7. Upper injuries were seen more often in older, White females who were treated and admitted, and lower injuries were seen more often in young, Black male patients who were released without admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of cobalt nanocrystal-graphene quantum dot-Ti3C2TX monolithic film electrode (Co-GQD-Ti3C2TX) is reported via self-assembly of Ti3C2TX nanosheets induced by protonated arginine-functionalized graphene quantum dot and subsequent reduction of cobalt (III). The resulting Co-GQD-Ti3C2TX shows good monolithic architecture, mechanical property, dispersibility and conductivity. The structure achieves excellent supercapacitor and sensing behavior. The self-charging supercapacitor produced by printing viscous Co-GQD-Ti3C2TX hydrogel on the back of flexible solar cell surface provides high specific capacitance (296 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), high-rate capacity (153 F g−1 at 20 A g−1), capacity retention (98.1% over 10,000-cycle) and energy density (29.6 W h kg−1 at 299.9 W kg−1). The electrochemical chip produced by printing Co-GQD-Ti3C2TX hydrogel on paper exhibits sensitive electrochemical response towards uric acid. The increase of uric acid between 0.01 and 800 μM causes a linear increase in differential pulse voltammetry signal with a detection limit of 0.0032 μM. The self-powered sensing platform integrating self-charging supercapacitor, electrochemical chip and micro electrochemical workstation was contentedly applied to monitoring uric acid in sweats and shows one broad application prospect in wearable electronic health monitoring device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate supervision is critical in offender management, but requires effective tools to guide decisions and interventions. This research project investigated the effectiveness of Global Positioning System monitoring in reducing re-offending, while considering the impact of Global Positioning System monitoring on the offender's well-being. The method consisted of evaluating a matched sample of Global Positioning System monitored offenders (n = 220) versus non-Global Positioning System1 monitored (n = 219) subject to extended supervision and parole orders over a 24-month follow-up period. All participants were male offenders released from prison within New Zealand. The results showed statistically significant differences for 'non-violent' and 'violent' re-offending rates, with Global Positioning System monitoring being associated with lower rates of recidivism. There was no evidence of increased distress in those men subject to Global Positioning System monitoring. This study provides novel information about Global Positioning System monitoring and contributes to our understanding of how this tool can reduce recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mismatches are incongruencies between programmatic policies and working practices that engender counter-productive dynamics or outcomes relative to aspirations. The present article addresses electronic monitoring programs for domestic violence/intimate partner violence, examining how mismatches may emerge during their implementation or later. Electronic monitoring programs aim to surveil and deter defendants facing domestic violence/intimate partner violence–related charges during court-supervised release, with the aim of enhancing victim safety. Analysis of qualitative and survey data from a national (US) study suggests that domestic violence/intimate partner violence–focused strategies reliant on surveillance technology may be prone to generating mismatches rooted in discrepancies between victims' expectations, defendant risk profiles, and program operations. Policy implications of mismatches in victim-focused initiatives are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thoracic vertebral fractures within homes are pivotal public health concerns due to their associated morbidity and significant healthcare expenditures. This study aims to dissect the intricate epidemiology of these injuries, integrating comprehensive risk factors beyond conventional demographics and location analyses. Utilizing a decade of data (2013–2022) from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, this study examines thoracic vertebral fractures across age and gender in household settings. Inclusion criteria targeted specific thoracic spine-related terms, analyzing fractures by location (e.g., kitchen, stairs) and associated products. Data processing employed R programming, with statistical analysis focusing on descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression, to identify fracture patterns and assess gender differences in fracture risks through Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs). Analysis of 46,371 thoracic vertebral fractures identified stairs as the primary site (26.81%), with subsequent frequent locations being bedrooms (18.52%), living rooms (17.88%), and kitchens (16.29%). Gender-specific risk analysis revealed females had a higher likelihood of fractures on stairs (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.37, P < 0.001) and in bedrooms (AOR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09–1.54, P < 0.001). The most affected age group was 51–60, showcasing the multifaceted nature of risk factors beyond mere location. This study transcends prior insights by detailing the influence of various factors, including socioeconomic status and lifestyle, on fracture risk. It emphasizes the complexity of household fractures, highlighting gender and age as pivotal but not exclusive risk determinants. By offering a comprehensive analysis that incorporates a wide array of risk factors, this study advances the understanding of thoracic vertebral fractures in residential environments. It underscores the necessity for targeted preventive measures that are cognizant of the multifactorial nature of these injuries, paving the way for improved safety interventions and public health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing complexity of digital systems, managing power dissipation and energy consumption in digital circuits, particularly in emerging embedded systems for artificial intelligence and signal processing applications, has become a challenging issue. The emerging paradigm of approximate computing offers the potential to reduce energy consumption and enhance speed by trading accuracy. This paper introduces several 4-bit approximate multipliers and outlines a systematic approach for constructing extended bit-length multipliers by leveraging lower bit-length counterparts. Our evaluations confirm that, in comparison with state-of-the-art approximate multipliers, the proposed multipliers demonstrate energy reduction of up to 50, 76, and 83% in 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit multipliers, respectively. Additionally, the reduction in energy-delay product (EDP) reaches up to 86, 93, and 97%, correspondingly. The efficiency of the proposed approximate multipliers has been explored and confirmed in executing various image processing algorithms, a regression model developed for stock price prediction, and in executing quadrature amplitude demodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the implementation of a digital verification system known as Electronic Visit Verification (EVV) across homecare services for older and disabled adults within the US Medicaid program. EVV systems are used to conduct daily check-ins through GPS tracking and biometric identity verification. While touted as a means to identify and deter "fraud, waste, and abuse," the digital monitoring also generates detailed data trails on the lives and habits of service recipients, as well as constraining their daily movements. Drawing on qualitative interviews with workers and clients, I argue that this case study calls attention to how harms from digitalization of social welfare provision emerge from workplace surveillance and labor management, and how EVV becomes a tool for more finely tuning classifications of different types of paid and unpaid care. The burdensome digital compliance hurdles reinforced older employment tensions between the state, care workers, and public benefits recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses how wearing an EM affects stereotype-consistent delinquent attitudes and cognitions, and whether feeling stigmatized for wearing an EM contributes to broader negative functioning for youth enrolled in an EM program. A total of 98 juveniles currently enrolled in an EM program were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (a) Stigma Salience (prompted to think about and describe wearing an EM), and (b) Stigma Non-salience (prompted to think about and describe their day). As hypothesized, youth with greater personal and group stigma for wearing an EM, also reported greater negative experiences while wearing an EM. This research can inform evidence-based practitioners, academics, and policymakers considering and crafting regulations for youth on EM or consider alternatives to EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examined antecedents and explanations for sharing social networking site passwords with romantic partners. U.S. adults currently or recently in romantic relationships (N = 948) completed an online survey assessing relationship characteristics and reasons for password sharing. Results indicated that relationship satisfaction, relationship length, and social networking site jealousy predicted password sharing. Younger participants were also more inclined to share passwords with their romantic partners. Partner distrust/suspicion reasons were negatively related to relationship satisfaction; relationship strength/security reasons were positively related to social networking site jealousy. Our findings suggest that future digital privacy interventions should emphasize both the benefits and risks of social networking site password sharing, as well as the additional harm that could result if an individual uses passwords to access and monitor their romantic partner's accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, the theories posited by Michel Foucault four decades ago provide an insightful lens through which to view our contemporary technological society. This article underscores the shift from modern reference disciplines, such as biology, political economy, and linguistics, to the emergent domains of cognitive and computer sciences. By exploring the personalization of online user experiences via data collection and behavioral microtargeting, the study highlights the nuances of modern surveillance. This new era of monitoring bears a resemblance to Foucault's concept of disciplinary power, marked by its subtle yet omnipresent control. In a world where digital oversight by governments and corporations is increasingly prominent, the relevance of Foucault's ideas becomes significant for deciphering and traversing the intricate landscapes of power and surveillance in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a strategic roadmap to address concerns related to PFAS chemicals, which are found in water systems across the U.S. The EPA is conducting monitoring to determine the levels of PFAS occurrence and their impact on communities, particularly those with environmental justice concerns. NGWA has provided input on PFAS regulation and highlighted the need for science-based decisions, accountability, and protection of disadvantaged communities. The EPA has taken various steps to mitigate PFAS contamination, including setting standards, monitoring, and enforcement actions. Groundwater systems are particularly affected, and NGWA emphasizes the importance of addressing PFAS presence in these systems. [Extracted from the article]

Flexible sensors can measure various stimuli owing to their exceptional flexibility, stretchability, and electrical properties. However, the integration of multiple stimuli into a single sensor for measurement is challenging. To address this issue, the sensor developed in this study utilizes the natural biopolymers sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose to construct a dual interpenetrating network, This results in a flexible porous sponge that exhibits a dual-modal response to strain and magnetic stimulation. The dual-mode flexible sensor achieved a maximum tensile strength of 429 kPa and elongation at break of 24.7%. It also exhibited rapid response times and reliable stability under both strain and magnetic stimuli. The porous foam sensor is intended for use as a wearable electronic device for monitoring joint movements of the body. It provides a swift and stable sensing response to mechanical stimuli arising from joint activities, such as stretching, compression, and bending. Furthermore, the sensor generates opposing response signals to strain and magnetic stimulation, enabling real-time decoupling of different stimuli. This study employed a simple and environmentally friendly manufacturing method for the dual-modal flexible sensor. Because of its remarkable performance, it has significant potential for application in smart wearable electronics and artificial electroskins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underreporting is the main limitation of spontaneous reporting systems. This cohort-event monitoring study aims to examine the potential of short message service (SMS)-based surveillance compared to traditional surveillance systems. Using VigiVax software, parents of vaccinated children aged two years or younger, in the period March 2021–May 2022, received a single SMS inquiry about adverse events following immunization (AEFI). Responses were collected, validated by health operators and integrated with the information on electronic immunization registries. AEFI reports were automatically submitted to the Italian Pharmacovigilance system. Among 254,160 SMS messages sent, corresponding to 451,656 administered doses (AD), 71,643 responses were collected (28.2% response rate), and 21,231 of them (8.3%) reported AEFI. After a seriousness assessment based on clinical criteria, 50 reports (0.24%) were classified as serious. Among these, a causality assessment identified 31 reports at least potentially related to the vaccination (RR: 6.86/100,000 AD). Febrile seizures following MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccination accounted for 11 of these 31 cases, with an incidence of 32 per 100,000 AD. No fatal outcomes were reported. Our findings support the highly favorable risk profile of pediatric vaccinations and the possibility to improve spontaneous reporting through the integration of digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative consequences of prisons, the ever-increasing population of prisons, and the increase in public expenses due to the high rate of inflation, have put the use of electronic surveillance on the agenda of criminal policymakers. Electronic monitoring leads to a better realization of the principle of individualizing the punishment according to the personality of the criminal. From the point of view of preventive policy, the use of electronic monitoring tools is justified and reduces crime, especially in the case of professional criminals. Imprisonment and other punitive punishments or orders lead to arrest, cause people to receive a bad label, and as a result, develop secondary deviance in people. Electronic surveillance as a new form of punishment or substitute for supply appointments prevents the formation of secondary deviation in people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital world encodes our lives with incriminating clues. How you travel, live, love, and shop are tracked through growing surveillance technologies. Police have recognized this reality and are actively exploiting new surveillance tools for investigative purposes. The Fourth Amendment--the constitutional protection meant to limit police search powers--has not kept up with the privacy and security threats of these new digital technologies. Current doctrine has remained stymied by legal tests asking all the wrong questions about "reasonable expectations of privacy" and "trespass" searches. While the Supreme Court has acknowledged that "digital is different," it has not yet provided a coherent theory to protect individuals from growing digital surveillance. This Article offers an alternative Fourth Amendment theory based on the harm of rummaging--a principle that can trace its lineage from the Founding debates around General Warrants and the Writs of Assistance to the Supreme Court's most recent cases on cell phone location data. Fear of government agents rummaging into private homes and papers motivated the passage of the Fourth Amendment and has remained a doctrinally coherent throughline recurring in Fourth Amendment cases. This Article develops the "rummaging test" as a new way to see the harms of government collection of digital evidence. The Article excavates rummaging as an original justification for the Fourth Amendment and then demonstrates how the digital rummaging concept perfectly responds to the harms of government surveillance in the digital age. The rummaging test recognizes that the arbitrary, overbroad, invasive, exposing collection of personal data reflects the same harms that gave rise to the Fourth Amendment in the first instance. The Article seeks to refocus attention on the government's power to rummage through personal data by examining legal challenges around smart-home data and long-term pole cameras. The hope is to move the longstanding background principle against rummaging to the foreground of Fourth Amendment analysis and thereby answer some of the hardest questions facing courts confronting challenges to digital surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical signal processing is crucial in many sectors that save lives. Artificial intelligence improvement in signal collection and conditioning boosted this application's adaptability to varied bodily circumstances. In this study, a novel method is put forth for predicting the type of stroke in the human brain based on the observation of the Electroencephalography (EEG) signal. The signal is the first condition for removing undesirable frequencies by passing through a lowpass filter. To accurately extract the signal features, the signal is first transformed into a 1-second frame format and then normalised. Certain statistical and frequency domain aspects are highlighted to increase taxonomic accuracy. Under the wavelet packet transform, the empirical mode decomposition approach is utilised to recover the most information feasible from the signal. After training on extracted characteristics, the extreme learning machine is regarded to conduct classification. These work achieves 94.95 of Sensitivity, 84.95 of Specificity, 93.74 of Precision, 96.96 of Accuracy, 96.12 of F1 Score. Compared to the standard procedures, the proposed techniques have a greater accuracy rate of about 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic monitoring (EM) systems incorporating cameras and other devices can collect a broad range of data to support fisheries management. We reviewed the data collection capabilities of EM and considered approaches to increasing efficiency, including cost effectiveness, of EM review. EM can provide information on catch, effort, catch handling, bycatch mitigation, fishing gear and operational data, which are relevant for fisheries management including by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs). Methods to increase efficiency and decrease costs of EM review apply from the programme design phase, through data collection and review. At review, costs may be reduced by sampling imagery optimally to meet monitoring objectives. Considering RFMOs as users of EM-collected information, we applied EMoptim, an open-source simulation model developed in R that estimates the amount of EM review necessary to meet one or more user-specified monitoring objectives. EMoptim uses stratification to increase review efficiency and incorporates a function to explore review costs against the monitoring objectives set. We evaluated the amount of EM review needed to estimate catch with specified precision, using fishery data available from the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Model outputs show that EM review requirements increase as catch frequency decreases, dispersion of catch events increases, and when more precise catch estimates are required. Geographical stratification reduced the amount of review required for more commonly caught species and when catch events were focused in a limited area. Optimising review rates across multiple monitoring objectives was most effective for more commonly caught species. We highlight opportunities for future use and development of this prototype modelling package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]